Akshit.manhas

AgricultureClass-6th b

CONTENTS1.Types Of Farming :- Primitive Subsistence Farming Intensive Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming

2.Cropping Pattern :- Rabi Kharif Zaid

3. Major Crops:- Food Crops Food Crops other than Grains Non-Food Crops 4.Technological And Institutional Reforms :- Food Security

TYPES OF FARMING1.

Primitive Subsistence FarmingThis type of farming is still practiced in few pockets of India.

Primitive subsistence agriculture is practiced on small

patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao

and digging sticks, and family/community labour.

This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural

fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental

Conditions to the crops grown.

Jhumming Cultivation :- It is a slash and burn agriculture. A

patch of land is cleared and cereals and other food crops

are produced. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers

shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. The soil’s

Fertility is replenished through natural processes. Land

Productivity is low as the farmers don’t use fertilizers or

Other modern inputs.

Different Names of Jhumming Cultivation NAME REGION/ PLACE• Milpa Mexico and Central America • Conuco Venezuela• Roca Brazil• Masole Central Africa• Ladang Indonesia• Ray Vietnam • Bewar or Dahiya Madhya Pradesh• Podu or Penda Andhra Pradesh • Pama Dabi or

Koman or Bringa Orissa• Kumari Western Ghats• Valre or Waltre South Eastern Rajasthan• Khil Himalayan Belt• Kuruwa Jharkhand

Primitive Subsistence Farming

Jhumming cultivation

Intensive Subsistence FarmingThis type of farming is practiced in areas of high population

Pressure on land . Its labour intensive farming , where high

Doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for

Obtaining higher production.

Through its ‘ right to inheritance’ leading to the division of

Among successive generations has rendered land holding

Size uneconomical , the farmers continue to take maximum

Output from the limited land in the absence of alternative

Source of livelihood. Thus, there is enormous pressure on

Agricultural land.

Commercial Farming• .Use of Higher doses of modern inputs like HYV seeds

( Higher Yielding Variety) , chemical fertilisers , insecticides, pesticides etc.

• Degree of commercialization of agriculture changes from

one region to another.• Plantation is also a type of commercial farming where a

single crop is grown on a large area.• All the produce is used as raw material in industries.• In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana etc. are

important plantation crops. • Tea in Assam and North Bengal coffee in Karnataka are

some important plantations grown in these states.• As the production is mainly for market, a well- developed

network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and market plays an a important role in the development.

Cropping Pattern

Different Types of Cropping Patterns

Rabi Crops :- Rabi crops are sown in winter from October

to December.• Harvested in In summer from April to June• Important Rabi crops – wheat, barley, peas, gram, and

mustard.• Grown in – States from North and North western parts

such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh

• Success of Green Revolution In Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has also been an important factor in the growth of the Rabi Crops.

• Availability of precipitation during winter months due to western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops.

Different Types of Cropping PatternsKharif Crops :- • These crops are grown with the onset of monsoon and

harvested in September-October.• Important crops grown during this season are rice

(paddy), maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean.

• Some of the most important kharif regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of Orissa, the Konkan coast, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

Zaid Crops :- • In between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is a

short season during the summer months known as the Zaid season.

• Some of the crops produced during ‘zaid’ are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops and Sugarcane.

MAJOR CROPS

Rice • It is the staple food crop of a

Majority of people in india.• Our country is the largest

Producer of rice after China.• It is a Kharif Crop

Conditions required for the crop:-• It requires high temperature

(above 25°C ) and high humidity.• Annual rainfall above 100 cm• In the areas of low rainfall, it grows

With the help of irrigation

Areas where it is found:-• North Eastern India, Plains of north, coastal areas and

deltaic regions

Wheat• This is the second most

Important cereal crop.• It is the main food crop in, in

North and north western part of India• This is a rabi crop.

Conditions required for the crop:-• It requires cool growing season and bright sunshine at

the time of ripening.• It requires 50 – 75 cm of rain of annual rain evenly

distributed over the growing season.

Areas of cultivation:-• Ganga – Satluj plains on the north west and black soil

region of the Deccan.• Punjab , Haryana , Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and

parts of Maharashtra

Millets

There are three important millets grown in India:-• Jowar• Bajra• Ragi

Though these are known as coarse grains, they have high nutritional value.

• Jowar• It is the third most important crop• It is a red-fed crop mostly gown in moist areas.• Maharashtra is the largest producer followed by

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.• Bajra• It grows well in sandy soils and shallow black soil.• Rajasthan is the largest producer followed by Uttar

Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujrat and Haryana.

