akademiur akademiur akademiur akademiur akademiur i wera i wera i wera i wera i wera damwyebTaTvis damwyebTaTvis damwyebTaTvis damwyebTaTvis damwyebTaTvis lia kaWarava xaTuna marwyviSvili lili xeCuaSvili socialur mecn socialur mecn socialur mecn socialur mecn socialur mecn ierebaTa ser ierebaTa ser ierebaTa ser ierebaTa ser ierebaTa ser ia ia ia ia ia Tbilisi 2007
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akademiurakademiurakademiurakademiurakademiuri werai werai werai werai wera
SaniZe a., qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1973.
Ãóäâèí Äæ., Èññëåäîâàíèå â ïñèõîëîãèè, ìåòîäû è ïëàíèðîâàíèå. 3-å èçä. Ïèòåð, 2004.
Carter D., Beyond the Loan Word: Plagiarism and Academic Writing. Published in http://www.engelsk.au.dk/en/studies/exams/guides/plagiarism (2000, Revised 07.05.2007). bolo naxva15.08.2007
Campbell S., The Problem of Plagiarism Published inhttp://www-personal.umich.edu/~sdcamp/up540/writingtips.html (last updated: February 22, 2007).bolo naxva 15.08.2007
Fowler H. Ramsey; Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook. 8th edition.Addison-Wesley.
Georgetown University. What is Plagiarism. Published in http://gervaseprograms.georgetown.edu/hc/plagiarism.html (2007). bolo naxva 15.08.2007
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition. Published by APA.
Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., & Joann Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills.Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.
Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Plagiarism: What It is and How toRecognize and Avoid It. Published in http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml
(2004). bolo naxva 15.08.2007
socialur mecnierebaTa seria
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili
redaqtori: lela wiqariSvili
dakabadoneba: Tamar Sengelia
ydis dizaini: mamuka cecxlaZe
socialur mecnierebaTa centri 2007 Center for Social Sciences 2007
sqolio da SeniSvna ........................................................................................................................................................................................104cxrilebi da suraTebi ................................................................................................................................................................................106gamoyenebuli literatura .................................................................................................................................................................... 113danarTi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 117naSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebeli kiTxvari .................................................................. 118gamoyenebuli literatura ....................................................................................................................................................................120
118
danarTis identifikacia da teqstSi motana
Tu naSroms mxolod erTi danarTi aqvs, mas mxolod danarTi ewereba. Tu masramdenime danarTi aqvs, maSin unda miuTiToT: danarTi A, danarTi B da a.S. imTanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac is teqstSia motanili. TiToeul danarTsunda hqondes saxelwodeba. teqstSi danarTebi Sesabamisi saxelwodebebiTaa motanili:
orive kvlevam erTi da igive Sedegi aCvena (ix. danarTi A da danarTi B).
Tu Tqven gsurT gamoaqveynoT axali testi APA-is JurnalSi, maSin saavtorouflebebis mflobeli iqneba APA (avtors, romelsac surs, rom rom saavtorouflebebi SeinarCunos, unda miuTiTos: „saavtoro ufleba [weli] [avtoris gvari]).
Tu gsurT miuTiToT sxva avtoris kiTxvari an testi, amis ufleba werilobiTiformiT unda moipovoT.
profesiuli urTierToba sasurveli Sedegis miRwevas gulisxmobs. werilobiTdokuments imisTvis qmniT, rom raRac unda moxdes an SeiZleba moxdes. amitom,rodesac raimes daweras gadawyvetT, kargad gansazRreT, ris gakeTebas apirebT.maSinac ki, rodesac vinmesTvis mxolod raimes Setyobinebas apirebT, mas esinformacia ise unda miawodoT, rom sakuTari gegmebis Secvla Tqven miermiwodebuli informaciis Sesabamisad moundes. Tu migaCniaT, rom misi mxridanraime qmedeba ar aris saWiro, maSin es Setyobineba mas arc unda gaugzavnoT.
iyaviT konkretulni
miznis gansazRvra winapirobaa imisa, rom maqsimalurad konkretulni iyoT.samoqmedo formula, romelic saqmis warmoebaSi konkretuli gadawyvetilebebismiRebisas mTel msoflioSi farTod gamoiyeneba aseTia: „vin ras rogor rodissad da ratom akeTebs~. vinaidan yvela samoqmedo gegma am formulaSi kargadjdeba, is uklebliv yvela situaciaSi gamogadgebaT.
wereT mkiTxvelisTvis
es swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva, Tu rogor undagamoiyurebodes Tqven mier momzadebuli werilobiTi dokumenti. Tqven undagaiTvaliswinoT vin iqneba Tqveni mkiTxveli da ratom gaecnoba is Tqven miermomzadebul dokuments. weris dawyebamde moifiqreT, saWiroa Tu ara potenciurimkiTxvelis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciis moZieba. mkiTxvelis gaTvaliswinebisSemTxvevaSi gagiadvildebaT dokumentSi CasarTavi detalebis gansazRvra, radganTqvenTvis erTnairad wamgebiani iqneba rogorc zedmeti, ise _ mwiri informaciismiwodeba.
ZiriTadi azri dasawyisSive warmoadgineT
es principi gamoiyeneba eses, moxsenebiTi baraTis, oficialuri werilebisSedgenisas da kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas. pirveli rigSi, warmoaCineT ZiriTadiazri da mxolod amis Semdeg miawodeT damatebiTi mosazrebebi, romlebic ZiriTadideas met safuZvlianobas SesZens. sxva sityvebiT, jer gadmoeciT daskvna daSemdeg daasabuTeT misi siswore. amasTan, nu SeawuxebT mkiTxvels Tqveni fiqrisprocesiT, vinaidan am procesisTvis Tvalis midevneba rTulia da did drosacmoiTxovs, ris gamoc didia albaToba, rom adresatis yuradRebas ver miipyrobT.amitom daiwyeT daskvnebiT.
Emery, R.E. (1992). Marital turmoil: interpersonal conflict and the children of discord anddivorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330 (From Psychological Abstracts, 69, Item 1320)
rodesac abstraqti da ara statiis sruli teqstia gamoyenebuli, frCxilebSimowodebul unda iyos amomwuravi informacia: saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi,abzacis nomeri. ramdenadac saTaurSi sityva abstraqti ar figurirebs, amitomis unda miuTiToT wyaros saTaursa da periodizacias Soris, rom cxadigaxdes, ra gamoiyeneT.
14. statia Jurnalidan
Van Gelder, L. (1996, Desember). Countdown to motherhood: When shoud you have a baby?Ms., 37-39, 74.
Tu Jurnals aqvs calkeuli gamocemebi da nomrebi, aucileblad unda iyosaRniSnuli. aseve, nomris gamocemis sruli TariRi da statiis gverdebi undaiyos dafiqsirebuli, oRond abrevituris (gv.) gareSe.
15. sagazeTo statia
Lewis, P.H. (1999, Jenuary 21 ). Many updates cause profitable confusion. The New York Times,pp. D1, D5.
unda miuTiToT, rogorc gamocemis weli, aseve, Tve da dRe. gverdebismisaTiTeblad SeiZleba gamoiyenoT abraviatura: „gv.~
16. xelmouwereli statia
The right to die. (1976, Octomber 11). Time, 121. 101
Dinnage, R. (1987, November 29). Against the master and his men [Review of the book A mindof her own: The life of Karen Horney]. The New York Times Book Review, 10-11.
Tu mimoxilva dasaTaurebuli araa, gamoiyeneT frCxilebSi mocemuli informacia,rogorc saTauri.
danarTi or mizans emsaxureba. is avtors mkiTxvelisTvis kiTxvis Seuwyvetladdetaluri informaciis miwodebisa da weris stilis, wesebis dacvis saSualebasaZlevs.
Cveulebrivad, danarTSi maTematikuri dasabuTeba, didi cxrilebi, kiTxvarisnimuSebi an kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli sxva xelsawyoebi da kompiuteruli programebiaaRwerili.
naSromi SeiZleba erT an met danarTs moicavdes.
5
Tavi 2. werTavi 2. werTavi 2. werTavi 2. werTavi 2. weris pis pis pis pis procesrocesrocesrocesrocesis Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da werisTvisisTvisisTvisisTvisisTvis
cxadia, werilobiTi naSromi ufro misaRebi iqneba mkiTxvelisTvis, Tu isgramatikulad da stilisturad gamarTuli iqneba, magram kargi naweris Rirsebamxolod es ar aris. werisas jer kargad unda darwmundeT, rom saTqmeli zustadda mkafiod CamoayalibeT da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba gramatikasa da stilzefiqri (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli weris situaciis komponentebia, romelTa gaazrebaweris dawyebamde gacilebiT adre mogiwevT. cxrilSi #2.1 mocemulia kiTxvebiweris procesis komponentebis analizisaTvis (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D.,2000):
1 qveTavi mTlianad momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey; AaronJane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook. 8th edition. Addison-Wesley
116
Tu wignis avtori ucnobia unda miuTiToT wignis saxelwodeba anbanuriTanmimdevrobiT.
7. erTi da imave avtoris ori an meti Sroma, romelic erTsa da imave welsaagamoqveynebuli
Gardner, H. (1973a). The arts and human Development. New York: Weliy.
Gardner, H. (1973b). Ithe guest for mind: Pieaget, Levi-Strauss, and the structuralist movement.New York: Knopf.
rodesac gamoyenebulia erTi da imave avtoris erTsa da imave welsgamoqveynebuli Sroma, isini unda miuTiToT anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT, saTaurispirveli sityvis mixedviT da gamocemebi unda gamoirCes erTmaneTisgan asoebis(a, b da a.S. ) saSualebiT.
magram Tu uTiTebT erTi da imave avtoris or sxvadasxva Sromas, romlebicerTsa da imave wels ar aris gamoqveynebuli, aseT SemTxvevaSi, jer undamiuTiToT ufro adre gamoqveynebuli Sroma.
8. wigni, romelic xelaxla gamoica
Bollinger, D.L. (1975). Aspects of language (2nd ed). NewYork. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
xelaxali gamocemis TariRi saTauris Semdeg unda miuTiToT. Semdeggamomcemloba unda aRiniSnos.
9. wigni, romelic erTze meti tomisagan Sedgeba
Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.P. Basler, Ed.). (Vol.5). NewBrunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.P. Basler, Ed.). (Vols.1-8).New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
10. statia an Tavi redaqtirebuli wignidan
Paykel, E. S. (1994). Life stress and psychiatric disorder: Applications of the clinical approach.In B.S. Dorhewend & B.P. Dorhenwend (Eds.), Stressful life events: Their nature andeffects (pp. 239-264). New York Weliy.
gamocemis TariRi aucileblad unda aRiniSnos. statiis an Tavis saTaurisSemdg unda miuTiToT, romeli wyarodan aris amoRebuli nakveTi. gverdebisnumeracia unda miuTiToT frCxilebSi.
perioduli gamocemebi: samecniero Jurnalebi, Jurnalebi da gazeTebi
11. statia yovelwliuri Jurnalidan
Emery, R.E. (1992). Marital turmoil: interpersonal conflict and the children of discord anddivorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330
statiis saTauri brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas. Jurnalis saxelwodebadaxrili unda iyos.
• SerCeuli Tema unda Seesabamebodes miRebul davalebas;
• Tema arc Zalze zogadi unda iyos da arc metad konkretuli; undaSeesabamebodes naSromis moculobasa da Sesrulebis vadebs;
• Tema unda gainteresebdeT.
naSromis Temis misadageba Tqvens interesebsa da arsebulgamocdilebasTan
zogierTi davaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, laboratoriuli kvlevis angariSian SemTxvevis ganxilva politikur mecnierebaSi, sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis mwirsaSualebas iZleva, Tumca, erTi SexedviT, Zalze xist da mosawyen sakiTxebzemuSaobis drosac SegiZliaT, garkveulwilad, Tavisufali iyoT, magaliTad, Tuunda daweroT ori nacnobi adamianis SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba, Sesadarebeliadamianebisa da maTi Sedarebis xerxebis SerCeva Tqveni prerogativaa; aseve, Tqvenzeadamokidebuli, ubralod dawerT davalebas, Tu weriT isiamovnebT da bevr axalTvisebasac aRmoaCenT am adamianebSi.
rodesac davalebaSi ar aris Tema dakonkretebuli, is Tqvens gamocdilebasada interesTa sferoSi SegiZliaT moiZioT. qvemoT mocemulia savaraudo kiTxvebi,romlebic SeiZleba naSromis Temis SerCevisas gaCndes.
• romeli Temaa TqvenTvis nacnobi an romeli Tema gainteresebT? es SeiZlebaiyos sporti, umuSevroba Tqvens qalaqSi, klasikuri musika da a.S.
• uaxloes warsulSi monawileoba xom ar migiRiaT romelime sainteresodiskusiaSi? es SeiZleba iyos cvlilebebi qalisa da mamakacis urTierTobaSi,sauniversiteto swavlebis reformirebis warmatebuloba, universitetSifsiqologiuri samsaxuris arsebobis aucilebloba da a.S.
• ra waikiTxeT an naxeT am bolo dros? es SeiZleba iyos Zalian sainteresowigni, sasacilo filmi, skandaluri telegadacema da a.S.
• ra gaxarebT an ra gwyinT? es SeiZleba iyos Tqveni hobi, mezoblebis qceva,xmauri quCaSi da a.S.
naSromisTvis SerCeuli Temisa da Sesasrulebeli davalebisSesabamisbaSi moyvana
davalebis miRebis Semdeg yuradRebiT waikiTxeT is da SeecadeT misiadekvaturi Tema SearCioT. amaSi qvemoT mocemuli kiTxvebi dagexmarebaT.
• ras moiTxoven Cemgan? mravali werilobiTi davaleba moicavs iseT sityvebs,rogorebicaa ganixileT, aRwereT, gaaanalizeT, warmoadgineT, moaxdineTinterpretacia, axseniT, gansazRvreT, daasabuTeT an SeafaseT. es sityvebimigiTiTeben, Tu rogor unda miudgeT Temas, rogor azrovnebas moelianTqvengan da ra zogadi mizani unda daisaxoT.
• visTvis werT? zogierT davalebaSi dakonkretebulia mkiTxvelis vinaoba,Tumca, Cveulebisamebr, Tqven Tavad unda gansazRvroT, Tu vin iqneba TqvenimkiTxveli _ iqneba es mTeli sazogadoeba, Tanakurselebi, Tqveni ufrosi,instruqtori, universitetis studentoba, romelime sxva jgufi, Tu individi.
• ra tipis kvleva mogeTxovebaT? zogjer davalebaSi miTiTebulia, Tu ratipis literaturiT unda isargebloT. am wyaroebis gamoyeneba naSromissakiTxis mosaZiebladac SeiZleba.
• saWiroebs Tu ara davalebis Tema Semdgom dakonkretebas, raTa naSromismoculobisa da Sesrulebis vadebis moTxovnebi daakmayofiloT?
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organizacia
wyaroebis miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT gvarebis mixedviT xdeba. Tu Sromisavtori ar aris aRniSnuli, maSin miTiTeba saTauris pirveli sityvebis mixedviTxdeba.
gamocemis weli unda miuTiToT frCxilebSi avtoris an avtorebis gvarebisgverdiT. Cveulebrivad, es aris xolme weli, magram zogierTi tipis gamocemebisTvis(magaliTad, Jurnalebi da sagazeTo statiebi) unda miuTiToT Tve da, iSviaTSemTxvevaSi, dReebic.
saTauri
inglisur enaze wignis an statiis saTauris miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, didi asoTiiwereba mxolod saTauris pirveli sityva, qvesaTauris pirveli sityva da sakuTarisaxelebi. sxva yvela danarCeni sityva iwereba patara asoebiT. statiis saTauribrWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas.
gamocemis adgili
wyarosTvis, romelic periodul gamocemas ar warmoadgens, unda miuTiToTgamocemis adgilic. Tu gamomcemeli romelime konkretul universitets warmoadgensda qalaqis (an provinciis) dasaxeleba miTiTebulia universitetis saxelwodebaSic,maSin misi gameoreba saWiro aRar aris.
grafiki monacemTa simravleebs Soris mimarTebebs – Sedarebasa da ganawilebas– gviCvenebs anda SeiZleba gviCvenebdes, magaliTad, maT absolutur mniSvnelobebs,procentul ganawilebasa Tu indeqsebs. grafikSi xazebi gasagebad unda iyosmocemuli da masSi ar unda iyos zedmeti detalebi. informacia horizontalur davertikalur RerZebze mzardi TanmimdevrobiT da Sedarebadi erTeulebiT undaiyos warmodgenili.
• aucilebelia suraTis gamoyeneba? Tu is imeorebs teqsts, maSin ar gWirdebaT.Tu avsebs teqsts an lakonurad gadmoscems xangrZliv msjelobas, maSin isinformaciis gadmocemis optimaluri saSualeba SeiZleba iyos.
• Tqveni miznisTvis romeli tipis suraTia (grafiki, diagrama, ruka, foto Tusxva rame) yvelaze adekvaturi? SesaZlebelia Tu ara martivi grafikiT gadmoicesTqveni azri da ar dagWirdeT ZviradRirebuli fotoebis gamoyeneba?
suraTis standartebi
kargi suraTis standartia simartive, TvalsaCinooba da Tanmimdevruloba. kargi suraTi:
• avsebs teqsts da ar imeorebs mas;
• mxolod arsebiT faqtebs aRwers;
• ar moicavs vizualurad yuradRebis gamfantav detalebs;
• martivia wasakiTxad – misi elementebi (tipi, xazebi, dasaxelebebi, simboloebida a.S.) sakmarisad didi zomisaa, rom nabeWdi saxiT wakiTxvadi iyos;
• martivia gasagebad – misi mizani TvalsaCinodaa mocemuli;
Tavisufali wera SeuCereblad weraa. es niSnavs, rom werT imas, rac TavSimogdiT imaze fiqris gareSe, Tu ramdenad kargad da sworad werT. am meTodismizania Tqveni gonebis gaTavisufleba emociebisgan. amitom Tavisufali werisdros nu gawyvetT ideaTa da azrTa nakads. zustad ise CawereT isini, rogorc
ar gamoiyenoT frazebi `zemoT/qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi~ an `32-e gverdzewarmodgenil cxrilSi~, vinaidan naSromis sxvadasxvagvari formatirebisasyovelTvis SeiZleba Seicvalos rogorc cxrilis adgilmdebareoba teqstSi, ise _gverdebis numeracia.
cxrilebis urTierTmimarTeba
SeecadeT, rom ar gaimeoroT monacemebi sxvadasxva cxrilSi da erTad warmoadginoT.Cveulebriv, monacemTa identuri mwkrivebi an svetebi ar unda meordebodes or anmet cxrilSi.
erT naSromSi warmodgenili yvela cxrili erTnairad unda iyos formatirebuli,raTa gaioldes maTi aRqma da maTSi warmodgenili monacemebis Sedareba. gamoiyeneTerTnairi formati, dasaxeleba, saTaurebi da terminologia (magaliTad, saSualomaCvenebeli an centraluri tendenciis maCvenebeli).
cxrilebis danomvra
cxrilebi yovelTvis inomreba arabuli cifrebiT.
cxrili N2, cxrili N3 cxrili N4 da a.S.
da ara: cxrili 2, cxrili 2a, cxrili 2b da a.S.
cxrilebis dasaxeleba
TiToeul cxrils mokle, magram gasagebi da axsniTi saTauri unda hqondes.
kolejis studentebis mier ZiriTad saganSi _ fsiqologiaSi, fizikaSi,inglisursa da maTematikaSi miRebuli saSualo qulebi A, B da C testebSi (aqmeordeba cxrilis nawilebis saTaurebiT gadmocemuli informacia).
kargi:
kolejis sxvadasxva ZiriTad sagnebSi studentebis mier miRebuli saSualoSefasebebi.
cxrilSi an mis romelime saTaurSi mocemuli abreviatura SeiZleba cxrilisdasaxelebaSi frCxilebSi iyos motanili.
es kiTxvebi SeiZleba maSinac gamogadgeT, rodesac naSromis Temis arCevascdilobT, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac raRacis Txrobas isaxavT miznad anmovlenis mizezebsa da Sedegebze gsurT saubari (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & KozirevJ.R, 2000).
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela es SekiTxva erTi movlenis Sesaxeb informaciismogrovebisTvisaa mowodebuli, konkretuli davalebis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,SesaZlebelia Tqven mxolod zogierTi maTgani dagWirdeT. magaliTad (Fowler H.R;Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000):
rogor moxda? Tu Tqveni davaleba Txrobas moiTxovs, maSin Tqvenma naSrommaunda upasuxos am kiTxvas da ambavi qronologiurad unda daalagoT, magaliTad,
ra mizezebi arsebobs? ra magaliTebis dasaxelebaa SesaZlebeli? gansaxilvelisakiTxis ilustracia erTi, an meti magaliTis (bavSvTa saxlidan bavSvis Sviladayvanis mcdeloba, sami satelevizio serialis dasaxeleba) moyvanas, an logikurdasabuTebas (ZiriTad sagnad politikuri mecnierebebis arCevis sami mizezi, quCaSimoZraobis wesebis dacvis aucileblobis damasabuTebeli oTxi mizezi) gulisxmobs.
rasTan gaqvT saqme? ras gulisxmobs is da ras gamoricxavs? es kiTxvebigansazRvrebis an ganmartebisTvis dagWirdebaT. naSromSi iseTi abstraqtuli cnebebi,rogorebicaa, magaliTad, samarTali, megobroba, xelovneba gansakuTrebul ganmartebebssaWiroeben.
ra maxasiaTeblebi aqvs? analizis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi nawilebad, elementebadiSleba da maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis garCeva xdeba. analizis pirvelietapi kritikulad fiqria.
ramdenad hgavs an gansxvavdeba is sxvebisgan? Sedarebisas ideebs, sagnebs,adamianebs, adgilebsa da a.S. Soris msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi ganixileba, magaliTad,gansxvaveba prezidentobis or kandidats Soris, or kompiuterul sistemas Sorismsgavsebebi.
SeiZleba Tu ara misi Sedareba mkiTxvelisTvis nacnob sxva saganTan? eskiTxva analogiis SemTxvevaSi Cndeba. analogia xSirad gamoiyeneba mkiTxvelisTvisucnobi Temis (magaliTad, mTavrobis struqturis) axsnisas nacnob Temaze (magaliTad,ojaxis struqturaze) miTiTebiT.
ratom xdeba es, an ras iwvevs? mizez-Sedegobrivi analizisas unda aixsnas, Turatom moxda raRac, an ra Sedegebi gamoiwvia, anda orive erTad. magaliTad, depresiisganviTarebis mizezebi, an rogor aisaxa sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCenibraldebulis ojaxis wevrebze.
mkiTxvelisTvis gacilebiT ioli iqneba am Sedegebis aRqma da gaazreba, rodesacisini cxrilSia mocemuli, Tumca rodesac monacemebi uCveulod cotaa (erTi svetian mwkrivi), maSin umjobesia, rom isini teqstSi CarToT da ar gaitanoT calkecxrilad.
gansazRvreT im monacemTa raodenoba, romlis motanac aucilebelia teqstSimimdinare msjelobis gasagebad da Semdeg gadawyviteT, cxrilis an grafikis saxiTwarmoadgenT maT Tu teqstSi CarTavT. araarsebiTi an ukiduresad detalizebulimonacemebi SeiZleba saerTod amoiRoT naSromidan anda danarTSi gaitanoT.
cxrilebi, romlebSic raodenobrivi monacemebia warmodgenili, mxolod maSinaaefeqturi, rodesac monacemebi gasagebad, naTlad da iolad aRsaqmeladaaorganizebuli. cxrilSi Sesadarebeli erTeulebi (magaliTad, saSualo, standartuligadaxra, SerCevis zoma da a.S.) erTmaneTis gverdiT unda ganTavsdes. am principis
16
monaxazis Sedgena
monaxazis Sedgena abzacis an eses realurad weris procesia. mas Semdeg, racmasalas SeagrovebT da zogad gegmas dasaxavT, Tqven mzad xarT sawerad. pirvelimonaxazis werisas miyvebiT ukve Sedgenil zogad gegmas. pirveli monaxazis werisasyuradReba azrebis furcelze gadatanaze gaamaxvileT. am etapze teqstis gramatikulsisworeze zedmetad nu iRelvebT. naweris moculobidan gamomdinare, SeiZlebaramdenjerme scadoT misi dawera.
gadasinjva
pirveli monaxazi realurad mxolod pirveli nabijia saboloo naSromisaken.realuri muSaoba mxolod misi dasrulebis Semdeg iwyeba. warmatebulma mweralmaicis, rom weris procesi, ZiriTadad, gadasinjvis procesia. amrigad, Tu Tqven werT,naweris gadasinjvas dro unda dauTmoT. gadasinjva, rogorc wesi, or nawiladiyofa: _ (1) revizireba/gadamuSaveba anu abzacisa Tu eses Sinaarsis Secvla daorganizeba da (2) masSi sityvebisa da winadadebebis redaqtireba.
revizireba/gadamuSaveba
gadamuSaveba naweris xelaxali gaazreba an gadaxedvaa. werisTvis mosamzadebelda monaxazis Seqmnis etapebze, ZiriTadad, ideebis moZiebasa da maT gadmocemazexarT orientirebuli. axla yuradReba msjelobis ganviTarebaze unda gadaitanoT.Tqven unda SeafasoT Tqveni naweri. Zalian kargi iqneba, Tu Tqven garda kidev vinmewaikiTxavs monaxazs da ukukavSirs mogcemT. ukukavSiris miRebis Semdeg SegiZliaTgadawyvitoT, ra saxis cvlilebebi SeitanoT nawerSi. qvemoT mocemulia gadamuSavebisZiriTadi gzebi:
1. damateba. SeiZleba daamatoT masala ideis gansamtkiceblad, an daamatoTwinadadebebi da frazebi ideebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad.
2. Semokleba. SeiZleba SeamoakloT is nawili, romelic ar ukavSirdeba Temasan imeorebs ukve naTqvams.
4. masalis Tanmimdevrobis Secvla. SeiZleba mogindeT winadadebebis an abzacebisTanmimdevrobis Secvla.
savarjiSo #2.2.2.2.2.8: : : : : me-5 savarjiSoSi CamoTvlili Temebidan airCieT an Tavad moifiqreTerTi Tema. Semdeg asociaciuri rukis gamoyenebiT gamosaxeT Tqveni ideebi. daiwyeTimiT, rom furclis SuaSi wreSi CawereT Tema da imuSaveT mis irgvliv.
redaqtireba
gadamuSavebisas Tqveni ideebis gaZlierebasa da ganmtkicebaze xarT orientirebulni,rac naweris Sinaarss ukavSirdeba. rodesac bolomde kmayofili darCebiT nawerisSinaarsiT, yuradReba im formas unda miaqcioT, romliTac gadmoscemT Tqvensmosazrebebs. am TvalsazrisiT, Seileba zogierTi winadadebis perifrazireba anuredaqtireba dagWirdeT. moaxdineT im winadadebebis perifrazireba, romlebicbundovani an arazustia. Semdeg gramatikulad gamarTeT winadadebebi.
bolo etapia naweris koreqtura. gadaikiTxeT naweri da naxeT, raime Secdoma xom araris gramatikaSi, sityvebis marTlweraSi an punqtuaciaSi, asoebi xom ar gaqvT gamorCenili.
gaxsovdeT, rom weris procesi fleqsiburi, moqnili procesia. Tqven sqematurad,mSralad ar unda misdioT am procesis aRweril safexurebs. piriqiT, unda SeZloT
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es mcire nawyvetebi, faqtobrivad, mouTiTebs abstraqtulobaze, romelicdamaxasiaTebelia mTlianad msxvilmasStabiani gamokiTxvisaTvis, romelTaanalizi realurad arsebuli adamianebis gamocdilebisa da arCevanisgandamoukideblad xorcieldeba.
sqolioSi mxolod erTi azri unda iyos mocemuli. Tu erTze met abzacs werT anmaTematikuri formula mogyavT, maSin umjobesi iqneba, rom es ZiriTad teqstSi an/da danarTSi gaakeToT da ara sqolioSi.
sqolioSi, aseve, SeiZleba miuTiToT, romel sxva avtorTan SeiZleba ama Tu immasalis moZieba.
miiCnevdnen ra gamokiTxvaTa Sedegebs sargeblianobis motivis uSualosazomad, gutmanma da misma kolegebma amerikis 1976 wlis saprezidentoarCevnebisTvis SeimuSaves indiferentulobis sazomi (sxvaoba am skalaze fordisada karteris maCveneblebs Soris) da gaucxoebis sazomi (kandidatis prioritetisskalaze absoluturi done). miCiganis universitetis 1972-1976 wlebis monacemebisanalizis Sedegad maT daadgines, rom xmis micemis albaTobaze statistikuradmniSvnelovani gavlena hqonda sargeblianobis absolutur dones, magram arakandidatTa Sedarebis sxvaobas.
kargad Sesrulebul naSromSi arsebiTi informacia ZiriTad teqstSi unda iyosmocemuli da ara _ sqolioSi.
cxrilis Tanmxlebi SeniSvna
cxrilis Tanmxlebi SeniSvna Tavsdeba cxrilis qvemoT, sadac axsnilia cxrilSiwarmodgenili monacemebi an mocemulia damatebiTi informacia maT Sesaxeb.
erTisa da imave avtoris ori an meti wyaros miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi TariRiTmkiTxvels awodebT informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel wyaroze saubrobT,magram Tu orive naSromi erTsa da imave wels aris gamoqveynebuli, am SemTxvevaSiweli asoebiTac aRiniSneba (rogorc es zemoT magaliTSia naCvenebi). aseve,aRiniSneba gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSic.
9. sxvadasxva avtoris ori an meti Sroma
ori kvlevis (markoni da hambleni, 1990; herkovici, 1994) Sedegebi aCvenebs,rom...
aseT SemTxvevaSi wyaroebis miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT xdeba.
10. arapirdapiri wyaro
damadasturebeli sabuTebi Cndeba vondis eqsperimentebSi (citirebuliakvlevaSi: markoni da hambleni, 1990).
sityva `citirebuli~ miuTiTebs, rom vondis miTiTebuli kvleva mopovebulia(aRmoCenilia) markonisa da hamblenis kvlevaSi. gamoyenebuli literaturisCamonaTvalSi ki mxolod markoni da hambleni unda miuTiToT.
11. eleqtronuli wyaroebi
fergunsoni da hopkinsi (1998) ar monawileobdnen TvalsaCino mtrulobiseqsperimentSi (abz. 7).
eleqtronuli wyaroebis citireba eqvemdebareba zemoT aRniSnul citirebisstandartebs. miTiTebuli unda iyos avtoris gvari da gamoqveynebis TariRi. mxolodam SemTxvevaSi, amonaridis motanisas, statiisa da wignebisagan gansxvavebiT, gverdisnacvlad abzacis nomeri unda miuTiToT.
sqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvna
sqolio
sqolio avsebs da amdidrebs teqstSi mocemul ZiriTad informacias. sqolioSiar unda iyos mocemuli rTuli, ararelevanturi anda araarsebiTi informacia.vinaidan sqolio mkiTxvelis yuradRebas iqcevs, teqstSi misi CarTva mxolodmaSinaa rekomendebuli, rodesac is aZlierebs, amyarebs ZiriTad teqstSi mimdinaremsjelobasa Tu gamoTqmul azrs.
ra aris abzaci? Tqven, albaT, iciT, rom abzaci winadadebebis jgufia, romelicvizualurad gamoyofilia wina striqonebisgan. pirveli striqoni momdevnostriqonebTan SedarebiT metadaa Seweuli SigniT, vidre sxvebi; Tumca, bunebrivia,es ganmarteba sakmarisi ar aris, abzacis tipisa da misi Semadgeneli elementebisgasagebad. mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba abzacSi winadadebebi erTmaneTs,rogor da sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba is. swored am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemaseZRvneba es Tavi.
abzacis Tema
abzaci winadadebebis jgufia, romelic ayalibebs, aviTarebs erT mTavar ideas,abzacSi Camoyalibebulia erTi Tema an Temis mxolod erTi aspeqti. Tema arisabzacis sagani, sakiTxi (subject), romlis Sesaxebac aris es abzaci. magaliTad, waikiTxeTSemdegi abzaci, romelic sigaretis mowevas exeba:
moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kolofisigareti 1-dan 5 laramde Rirs, xolo mwevelTa umravlesoba dReSi erT kolofsmainc eweva, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi maT 365 laridan 1695 laramde undadaxarjon, magram yvelaferi amiT ar mTavrdeba. sigaretis mwevlebisTvisac kiarasasiamovno suni aqvs maT tansacmels, avejs, xaliCebsa da fardebs. amis gamomwevlebi ufro xSirad recxaven sakuTar nivTebs, vidre aramwevelebi. miuxedavadimisa, rom Znelia am damatebiTi xarjis zusti gamoTvla, faqtia, rom es kidevufro ZviradRirebuls xdis mowevis Cvevas.
am abzacis Temaa sigaretis moweva (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).
savarjiSo #3.1: : : : : waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da gansazRvreT, ra sakiTxebzeasaubari.
kidev erTi mizezi, ratomac miyvars mdinaris napiri, es misi wynari garemoa,romelic ganmartoebis saSualebas gaZlevs. me iq, mis garda, sxva mowme ara myavs daSemiZlia vilaparako da vifiqro. iq xels aravin miSlis da Tan yovelTvis aris is,vinc mogismens. napiri yvelafers moismens, risi Tqmac ginda. garda amisa, es wynariadgilia, sadac SegiZlia ifiqro da imsjelo; amisaTvis ganmartoebaa saWiro.xSirad, roca dabneuli var, napirze mivdivar. es saukeTeso adgilia Cemikonfliqtebisa da problemebis gadasawyvetad da, saerTod, dasafiqreblad (M. VeronicaPorta).
abzaci exeba
fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umravlesobaze gavlenasfaqtorTa kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori: genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia,inteleqtis done an TviTSefaseba individis SigniT moqmedebs. qcevebis am Sinagandeterminantebs organizmis (organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba, radgan isiniorganizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdian informacias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebsdispoziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreTve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT,rom bavSvi cdilobs, asiamovnos maswavlebels, raTa jildo miiRos an transportis
2 Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., &Joann Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.
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2. avtori, romelsac moixseniebT teqstSi
baumrindi (1968) aRniSnavda, rom milgremis eqsperimentis cdis pirebi “undayofiliyvnen informirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb, rac SeeZlo maTzemoexdina eqsperiments (gv. 34).
rodesac Tqven miuTiTebT avtoris gvars, aRar aris saWiro misi miTiTebafrCxilebSi. avtoris gvaris gverdiT miuTiTeT TariRi. Tu mogaqvT citataigive wyarodan imave abzacSi, maSin aRar aris saWiro damowmebis gameoreba,ramdenadac isedac naTelia, rom imave wyaros eyrdnobiT, magaliTad:
rodesac ori an meti wyaro gamoqveynebulia erTsa da imave wels, am SemTxvevaSicimave wesiT xdeba Semokleba da imdeni avtoris gvari unda miuTiToT, ramdenicsaWiroa wyaroebis erTmaneTisgan gasarCevad (magaliTad, pepinsiki, duni da sxv.,1993) da (pepinski, bredli da sxv., 1993).
5. naSromi, romelsac eqvsi an meti avtori hyavs.
erT-erTi kvleva (rutteri da sxv., 1996) cdilobs gansxvavebebis axsnasmozardebis magaliTze.
eqvsi avtoris SemTxvevaSi, pirveli citirebis drosac ki mxolod pirveligvari miuTiTeT, romelsac mosdevs ̀ da sxv.,~. Tu erTsa da imave wels gamocemuliori wyaro gvaqvs, Semokleba imave wesis mixedviT xdeba, rogorc me-4 punqtSiamocemuli.
6. naSromi, romelic avtorTa jgufs ekuTvnis.
adreuli winaswarmetyveleba ar aRmoCnda dasabuTebuli (lorencis kvleva,1997).
40 sityvaze naklebi amonaridi brWyalebSi unda Caisvas da teqstSi unda iyosCarTuli.
jorj vailanti eTanxmeba sociologebs, rom „fsiqiatriuli iarliyebismiwera saxifaToa. sazogadoebas SeuZlia adamianebs saSineli tkivilimiayenos janmrTelobis da fsiqikuri aSlilobebis, fsiqiqikuriaSlilobis da gansxvavebuli qcevis erTmaneTSi areviTa da diskriminaciiT.~
40 sityvaze meti
40 sityvaze meti amonaridi brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas da teqstSi ar undaiyos CarTuli. is gamoeyofa ZiriTad teqsts zemoT da qvemoT xazebs Sorisormagi intervaliT, xolo citatis striqonebs Soris erTmagi intervaliT.
rodesac ar moixseniebT avtors, frCxilebSi CasviT misi gvari da wyaros gamocemisTariRi. rodesac pirdapiri citireba xdeba da ara _ perifrazireba an Sinaarsismokled gadmocema, maSin gverdebic unda mieTiTos. Semadgeneli komponenti, zemoTmoyvanili magaliTis msgavsad, erTmaneTisgan wertilebiT unda gamoiyos). esliteratura ise miuTiTeT, rom gasagebi iyos, Tu romeli wyaro miuTiTeT da ise,rom es xels ar uSlides naSromis wakiTxvas. zemoT mocemul variants aseTiformac SeiZleba mieces:
Tema yovelTvis maqsimalurad unda daakonkretoT, magaliTad, Tema adamiani (ix.suraTi #3.1).
savarjiSo #3.2: daakonkreteT Semdegi Temebi:
• fsiqikuri procesebi
• agresia
• amindi
• Cemi samSoblo
• sigareti
• kompiuteri
mTavari, Tematuri winadadeba
winadadebas, romelic aRwers abzacis Temas, anu romelSic gatarebulia ZiriTadiazri, mTavari, Tematuri winadadeba (Topic sentence) ewodeba. misi funqcia Temis gacnobaa(amitom, rogorc wesi, is abzacis pirveli winadadebaa). garda gacnobisa, kargmTavar winadadebas SeuZlia im Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebis Cveneba, romelsacexeba mocemuli abzaci. abzacis Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebas an azrswamyvani azri (controling idea) ewodeba. avtoris damokidebuleba, azri gansazRvravs,Tu ra iqneba abzacSi ganxiluli. abzacis yvela winadadeba wamyvan azrTan undaiyos dakavSirebuli da mas unda ganaviTarebdes. sailustraciod kidev erTxelwavikiTxoT pirveli abzacis mTavari winadadeba:
moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa.am abzacis Tema mowevis Cvevaa, wamyvani azri ki isaa, rom is Zviria.mowevis TemasTan dakavSirebiT uamravi azri SeiZleba arsebobdes, maT Soris,
1. sportis dafinansebis yvelaze didi problema isaa, rom masganaTlebasTan SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben.
2. dabinZureba saSiSia, radgan is ozonis Sres azianebs.
3. studentebis kidev erT problema samsaxuris Sovnaa.
mTavari winadadebis daxvewa
rogorc vnaxeT, Tematuri winadadeba mTavar Temas da wamyvan azrs moicavs,magram es ar aris sakmarisi. wamyvani azri SeZlebisdagvarad naTeli da konkretuliaspeqtisken mimarTuli unda iyos. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
yavis daleva cudia.
am winadadebis Tema yavis dalevaa, wamyvani azri _ cudia, magram orive sakmaodbundovania da mTel rig SekiTxvebs badebs. visTvis da risTvis aris cudi? cudiayavis nebismieri raodenobiT miReba, Tu misi mxolod didi raodenobiT daleva?mTavari winadadeba ufro konkretuli unda iyos, rac wamyvani azris kargadCamoyalibebiT miiRweva; magaliTad:
amrigad, mTavari winadadeba Temis dawyebasa da wamyvani azris wardgenasemsaxureba. sad unda ganvaTavsoT abzacSi mTavari winadadeba? Cveulebriv, radganmTavari winadadeba Temis dawyebas uzrunvelyofs, umjobesia, is abzacis dasawyisSian dasawyisTan axlos iyos. miuxedavad amisa, abzacis tipidan gamomdinare, mTavariwinadadeba SeiZleba abzacSi sxvadasxva adgilas ganTavsdes (abzacis SuaSi ansulac bolos). zogjer arc Tema da arc wamyvani azri araa erTi winadadebiTgadmocemuli, Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom abzacSi Tema da wamyvani azri saerTodar aris. aseT abzacSi Tema da wamyvani azri igulisxmeba; isini naTlad Cananabzacis ganviTarebaSi. zogadad, ukeTesia, Tu mTavari winadadebebi naTlad,konkretulad iqneba warmodgenili da es ara mxolod imitom, rom am SemTxvevaSiidea naTelia, aramed imitomac, rom is abzacis ganviTarebis mimarTulebisgansazRvraSi dagvexmareba.
savarjiSo #3.7: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da miuTiTeT abzacis mTavariwinadadeba, xazi gausviT Temas da SemoxazeT wamyvani azri. Tu mTavari winadadebamocemulia, amowereT.
kvlevebisTvis sxva saintereso sferoa gansxvavebis dadgena Sinagan da garegan
motivaciaSi. Cven Sinaganad motivirebulebi varT, rodesac vakeTebT raimes ubralodsiamovnebisTvis an raime konkretuli qcevis gansaxorcieleblad. Cven saabazanoSiimitom ki ar vmReriT, rom taSs velodebiT an fulis Sovnas vcdilobT, aramedimitom, rom mogvwons amis keTeba. Cven imitom vxsniT krosvordebs, vxatavT daTvals vadevnebT mzis Casvlas, rom es jildovdeba. Cven ar velodebiT raimejildos. garegani motivacia, Tavis mxriv, im situaciebs miemarTeba, romlebSic Cvenjildos misaRebad vmoqmedebT. Cven samsaxurSi SeiZleba mxolod imitom davdiodeT,rom fuli gvWirdeba. SeiZleba mxolod imitom viaroT musikaze, rom mSoblebsvasiamovnoT. Cven SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT zrdilobianebi viyoT romelime adamianTan,radgan misgan raRacas veliT (j.p. hiustoni ̀ motivacia~. niu-iorki: makmilani, 1985,gv. 268).
es CamonaTvali, bunebrivia, SeiZleba, rom gaizardos, Seicvalos; magaliTad,SegiZliaT daamatoT, rom kurorts ekonomikuri sargebloba moaqvs regionisTvis;an SegiZliaT daweroT kurortis lamazi adgilebis Sesaxeb, an imis Sesaxeb, Turamdenad sasargebloa kurorti garkveuli daavadebebis samkurnalod da ratomaabavSvebis aq dasveneba sasurveli.
savarjiSo #3.8: airCieT erT-erTi Tema da Tavad SeadgineT mTavari winadadeba daabzaci. am davalebis Sesrulebamde SeecadeT, CamoweroT is informacia da sainteresoideebi, romlebic abzacis dakonkretebisa da faqtobrivi informaciiT misi SevsebissaSualebas mogcemT.
Temebi:
• crurwmena • dabinZureba
• saintereso tradicia • Sadrevani
• sayvareli leqtori • studentebis problemebi
• mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba
mTavari winadadeba
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1) damokidebuli winadadeba mTavris Semdeg: bundovnad axsovda, rom
is da kirile cxenebze Sesxes da sadRac gaaqanes.
2) mTavari winadeba damokidebulis Semdeg: vinc moyvaresa ar eZebs, igi
Tavisa mteria.