Ragi• It is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black,

sandy, loamy and shallow black soils.• Karnataka is the largest producer followed by Tamil

Nadu.• Other important producers of ragi are Himachal

Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh.

• Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micronutrients and roughage.

Maize• It is used both as food and fodder.

Conditions required for the crop:-• It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between

21°C to 27°C.• It grows well in old alluvial soil.• In some states like Bihar maize is grown in rabi season

also.

Areas of cultivation:-• Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and

Madhya Pradesh.

Food Crops Other Than Grains

Beverage Crops

TEA

• Tea is an example of plantation

agriculture.

• It is a labour-intensive industry needing abundant, cheap and skilled labour.

• India is the leading produce and exporter.

Conditions required for the crop:-

• It grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates.

• It needs deep and fertile well-drained soil rich in humus and organic matter.

• Tea bushes require warm and moist-free climate all through the year along with frequent showers.

Areas of cultivation:-

• Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts of West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Tripura.

Coffee

• India produces about 4% of he world’s coffee production.

• It is famous for its good quality coffee.• The Arabica variety produced in India was brought from

Yemen.• Initially its cultivation was introduced in the Baba Budan

hills.• Even today its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in

Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.• Brazil is the largest producer of coffee in the world

producing one third of the world’s total coffee.

Sugarcane• It is a tropical as well as

Subtropical crop.

Conditions required for the

Crop:-• It grows well in hot and humid

Climate.• It requires a temperature of 21°C to 27°C• An annual rainfall between 75cm. and 100cm.• Irrigation is required in the regions of low rainfall.

Areas Of Cultivation :-• It needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.• The major sugarcane-producing states are Uttar

Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

Oil Seeds

• India is the largest producer

Of oilseeds in the world.• Different oil seeds are grown covering

approximately 12 per cent of the totalcropped area of the country.

• Main oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower.

• Most of these are edible and used as cooking mediums. However, some of these are also used as raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments.

Oil Seeds

Groundnut• It is a kharif crop and accounts for about half of the

major oilseeds produced in the country.• Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of groundnut

followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra

Linseed and mustard• These are rabi crops• Sesamum is a kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south

India.• Castor seed is grown both as rabi and kharif crop.• 8 .

Non- Food Crops

Rubber • Rubber is an important industrial

Raw material• India ranks fifth among the world’s

natural rubber producers.

Conditions Required for the crop:-• It is an equatorial crop, but under

special conditions, it is also grown

in tropical and sub-tropical areas.• It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more

than 200 cm.• Temperature above 25°C.

Areas of Cultivation :- • It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and

Andaman and Nicobar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya.

Fibre Crops.

Cotton• India is believed to be the

original home of the cotton plant.• Cotton is one of the main raw

materials for cotton textile industry.• India is the third-largest producer

of cotton in the world.

Conditions Required For The Crop :-• Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of

the Deccan plateau.• It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation,

210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.• It is a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature

Areas Of Cultivation• Major cotton-producing states are – Maharashtra,

Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh,Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh.

Jute• It is known as the golden fibre.• It is used in making gunny bags,

mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and

other artifacts.• Due to its high cost, it is losing

market to synthetic fibres and

packing materials, particularly the nylon

Conditions Required for the crop:-• Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in the flood

plains where soils are renewed every year.• High temperature is required during the time of growth.

Areas of Cultivation• West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya are

the major jute producing states.

FOOD SECURITYTechnological And Institutional Reforms

Causes for Introduction of New Reforms in Agriculture

• Agriculture has been in practised in India for thousands of years.

• · Continued uses of land without well-matched techno-institutional reforms lead to slow

• down in the pace of agricultural development.• · In spite of development in irrigation most of the farmers

in large parts of the country• still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility of soil.• · Our population grew at fast rate than agriculture

production.• There has been a lot of injustice done with farmers with

the current prices for their production.• Famines, droughts and other disasters ruined the entire

crop produced putting farmers in dilemma.

Technological And Institutional Reforms Introduced after Independence

• Collective farming was introduced.• Land holdings were consolidated• Co-operative movement were started in Indian

agriculture• Zamindari system was abolished,• Land reform’ was introduced in First Five Year Plan.• The Green Revolution and related technologies were

introduced such as use of HYV of seed, fertilizers, modern machinery and inputs.

• White Revolution (Operation Flood) was introduced to increase milk production.

Features Of Comprehensive Land development

• Provision for crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease, establishment of Grameen banks, cooperative societies and banks for providing loan facilities to the farmers at lower rates of interest were some important steps in this direction.

• Kissan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced for easy availability of inputs.

• Personal Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) are some other schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.

• Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.

• The government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.