3) damokidebuli winadadeba mTavarSi moqceuli: swored im dros, roca
ori darbaiseli mama-Svili buxris win sayvedurobdnen, Teimuraz
rom kacs eTqmodes, _ qriste RmerTma Tavisi kalTa uxvebisa daibertyao,imaTSi ukanaskneli saqarTvelo ar aris.~
d) orwertili daismis ukavSiro rTuli winadadebis bolos, romelsac mosdevserTi an ramdenime winadadeba da masSi axsnilia, dakonkretebulia is, razedacsaWiroa saubari mTavar winadadebaSi: `qveyanaze ori mopirispire Zalaarsebobs: simdidre da siRaribe, Zlieri da susti~.
a) mZime daismis Serwymuli winadadebis erTnair wevrebs Soris: Aaivanze darCnenbesarioni, pelagia da solomoni. goCas daRonebuli, gafiTrebuli, sevdianiTvalebi zRvisken miepyro.
b) mZime daismis majgufebeli (mag.: xan ucnauri var, xan brZeni), macalkevebeli(mag.: an momacileT borkili, an xmliT momWeriT Tavi) kavSirebis win, TumakavSirebeli sityva gameorebulia.
amgvari monaxazis gakeTeba sasurvelia ori mizniT: _ (1) amiT SevamowmebT,ukavSirdeba Tu ara winadadebebi Temas; (2) arian Tu ara winadadebebi logikuradorganizebuli. qvemoT kidev erTi magaliTia mocemuli:
a) mravalwertili iwereba daumTavrebeli azris, gawyvetili winadadebis bolos:Cven xedvad da smenad uRononi varT da iq ki... iq ki ramodena Rone yofilaSeqmnisa... giorgi...
b) mravalwertili daismis winadadebaSi an TviT sityvebSi mRelvarebiT an sxvaraime mizeziT (enis mokideba) gamowveuli Seferxebis gamosaxatavad: giorgimajobe... vkvdebi. –siz...mar...Si? gaocebiT ikiTxa erisTavma da piri gaaRo.
g) mravalwertili daismis citatis TavSi an boloSi, Tu citirebuli dasawyisian bolo ar emTxveva winadadebis dasawyiss an bolos dedanSi: ilia werda:`... Tu mTqmelsa da gamgones erTmaneTis ena ar esmiT, iq arc Tqmaa da arcgagoneba...~
g) orwertili daismis citatis win. ilia werda: ̀ CvenTvis RmerTs ara dauSavebiara, ara dauzogvia ra, ara dauklia ra; Tu qveyanaze erTi-ori kuTxea imisTana,
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savarjiSo #3.9: ganixileT romelime abzaci. dawereT mTavari winadadeba, xazigausviT Temas, SemoxazeT wamyvani azri da CamoTvaleT is winadadebebi, romlebicmTavar winadadebas asabuTebs.
mTavari winadadeba:
dasabuTeba:
1. _____________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________
daskvniTi winadadeba:
savarjiSo #3.10: gamoiyeneT Tqven mier dawerili winadadebebi da abzacebi. dawereTmTavari winadadeba, xazi gausviT Temas, SemoxazeT wamyvani azri. gadaxedeT TqvensCamonaTvals da dawereT dasabuTeba mTavari winadadebisTvis. Tu aseTi dasabuTebisraodenoba mcire aRmoCndeba, gamoiyeneT ideebis Tavmoyris meTodi (kerZod, kiTxvebi)da winadadebiT CamoayalibeT dasabuTeba.
abzacis TiToeuli winadadeba Temas unda ukavSirdebodes da aviTarebdeswamyvan azrs. nebismieri winadadeba, romelic ar emsaxureba wamyvani azrisganviTarebas da zedmetia, unda amoiRoT abzacidan. gaixseneT abzaci, romlismTavari winadadeba iyo: sigaretis moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa. Tu am abzacSiiqneba winadadeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori gamaRizianebelia vinmesTvis sxva mwevlismier gaSvebuli kvamlis rgolebis yureba, is unda amoviRoT, radgan ar ukavSirdebasigaretis mowevasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs.
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT Semdegi abzaci:
xanSiSesulTa kidev erTi problema mcire Semosavalia. pensiaze gasvlis Semdegisini im kompaniidan iReben pensias, romelSic muSaobdnen an saxelwifo uxdis maTsocialur dazRvevas. am Tanxis raodenoba, rogorc wesi, maTi xelfasis naxevaricar aris. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg isini ucbad aRmoaCenen, rom iZulebulni arian,cxovrebis stili Seicvalon. gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom maTaRar darCaT fuli kinoTeatrSi an qalaqgareT wasasvlelad. ra Tqma unda, SindarCenis mizezi SeiZleba maTi janmrTelobac iyos. am asakSi xSiria arTriti anrevmatizmi, ris gamoc, maT uWirT fexiT siaruli da, ZiriTadad, saxlSi uxdebaT
winadadebidan winadadebaze gadasvla moqnili da sxarti unda iyos. es niSnavsimas, Tu ramdenad kargad mosdevs erTi idea an winadadeba meores. es SeiZlebagarkveuli winadadebebis kombinaciiT an garkveuli frazebis gamoyenebiT vcadoT.aseT winadadebebsa Tu frazebs gardamavali frazebi (transitional expressions) ewodeba;
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Tu subieqti mravlobiTi ricxvis formiTaa gamoxatuli, maSin unda vixmaroTnacvalsaxeli TavianTi: nestanma da nanam TavianTi kabebi italiur maRaziaSiSeiZines.
2. I piris nacvalsaxels (me-s) Tandebulian micemiTsa da naTesaobiTSi Cem enacvleba(Cemze, Cemken, CemTvis)
3. Tandebulian I da II piris nacvalsaxelebs s ar daerTvis (Senken, Cem mier, TqvenSua).
4. maT piris nacvalsaxelia, maTi _ kuTvnilebiTi. maT ixmareba zmnasTan erTad:maT gaakeTs, maT ecotavaT. maT piris nacvalsaxeli ar dairTavs moTxrobiTibrunvis niSans, mcdari formebia: maTma gaakeTes, maTma miaRwies. kuTvnilebiTinacvalsaxeli ki saxels axlavs da brunvis niSans dairTavs: maTma mondomebam,maTma naTqvamma (da ara: maT mondomebam, maT naTqvamma).
9. erTi da igive sazRvrulTan ase ibrunvis:sax. erTi da igive saxlimoTx. erTma da imave saxlmamic. erTsa da imave saxlsnaT. erTisa da imave saxlismoq. erTi da imave saxliTviT. erT da imave saxladwod. ...........................................
kargad midioda, sanam man ufrosoba ar daiwyo. erTi SemeSala, saWe imaze metaddavatriale, vidre saWiro iyo da man iseTi yvirili atexa, gamvlelebs giJi egonaT.me wynarad SevTavaze, Segvewyvita mecadineoba, is ki yviroda: _ droze daZarimanqanao. ho, sul damaviwyda meTqva, bordiurze rom avxti, boZs davejaxe da manqanaSeiWeWya, uknidan ki sxva manqana mogvadga, romelic Cem gamo gzas ketavda. sworedamitom gabrazda. Cemi saqmro tenisis TamaSsac maswavlida da maSinac miyviroda.mas undoda, droze dameZra manqana adgilidan, radgan orive mxridan manqanebimisignalebdnen. me gadavwyvite, rom es is adamiani ar aris, vinc tareba undamaswavlos (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).
* SeniSvna: Tandebulebi da brunvis niSnebi brWyalebis SigniT unda daiweros:dawesebuleba „kaTarzisSi~ (da ara: dawesebuleba „kaTarzis~-Si).
* SeniSvna: qarTulSi saTauris Semdeg wertili ar iwereba.
(d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, „marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi~, Tb.2004w. gv. 56)
qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi
8. me madli movaxsene da siciliT vuTxari: dRes kidev gadavrCi-Tqo. (akaki)
9. ase vuTxari TqvenTvis arc mosvla mikiTxavs da arc wasvlas gkiTxavTo.(e. ninoSvili)
10. _ asi maneTic rom mogecaT, arc fulze mogyididiT da arc samagierozegagicvlidiT, _ SeuTvala bagratma pasuxad. (e. ninoSvili)
Tandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlwera
-ze, -Si, -Tan Tandebulebis darTvisas zog sityvaSi Tavs iyris ori erTnairiTanxmovani (aqedan erTi fuZiseulia): asparezze, baliSSi, baraTTan.
3. zemoT CamoTvlil formaucvlel sityvebs Sewyobili piris nacvalsaxelebiar unda avurioT kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi. Sens, Cvens, TqvenskuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis naTesaobiTi brunvis formaa da ara pirisnacvalsaxelebis, amitom sworia: Sen mier, Tqven win, Cem mimarT, Cem garda,Cven winaSe (da ara: Sens mier, Tqvens win, Cems mimarT, Cems garda, CvenswinaSe)
* SeniSvna: igive wesi vrceldeba Soris, Sua zmnisarTul Tandebulebzec:Cven Soris, Cven Sua, me da Sen Soris, Sen da Cem Soris.
4. erTi da igive Tandebuli SeiZleba daerTos ramdenime sityvas. Tu TandebulidaerTvis „da~ kavSiriT SeerTebul or sityvas, maSin is meore sityvasTandaismeba: turistebi Camovidnen Tbilissa da baTumSi, magidasa da iatakzewignebi eyara.
* SeniSvna: aseT SemTxvevaSi uTandebulo sityva a xmovniT undaiyos gavrcobili.
1. _ aTanase madliani kacia, ar ityvis uars. an ratom unda Tqvas? masaraferi dauSavebia da TqvenTvis ki didi Semweoba iqneba, an maincdamaincra saWiroa gaumxiloT aTanases, rom sofona gerad aris dawerili. aTanasemxom xelnaweris kiTxva ar icis... erTi sityviT, Sen amaze mets nurasetyvi: saqmeze mwerali mogviyvaneT da dagveswariT-Tqva. (e. ninoSvili)
2. Tu gkiTxon, raze gesaWiroebiTo, Tqven ase uTxariT: mwerali gvikeTebsqaRalds da iman gviTxra, saWiro arian, sxva ara vici-Tqo. (e. nininoSvili)
3. Cven rom mivediT, viTom loginSi iwva da eZina. ise tkbilad eZina-Tqva,ise magra, rom Segvecoda da aRar gavaRviZeT-meTqi. (l. qiaCeli)
4. gana amisTana kacis mokvla didi codva unda iyos-Tqva? _ vfiqrobdigulmosuli da brazmoreuli. (ilia)
5. maS, RvTis samarTalma aRar unda gaiRviZos-Tqva? _ vambobdi da ufrovbrazdebodi.
6. cxenis daRupvas Civis, rogor ver gadavarCine-Tqo.
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Tanmimdevrobis monaxazi. gansazRvreT Txrobis Tema da abzaciswamyvani azri. dawereT Tematuri winadadeba da abzaci.
2. gaixseneT SemTxveva, rodesac Tqveni survilis winaaRmdeg imoqmedeT.SeagroveT masala da gaakeTeT movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobis monaxazi,gansazRvreT wamyvani azri, dawereT Tematuri winadadeba da abzaci.
savarjiSo #3.19: : : : : airCieT Tema da dawereT TxrobiTi abzaci.
pirvel rigSi, ras aRwerT oTaxis aRwerisas? kedlebs, iataks Tu raime sxvadetals? qronologiurad dalagebuli abzacisgan gansxvavebiT, aRweriT abzacSiar arsebobs winadadebebis dalagebis unikaluri da aucilebeli wesi. araaaucilebeli, rom erTi adgiliT daiwyoT da meoreze gadaxvideT. miuxedavad amisa,winadadebebi SemTxveviTad ar unda daiweros. aRwera ise unda iyos organizebuli,rom mkiTxvelma naTlad SeZlos aRwerili scenis warmodgena.
aRweriT abzacSi detalebis dalageba aRsawer saganzea damokidebuli, detalebisSerCeva da aRwera ki _ aRmweris mizanze.
Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis Taobaze mogiTxrobT. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTispatara sofelSi erTi adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa _ orsarTuliani saxliqviTkirisa. ai, is sarTulebi ra ferisa iyo: qveS iyo marani, walmiT daxurulida im marnis ukana kedelzed amoyvanili gaxldaT erTi ficruli, romelicsaqveSagebosa hTamaSobda. karga manZilze kidev ficrulis saTornec idga. imasaqedam xula, romelsac zed hqonda modgmuli sasiminde, baRCac iyo, RobiT gavlili.RobesTan, erTi furclis xis siaxloves, moCanda Caluri. ezo am cixe-darbazisa,sigrZezed Tu siganezed karga farTod iyo gaziduli. imas ertya garSemo Robe(adaptirebulia _ i.WavWavaZe, ̀ kacia-adamiani?!~)
albaT, kargad warmoidgineT, ezoSi sad idga saxli da misi minaSenebi. abzacSinaTlad aris aRwerili, sad ra mdebareobs. abzaci mTliani da Tanmidevrulia,magram ras ityviT misi wamyvani azris Sesaxeb? ra STabeWdileba moaxdina TqvenzeTavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis aRweram? rogor fiqrobT, ra damokidebuleba aqvsavtors misdami? albaT, verafers ityviT amis Sesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom abzaci ufrosaintereso gaxdes, mas wamyvani azri unda daematos, romelic aRsaweri obieqtisadmiavtoris damokidebulebasa da emociebs gamoxatavs. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeZlebT,gaigoT, Tu ras grZnobs da fiqrobs avtori Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis Sesaxeb.ilia WavWavaZis mier dawerili originaluri abzaci swored aseTia _ masSi naTladCans avtoriseuli damokidebuleba:
kargi ram iyo Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-kari. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTis patarasofelSi erTi triali, dacemuli adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa _orsarTuliani saxli qviTkirisa. ai, is sarTulebi ra ferisa iyo: qveS iyomarani, walmiT daxuruli, da im marnis ukana kedelzed amoyvanili gaxldaTerTi patara mciredi ficruli, romelic saqveSagebosa hTamaSobda. karga manZilzekidev ficrulis saTornec idga. imas aqedam xula, romelsac zed hqonda modgmulicalTvala sasiminde, erTi ubadruki ram da mgloviare. baRCac iyo, RobiT gavlili.RobesTan, erTi furclis xis siaxloves moCanda Zveli Caluri, droTa brunvisganise gverdzed wamoRerebuli da wamowolili, TiTqos griloSi wamowolas apirebso,magram beberiviT nekresis qaris tkivilebs uecrad ise wamoxrili da daRrejiliSeukavebiaTo. ezo am cixe-darbazisa, sigrZezed Tu siganezed karga farTod iyogaziduli. imas ertya garSemo Zveli tyruSuli Robe, romelic zogierTgangadaqceuli iyo da exlandels patrons arc ki mosvlia fiqrad, rom gaekeTebina.etyoba, rom qarTvelia!... (i.WavWavaZe, ̀ kacia-adamiani?!~)
cxadia, rom meore varianti sakmaod gansxvavdeba pirvelisgan, Tumca, oriveabzacSi erTi da igive saxl-karia aRwerili. Zlieri wamyvani azris SemcveliTematuri winadadebis damateba ara marto imas gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda iyosabzacSi, aramed Tavad aRsaweri obieqtis detalebis aRweris mimarTulebasacgvkarnaxobs. Zlieri wamyvani azri abzacs Tavs uyris. Tavidan waikiTxeT zemoTmocemuli ori abzaci da xazi gausviT gansxvavebebs. es cvlilebebi ganamtkicebswamyvan azrs da naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, Tu ra damokidebuleba aqvsavtors aRwerili saxl-karisadmi.
aRweriT abzacSi detalebi ara marto logikurad unda dalagdes, aramed _STambeWdavi, naTlad gamokveTilic unda iyos. amisaTvis es detalebi unda daixvewos
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urTierTobis Sedegad veto daedo am organizaciis mier wardgenilkanonproeqts (6).
mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom ̀ prezident buSisa da kongresis urTierTobisSedegad veto daedo am organizaciis mier wardgenil kanonproeqts~interpretaciaa da ara _ faqti. Sesabamisad, Tqven unda miuTiToT konkretuliwyaro, saidanac amoiReT es mosazreba (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University,2004).
savarjiSo #7.2: qvemoT mocemulia perifrazirebisa da citirebis ramdenime varianti.SeadareT TiToeuli maTgani sawyis nawyvets. romelia plagiatorobis magaliTi,arazusti perifrazireba anda orive erTad? romelia swori varianti? daasabuTeT(Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).
originaluri teqsti:
me veTanxmebi sociologebs, rom fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera saxifaToa.sazogadoebas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobisada fsiqikuri aSlilobis, fsiqikuri aSlilobisa da cudad moqcevis erTmaneTSiareviTa da diskriminaciiT.
jorj vailanti, cxovrebisadmi adaptacia, gv. 361.variantebi:
imisaTvis, rom plagiatorobis safrTxe ar dagemuqroT, yovelTvis daicaviTqvemoT mocemuli sami ZiriTadi wesi:
• Tu nebismieri sxva adamianis ideebs iyenebT, zustad daasaxeleT wyaro;
• Tu Tqvens naSromSi bundovnad Cans, rogor gamoiyeneT esa Tu is wyaro,ise SecvaleT misi motanis forma, rom es sruliad calsaxad gasagebigaxdes;
• Tu vinme dagexmaraT werilobiTi naSromis Sesrulebisas, aucilebladmoixsenieT is da gamoyaviT, daafaseT misi wvlili (Georgetown University,2007. abz. 2).
qvemoT mocemulia is konkretuli strategiebi, romlebic dagexmarebaTplagiatorobisgan Tavis aridebaSi.
* SeniSvna: Tu msazRvreli warmomavlobiT moqmedebiTi an viTarebiTibrunvis formaa, micemiT brunvaSi niSans dairTavs _ yofiTsproblemebs, pirads saqmes.
(momzadebulia: a. arabuli, ̀ qarTuli metyvelebis kultura~, Tb. 2004w. gv.122-124.)
ramdenime msazRvrelis rigi
1. Tu ramdenime msazRvrelidan erTi aris ricxviTi saxeli, meore zedsarTavi anmarTuli msazRvreli (arsebiTi saxeli naT. brunvaSi) da kuTvnilebas argamoxatavs, ricxviTi saxeli pirvel adgilze daismis: aTi lamazi qali, Svidimokle gza, (da ara: lamazi aTi qali, mokle Svidi gza).
2. Tu zedsarTavi saxeli an marTuli msazRvreli kuTvnilebas gamoxataven (amxanagiswigni, froidis naSromi),maSin ricxviTi saxeli meore adgilze daismis: amxanagisxuTi wigni, froidis aTi naSromi (da ara: xuTi amxanagis wigni, aTi froidisnaSromi).
3. Tu araerTgvar msazRvrelTagan erT-erTi nacvalsaxelia, is yovelTvis pirveladgils daiWers: misi samecniero naSromi, Seni oqros beWedi (da ara: samecnieromisi naSromi, oqros Seni beWedi).
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aseTi dasaxleba iyo, romelic `iqca rogorc warmoebis, ise komerciulisaqmianobisa da vaWrobis centrad~ (uiliamsi, gv. 1).
studenti werda sakurso naSroms tyuilis Sesaxeb da kiTxulobda pol ekmaniswigns `tyuili~. is gaecno gavrcelebul situacias, rodesac adamiani realuradsimarTles ambobs, magram am dros nerviulobs da ise Cans, TiTqos ityuebao. qvemoTmocemulia ramdenime amonaridi wignidan:
...simarTlis ardajerebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa e.w. otelosSecdoma. es maSin xdeba, rodesac erTi adamiani cdilobs meoris tyuilSigamoWeras, is ver acnobierebs, rom Tu simarTlis mTqmeli adamiani nerviulobsan stresul situaciaSi imyofeba, SeiZleba moeCvenos, rom is ityueba.
...patiosan adamianebs SeiZleba eSinodeT, rom ar daujereben da es SiSiSeiZleba tyuilSi gamoWeris SiSad aRiqvan.
...am Secdomas otelos Secdoma vuwode, radgan mkvlelobis scena SeqspiristragediaSi aseTi Secdomis mSvenieri da Zalze cnobili SemTxvevaa... (Ekman,1985; p. 169-170).
pirovnebis saubris manera. is, Tu ris aRweraze SeCerdebiT, damokidebulia Temasada Tqvens mizanze. magaliTad, rogor aRuwerT Tqvens Seyvarebuls megobars? razeisaubrebT: mis Tmaze, Tvalebze Tu xmaze? gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven sityvebiT undadaxatoT misi portreti, amitom aRwera naTeli da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos;logikurad ise unda daalagoT, rom Tqvenma megobarma cxadad SeZlos TqvenirCeulis warmodgena. amasTan, ukeTesi iqneba, Tu Tqvens nawerSi aRsaweripirovnebisadmi damokidebulebac iqneba gadmocemuli (anu unda gqondeTmniSvnelovani wamyvani azri).
es abzaci Tanmimdevrulia? SeZeliT Tu ara lamaziseulis danaxva? cxadia,abzaci Tanmimdevrulia da lamaziseulic dainaxeT, magram ramdenad mimzidveladgamoiyureboda igi? SegiZliaT, zustad warmoidginoT, Tu rogori iyo es personaJirealurad? albaT, ara. garda amisa, avtoriseul damokidebulebazec verafersvityviT. arc garegnobaa zedmiwevniT aRwerili. am abzacidan ver SeityobTlamaziseuli sufTad Cacmul-davarcxnili dadioda Tu Tavidan fexebamde WuWySiiyo amosvrili; verc imas igebT, ra ferisa da formis samosi ecva. uamravi detalia,romelic originalur abzacSi CarTo avtorma da lamaziseulis portreti Zalzemetyveli gaxada:
sasacilo ram iyo es lamaziseuli: erTi raRac uSnod Casuqebuli, jmuxi,WuWyiani, tanzed ecva xamis CiTis kaba, WuWyisgan ver gairCeoda _ ra ferisa iyo;kalTebi aqa-iq gamomwvari hqonda zamTarSi cecxlTan axlos gdebisgan, boloebisul mompali da Semofxrewili hqonda. daxeulebidam moCanda erTi raRac dampalissabnis nagleji, kabis qveSa garSemo Camokidebuli, miTom da iubkaa. ai, mexi kidageca! amasac ki sdomebia iubka! Tavzed ekra Siga-da-Sig amofleTili CirTmedini,qalbatonis gamonacvali. am amofleTilebSi muTaqis matylsaviT dasorsvliliSavi _ ukacravod ar viyo _ wiliani da dauvarcxneli Tma muWa-muWa amoSveroda.quslebdaxeTqili, muguzaliviT Savi fexebi, wengosgan SeRebili xelebi, cxvir-piri qvabebis muriT muTxupnuli _ ai, amgvari iyo is cxoveli, romelsac darejani`lamaziseuls~ eZaxda (i.WavWavaZe, kacia-adamiani?!~).
axla ki namdvilad SeZlebT realuri lamaziseulis danaxvasac da misdamiavtoris damokidebulebis gagebasac. abzacs kargad gamokveTili wamyvani azriaqvs (sasacilo).
axsniTi abzaci
abzacis organizacia da Sinaarsi mis Temasa da wamyvan azrzea damokidebuli.Tematuri winadadeba unda dasabuTdes qronologiurad dalagebuli detalebiTTxrobiT abzacSi da sivrciTad organizebuliT _ aRweriT abzacSi; Tumca, yvelaTemas ver gavSliT TxrobiT an aRweriT abzacSi. davuSvaT, dagavales Tematuriwinadadebis: _ „universitetSi siaruli SeiZleba Zviri iyos~ ganviTareba. cxadia,aq wamyvani azria Zviri. ra tipis dasabuTebas gamoiyenebdiT am TematuriwinadadebebisaTvis? naTelia, rom mTavari winadadeba ar moiTxovs Cvengan, romraime ambavi movyveT, adgili an pirovneba aRvweroT. is gveubneba, rom Cven wamyvaniazri informaciiT, axsniT, faqtebiT an ilustraciebiT unda davasabuToT.
abzacs, romelic xsnis an aanalizebs Temas, axsniTi abzaci ewodeba. miuxedavadimisa, rom Temis axsna mravalnairad SeiZleba, axsniTi abzacis gaSlis yvelazegavrcelebuli da xSirad gamoyenebadi xerxi specifikuri detalebisa da
iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. ganvixiloT Cveni planetadedamiwis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba. Tqven xedavT mzis ̀ amosvlas~ da ̀ Casvlas~,Tumca, iciT, rom mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTavsebuli . . . aseve,roca savse mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT,Tumca, iciT, rom es ase ar aris. esec iluziaa, romelsac Tqvens Tvalebsa damTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridanareklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis mimarTulebis mimarT, ZiriTadad,paraleluri da perpendikularuli rCeba da mniSvneloba ar aqvs am dros, TusaiT midixarT (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra tipis abzacs werT, Tqven mTavar winadadebaSimocemuli wamyvani azris dasasabuTeblad specifikuri detalebi da konkretulimagaliTebi gWirdebaT. wamyvani azri aris mTavari/Tematuri winadadebis sityva anfraza, romelic Temis azrs/ideas an misdami damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. am azrsan damokidebulebas xSirad generalizacias uwodeben. generalizacia aris debuleba,romelic SemTxvevaTa umravlesobaSi miesadageba sagnebis, azrebisa Tu adamianebisjgufs. generalizacia SeiZleba SefasebiTi msjeloba an mosazreba (magaliTad,`ana sasiamovno adamiania~) anda faqtis konstatireba (magaliTad, ̀ inglisur enaSibevri sityva frangulidan aris Semosuli~) iyos.
teqstis kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg iwereba misi kritika. kritika~ teqstisformalizebuli, kritikuli Sefasebaa. is, aseve, pasuxicaa, Tumca kritikulad werametad skurpulozuri samuSaoa, vidre imis Tqma, rom teqsti ̀ didebuli~, ̀ saintereso~an ̀ aradamakmayofilebelia~. CamoTvlili Sefasebebi reaqciebia, Tumca isini sakiTxsyvelasTvis gasagebs ver xdian, amitom Tqven unda axsnaT, Tu rogor mixvediT amdaskvnebamde.
Tu kritikulad kiTxvis zemoT aRweril process SevajamebT, SeiZleba iTqvas,rom kritikis daweramde Tqven unda gaarkvioT, ra Tqva avtorma, ramdenad kargadSeZlo sakuTari mosazrebebis gadmocema, ra daSvebebi udevs safuZvlad misargumentebs, ra sakiTxebia ganxiluli, ra gamoyeneba SeiZleba moeZebnos am sakiTxebs.
kritikaSi, iqneba es dadebiTi, Tu uaryofiTi Sefaseba, samarTlianad da gasagebadunda Sejamdes teqsti. aseve, mocemuli unda iyos Tqveni sakuTari mosazrebebi.
• ra reaqcia gaqvT naSromze? konkretulad ras exmaurebiT naSromSi?
• Seesabameba Tu ara naSromi ZiriTad ideas? aris Tu ara faqtebi, magaliTebi dasxva mtkicebulebebi naTlad da adekvaturad mocemuli?
• miaRwia Tu ara avtorma dasaxul mizans? aris Tu ara es mizani Rirebuli?
• aris Tu ara avtori avtoritetuli, gulwrfeli da imsaxurebs Tu ara ndobas?
• aris Tu ara naSromi mTliani? Seesabameba Tu ara misi yvela nawili ZiriTadideas? aris Tu ara is Tanmimdevruli _ gasagebad mihyveba Tu ara misi nawilebierTmenTs?
• Tu naSromi Seicavs ferad grafikebs, sqemebs, multimediis elementebs (eleqtronuliversiis SemTxvevaSi), es elementebi naSromis Sinaarss amdidreben da avseben, Tuubralod aqsesuaris funqcias asruleben?
• mTlianobaSi ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi? ra Rirebuleba aqvs mas ufro farTokonteqstSi ganxilvisas?
• eTanxmebiT Tu ara naSromSi mocemul mosazrebebs? SegiZliaT daasabuToT anuaryoT isini?
savarjiSo #6.3: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli debulebebi masobrivi informaciissaSualebebis Sesaxeb da gaiazreT ara marto maTi Sinaarsi, aramed is mizezebic,romelTa gamoc SeiZleba avtors ase efiqra da nimuSis mixedviT werilobiTgaarCieT TiToeuli maTgani.
1. sakvanZo debuleba gadmocemuli unda iyos sruli winadadebis saxiT, undagamoxatavdes dasrulebul azrs da ar unda iyos dasmuli kiTxvis saxiT; anusakvanZo debuleba unda iyos dasrulebuli azri, romelic, rogorc wesi,gadmocemulia rTuli winadadebiT.
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
sibnelis SiSi. (me meSinia sibnelis an Cemi sibnelis SiSi)
swori sakvanZo debuleba:
sibnelis SiSi Cems cxovrebas autanels xdis.
2. sakvanZo debulebaSi gadmocemulia azri, damokidebuleba an idea da ara ubralodTema, romelic eseSi iqneba Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebuli. sakvanZo debulebaacnobs azrs, damokidebulebas raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, ara imsaxiT, rom “me vapireb ganvixilo~, radgan sakvanZo debulebaSi xdeba romelimesakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tqveni poziciis gancxadeba da ara imaze miniSneba, Turogor iqneba warmodgenili da gaSlili is Tqvens naSromSi.
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
ganvixilavT radiaciis gavlenas.
3 Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., & JoannRishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.
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swored amitomaa saWiro kritikulad wakiTxvis dros avtoriseuli daSvebebisinterpretireba.
sinTezi
Tu analizisa da interpretaciis procesiT dakmayofildebiT da aq SewyvetTteqstis kritikulad wakiTxvas, mxolod calkeuli elementebisa da SesaZlomniSvnelobebis grova SegrCebaT xelSi da ver SeZlebT mocemuli teqstis, rogorcerTi mTlianobis aRqmas. sinTezis etapze nawilebis an calkeuli erTeulebisurTierTdakavSireba xdeba. Tqven kavSirebisa da daSvebebis Sesaxeb daskvnebisgamotaniT axal mTlianobas qmniT.
sinTezis saSualebiT Tqven raRac axals, sawyisi masalisgan gansxvavebulsqmniT. magaliTad, Jurnal ̀ sarkis~ mkiTxvelebisTvis is garTobis saSualebaa, xoloTqven, kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg (rodesac Tqven gaaanalizeT, interpretirebada sinTezireba moaxdineT) es Jurnali (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi is konkretulinawili, romelic daamuSaveT) momxmarebelTa kulturis formirebis mniSvnelovansaSualebad aRiqviT. es gansxvaveba kritikulad wakiTxvidan gamomdinareobs.
qvemoT mocemulia analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis gamosadegikiTxvebi (ix. cxrili #6.6).
cxrili #6.6. kiTxvebi analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis
• ra mizniT kiTxulobT?
• ra kiTxvebi giCndebaT naSromTan dakavSirebiT? romeli kiTxvebi gainteresebT yvelazemetad an romeli kiTxvebi iZleva yvelaze met SesaZleblobas? ra elementebi undaiqnes detalurad ganxiluli? Sedegad, romeli elementebis ignorirebaa SesaZlebeli?
• ra interpretacias aZlevT elementebis mniSvnelobasa da mniSvnelovnebas rogorcindividualur doneze anu calkeul elementTan, ise _ mTlian naSromTan mimarTebiT?ra daSvebebi gaqvT naSromis Taobaze? avtoris daSvebebis Taobaze?
• rogor axdenT maT sinTezs? ra mimarTebaa elementebs Soris? ra mimarTebaa amkonkretul naSromasa da sxva Sromebs Soris?
• ra daskvnas akeTebT naSromis Sesaxeb? ras matebs es daskvna naSroms?
Sefaseba
xSirad kritikulad kiTxva da wera mxolod analiziT, interpretaciiTa dasinTeziT Semoifargleba. Tqven ganmartavT avtoris naTqvamis Tqveneul gagebas,magram Tavad arafers ambobT. kritikulad kiTxvisa da werisas mxolod maSinunda ganacxadoT da daicvaT Tqveni pozicia naSromis xarisxisa da mniSvnelovnebisSesaxeb, rodesac misi Sefasebac mogeTxovebT. SefasebaSi erTad SekrebT Tqvensmosazrebebs, ganmartavT, Tu ratom arian isini zogadad misaRebni da maT debulebebisformiT ayalibebT; amasTan, Tavad asabuTebT Tqvens TiToeul mosazrebasoriginaluri teqstis citirebis saSualebiT.
Sefaseba kompetenturobis garkveul dones moiTxovs. SeiZleba ifiqroT, romgakliaT codna da gamocdileba imisaTvis, rom sxvisi naSromis logikasa daazrTa dinebas mihyveT, gansakuTarebiT maSin, rodesac teqsti rTulia an misiavtori kargad cnobili pirovnebaa. sruliad marTalia, rac ufro metad xarTinformirebulni da meti iciT mocemul sferoSi, miT ukeT waikiTxavT kritikulad,magram isic gaxsovdeT, rom keTilsindisierad kiTxva da analizi Sinagandarwmunebulobas SegZenT da SeZlebT imis garCevas, Tu rogor weria realurad,Tqven rogor aRiqvamT dawerils da amaSi xels ar SegiSliT Tqveni gamocdileba,dakvirvevebi da damokidebulebebi.
3. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes azrs, Sexedulebas da ara faqts, romlisWeSmaritebaSic Znelad Tu SeiZleba eWvi Seeparos vinmes. ramdenadac sakvanZodebulebiT gadmocemulia damokidebuleba anda idea Temis Sesaxeb. sakvanZodebuleba, romelsac SeiZleba vinme ar daeTanxmos, unda aixsnas da dasabuTdes.
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
Zroxa gvaZlevs rZes.
swori sakvanZo debuleba:
rZe, romelsac Zroxa gvaZlevs, yovelTvis ar Seesabameba adamianismoTxovnebs.
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
kolejSi Cabarebas bevri nakli da bevri dadebiTi mxare aqvs (ar arissakamaTo Tema).
swori sakvanZo debuleba:
kolejSi Cabareba aSkarad sjobs arCabarebas.
4. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes mxolod erT ideas erT TemasTandakavSirebiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, naSromi dakargavs erTianobas. Tu masSigadmocemulia ori an meti idea, arsebobs riski, rom ese ar iqneba logikuradgamarTuli da winadadebebi erTmaneTs azrobrivad ver daukavSirdeba (unity,coherence).
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cabareba SeiZleba gasarTobi ramiyos da me aRmovaCine, rom didi qalaqis gareubani ufro kargisacxovrebeli adgilia, vidre _ koleji.
6. saqarTvelos respublikur da konservatul partiebs Sorisgansxvaveba.
7. ucxo enis codna yvelasaTvis kargia.
8. vapireb, aRvwero sakuTari saxli.
9. Tbilissa da quTaiss Soris bevri msgavseba da gansxvavebaa.
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gainteresebT, an ris garkvevas cdilobT. es SekiTxva erTgvari gamadidebeli SuSisfunqcias Seasrulebs _ is gamokveTs zogierT Strixs da SeumCnevlad datovebsdanarCenebs. qvemoT (ix. cxrili #6.5) sailustraciod mocemulia kiTxvebi, romelTadasmac SesaZlebelia Jurnal `sarkis~ mimarT; aseve, aRniSnulia, am JurnalTandakavSirebul romel nawils, elements Seexeba TiToeuli maTgani.
rogorc magaliTidan Cans, analizis mizniT kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT TqveniyuradReba teqstis relevantur anu saTanado maxasiaTeblebze warimarTeba,irelevanturi ki yuradRebis miRma rCeba. magaliTad, Jurnal ̀ sarkis~ mier garkveulimomsaxurebis gamoyenebisken biZgis Sesaxeb kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad TqveniyuradReba iseT debulebebze unda SeaCeroT, romlebic momsaxurebisa da garTobissaSualebebis moxmarebas Seexeba: _ silamazis salonebis, klubebisa Tu solariumebissareklamo fotoebze, im cnobili adamianebis interviuebze, romlebic ukvesargebloben SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebiT da kmayofilni arian. amasTan, Tqvenunda gamotovoT („gadaaxteT~) is debulebebi, romlebic mcirediT an saerTod arexeba moxmarebis Temas. magaliTad, konkretuli ojaxis amaRelvebeli istoria anromelime cnobili wyvilis mogonebebi piradi cxovrebidan.
interpretacia
cxadia, rom mTelis elementebis identificireba procesis mxolod dasawyisia.amitom am etapis bunebrivi gagrZelebaa TiToeuli elementisa da maTgan SeqmnilimTelis mniSvnelobisa Tu mniSvnelovnebis interpretirebaa. interpretacia, rogorcwesi, gulisxmobs mocemul sakiTxze avtoris daSvebis, mosazrebisa Tu rwmeniswvdomas (mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gamotanas).
sityva daSveba aq ufro viwro mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, vidre yoveldRiurmetyvelebaSi, romelSic is SeiZleba molodins (`vvaraudob, rom aanazRaurebs~),spekulacias (`es naklebad dasaSvebia~), anda Secdomas (`angariSi varaudebiT iyosavse~) aRniSnavdes. ufro zustad Tu ganvmartavT, daSveba aris is, rac individisvaraudiT, marTali da gardauvalia. TiToeul adamians Tavisi mosazrebebi aqvs.adamianebi aseTi daSvebebis garemocvaSi cxovroben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi yovlismomcvlia, daSvebebi yovelTvis ar arispirdapir da gasagebad mocemuli. momxsenebeli an avtori, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes,rom misi auditoria an mkiTxveli ukve icnobs mis daSvebebs da miRebuli aqvs isini,Tumca SeiZleba auditoriam an mkiTxvelma sruliad araferi icodes am daSvebebisSesaxeb anda momxsenebeli/avtori sruliad Segnebulad Tavs ikavebdes sakuTaridaSvebebis deklarirebisgan auditoriis/mkiTvelis mier miuReblobis SiSis gamo.
• stereotipebi: eqsplicituri da implicituri stereotipebi an gamowvevebi JurnalSi.
• sTavazobs Tu ara Jurnali dadebiT rolur modelebs Tavis mkiTxvelebs?
• roluri modelebi: teqsti da fotoebi dadebiTi an uaryofiTi roluri modelebis funqcias asruleben.
• JurnalSi mocemuli statiebi da maTi Tanmxlebi fotoebi ubiZgeben Tu ara mkiTxvels, rom gaxdes SeTavazebuli momsaxurebisa da garTobis saSualebebis momxmarebeli?
• biZgi moxmarebisTvis: momsaxurebisa da garTobis saSualebebis moxsenieba, momxmareblebze aqcentis gakeTeba, SeTavazebuli momsaxurebisa da bednierebis an warmatebis gaTanabreba.
sakvanZo debuleba mTeli eses mTavari debulebaa. ar arsebobs wesi, romlismixedviTac sakvanZo debuleba raime gansakuTrebul adgilze unda iyos ganTavsebuli,Tumca, Cveulebriv, is Sesaval abzacSia xolme mocemuli. debuleba unda aixsnasda ganimartos ganmaviTarebel abzacSi.
Sesavali abzacis maxasiaTeblebi
1. Sesavali abzaci waradgens Temas. esaa pirveli, rasac mkiTxveli ecnoba.aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom am abzacma unda miawodos mkiTxvelsinformacia gansaxilveli Temis Sesaxeb.
2. Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, zogadad rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili.kargi Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, agreTve, ra iqneba ganxilulieseSi: _ mizezebi, Sedegebi, magaliTebi; iqneba Tu ara gadmocemuli eseSiprocesis aRwera, axsna Tu klasifikacia.
moZebneT da gaarkvieT im sityvebisa da cnebebis mniSvnelobebi, romlebic xelsgiSlian avtoris mier dawerili teqstis Sinaarsisa da masSi mocemuli kavSirebisdanaxvaSi.
daamuSaveT teqsti da gamoyaviT nawilebi (qveTavebi, seqciebi) _ calkeuli abzacebian abzacTa erTobliobebi, romlebic erT Temas Seexeba. raTa ufro naTladgamoikveTos, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba naSromis nawilebi erTmaneTs, SeecadeT, Sinaarsigrafikulad gamosaxoT (piramidis saxiT) an monaxazi gaakeToT (ix. werisTvismosamzadebeli etapi).
ukve garCeuli nawilebi erTi-ori winadadebiT SeajameT. yuradReba am nawilisZiriTad punqtebze gaamaxvileT da gamotoveT magaliTebi, faqtebi da dasabuTebebi.
dawereT erTi mTliani (da Tu saWiroa metic) abzaci, romelic ZiriTadi ideiTdaiwyeba da dasabuTebis funqcias naSromis TiToeuli nawilis Sejamebisas daweriliwinadadebebi Seasruleben. es abzaci mokled (SemWidrovebulad) da zedmiwevniTunda aRwerdes mTlian naSroms.
wereT Tqveni sityvebiT. werisas naSromis Sinaarsi im sityvebiT unda gadmosceT,romelic TqvenTvis iqneba gasagebi, amitom yovelTvis Tqveni sityvebiT wereT da nuSeecdebiT TqvenTvis ucxo da uCveulo sityvebis gamoyenebas.
erTi abzacis Sejamebac ki SeiZleba rTuli da Sromatevadi iyos.
SeniSvna: sakuTari sityvebiT Sejamebisas darwmundiT, rom plagiatori ar xarT.Sejamebis Tqveni sityvebiT werisas Tu raimes sxvaTa mier dawerils iyenebT,aucileblad unda miuTiToT wyaro, romlidanac iRebT am azrs, ideasa Tu pozicias.
savarjiSo #6.2: daubrundiT wina savarjiSoSi mocemul teqsts da Tqveni sityvebiTdawereT misi erTabzaciani Sejameba.
kritikuli pasuxis formireba
wakiTxulis Sinaarsis _ avtoris mier naTqvamis _ wvdomisa da gaazrebisSemdeg Tqven ukve SegiZliaT teqstTan mibruneba da imis garkveva, Tu ra ar uTqvamsavtors pirdapir, magram igulisxma, ra ivarauda, anda ra mosazreba SemogvTavaza.kiTxvis am etapze Tqveni yuradReba avtoris ganzraxvaze an/da mizanze da am miznismiRwevis xerxebze gadadis. wasakiTxi teqstis Taviseburebebidan da kiTxvis miznidangamomdinare, Tqven arkvevT, Tu rogor asabuTebs avtori sakuTar pozicias, rogoraateqsti organizebuli, rogori eniT wers igi da rogoria teqstis sxva elementebi.
kritikuli azrovneba da kiTxva oTx operacias gulisxmobs: esenia analizi,interpretacia, sinTezi da (xSirad) Sefaseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es operaciebiqvemoT Tanmimdevruladaa ganxiluli, realurad isini mWidrod urTierTqmedebenda faraven erTmaneTs. pirveli sami operacia xSirad gaerTianebulia da maTerTad analizs uwodeben, xolo Sefaseba ganixileba, rogorc am procesis Sedegi.
kidec igi, rom pirveli winadadebis Semdeg man gaagrZelos kiTxva. pirvelsavewinadadebaSi Tqveni Sexedulebis gadmocema, Cveulebriv, aRaraa saintereso;faqtobrivad, Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, savaraudod, is aRargaagrZelebs kiTxvas. amitom sakvanZo debuleba unda moTavsdes Sesavaliabzacis bolos an daaxloebiT mis dasasrulTan axlos.
savarjiSo #4.3: ganixileT Semdegi abzacebi. xazi gausviT sityvas an sityvebs,romlebic pirvel winadadebaSi Cndeba da xelmeored aris mocemuli sakvanZodebulebis saxiT (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).
kompiuteri daxvewili manqanaa, romelic Zalian swrafad inaxavs da ixsenebs
saSualebaa. adamianebi sul ufro da ufro met dros atareben televizorTan dasxvas arafers akeTeben. zogierTi uaryofs amas da ambobs, rom televizorisyureba sulac ar aris drois kargva, radgan televizoris saSualebiT adamianiZalian bevr rames swavlobs. darwmunebuli var, rom Tu didxans da yuradRebiTgadavxedavT satelevizio programebs, namdvilad SeiZleba saganmanaTleblogadacemebis moZebna, magram, umeteswilad, televizoris yureba drois flangvaa.
Tu maT Sesaferis xelmZRvanelobas gauweven da Tu mSvenieri bavSvoba eqnebaT,roca gaizrdebian, isini did daxmarebas gauweven Cvens sazogadoebas. sxva sityvebiTrom vTqvaT, dRevandeli bavSvebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas moaxdenen Cvenssazogadoebaze momavalSi, magram mSoblebma unda gaiTvaliswonon is Sesaferisigaremo, romelic maT Svilebs mTeli bavSvobis manZilze esaWiroebaT.
Sesavali abzacis Sefaseba
1. gvamcnobs, waradgens Tu ara abzaci Temas?
2. mianiSnebs Tu ara abzaci, rogor iqneba Tema SemdegSi gaSlili daCamoyalibebuli?
3. moicavs Tu ara abzaci sakvanZo debulebas?
4. aris Tu ara abzaci gamomwvevi, damaintrigebeli?
savarjiSo #4.4: SeadareT abzacebi zemoT mocemuli SekiTxvebis mixedviT. arisTu ara abzacSi mocemuli yvela elementi? (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).
am faqtma yvelasaTvis gaxsna gza. rogori mdidaric ar unda yofiliyo adamiani,mas Zalian mcire saprocento ganakveTiT SeeZlo saxelmwifosagan Tanxis sesxeba,Svilebis ganaTlebisaTvis Segrovili fuli ki SeeZlo sxva saqmeSi Caedo, saidanacmaRal procents miiRebda. studenturi sesxis gadaxdis dros mSoblebs SvilebisTvisSegrovili TanxiT SeeZloT am valis gadaxda da miRebuli procentuli sxvaobismiTviseba.
swrafad mzardma sesxebma politikosebsa da medias aCvena, Tu ra didi „saWiroebaa”amisa. is faqti, rom studentebi Tavs arideben droulad valis gadaxdas, gviCvenebs,Tu ramdenad „mZimea~ vali maTTvis. sinamdvileSi ki maT, vinc valis gadaxdasgaurbis, rogorc wesi, SedarebiT mcire sesxi aqvT aRebuli da xSirad isiniswavlis periodSi kolejidanac arian garicxulni. upasuxismgeblo adamianebiyvela saqmeSi upasuxismgebloni arian.
kolejis standartebis gauaresebas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs maTi mzardiadvilad misawvdomoba maTTvis, vinc ganaTlebis miRebas seriozulad ar ekideba.koleji ar aris adgili, sadac SegiZlia dro ataro, araferi akeTo da amaSiviRacam fuli ixados. ra Tqma unda, ganaTleba Zviri Rirs, magram gadasaxadebiZalian mZime tvirTad awevT ara marto saxelmwifo universitetebsa da qalaqiskolejebs, aramed sul ufro mzard „kerZo~ saswavleblebsac.
uamravi saxelmwifo subsidia da sesxis programa bevr adamians socialuriresursebis uzarmazari raodenobis maTTvis dabali saprocento ganakveTiTgamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. 1970 wlidan ramdenime aseuli procentiTgaizarda federaluri daxmareba umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis. aman kolejebs swavlisgadasaxadis naxtomiseburad gazrdis da profesorebisaTvis ufro mdare xarisxisswavlebis procesSi sul ufro metis gadaxdis saSualeba misca.
bunebrivia, yvela, vinc aseTi SeRavaTebiT sargeblobs, am isteriebisa da reklamebisiniciatoria. is amiT cdilobs gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa fuliT sargeblobisgaxangrZlivebas, magram Cven sulelebi viqnebiT, Tu gavagrZelebT maTTvisganusazRvreli raodenobis Tanxaze qviTrebis gamoweras.
Tu Tqven am faqtebs ekonomikis kuTxidan SexedavT, amas gacvlas uwodeben,politikaSi ki _ siZunwes. rogorc Cans, Tuki am sakiTxs ubralod sxva kuTxiTmivudgebiT, deficiti aRar iqneba.
Sejameba
mocemuli teqstis miRma qveteqstis ufro Rrma Sinaarsis danaxvamde da mismimarT sakuTari mosazrebis Camoyalibebamde, Tqven zustad unda gaarkvioT dagaigoT, realurad ras ambobs avtori. teqstis Sinaarsis wvdomisa da misi Zlierida susti mxareebis danaxvis saukeTeso saSualebaa teqstis Sejameba anu ZiriTadipunqtebis, mosazrebebis dawmenda, gamijvna, gamoyofa da sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema.
Tqven mogiwevT davalebebis Sesruleba, romelSic mcire zomis SejamebasmogTxoven, amasTan, Sejameba kvleviTi (samecniero statia, sakurso Tu sabakalavro)naSromisa da iseTi sxva tipis nawerebis arsebiTi, mniSvnelovani nawilia, romelSicwyaroebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, wakiTxulis ukeT gagebismizniT mis Sejamebaze visaubrebT.
rodesac aseTi TxovniT mimarTav organizacias, mzad unda iyo imisaTvis, rom bevriorazrovani kiTxvisTvis mogiwevs pasuxis gacema. zogierTi SekiTxva, romelsacgisvamT interviueri, SeiZleba ganaTlebasa da wina samsaxurs exebodes, magramgiorgi ar iyo momzadebuli SekiTxvevebisTvis. interviuerma mas kiTxvebi dausva,giorgim ki umravlesobas ver upasuxa, radgan ar iyo momzadebuli interiviusTvis.Sesabamisad, ver moewyo samsaxurSi. Tu ar gsurT imave situaciaSi aRmoCndeT, undamoemzadoT gasaubrebisTvis.
kiTxvis dros mokle CaniSvnebi gaakeTeT. aRniSneT ZiriTadi erTeulebi,rogoricaa, magaliTad, abzaci, romelic ver gaigeT da romelsac xelmeoredwakiTxvisas miubrundebiT.
pirveli wakiTxvisas nu SeCerdebiT TiToeul ucxo, gaugebar sityvaze da nudaiwyebT misi mniSvnelobis garkvevas. ase veRar iqnebiT koncentrirebulni, codnaski ver miiRebT imdens, rom koncentrirebis dakargvad Rirdes. amitom SeecadeT,rom ucnobi sityvebis mniSvneloba konteqstis mixedviT ivaraudoT, SemoxazeT essityvebi da xelmeored wakiTxvisas gaarkvieT maTi mniSvnelobebi.
ganmeorebiTi wakiTxva
pirveli gadakiTxvis Semdeg, sul mcire, kidev erTxel unda waikiTxoT naSromi.amjerad nela ikiTxeT. am dros Tqveni ZiriTadi mizani Sinaarsisa da misistruqturis (agebis principis) wvdomaa. es niSnavs, rom Tqven xelaxla undawaikiTxoT abzaci, Tu ver mixvdiT, ris Tqma surda avtors, leqsikonSi undamoiZioT saWiro sityvebi anda vebgverdebze moZebnoT saTanado bmulebi („linkebi~).
teqstis kiTxvisas SeniSvnebisa da komentarebis gakeTebisaTvis TavisufladgamoiyeneT kalami an klaviatura:
Tu pirdapir teqstze ver axerxebT SeniSvnebis miweras (is Tqveni ar aris aneleqtronuli versia gaqvT), calke furcelze CamowereT SeniSvnebi dakomentarebi.
cxrili #6.3. gadaxedvisas gamosadegi kiTxvebi
masalis moculoba sakmarisad mcirea Tu ara masalis moculoba, rom erTbaSad waikiTxoT, Tu meti dro dagWirdebaT?
publikaciis faqtebi iZleva Tu ara publikaciis TariRi informacias misi savaraudo gavrcelebisa da mimdinare konteqstis Sesaxeb? specializdeba Tu ara publikacia erTi mimarTulebiT (vTqvaT, samecniero statiebi Tu popularuli wignebi)?
Sinaarsis maniSneblebi ras geubnebaT naSromis saTauri, rezume an abstraqti, qvesaTaurebi, ilustraciebi da sxva maxasiaTeblebi? ra kiTxvebi giCndebaT amasTan dakavSirebiT?
avtori ras geubnebaT avtoris biografiuli monacemebi misi publikaciis, interesebis, tendenciebisa da reputaciis Sesaxeb?
Tqven xedavT Tu ara raime konkretul sirTules SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT? Tqveni mxridan ra saxis mikerZoebam SeiZleba moaxdinos gavlena Sinaarsze reagirebisas? magaliTad, SfoTvam, cnobismoyvareobam, mowyenilobam anda avtoris radikalurad gansxvavebulma xedvam.
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1. me mizidavs gasarTobi adgilebis mravalferovneba.
kiTxva, TavisTavad, ar aris erTsafexuriani procesi. Tqveni ZiriTadi mizaniapirveli safexuris gageba, romliTac operirebs teqsti anu is, rasac avtorirealurad ambobs.
pirveli wakiTxva
Tavdapirvelad axali masala SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad da uwyvetad waikiTxeT;Tan SeecadeT, gamokveToT arsi (dedaazri) da igrZnoT avtoris toni.
wera kiTxvis dros
arsebobs ori kargi mizezi imisaTvis, rom weroT kiTxvis dros: (1) Cawerilinformaciasa da ideebs momavalSi gamoiyenebT da (2) wakiTxuli naSromidan metsgaigebT.
cxrili #6.2. wakiTxvis miznisa da kiTxvis meTodis urTierTmimarTeba
argumentirebuli eses mizania raime azris sisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba.argumentebis motanis saWiroeba maSin Cndeba, rodesac adamianebi ar eTanxmebianerTmaneTs raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. erTi mxare mosazrebas gamoTqvams da ammosazrebis mxardaWeris mizezebs gvTavazobs. meore mxare sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebasgvawodebs da aseve gvTavazobs mis dasabuTebas.
SeiZleba ori adamianis azri romelime konkretuli sakiTxze ar daemTxvaserTmaneTs, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom is namdvilad sadavo da sakamaTo sakiTxia.magaliTad, erT-erTi mxare Tvlis, rom marwyvis nayini ukeTesia, vidre Jolosi,magram ar arsebobs aranairi xerxi, romliTac erTi SeZlebs meoris gadarwmunebasda sakuTari azris sisworeSi darwmunebas, radgan garkveuli aromatis mqonenayinisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba gemovnebis sakiTxia da ara logikisa dadasabuTebis; Tumca, SesaZloa sakamaTo iyos is, rom erT-erTi maTgani ufropopularulia, vidre meore. am SemTxvevaSi dasasabuTeblad SesaZlebelia gayiduliproduqtis raodenobis maCveneblebis faqtebis motana. analogiurad, orma adamianmaSeiZleba bevri ikamaTos da mainc ver SeTanxmdebs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu araRmerTi; SeuZlebelia, erT-erTma daarwmunos meore da Seacvlevinos Sexeduleba,radgan religiur sakiTxebze Sexeduleba rwmenas efuZneba da ara logikasa daSemowmebad faqtebs. aseve, Tu ar emTxveva azri imis Sesaxeb, vin moigo erovnuliCempionati, mcire gamokvlevis Semdeg SesaZlebelia amis dadgena. aq argumentadfaqtebi gveqneba. amrigad, gemovneba, faqtebi da rwmena ar aris sakamaTo da sadavoTemebi.
sakamaTod da sadavod SeiZleba iseTi sakiTxi iqces, romelic mosazrebas,azrs, Sexedulebas efuZneba, romlis dasabuTebac SesaZlebelia faqtebiT, eqspertTamosazrebebiT, empiriuli monacemebiT an logikuri mizezebiT. magaliTad, TqvengsurT daasabuToT mosazreba, rom skolis moswavleebma fizikuri momzadebiskursi yvela semestrSi unda gaiaron. Tqven amis gakeTeba relevanturi faqtebiTada logikuri mizezebiT unda moaxerxoT, radgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebismqone adamianebsac TavianTi dasabuTeba aqvT sakuTari mosazrebis sasargeblod.fizikuri momzadebis kursis saWiroeba iseTi sakiTxia, romelsac ori mxare aqvs,is ar aris arc rwmenis, arc faqtebisa da arc gemovnebis saqme (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M.
K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).
argumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisi
naSromebis umaravlesobas gamarTuli sakvanZo debuleba aqvs, magaliTad,„amerikaSi pirvelma vizitma travma momayena~ debulebis centraluri ideaa travma,magram es ar aris argumentirebuli debuleba. vinaidan argumentirebuli eseaucileblad unda moicavdes argumentirebul debulebas, romelSic avtorimkiTxvelis darwmunebas, misi Sexedulebis Secvlasa da sakuTar mosazrebazegadayvanas ecdeba, argumentirebuli ese damajerebeli da logikurad gamarTuliunda iyos.
argumentirebuli sakvanZo debuleba anu Tezisi sxva tipis debulebebisganZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom masSi gadmocemulia pozicia, romelic Semdegunda dasabuTdes. magaliTad, fizikuri kulturis kursis Sesaxeb sakvanZo debulebasSeiZleba Semdegi saxe hqondes: `saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma yovelsemestrSi unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi~. ra Tqma unda, viRac SeiZlebaar daeTanxmos am mosazrebas da sapirispiro Sinaarsis sakvanZo debulebaSemogvTavazos: ̀ saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma ar unda gaiaron fizikurikulturis kursi yovel semestrSi~ (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).
swavlis procesSi da swavlis dasrulebis Semdegac Tqvengan moelian, romkritikulad iazrovnebT, waikiTxavT da dawerT. kritikuli niSnavs „kreatuls~,„skeptikurs~. kritikulad operireba niSnavs imas, rom eWvi geparebaT da amowmebTsxvebis naTqvams da sakuTar azrsa da nafiqrals gamoTqvamT. am konteqstSi sityvakritikuli ar niSnavs „negatiurs~. misi mniSvneloba berZnuli sityvidan„gancalkeveba~, „gamijvna~, „wvdoma~ momdinareobs. kritikulad moazrovne, iqneba esmkiTxveli, Tu avtori, sakiTxs Semadgenel nawilebad dayofs da arkvevs, Tu ramimarTebaSi imyofebian es nawilebi erTmaneTTan, rogor ukavSirdeba es sakiTxisxva sakiTxebs da (xSirad) msjelobs sakiTxis Tvisebebsa da Rirebulebaze.
Tqven yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ukve operirebT kritikulad, rodesac megobrebTanarkvevT urTierTobas („ras gulisxmobda am sityvebSi?~), an rodesac wina dRiTnanax films arCevT („rogor fiqrob, is cudi tipi Zalian gamomwvevad iqceoda?~).aseTi kiTxvebi im mizezebis gamokveTaSi gexmarebaT, Tu ra da ratom gemarTebaTda ra mniSvneloba aqvs Tqvens gamocdilebas.
aq azrovnebisa da (sapirispiro poziciidan) kiTxvis praqtikul, aseve, werisufro formalur meTodebs warmogidgenT. bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: risTvisaris saWiro am meTodebis mizanmimarTulad swavla?
− kritikulad azrovneba swavlisa da muSaobis unars gagiumjobesebT. sadacar unda iyoT, Tqvengan moelian wakiTxulisa da mosmenilis Sefasebas, aseve_ Tqveni mosazrebebis gamoTqmas;
− kritikulad azrovneba Tqveni sakuTari qmedebebisa da mosazrebebis ukeTgagebaSi, sapirispiro mosazrebebTan maTi mniSvnelobis Sefasebasa da Tqvenimsjelobebisa da motivebis damajereblad gamoTqmaSi dagexmarebaT;
− Tqveni damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba didadaa damokidebuli kritikuladazrovnebis, kiTxvisa da weris unarze.
kritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxva
nebismier saganze SesaZlebelia kritikulad fiqri da azrovneba, iqneba esavtobusSi yurmokruli argumenti, Tqveni sayvareli musikosis axali albomi,programuli uzrunvelyofa, megobris ideebi, fexburTi da ZaRlis sakvebic ki.nebismieri maTganis „gamocalkevebiTa~ da „wvdomiT~ Tqven misi ukeT gagebis, sxvamovlenebTan Tu sakiTxebTan misi mimarTebisa da Sefasebis SesaZlebloba geZlevaT.
kritikuli azrovneba swavlis periodSi, ZiriTadad, naweri teqstebis (moTxroba,Jurnalis statia, internet-korespondencia, vebgverdi) an vizualuri obieqtebis(foto, grafiki, diagrama, filmi) damuSavebisas gamogadgebaT. nebismieri sagniskritikulad ganxilva, gadamuSavebis sul mcire, sam doneze xorcieldeba: (1) rasgveubneba an gviCvenebs avtori, (2) ra ar uTqvams an uCvenebia avtors, magram naSromSimocemulia (igulisxmeba an ara), (3) Tqven ras fiqrobT. naSromis (vizualurisCaTvliT) TiToeuli donis ganxilva kiTxvis mTel rig meTodebs (ix. cxrili #6.1)saWiroebs. swored amaze visaubrebT qvemoT.
5 Tavis ZiriTadi nawili momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey;Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook.
argumentirebuli eses werisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom mizani Tqveni mosazrebissisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmunebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, daiwyeT daSvebiT, rommkiTxveli ar geTanxmebaT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sakamaToc araferi iqneboda.agreTve, aucilebelia gaxsovdeT, rom Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, essulac ar niSnavs imas, rom is Tqvenze naklebad Wkviani da ganaTlebulia. TaviaarideT iseT gamonaTqvams, rogoricaa: _ „is, vinc ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, romsaxelmwifo universitetis studentebma unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi,cdeba da saTanadod ver afasebs realobas~. wereT obieqturad, logikurad,dasabuTebulad da gamoxateT pativiscema sapirispiro Sexedulebis mqone mkiTxvelismimarT.
Zalian mniSvnelovania im argumentis gaTvaliswineba, romelsac sawinaaRmdegomosazrebis mqone adamiani eyrdnoba. Tqveni azriT, ra mizezebis gamo SeiZlebainarCunebdes igi am pozicias? SeecadeT, gadmosceT da gamoyoT is mniSvnelovanimizezebi, romelTa gamoc Tqveni oponenti SeiZleba ar dageTanxmoT. Tu Tqven argaiTvaliswinebT am mizezebs da mxolod sakuTar argumentebs miiRebT mxedvelobaSi,mkiTxvelis darwmunebis naklebi Sansi gaqvT. magaliTad, gsurT universitetSifizikuri momzadebis kursis swavlebis sakiTxis ganxilva da gaqvT Semdegiargumentebi:
1. studentebs moswonT es kursi da siamovnebas iReben;
2. studentebi mniSvnelovan socialur Cvevebsa da gunduri muSaobis unarebsiZenen;
3. studentebi gacilebiT ukeTesad iswavlian, Tu isini fizikurad janmrTelebiiqnebian.
Tqveni argumentebi udavod kargia. Tqveni oponenti SeiZleba eTanxmebodeskidec maT, magram misi poziciis mTavari argumenti SeiZleba pasuxismgeblobissakiTxi iyos: namdvilad universitetis saqmea studentis janmrTelobaze zrunva?Tu yuradRebas ar miaqcevT am arguments, ar ganixilavT mas da ar daarwmunebT
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21. aris Tu ara daskvna logikuri? (daasabuTeT)
22. raime SeniSvna xom ar gaqvT daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT?
23. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? (daasabuTeT)
24. romeli nawili saWiroebs yvelaze met damuSavebas? (daasabuTeT)
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oponents, rom universitetSi fizikuri momzadebis kursi adekvaturi moTxovnaa,naklebad mosalodnelia, rom mkiTxveli dageTanxmoT; sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebisganxilvis SemTxvevaSi ki ufro metad dauWerT mxars sakuTar mosazrebas (SmalleyR.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).
savarjiSo #5.2: waikiTxeT sakvanZo debulebebi da moifiqreT mizezebi, romelTagamoc SeiZleba daeTanxmo an ar daeTanxmo am debulebas. CamoTvaleT rac SeiZlebameti mizezi orive SemTxvevisTvis. Semdeg xazi gausviT im mizezebs, romelic, TqveniazriT, yvelaze damajereblad migaCniaT.
nimuSi:sakvanZo debuleba: marixuanas moweva legalizebuli unda iyos.
SeecadeT, maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da kontrargumenti moitanoT SemdegidebulebebisTvis:
1. studentebi ar unda iyvnen SezRudulni saleqcio kursis arCevaSi.
SeiZleba. eqsperti aris adamiani, romelsac gansakuTrebuli codna aqvs mocemulsakiTxze misi profesiis, gamocdilebisa da sakiTxis Taobaze Catarebuli kvlevebisSesaxeb informirebulobis gamo. eqspertis azris dasamowmeblad aucilebeliacitirebis wesebis codna (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).
sawinaaRmdego mosazrebis aRiareba da gabaTileba
argumentirebul eseSi unda gaabaTiloT sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis argumenti.vinaidan sakiTxs ori mxare aqvs da Tqven erT-erTi Sexedulebis sasargeblodgamoxatavT pozicias da gsurT am poziciis marTebulobaSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba,Tqven ara marto imis dasabuTeba mogiwevT, rom marTali xarT, aramed imisac, romTqveni oponenti cdeba, an, sul mcire, rom Tqveni mosazreba ufro sando damniSvnelovania, vidre oponentisa.
sawinaaRmdego argumentis (anu kontrargumentis) gabaTileba mosazrebissimcdaris dasabuTebas niSnavs. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia oponentisargumentebis mxedvelobaSi miReba da imis Cveneba, rom Tqveni argumentebi ufrosando, ukeTesi da Rirebulia. Tu oponents Rirebuli argumenti aqvs, Tqven undaaRiaroT misi Rirebuleba, daeTanxmoT, rom is namdvilad validuria da ganagrZoTTqveni Sexedulebis ganxilva (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).
esenia: principebi, romelTa gamoyeneba nebismier dros SeiZleba, iseve, rogorcSesabamisi formulebis gamoyenebiT maTi koreqtireba (h. gutbrodi, n. danelia, 2006).
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argumentirebuli eses Sesafasebeli kiTxvari
1. ra aris eses Tema? ra sakiTxia ganxiluli eseSi?
2. waradgens, gvacnobs Tu ara Sesavali abzaci (abzacebi) Temas?
3. mianiSnebs Tu ara Sesavali imas, rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili? (daasabuTeT)
4. aris Tu ara Sesavali dakonkretebuli? (miuTiTeT Temis dakonkretebis principi)
5. aris Tu ara Sesavali saintereso? (daasabuTeT)
6. gamoyaviT eses sakvanZo debuleba/Tezisi.
7. aris Tu ara Tezisi dakonkretebuli? gadmoeciT is Tqveni sityvebiT.
8. konkretuli SeniSvnebi SesavalTan dakavSirebiT.
9. konkretuli SeniSvnebi TezisTan dakavSirebiT.
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sakiTxis wardgena
SesavalSi gansaxilveli sakiTxisTvis niadagis momzadebisa da poziciisgancxadebis Semdeg eses ZiriTadi nawili Tqveni moqmedebis adgilia, romelSicgaSliT gansaxilvel sakiTxs da mkiTxvels Tqvens simarTleSi daarwmunebT. kargadwarmodgenili sakiTxi daarwmunebs mkiTxvels, rom radgan garkveuli warmodgenilifaqtebi simarTles Seesabameba da mkiTxveli eTanxmeba avtoris garkveulmosazrebebs, igi miiRebs avtoris daskvnebs, rogorc Rirebulsa da mniSvnelovans.
akademiur weraSi sakiTxis wardgena, Cveulebriv, gancxadebis gakeTebiT anmtkicebulebebis miwodebiT da Semdeg am mtkicebulebebis dasabuTebiT (faqtebiTada magaliTebiT) xdeba; Tumca aseve, SesaZlebelia dasabuTebisa da samagaliTosituaciebis mimoxilviT dawyeba da Semdeg daskvnis gakeTeba. qvemoT mocemuliabzaci cenzuris Sesaxeb dasabuTebis ilustraciaa:
cenzura, Tavisi bunebiT, ewinaaRmdegeba demokratiuli sazogadoebisprincipebs (Tezisi). is Zireulad arademokratiulia, radgan zRudavs gamoxatvissaSualebas da umciresobas upiratesobas aniWebs, ukarnaxos umravlesobas,Tu risi naxva, wakiTxva an mosmena SeuZlia an ar SeuZlia mas (dasabuTeba).magaliTad, sajaro biblioTekidan nebismieri mizeziT sakamaTo wignis amoRebamis avtors im mravali mkiTxvelisken uWris gzas, romelsac wignTan Sexebissxva saSualeba ara aqvs. amave dros, individTa rCeuli jgufi, romelic wignisSesaxeb iRebs gadawyvetilebas, faqtobrivad, ukrZalavs sazogadoebas am wigniswakiTxvas (es damasabuTebeli winadadebis ori magaliTia). aqedan gamomdinare,es qmedeba, diqtaturas ufro uwyobs xels, vidre demokratias (Tavdapirvelimtkicebulebis gameoreba).
am Tezisisa da dasabuTebis ZiriTadi sayrdeni is varaudia, romelsacmtkicebuleba efuZneba. varaudi aris filosofiuri an moraluri Tvalsazrisi,romelsac vimedovnebT, rom sazogadoebaSi sxva adamianebi, Cveni mkiTxvelis CaTvliT,gaiziareben. magaliTad, diskusia saxelmwifo samedicino samsaxuris dafinansebisSesaxeb SeiZleba daeyrdnos varauds, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis sicocxle fuliTSefasdes. umetes SemTxvevaSi imedi gvaqvs, rom Cveni mkiTxveli iziarebs Cvensvarauds. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saeWvoa, rom maT is mtkicebulebebi miiRon, romlebsacam varaudis safuZvelze vakeTebT. Tu es ase ar aris, maSin unda davasabuToT esvaraudic. am SemTxvevaSi varaudi Tavad iqceva mtkicebulebad, romelsac dasabuTebasWirdeba.
mosalodneli winaaRmdegoba
akademiuri ritorika avtorisgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis codnas moiTxovs.Cveulebriv, eses werisas sakuTar Sexedulebebs warmoadgenen, Semdeg ki sawinaaRmdegoSexedulebebis kritikuli ganxilva xdeba; Tumca SesaZlebelia im SexedulebiTdawyeba, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT da misi gakritikeba an uaryofa sakuTari poziciisdasabuTebisTvis. erTi SexedviT, argumentis sawinaaRmdego mxaris Cveneba SeiZlebaTqveni poziciisTvis wamgebianad mogeCvenoT. miuxedavad amisa, uamravi mizezi arsebobsimisTvis, rom sawinaaRmdego azri icodeT.
Tu mxedvelobaSi ar iRebT sawinaaRmdego azrs, e. i. ganzrax malavT sawinaaRmdego
azris dasabuTebas. sawinaaRmdego azris gauTvaliswineblobam ki sruliadSesaZlebelia mkiTxvelis pativiscema dagakargvinoT. unda gaxsovdeT, rom mkiTxvelisdaTanxmebas, darwmunebas cdilobT da ara mis SecdomaSi Seyvanas.
argumenti ufro damajerebeli iqneba, Tu sawinaaRmdego azric iciT. yovelTvis,
roca vinmes darwmunebas cdilobT, gamoCndebian adamianebi, romlebic ar geTanxmebian.
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argumentebi ar unda faravdes erTmaneTs da unda iyos mTlianobaSi erTmaneTis Semavsebeli;
maTi winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT da imis CvenebiT, rom maTi sapirispiro azrinaklebad Rirebuli da safuZvliania, vidre Tqveni Sexedulebebi, an imis CvenebiT,rogor migiyvanaT sapirispiro azris codnam Tqveni poziciis Secvlamde, aZlierebTTqvens azrs.
azrovnebas, avtors kamaTSi CarTvasa da imis aRqma-gacnobierebas aiZulebs, romsxva Tvalsazrisi ara marto arsebobs, aramed mas Tavisi dasabuTebac aqvs.
sawinaaRmdego poziciasTan gamklavebis xerxebi
rogorc wesi, sawinaaRmdego pozicia unda daadginoT da ramdenadacSesaZlebelia, es safuZvlianad da miukerZoeblad unda gaakeToT. sawinaaRmdegoazris damaxinjebiT da gaubraloebiT, albaT, mxolod yvelaze morCili mkiTxvelissimpaTias moipovebT. sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis gadmocemisas sasurvelia:
miuxedavad imisa, rom cenzura saxifaToa Tavisufali sazogadoebisTvis,zogierTi Sewuxebuli moqalaqe cenzuris momxrea da, SesaZloa, amisi myarisafuZvelic hqondes, rodesac isini aRniSnaven, rom bavSvebi televiziiT naCvenebifilmebiT Zaladobis msxverplni xdebian (daTmoba da sawinaaRmdego azrisgaTvaliswineba). televiziiT marTlac bevr Zaladobas gadmoscemen (daTmobada Tanxmobis momenti). amis sapasuxod, SeiZleba yvela teleqselma ganaviTarosTviTcenzura (kompromisuli gadawyvetilebis SeTavazeba). Tu televiziebi amasufro didi pasuximgeblobiT moekidebian da mdare gemovnebis masalis Tavidanacilebas Seecdebian, xelisuflebis moxeleebs, religiur jgufebsa da SewuxebulmSoblebs aRar dasWirdebaT maT gadawyvetilebebSi Careva.
cxadia, es abzaci (mcireodeni cvlilebebiT) SeiZleba Sesavlis Semdeg, cenzuriswinaaRmdeg mTavar argumentze gadasvlis win modiodes. sad moaTavsebTkontrarguments, ra moculobis iqneba is da rogor warmoadgenT, es mxolod TqveniarCevania efeqturi argumentirebuli eses werisas.
daskvna eses Zalian mniSvnelovani nawilia, radgan jamdeba sakvanZo debulebada misi argumentebi, romlebic mkiTxvels naTel warmodgenas uqmnis avtorispoziciaze. am etapze ar aris rekomendebuli iseTi axali azris wamoweva, romelicsaerTod ar ganxilula eses ZiriTad nawilSi. aramomgebiania daskvnis gamoyeneba
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aseTi wris gamoyenebiT sakmaod rTuli informaciis dalageba SegviZlia ise,rom is mkiTxvelisTvis da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes. darwmundiT, rom wreyvela mimarTulebiT Tanmimdevrulia. Tezisi unda ajamebdes yvela ZiriTadarguments. es struqtura daRmavali gziT muSaobs: argumentebi uSualod/pirdapirunda dasabuTdes qveargumentebiT, xolo qveargumentebi Tqveni dasabuTebis Sejamebaunda iyos.
Sejameba zusti unda iyos. es niSnavs imas, rom mxolod is azrebi/ideebi (anuargumentebi, qveargumentebi da a.S.) unda iyos masSi CarTuli, romelTac uSualodSeaqvT wvlili SejamebaSi.
argumentTa raodenoba verasodes Caanacvlebs maT xarisxs;
A1 A3
A2 S1A1
S3A1
S2A1 Tezisi
suraTi #5.2: argumentirebuli wre
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sakuTari naazrevis CvenebisTvis. amiT datovebT STabeWdilebas, rom nebismiersSeuZlia, rac moesurveba, is ifiqros. marTalia, nebismiers aqvs sakuTari azrisqonis ufleba, magram unda gaxsovdeT, rom argumentirebuli eses werisas Tqvenimizania mkiTxvelisTvis Tqveni mosazrebis ara marto gacnoba, aramed misi darwmuneba,rom, rasac fiqrobT, myari da dasabuTebuli poziciaa, romelic manac SeiZlebagaiziaros an aRiaros mainc.
garda amisa, Zalze aramomgebiania am etapze imis Cveneba, rom arc erTi poziciaar aris meoreze ukeTesi an uaresi.
daskvnis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi
argumentebis sinTezi: daskvnaSi unda gaimeoroT argumentebis mTavari
momentebi da mokled SeajamoT isini. SeecadeT, mkiTxvels aCvenoT, Tu rogoresadageba erTmaneTs sakiTxi, dasabuTeba da magaliTebi, romlebic argumentebisdasamtkiceblad gamoiyeneT;
sakvanZo debulebis gameoreba: kvlav CamoayalibeT da xazi gausviT Tqveni
Tavdapirveli debulebis mniSvnelobas, radgan mTeli ese am sakiTxis dasabuTebasada mxardaWeras mieZRvna. zogi avtori fiqrobs, rom Tezisis sityvasityviT gameorebaefeqturi ritorikuli xerxia, zogs ki miaCnia, rom umjobesia misi perefrazi.
daskvniTi debulebebi: es nawili ukve argumentirebuli eses dasasrulia,
sakuTari naazrevis CvenebisTvis. amiT datovebT STabeWdilebas, rom nebismiersSeuZlia, rac moesurveba, is ifiqros. marTalia, nebismiers aqvs sakuTari azrisqonis ufleba, magram unda gaxsovdeT, rom argumentirebuli eses werisas Tqvenimizania mkiTxvelisTvis Tqveni mosazrebis ara marto gacnoba, aramed misi darwmuneba,rom, rasac fiqrobT, myari da dasabuTebuli poziciaa, romelic manac SeiZlebagaiziaros an aRiaros mainc.
garda amisa, Zalze aramomgebiania am etapze imis Cveneba, rom arc erTi poziciaar aris meoreze ukeTesi an uaresi.
daskvnis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi
argumentebis sinTezi: daskvnaSi unda gaimeoroT argumentebis mTavari
momentebi da mokled SeajamoT isini. SeecadeT, mkiTxvels aCvenoT, Tu rogoresadageba erTmaneTs sakiTxi, dasabuTeba da magaliTebi, romlebic argumentebisdasamtkiceblad gamoiyeneT;
sakvanZo debulebis gameoreba: kvlav CamoayalibeT da xazi gausviT Tqveni
Tavdapirveli debulebis mniSvnelobas, radgan mTeli ese am sakiTxis dasabuTebasada mxardaWeras mieZRvna. zogi avtori fiqrobs, rom Tezisis sityvasityviT gameorebaefeqturi ritorikuli xerxia, zogs ki miaCnia, rom umjobesia misi perefrazi.
daskvniTi debulebebi: es nawili ukve argumentirebuli eses dasasrulia,
maTi winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT da imis CvenebiT, rom maTi sapirispiro azrinaklebad Rirebuli da safuZvliania, vidre Tqveni Sexedulebebi, an imis CvenebiT,rogor migiyvanaT sapirispiro azris codnam Tqveni poziciis Secvlamde, aZlierebTTqvens azrs.
azrovnebas, avtors kamaTSi CarTvasa da imis aRqma-gacnobierebas aiZulebs, romsxva Tvalsazrisi ara marto arsebobs, aramed mas Tavisi dasabuTebac aqvs.
sawinaaRmdego poziciasTan gamklavebis xerxebi
rogorc wesi, sawinaaRmdego pozicia unda daadginoT da ramdenadacSesaZlebelia, es safuZvlianad da miukerZoeblad unda gaakeToT. sawinaaRmdegoazris damaxinjebiT da gaubraloebiT, albaT, mxolod yvelaze morCili mkiTxvelissimpaTias moipovebT. sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis gadmocemisas sasurvelia:
miuxedavad imisa, rom cenzura saxifaToa Tavisufali sazogadoebisTvis,zogierTi Sewuxebuli moqalaqe cenzuris momxrea da, SesaZloa, amisi myarisafuZvelic hqondes, rodesac isini aRniSnaven, rom bavSvebi televiziiT naCvenebifilmebiT Zaladobis msxverplni xdebian (daTmoba da sawinaaRmdego azrisgaTvaliswineba). televiziiT marTlac bevr Zaladobas gadmoscemen (daTmobada Tanxmobis momenti). amis sapasuxod, SeiZleba yvela teleqselma ganaviTarosTviTcenzura (kompromisuli gadawyvetilebis SeTavazeba). Tu televiziebi amasufro didi pasuximgeblobiT moekidebian da mdare gemovnebis masalis Tavidanacilebas Seecdebian, xelisuflebis moxeleebs, religiur jgufebsa da SewuxebulmSoblebs aRar dasWirdebaT maT gadawyvetilebebSi Careva.
cxadia, es abzaci (mcireodeni cvlilebebiT) SeiZleba Sesavlis Semdeg, cenzuriswinaaRmdeg mTavar argumentze gadasvlis win modiodes. sad moaTavsebTkontrarguments, ra moculobis iqneba is da rogor warmoadgenT, es mxolod TqveniarCevania efeqturi argumentirebuli eses werisas.
daskvna eses Zalian mniSvnelovani nawilia, radgan jamdeba sakvanZo debulebada misi argumentebi, romlebic mkiTxvels naTel warmodgenas uqmnis avtorispoziciaze. am etapze ar aris rekomendebuli iseTi axali azris wamoweva, romelicsaerTod ar ganxilula eses ZiriTad nawilSi. aramomgebiania daskvnis gamoyeneba
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aseTi wris gamoyenebiT sakmaod rTuli informaciis dalageba SegviZlia ise,rom is mkiTxvelisTvis da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes. darwmundiT, rom wreyvela mimarTulebiT Tanmimdevrulia. Tezisi unda ajamebdes yvela ZiriTadarguments. es struqtura daRmavali gziT muSaobs: argumentebi uSualod/pirdapirunda dasabuTdes qveargumentebiT, xolo qveargumentebi Tqveni dasabuTebis Sejamebaunda iyos.
Sejameba zusti unda iyos. es niSnavs imas, rom mxolod is azrebi/ideebi (anuargumentebi, qveargumentebi da a.S.) unda iyos masSi CarTuli, romelTac uSualodSeaqvT wvlili SejamebaSi.
argumentTa raodenoba verasodes Caanacvlebs maT xarisxs;
A1 A3
A2 S1A1
S3A1
S2A1 Tezisi
suraTi #5.2: argumentirebuli wre
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sakiTxis wardgena
SesavalSi gansaxilveli sakiTxisTvis niadagis momzadebisa da poziciisgancxadebis Semdeg eses ZiriTadi nawili Tqveni moqmedebis adgilia, romelSicgaSliT gansaxilvel sakiTxs da mkiTxvels Tqvens simarTleSi daarwmunebT. kargadwarmodgenili sakiTxi daarwmunebs mkiTxvels, rom radgan garkveuli warmodgenilifaqtebi simarTles Seesabameba da mkiTxveli eTanxmeba avtoris garkveulmosazrebebs, igi miiRebs avtoris daskvnebs, rogorc Rirebulsa da mniSvnelovans.
akademiur weraSi sakiTxis wardgena, Cveulebriv, gancxadebis gakeTebiT anmtkicebulebebis miwodebiT da Semdeg am mtkicebulebebis dasabuTebiT (faqtebiTada magaliTebiT) xdeba; Tumca aseve, SesaZlebelia dasabuTebisa da samagaliTosituaciebis mimoxilviT dawyeba da Semdeg daskvnis gakeTeba. qvemoT mocemuliabzaci cenzuris Sesaxeb dasabuTebis ilustraciaa:
cenzura, Tavisi bunebiT, ewinaaRmdegeba demokratiuli sazogadoebisprincipebs (Tezisi). is Zireulad arademokratiulia, radgan zRudavs gamoxatvissaSualebas da umciresobas upiratesobas aniWebs, ukarnaxos umravlesobas,Tu risi naxva, wakiTxva an mosmena SeuZlia an ar SeuZlia mas (dasabuTeba).magaliTad, sajaro biblioTekidan nebismieri mizeziT sakamaTo wignis amoRebamis avtors im mravali mkiTxvelisken uWris gzas, romelsac wignTan Sexebissxva saSualeba ara aqvs. amave dros, individTa rCeuli jgufi, romelic wignisSesaxeb iRebs gadawyvetilebas, faqtobrivad, ukrZalavs sazogadoebas am wigniswakiTxvas (es damasabuTebeli winadadebis ori magaliTia). aqedan gamomdinare,es qmedeba, diqtaturas ufro uwyobs xels, vidre demokratias (Tavdapirvelimtkicebulebis gameoreba).
am Tezisisa da dasabuTebis ZiriTadi sayrdeni is varaudia, romelsacmtkicebuleba efuZneba. varaudi aris filosofiuri an moraluri Tvalsazrisi,romelsac vimedovnebT, rom sazogadoebaSi sxva adamianebi, Cveni mkiTxvelis CaTvliT,gaiziareben. magaliTad, diskusia saxelmwifo samedicino samsaxuris dafinansebisSesaxeb SeiZleba daeyrdnos varauds, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis sicocxle fuliTSefasdes. umetes SemTxvevaSi imedi gvaqvs, rom Cveni mkiTxveli iziarebs Cvensvarauds. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saeWvoa, rom maT is mtkicebulebebi miiRon, romlebsacam varaudis safuZvelze vakeTebT. Tu es ase ar aris, maSin unda davasabuToT esvaraudic. am SemTxvevaSi varaudi Tavad iqceva mtkicebulebad, romelsac dasabuTebasWirdeba.
mosalodneli winaaRmdegoba
akademiuri ritorika avtorisgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis codnas moiTxovs.Cveulebriv, eses werisas sakuTar Sexedulebebs warmoadgenen, Semdeg ki sawinaaRmdegoSexedulebebis kritikuli ganxilva xdeba; Tumca SesaZlebelia im SexedulebiTdawyeba, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT da misi gakritikeba an uaryofa sakuTari poziciisdasabuTebisTvis. erTi SexedviT, argumentis sawinaaRmdego mxaris Cveneba SeiZlebaTqveni poziciisTvis wamgebianad mogeCvenoT. miuxedavad amisa, uamravi mizezi arsebobsimisTvis, rom sawinaaRmdego azri icodeT.
Tu mxedvelobaSi ar iRebT sawinaaRmdego azrs, e. i. ganzrax malavT sawinaaRmdego
azris dasabuTebas. sawinaaRmdego azris gauTvaliswineblobam ki sruliadSesaZlebelia mkiTxvelis pativiscema dagakargvinoT. unda gaxsovdeT, rom mkiTxvelisdaTanxmebas, darwmunebas cdilobT da ara mis SecdomaSi Seyvanas.
argumenti ufro damajerebeli iqneba, Tu sawinaaRmdego azric iciT. yovelTvis,
roca vinmes darwmunebas cdilobT, gamoCndebian adamianebi, romlebic ar geTanxmebian.
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argumentebi ar unda faravdes erTmaneTs da unda iyos mTlianobaSi erTmaneTis Semavsebeli;
SeiZleba. eqsperti aris adamiani, romelsac gansakuTrebuli codna aqvs mocemulsakiTxze misi profesiis, gamocdilebisa da sakiTxis Taobaze Catarebuli kvlevebisSesaxeb informirebulobis gamo. eqspertis azris dasamowmeblad aucilebeliacitirebis wesebis codna (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).
sawinaaRmdego mosazrebis aRiareba da gabaTileba
argumentirebul eseSi unda gaabaTiloT sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis argumenti.vinaidan sakiTxs ori mxare aqvs da Tqven erT-erTi Sexedulebis sasargeblodgamoxatavT pozicias da gsurT am poziciis marTebulobaSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba,Tqven ara marto imis dasabuTeba mogiwevT, rom marTali xarT, aramed imisac, romTqveni oponenti cdeba, an, sul mcire, rom Tqveni mosazreba ufro sando damniSvnelovania, vidre oponentisa.
sawinaaRmdego argumentis (anu kontrargumentis) gabaTileba mosazrebissimcdaris dasabuTebas niSnavs. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia oponentisargumentebis mxedvelobaSi miReba da imis Cveneba, rom Tqveni argumentebi ufrosando, ukeTesi da Rirebulia. Tu oponents Rirebuli argumenti aqvs, Tqven undaaRiaroT misi Rirebuleba, daeTanxmoT, rom is namdvilad validuria da ganagrZoTTqveni Sexedulebis ganxilva (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).
argumentirebuli eses werisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom mizani Tqveni mosazrebissisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmunebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, daiwyeT daSvebiT, rommkiTxveli ar geTanxmebaT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sakamaToc araferi iqneboda.agreTve, aucilebelia gaxsovdeT, rom Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, essulac ar niSnavs imas, rom is Tqvenze naklebad Wkviani da ganaTlebulia. TaviaarideT iseT gamonaTqvams, rogoricaa: _ „is, vinc ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, romsaxelmwifo universitetis studentebma unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi,cdeba da saTanadod ver afasebs realobas~. wereT obieqturad, logikurad,dasabuTebulad da gamoxateT pativiscema sapirispiro Sexedulebis mqone mkiTxvelismimarT.
Zalian mniSvnelovania im argumentis gaTvaliswineba, romelsac sawinaaRmdegomosazrebis mqone adamiani eyrdnoba. Tqveni azriT, ra mizezebis gamo SeiZlebainarCunebdes igi am pozicias? SeecadeT, gadmosceT da gamoyoT is mniSvnelovanimizezebi, romelTa gamoc Tqveni oponenti SeiZleba ar dageTanxmoT. Tu Tqven argaiTvaliswinebT am mizezebs da mxolod sakuTar argumentebs miiRebT mxedvelobaSi,mkiTxvelis darwmunebis naklebi Sansi gaqvT. magaliTad, gsurT universitetSifizikuri momzadebis kursis swavlebis sakiTxis ganxilva da gaqvT Semdegiargumentebi:
1. studentebs moswonT es kursi da siamovnebas iReben;
2. studentebi mniSvnelovan socialur Cvevebsa da gunduri muSaobis unarebsiZenen;
3. studentebi gacilebiT ukeTesad iswavlian, Tu isini fizikurad janmrTelebiiqnebian.
Tqveni argumentebi udavod kargia. Tqveni oponenti SeiZleba eTanxmebodeskidec maT, magram misi poziciis mTavari argumenti SeiZleba pasuxismgeblobissakiTxi iyos: namdvilad universitetis saqmea studentis janmrTelobaze zrunva?Tu yuradRebas ar miaqcevT am arguments, ar ganixilavT mas da ar daarwmunebT
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21. aris Tu ara daskvna logikuri? (daasabuTeT)
22. raime SeniSvna xom ar gaqvT daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT?
23. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? (daasabuTeT)
24. romeli nawili saWiroebs yvelaze met damuSavebas? (daasabuTeT)
argumentirebuli eses mizania raime azris sisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba.argumentebis motanis saWiroeba maSin Cndeba, rodesac adamianebi ar eTanxmebianerTmaneTs raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. erTi mxare mosazrebas gamoTqvams da ammosazrebis mxardaWeris mizezebs gvTavazobs. meore mxare sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebasgvawodebs da aseve gvTavazobs mis dasabuTebas.
SeiZleba ori adamianis azri romelime konkretuli sakiTxze ar daemTxvaserTmaneTs, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom is namdvilad sadavo da sakamaTo sakiTxia.magaliTad, erT-erTi mxare Tvlis, rom marwyvis nayini ukeTesia, vidre Jolosi,magram ar arsebobs aranairi xerxi, romliTac erTi SeZlebs meoris gadarwmunebasda sakuTari azris sisworeSi darwmunebas, radgan garkveuli aromatis mqonenayinisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba gemovnebis sakiTxia da ara logikisa dadasabuTebis; Tumca, SesaZloa sakamaTo iyos is, rom erT-erTi maTgani ufropopularulia, vidre meore. am SemTxvevaSi dasasabuTeblad SesaZlebelia gayiduliproduqtis raodenobis maCveneblebis faqtebis motana. analogiurad, orma adamianmaSeiZleba bevri ikamaTos da mainc ver SeTanxmdebs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu araRmerTi; SeuZlebelia, erT-erTma daarwmunos meore da Seacvlevinos Sexeduleba,radgan religiur sakiTxebze Sexeduleba rwmenas efuZneba da ara logikasa daSemowmebad faqtebs. aseve, Tu ar emTxveva azri imis Sesaxeb, vin moigo erovnuliCempionati, mcire gamokvlevis Semdeg SesaZlebelia amis dadgena. aq argumentadfaqtebi gveqneba. amrigad, gemovneba, faqtebi da rwmena ar aris sakamaTo da sadavoTemebi.
sakamaTod da sadavod SeiZleba iseTi sakiTxi iqces, romelic mosazrebas,azrs, Sexedulebas efuZneba, romlis dasabuTebac SesaZlebelia faqtebiT, eqspertTamosazrebebiT, empiriuli monacemebiT an logikuri mizezebiT. magaliTad, TqvengsurT daasabuToT mosazreba, rom skolis moswavleebma fizikuri momzadebiskursi yvela semestrSi unda gaiaron. Tqven amis gakeTeba relevanturi faqtebiTada logikuri mizezebiT unda moaxerxoT, radgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebismqone adamianebsac TavianTi dasabuTeba aqvT sakuTari mosazrebis sasargeblod.fizikuri momzadebis kursis saWiroeba iseTi sakiTxia, romelsac ori mxare aqvs,is ar aris arc rwmenis, arc faqtebisa da arc gemovnebis saqme (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M.
K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).
argumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisiargumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisi
naSromebis umaravlesobas gamarTuli sakvanZo debuleba aqvs, magaliTad,„amerikaSi pirvelma vizitma travma momayena~ debulebis centraluri ideaa travma,magram es ar aris argumentirebuli debuleba. vinaidan argumentirebuli eseaucileblad unda moicavdes argumentirebul debulebas, romelSic avtorimkiTxvelis darwmunebas, misi Sexedulebis Secvlasa da sakuTar mosazrebazegadayvanas ecdeba, argumentirebuli ese damajerebeli da logikurad gamarTuliunda iyos.
argumentirebuli sakvanZo debuleba anu Tezisi sxva tipis debulebebisganZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom masSi gadmocemulia pozicia, romelic Semdegunda dasabuTdes. magaliTad, fizikuri kulturis kursis Sesaxeb sakvanZo debulebasSeiZleba Semdegi saxe hqondes: `saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma yovelsemestrSi unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi~. ra Tqma unda, viRac SeiZlebaar daeTanxmos am mosazrebas da sapirispiro Sinaarsis sakvanZo debulebaSemogvTavazos: ̀ saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma ar unda gaiaron fizikurikulturis kursi yovel semestrSi~ (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).
swavlis procesSi da swavlis dasrulebis Semdegac Tqvengan moelian, romkritikulad iazrovnebT, waikiTxavT da dawerT. kritikuli niSnavs „kreatuls~,„skeptikurs~. kritikulad operireba niSnavs imas, rom eWvi geparebaT da amowmebTsxvebis naTqvams da sakuTar azrsa da nafiqrals gamoTqvamT. am konteqstSi sityvakritikuli ar niSnavs „negatiurs~. misi mniSvneloba berZnuli sityvidan„gancalkeveba~, „gamijvna~, „wvdoma~ momdinareobs. kritikulad moazrovne, iqneba esmkiTxveli, Tu avtori, sakiTxs Semadgenel nawilebad dayofs da arkvevs, Tu ramimarTebaSi imyofebian es nawilebi erTmaneTTan, rogor ukavSirdeba es sakiTxisxva sakiTxebs da (xSirad) msjelobs sakiTxis Tvisebebsa da Rirebulebaze.
Tqven yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ukve operirebT kritikulad, rodesac megobrebTanarkvevT urTierTobas („ras gulisxmobda am sityvebSi?~), an rodesac wina dRiTnanax films arCevT („rogor fiqrob, is cudi tipi Zalian gamomwvevad iqceoda?~).aseTi kiTxvebi im mizezebis gamokveTaSi gexmarebaT, Tu ra da ratom gemarTebaTda ra mniSvneloba aqvs Tqvens gamocdilebas.
aq azrovnebisa da (sapirispiro poziciidan) kiTxvis praqtikul, aseve, werisufro formalur meTodebs warmogidgenT. bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: risTvisaris saWiro am meTodebis mizanmimarTulad swavla?
− kritikulad azrovneba swavlisa da muSaobis unars gagiumjobesebT. sadacar unda iyoT, Tqvengan moelian wakiTxulisa da mosmenilis Sefasebas, aseve_ Tqveni mosazrebebis gamoTqmas;
− kritikulad azrovneba Tqveni sakuTari qmedebebisa da mosazrebebis ukeTgagebaSi, sapirispiro mosazrebebTan maTi mniSvnelobis Sefasebasa da Tqvenimsjelobebisa da motivebis damajereblad gamoTqmaSi dagexmarebaT;
− Tqveni damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba didadaa damokidebuli kritikuladazrovnebis, kiTxvisa da weris unarze.
kritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxvakritikulad azrovneba da kiTxva
nebismier saganze SesaZlebelia kritikulad fiqri da azrovneba, iqneba esavtobusSi yurmokruli argumenti, Tqveni sayvareli musikosis axali albomi,programuli uzrunvelyofa, megobris ideebi, fexburTi da ZaRlis sakvebic ki.nebismieri maTganis „gamocalkevebiTa~ da „wvdomiT~ Tqven misi ukeT gagebis, sxvamovlenebTan Tu sakiTxebTan misi mimarTebisa da Sefasebis SesaZlebloba geZlevaT.
kritikuli azrovneba swavlis periodSi, ZiriTadad, naweri teqstebis (moTxroba,Jurnalis statia, internet-korespondencia, vebgverdi) an vizualuri obieqtebis(foto, grafiki, diagrama, filmi) damuSavebisas gamogadgebaT. nebismieri sagniskritikulad ganxilva, gadamuSavebis sul mcire, sam doneze xorcieldeba: (1) rasgveubneba an gviCvenebs avtori, (2) ra ar uTqvams an uCvenebia avtors, magram naSromSimocemulia (igulisxmeba an ara), (3) Tqven ras fiqrobT. naSromis (vizualurisCaTvliT) TiToeuli donis ganxilva kiTxvis mTel rig meTodebs (ix. cxrili #6.1)saWiroebs. swored amaze visaubrebT qvemoT.
5 Tavis ZiriTadi nawili momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey;Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook.
kiTxva, TavisTavad, ar aris erTsafexuriani procesi. Tqveni ZiriTadi mizaniapirveli safexuris gageba, romliTac operirebs teqsti anu is, rasac avtorirealurad ambobs.
pirveli wakiTxva
Tavdapirvelad axali masala SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad da uwyvetad waikiTxeT;Tan SeecadeT, gamokveToT arsi (dedaazri) da igrZnoT avtoris toni.
wera kiTxvis dros
arsebobs ori kargi mizezi imisaTvis, rom weroT kiTxvis dros: (1) Cawerilinformaciasa da ideebs momavalSi gamoiyenebT da (2) wakiTxuli naSromidan metsgaigebT.
cxrili #6.2. wakiTxvis miznisa da kiTxvis meTodis urTierTmimarTeba
kiTxvis dros mokle CaniSvnebi gaakeTeT. aRniSneT ZiriTadi erTeulebi,rogoricaa, magaliTad, abzaci, romelic ver gaigeT da romelsac xelmeoredwakiTxvisas miubrundebiT.
pirveli wakiTxvisas nu SeCerdebiT TiToeul ucxo, gaugebar sityvaze da nudaiwyebT misi mniSvnelobis garkvevas. ase veRar iqnebiT koncentrirebulni, codnaski ver miiRebT imdens, rom koncentrirebis dakargvad Rirdes. amitom SeecadeT,rom ucnobi sityvebis mniSvneloba konteqstis mixedviT ivaraudoT, SemoxazeT essityvebi da xelmeored wakiTxvisas gaarkvieT maTi mniSvnelobebi.
ganmeorebiTi wakiTxva
pirveli gadakiTxvis Semdeg, sul mcire, kidev erTxel unda waikiTxoT naSromi.amjerad nela ikiTxeT. am dros Tqveni ZiriTadi mizani Sinaarsisa da misistruqturis (agebis principis) wvdomaa. es niSnavs, rom Tqven xelaxla undawaikiTxoT abzaci, Tu ver mixvdiT, ris Tqma surda avtors, leqsikonSi undamoiZioT saWiro sityvebi anda vebgverdebze moZebnoT saTanado bmulebi („linkebi~).
teqstis kiTxvisas SeniSvnebisa da komentarebis gakeTebisaTvis TavisufladgamoiyeneT kalami an klaviatura:
Tu pirdapir teqstze ver axerxebT SeniSvnebis miweras (is Tqveni ar aris aneleqtronuli versia gaqvT), calke furcelze CamowereT SeniSvnebi dakomentarebi.
cxrili #6.3. gadaxedvisas gamosadegi kiTxvebi
masalis moculoba sakmarisad mcirea Tu ara masalis moculoba, rom erTbaSad waikiTxoT, Tu meti dro dagWirdebaT?
publikaciis faqtebi iZleva Tu ara publikaciis TariRi informacias misi savaraudo gavrcelebisa da mimdinare konteqstis Sesaxeb? specializdeba Tu ara publikacia erTi mimarTulebiT (vTqvaT, samecniero statiebi Tu popularuli wignebi)?
Sinaarsis maniSneblebi ras geubnebaT naSromis saTauri, rezume an abstraqti, qvesaTaurebi, ilustraciebi da sxva maxasiaTeblebi? ra kiTxvebi giCndebaT amasTan dakavSirebiT?
avtori ras geubnebaT avtoris biografiuli monacemebi misi publikaciis, interesebis, tendenciebisa da reputaciis Sesaxeb?
Tqven xedavT Tu ara raime konkretul sirTules SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT? Tqveni mxridan ra saxis mikerZoebam SeiZleba moaxdinos gavlena Sinaarsze reagirebisas? magaliTad, SfoTvam, cnobismoyvareobam, mowyenilobam anda avtoris radikalurad gansxvavebulma xedvam.
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Cven yvela vicnobT msuqani, mxiaruli adamianis xats. aris Tu ara es ase?
samwuxarod, es araswori stereotipia. msuqani adamianebi yovelTvis ar arianaseTi bednierni .
`Cven yvelani qalaqisken mivemarTebiT~, _ am sityvebs uamravi sofleli ambobs
dRes. roca maT gadaadgilebis mizezebis dasaxelebas sTxoven, isini martivadupasuxeben, rom qalaqSi cxovreba gacilebiT ganviTarebulia, vidre _ sofelSi.qalaqSi arsebobs transporti, sakomunikacio saSualebebi, saganmanaTleblo dasamedicino momsaxureba. aseve, aq samsaxuris dawyebis ufro meti Sansia. me veTanxmebiam adamianebs, magram ifiqres Tu ara maT sakuTar janmrTelobaze? ifiqres Tu araim safrTxeze, romelic maT Svilebs emuqreba? am safrTxem SeiZleba ar iCinosTavi pirveli eqvsi Tvis manZilze, magram is aucileblad gamovlindeba momavalSi,roca qalaqi sxvadasxva erovnebisa da warmoSobis adamianebiTa da uamravi manqaniTgaivseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sofeli moklebulia momsaxurebis zogierT sferos,romelic zemoT iqna naxsenebi, is CemTvis kvlav rCeba saukeTeso sacxovrebelgaremod .
rodesac aseTi TxovniT mimarTav organizacias, mzad unda iyo imisaTvis, rom bevriorazrovani kiTxvisTvis mogiwevs pasuxis gacema. zogierTi SekiTxva, romelsacgisvamT interviueri, SeiZleba ganaTlebasa da wina samsaxurs exebodes, magramgiorgi ar iyo momzadebuli SekiTxvevebisTvis. interviuerma mas kiTxvebi dausva,giorgim ki umravlesobas ver upasuxa, radgan ar iyo momzadebuli interiviusTvis.Sesabamisad, ver moewyo samsaxurSi. Tu ar gsurT imave situaciaSi aRmoCndeT, undamoemzadoT gasaubrebisTvis.
warmoadgens. rodesac politikosi xedavs adamianTa jgufs, romelic Civis, romraRac imdeni ar aqvs, ramdenic surs, politikosis mier miRebuli „gadawyvetileba”maTTvis am raRacis ufro meti raodenobiT micemaa, magram saidan moaqvTpolitikosebs es „ufro meti”? cxadia, isini erTs (viRac petres) arTmeven dameores (viRac pavles) aZleven.
cxadia, cota xnis Semdeg politikosebi aRmoaCenen, rom axla petres ar aqvs esraRac sakmarisi odenobiT. isev ifeTqebs maTSi TanagrZnobis talRa da axlapetres gadarCenas ecdebian. imis nacvlad, rom politikosebma aRiaron, rom petresgaZarcva pavles moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad TavisTavad miuRebeli qcevaiyo, isini axla toms, diksa da haris Zarcvaven da ase exmarebian petres.
am grZeli istoriis dasasruli aseTi iqneba: _ politikosebi ucbad aRmoaCenen,rom kolejis uamravi studenti yelamde valebSi Cafluli amTavrebs universitets.maTTvis dResaviT naTeli xdeba, rom mTavrobam daxmareba unda gauwios gadamxdelebs.
ramdenad mZimea is tvirTi, romelzec ase xSirad saubroben politikosebi daJurnalistebi? saxelmwifo kolejebis studentebisTvis es Tanxa daaxloebiT 7 000dolaria, kerZo kolejis studentebisTvis ki _ 9 000 dolars uaxlovdeba.
Cveulebrivi, saSualo donis avtomobilis yidva am valze gacilebiT meti jdeba,magram, rogorc wesi, manqanis valis dafarva ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre aTwlianistudenturi valis. metic, manqanis yidva ramdenime weliwadSia SesaZlebeli, kolejSierTxel swavlis valis dafarva ki TiTqmis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba.
cxadia, kolejis kursdamTavrebulebs ufro meti Semosavali aqvT, vidre sxvebs.Tu es asea, maSin ratomRaa atexili aseTi panika maTi valebis gamo? saSualoSemosavlis mqone kolejis kursdamTavrebuli pirvel wels wliuri Semosavlis10%-ze naklebs ixdis sesxis dasafarad, momaval wlebSi ki es procenti gadasaxadiszrdasTan erTad sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba.
politikuri isteria da media-reklama dabali Semosavlis mqone studentebzeakeTebs aqcents, romelTac didi vali aqvT aRebuli. Tqven SeiZleba gulisamaCuyebeli,sruliad uCveulo, aratipuri istoriebic ki moisminoT. realurad ki gasulaTwleulSi perspeqtiuli studentebi sesxs iRebdnen rogorc maRali Semosavlismqone pirebisagan, ise _ saxelmwifo programebidan.
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kidec igi, rom pirveli winadadebis Semdeg man gaagrZelos kiTxva. pirvelsavewinadadebaSi Tqveni Sexedulebis gadmocema, Cveulebriv, aRaraa saintereso;faqtobrivad, Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, savaraudod, is aRargaagrZelebs kiTxvas. amitom sakvanZo debuleba unda moTavsdes Sesavaliabzacis bolos an daaxloebiT mis dasasrulTan axlos.
savarjiSo #4.3: ganixileT Semdegi abzacebi. xazi gausviT sityvas an sityvebs,romlebic pirvel winadadebaSi Cndeba da xelmeored aris mocemuli sakvanZodebulebis saxiT (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).
kompiuteri daxvewili manqanaa, romelic Zalian swrafad inaxavs da ixsenebs
saSualebaa. adamianebi sul ufro da ufro met dros atareben televizorTan dasxvas arafers akeTeben. zogierTi uaryofs amas da ambobs, rom televizorisyureba sulac ar aris drois kargva, radgan televizoris saSualebiT adamianiZalian bevr rames swavlobs. darwmunebuli var, rom Tu didxans da yuradRebiTgadavxedavT satelevizio programebs, namdvilad SeiZleba saganmanaTleblogadacemebis moZebna, magram, umeteswilad, televizoris yureba drois flangvaa.
Tu maT Sesaferis xelmZRvanelobas gauweven da Tu mSvenieri bavSvoba eqnebaT,roca gaizrdebian, isini did daxmarebas gauweven Cvens sazogadoebas. sxva sityvebiTrom vTqvaT, dRevandeli bavSvebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas moaxdenen Cvenssazogadoebaze momavalSi, magram mSoblebma unda gaiTvaliswonon is Sesaferisigaremo, romelic maT Svilebs mTeli bavSvobis manZilze esaWiroebaT.
Sesavali abzacis Sefaseba
1. gvamcnobs, waradgens Tu ara abzaci Temas?
2. mianiSnebs Tu ara abzaci, rogor iqneba Tema SemdegSi gaSlili daCamoyalibebuli?
3. moicavs Tu ara abzaci sakvanZo debulebas?
4. aris Tu ara abzaci gamomwvevi, damaintrigebeli?
savarjiSo #4.4: SeadareT abzacebi zemoT mocemuli SekiTxvebis mixedviT. arisTu ara abzacSi mocemuli yvela elementi? (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).
am faqtma yvelasaTvis gaxsna gza. rogori mdidaric ar unda yofiliyo adamiani,mas Zalian mcire saprocento ganakveTiT SeeZlo saxelmwifosagan Tanxis sesxeba,Svilebis ganaTlebisaTvis Segrovili fuli ki SeeZlo sxva saqmeSi Caedo, saidanacmaRal procents miiRebda. studenturi sesxis gadaxdis dros mSoblebs SvilebisTvisSegrovili TanxiT SeeZloT am valis gadaxda da miRebuli procentuli sxvaobismiTviseba.
swrafad mzardma sesxebma politikosebsa da medias aCvena, Tu ra didi „saWiroebaa”amisa. is faqti, rom studentebi Tavs arideben droulad valis gadaxdas, gviCvenebs,Tu ramdenad „mZimea~ vali maTTvis. sinamdvileSi ki maT, vinc valis gadaxdasgaurbis, rogorc wesi, SedarebiT mcire sesxi aqvT aRebuli da xSirad isiniswavlis periodSi kolejidanac arian garicxulni. upasuxismgeblo adamianebiyvela saqmeSi upasuxismgebloni arian.
kolejis standartebis gauaresebas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs maTi mzardiadvilad misawvdomoba maTTvis, vinc ganaTlebis miRebas seriozulad ar ekideba.koleji ar aris adgili, sadac SegiZlia dro ataro, araferi akeTo da amaSiviRacam fuli ixados. ra Tqma unda, ganaTleba Zviri Rirs, magram gadasaxadebiZalian mZime tvirTad awevT ara marto saxelmwifo universitetebsa da qalaqiskolejebs, aramed sul ufro mzard „kerZo~ saswavleblebsac.
uamravi saxelmwifo subsidia da sesxis programa bevr adamians socialuriresursebis uzarmazari raodenobis maTTvis dabali saprocento ganakveTiTgamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. 1970 wlidan ramdenime aseuli procentiTgaizarda federaluri daxmareba umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis. aman kolejebs swavlisgadasaxadis naxtomiseburad gazrdis da profesorebisaTvis ufro mdare xarisxisswavlebis procesSi sul ufro metis gadaxdis saSualeba misca.
bunebrivia, yvela, vinc aseTi SeRavaTebiT sargeblobs, am isteriebisa da reklamebisiniciatoria. is amiT cdilobs gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa fuliT sargeblobisgaxangrZlivebas, magram Cven sulelebi viqnebiT, Tu gavagrZelebT maTTvisganusazRvreli raodenobis Tanxaze qviTrebis gamoweras.
Tu Tqven am faqtebs ekonomikis kuTxidan SexedavT, amas gacvlas uwodeben,politikaSi ki _ siZunwes. rogorc Cans, Tuki am sakiTxs ubralod sxva kuTxiTmivudgebiT, deficiti aRar iqneba.
Sejameba
mocemuli teqstis miRma qveteqstis ufro Rrma Sinaarsis danaxvamde da mismimarT sakuTari mosazrebis Camoyalibebamde, Tqven zustad unda gaarkvioT dagaigoT, realurad ras ambobs avtori. teqstis Sinaarsis wvdomisa da misi Zlierida susti mxareebis danaxvis saukeTeso saSualebaa teqstis Sejameba anu ZiriTadipunqtebis, mosazrebebis dawmenda, gamijvna, gamoyofa da sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema.
Tqven mogiwevT davalebebis Sesruleba, romelSic mcire zomis SejamebasmogTxoven, amasTan, Sejameba kvleviTi (samecniero statia, sakurso Tu sabakalavro)naSromisa da iseTi sxva tipis nawerebis arsebiTi, mniSvnelovani nawilia, romelSicwyaroebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, wakiTxulis ukeT gagebismizniT mis Sejamebaze visaubrebT.
sakvanZo debuleba mTeli eses mTavari debulebaa. ar arsebobs wesi, romlismixedviTac sakvanZo debuleba raime gansakuTrebul adgilze unda iyos ganTavsebuli,Tumca, Cveulebriv, is Sesaval abzacSia xolme mocemuli. debuleba unda aixsnasda ganimartos ganmaviTarebel abzacSi.
Sesavali abzacis maxasiaTeblebi
1. Sesavali abzaci waradgens Temas. esaa pirveli, rasac mkiTxveli ecnoba.aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom am abzacma unda miawodos mkiTxvelsinformacia gansaxilveli Temis Sesaxeb.
2. Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, zogadad rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili.kargi Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, agreTve, ra iqneba ganxilulieseSi: _ mizezebi, Sedegebi, magaliTebi; iqneba Tu ara gadmocemuli eseSiprocesis aRwera, axsna Tu klasifikacia.
moZebneT da gaarkvieT im sityvebisa da cnebebis mniSvnelobebi, romlebic xelsgiSlian avtoris mier dawerili teqstis Sinaarsisa da masSi mocemuli kavSirebisdanaxvaSi.
daamuSaveT teqsti da gamoyaviT nawilebi (qveTavebi, seqciebi) _ calkeuli abzacebian abzacTa erTobliobebi, romlebic erT Temas Seexeba. raTa ufro naTladgamoikveTos, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba naSromis nawilebi erTmaneTs, SeecadeT, Sinaarsigrafikulad gamosaxoT (piramidis saxiT) an monaxazi gaakeToT (ix. werisTvismosamzadebeli etapi).
ukve garCeuli nawilebi erTi-ori winadadebiT SeajameT. yuradReba am nawilisZiriTad punqtebze gaamaxvileT da gamotoveT magaliTebi, faqtebi da dasabuTebebi.
dawereT erTi mTliani (da Tu saWiroa metic) abzaci, romelic ZiriTadi ideiTdaiwyeba da dasabuTebis funqcias naSromis TiToeuli nawilis Sejamebisas daweriliwinadadebebi Seasruleben. es abzaci mokled (SemWidrovebulad) da zedmiwevniTunda aRwerdes mTlian naSroms.
wereT Tqveni sityvebiT. werisas naSromis Sinaarsi im sityvebiT unda gadmosceT,romelic TqvenTvis iqneba gasagebi, amitom yovelTvis Tqveni sityvebiT wereT da nuSeecdebiT TqvenTvis ucxo da uCveulo sityvebis gamoyenebas.
erTi abzacis Sejamebac ki SeiZleba rTuli da Sromatevadi iyos.
SeniSvna: sakuTari sityvebiT Sejamebisas darwmundiT, rom plagiatori ar xarT.Sejamebis Tqveni sityvebiT werisas Tu raimes sxvaTa mier dawerils iyenebT,aucileblad unda miuTiToT wyaro, romlidanac iRebT am azrs, ideasa Tu pozicias.
savarjiSo #6.2: daubrundiT wina savarjiSoSi mocemul teqsts da Tqveni sityvebiTdawereT misi erTabzaciani Sejameba.
kritikuli pasuxis formireba
wakiTxulis Sinaarsis _ avtoris mier naTqvamis _ wvdomisa da gaazrebisSemdeg Tqven ukve SegiZliaT teqstTan mibruneba da imis garkveva, Tu ra ar uTqvamsavtors pirdapir, magram igulisxma, ra ivarauda, anda ra mosazreba SemogvTavaza.kiTxvis am etapze Tqveni yuradReba avtoris ganzraxvaze an/da mizanze da am miznismiRwevis xerxebze gadadis. wasakiTxi teqstis Taviseburebebidan da kiTxvis miznidangamomdinare, Tqven arkvevT, Tu rogor asabuTebs avtori sakuTar pozicias, rogoraateqsti organizebuli, rogori eniT wers igi da rogoria teqstis sxva elementebi.
kritikuli azrovneba da kiTxva oTx operacias gulisxmobs: esenia analizi,interpretacia, sinTezi da (xSirad) Sefaseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es operaciebiqvemoT Tanmimdevruladaa ganxiluli, realurad isini mWidrod urTierTqmedebenda faraven erTmaneTs. pirveli sami operacia xSirad gaerTianebulia da maTerTad analizs uwodeben, xolo Sefaseba ganixileba, rogorc am procesis Sedegi.
3. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes azrs, Sexedulebas da ara faqts, romlisWeSmaritebaSic Znelad Tu SeiZleba eWvi Seeparos vinmes. ramdenadac sakvanZodebulebiT gadmocemulia damokidebuleba anda idea Temis Sesaxeb. sakvanZodebuleba, romelsac SeiZleba vinme ar daeTanxmos, unda aixsnas da dasabuTdes.
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
Zroxa gvaZlevs rZes.
swori sakvanZo debuleba:
rZe, romelsac Zroxa gvaZlevs, yovelTvis ar Seesabameba adamianismoTxovnebs.
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
kolejSi Cabarebas bevri nakli da bevri dadebiTi mxare aqvs (ar arissakamaTo Tema).
swori sakvanZo debuleba:
kolejSi Cabareba aSkarad sjobs arCabarebas.
4. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes mxolod erT ideas erT TemasTandakavSirebiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, naSromi dakargavs erTianobas. Tu masSigadmocemulia ori an meti idea, arsebobs riski, rom ese ar iqneba logikuradgamarTuli da winadadebebi erTmaneTs azrobrivad ver daukavSirdeba (unity,coherence).
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cabareba SeiZleba gasarTobi ramiyos da me aRmovaCine, rom didi qalaqis gareubani ufro kargisacxovrebeli adgilia, vidre _ koleji.
6. saqarTvelos respublikur da konservatul partiebs Sorisgansxvaveba.
7. ucxo enis codna yvelasaTvis kargia.
8. vapireb, aRvwero sakuTari saxli.
9. Tbilissa da quTaiss Soris bevri msgavseba da gansxvavebaa.
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gainteresebT, an ris garkvevas cdilobT. es SekiTxva erTgvari gamadidebeli SuSisfunqcias Seasrulebs _ is gamokveTs zogierT Strixs da SeumCnevlad datovebsdanarCenebs. qvemoT (ix. cxrili #6.5) sailustraciod mocemulia kiTxvebi, romelTadasmac SesaZlebelia Jurnal `sarkis~ mimarT; aseve, aRniSnulia, am JurnalTandakavSirebul romel nawils, elements Seexeba TiToeuli maTgani.
rogorc magaliTidan Cans, analizis mizniT kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT TqveniyuradReba teqstis relevantur anu saTanado maxasiaTeblebze warimarTeba,irelevanturi ki yuradRebis miRma rCeba. magaliTad, Jurnal ̀ sarkis~ mier garkveulimomsaxurebis gamoyenebisken biZgis Sesaxeb kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad TqveniyuradReba iseT debulebebze unda SeaCeroT, romlebic momsaxurebisa da garTobissaSualebebis moxmarebas Seexeba: _ silamazis salonebis, klubebisa Tu solariumebissareklamo fotoebze, im cnobili adamianebis interviuebze, romlebic ukvesargebloben SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebiT da kmayofilni arian. amasTan, Tqvenunda gamotovoT („gadaaxteT~) is debulebebi, romlebic mcirediT an saerTod arexeba moxmarebis Temas. magaliTad, konkretuli ojaxis amaRelvebeli istoria anromelime cnobili wyvilis mogonebebi piradi cxovrebidan.
interpretacia
cxadia, rom mTelis elementebis identificireba procesis mxolod dasawyisia.amitom am etapis bunebrivi gagrZelebaa TiToeuli elementisa da maTgan SeqmnilimTelis mniSvnelobisa Tu mniSvnelovnebis interpretirebaa. interpretacia, rogorcwesi, gulisxmobs mocemul sakiTxze avtoris daSvebis, mosazrebisa Tu rwmeniswvdomas (mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gamotanas).
sityva daSveba aq ufro viwro mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, vidre yoveldRiurmetyvelebaSi, romelSic is SeiZleba molodins (`vvaraudob, rom aanazRaurebs~),spekulacias (`es naklebad dasaSvebia~), anda Secdomas (`angariSi varaudebiT iyosavse~) aRniSnavdes. ufro zustad Tu ganvmartavT, daSveba aris is, rac individisvaraudiT, marTali da gardauvalia. TiToeul adamians Tavisi mosazrebebi aqvs.adamianebi aseTi daSvebebis garemocvaSi cxovroben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi yovlismomcvlia, daSvebebi yovelTvis ar arispirdapir da gasagebad mocemuli. momxsenebeli an avtori, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes,rom misi auditoria an mkiTxveli ukve icnobs mis daSvebebs da miRebuli aqvs isini,Tumca SeiZleba auditoriam an mkiTxvelma sruliad araferi icodes am daSvebebisSesaxeb anda momxsenebeli/avtori sruliad Segnebulad Tavs ikavebdes sakuTaridaSvebebis deklarirebisgan auditoriis/mkiTvelis mier miuReblobis SiSis gamo.
• stereotipebi: eqsplicituri da implicituri stereotipebi an gamowvevebi JurnalSi.
• sTavazobs Tu ara Jurnali dadebiT rolur modelebs Tavis mkiTxvelebs?
• roluri modelebi: teqsti da fotoebi dadebiTi an uaryofiTi roluri modelebis funqcias asruleben.
• JurnalSi mocemuli statiebi da maTi Tanmxlebi fotoebi ubiZgeben Tu ara mkiTxvels, rom gaxdes SeTavazebuli momsaxurebisa da garTobis saSualebebis momxmarebeli?
• biZgi moxmarebisTvis: momsaxurebisa da garTobis saSualebebis moxsenieba, momxmareblebze aqcentis gakeTeba, SeTavazebuli momsaxurebisa da bednierebis an warmatebis gaTanabreba.
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Tavi 4. ra arTavi 4. ra arTavi 4. ra arTavi 4. ra arTavi 4. ra aris eseis eseis eseis eseis ese33333
1. sakvanZo debuleba gadmocemuli unda iyos sruli winadadebis saxiT, undagamoxatavdes dasrulebul azrs da ar unda iyos dasmuli kiTxvis saxiT; anusakvanZo debuleba unda iyos dasrulebuli azri, romelic, rogorc wesi,gadmocemulia rTuli winadadebiT.
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
sibnelis SiSi. (me meSinia sibnelis an Cemi sibnelis SiSi)
swori sakvanZo debuleba:
sibnelis SiSi Cems cxovrebas autanels xdis.
2. sakvanZo debulebaSi gadmocemulia azri, damokidebuleba an idea da ara ubralodTema, romelic eseSi iqneba Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebuli. sakvanZo debulebaacnobs azrs, damokidebulebas raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, ara imsaxiT, rom “me vapireb ganvixilo~, radgan sakvanZo debulebaSi xdeba romelimesakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tqveni poziciis gancxadeba da ara imaze miniSneba, Turogor iqneba warmodgenili da gaSlili is Tqvens naSromSi.
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:
ganvixilavT radiaciis gavlenas.
3 Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., & JoannRishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.
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swored amitomaa saWiro kritikulad wakiTxvis dros avtoriseuli daSvebebisinterpretireba.
sinTezi
Tu analizisa da interpretaciis procesiT dakmayofildebiT da aq SewyvetTteqstis kritikulad wakiTxvas, mxolod calkeuli elementebisa da SesaZlomniSvnelobebis grova SegrCebaT xelSi da ver SeZlebT mocemuli teqstis, rogorcerTi mTlianobis aRqmas. sinTezis etapze nawilebis an calkeuli erTeulebisurTierTdakavSireba xdeba. Tqven kavSirebisa da daSvebebis Sesaxeb daskvnebisgamotaniT axal mTlianobas qmniT.
sinTezis saSualebiT Tqven raRac axals, sawyisi masalisgan gansxvavebulsqmniT. magaliTad, Jurnal ̀ sarkis~ mkiTxvelebisTvis is garTobis saSualebaa, xoloTqven, kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg (rodesac Tqven gaaanalizeT, interpretirebada sinTezireba moaxdineT) es Jurnali (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi is konkretulinawili, romelic daamuSaveT) momxmarebelTa kulturis formirebis mniSvnelovansaSualebad aRiqviT. es gansxvaveba kritikulad wakiTxvidan gamomdinareobs.
qvemoT mocemulia analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis gamosadegikiTxvebi (ix. cxrili #6.6).
cxrili #6.6. kiTxvebi analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis
• ra mizniT kiTxulobT?
• ra kiTxvebi giCndebaT naSromTan dakavSirebiT? romeli kiTxvebi gainteresebT yvelazemetad an romeli kiTxvebi iZleva yvelaze met SesaZleblobas? ra elementebi undaiqnes detalurad ganxiluli? Sedegad, romeli elementebis ignorirebaa SesaZlebeli?
• ra interpretacias aZlevT elementebis mniSvnelobasa da mniSvnelovnebas rogorcindividualur doneze anu calkeul elementTan, ise _ mTlian naSromTan mimarTebiT?ra daSvebebi gaqvT naSromis Taobaze? avtoris daSvebebis Taobaze?
• rogor axdenT maT sinTezs? ra mimarTebaa elementebs Soris? ra mimarTebaa amkonkretul naSromasa da sxva Sromebs Soris?
• ra daskvnas akeTebT naSromis Sesaxeb? ras matebs es daskvna naSroms?
Sefaseba
xSirad kritikulad kiTxva da wera mxolod analiziT, interpretaciiTa dasinTeziT Semoifargleba. Tqven ganmartavT avtoris naTqvamis Tqveneul gagebas,magram Tavad arafers ambobT. kritikulad kiTxvisa da werisas mxolod maSinunda ganacxadoT da daicvaT Tqveni pozicia naSromis xarisxisa da mniSvnelovnebisSesaxeb, rodesac misi Sefasebac mogeTxovebT. SefasebaSi erTad SekrebT Tqvensmosazrebebs, ganmartavT, Tu ratom arian isini zogadad misaRebni da maT debulebebisformiT ayalibebT; amasTan, Tavad asabuTebT Tqvens TiToeul mosazrebasoriginaluri teqstis citirebis saSualebiT.
Sefaseba kompetenturobis garkveul dones moiTxovs. SeiZleba ifiqroT, romgakliaT codna da gamocdileba imisaTvis, rom sxvisi naSromis logikasa daazrTa dinebas mihyveT, gansakuTarebiT maSin, rodesac teqsti rTulia an misiavtori kargad cnobili pirovnebaa. sruliad marTalia, rac ufro metad xarTinformirebulni da meti iciT mocemul sferoSi, miT ukeT waikiTxavT kritikulad,magram isic gaxsovdeT, rom keTilsindisierad kiTxva da analizi Sinagandarwmunebulobas SegZenT da SeZlebT imis garCevas, Tu rogor weria realurad,Tqven rogor aRiqvamT dawerils da amaSi xels ar SegiSliT Tqveni gamocdileba,dakvirvevebi da damokidebulebebi.
• ra reaqcia gaqvT naSromze? konkretulad ras exmaurebiT naSromSi?
• Seesabameba Tu ara naSromi ZiriTad ideas? aris Tu ara faqtebi, magaliTebi dasxva mtkicebulebebi naTlad da adekvaturad mocemuli?
• miaRwia Tu ara avtorma dasaxul mizans? aris Tu ara es mizani Rirebuli?
• aris Tu ara avtori avtoritetuli, gulwrfeli da imsaxurebs Tu ara ndobas?
• aris Tu ara naSromi mTliani? Seesabameba Tu ara misi yvela nawili ZiriTadideas? aris Tu ara is Tanmimdevruli _ gasagebad mihyveba Tu ara misi nawilebierTmenTs?
• Tu naSromi Seicavs ferad grafikebs, sqemebs, multimediis elementebs (eleqtronuliversiis SemTxvevaSi), es elementebi naSromis Sinaarss amdidreben da avseben, Tuubralod aqsesuaris funqcias asruleben?
• mTlianobaSi ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi? ra Rirebuleba aqvs mas ufro farTokonteqstSi ganxilvisas?
• eTanxmebiT Tu ara naSromSi mocemul mosazrebebs? SegiZliaT daasabuToT anuaryoT isini?
savarjiSo #6.3: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli debulebebi masobrivi informaciissaSualebebis Sesaxeb da gaiazreT ara marto maTi Sinaarsi, aramed is mizezebic,romelTa gamoc SeiZleba avtors ase efiqra da nimuSis mixedviT werilobiTgaarCieT TiToeuli maTgani.
iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. ganvixiloT Cveni planetadedamiwis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba. Tqven xedavT mzis ̀ amosvlas~ da ̀ Casvlas~,Tumca, iciT, rom mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTavsebuli . . . aseve,roca savse mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT,Tumca, iciT, rom es ase ar aris. esec iluziaa, romelsac Tqvens Tvalebsa damTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridanareklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis mimarTulebis mimarT, ZiriTadad,paraleluri da perpendikularuli rCeba da mniSvneloba ar aqvs am dros, TusaiT midixarT (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra tipis abzacs werT, Tqven mTavar winadadebaSimocemuli wamyvani azris dasasabuTeblad specifikuri detalebi da konkretulimagaliTebi gWirdebaT. wamyvani azri aris mTavari/Tematuri winadadebis sityva anfraza, romelic Temis azrs/ideas an misdami damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. am azrsan damokidebulebas xSirad generalizacias uwodeben. generalizacia aris debuleba,romelic SemTxvevaTa umravlesobaSi miesadageba sagnebis, azrebisa Tu adamianebisjgufs. generalizacia SeiZleba SefasebiTi msjeloba an mosazreba (magaliTad,`ana sasiamovno adamiania~) anda faqtis konstatireba (magaliTad, ̀ inglisur enaSibevri sityva frangulidan aris Semosuli~) iyos.
teqstis kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg iwereba misi kritika. kritika~ teqstisformalizebuli, kritikuli Sefasebaa. is, aseve, pasuxicaa, Tumca kritikulad werametad skurpulozuri samuSaoa, vidre imis Tqma, rom teqsti ̀ didebuli~, ̀ saintereso~an ̀ aradamakmayofilebelia~. CamoTvlili Sefasebebi reaqciebia, Tumca isini sakiTxsyvelasTvis gasagebs ver xdian, amitom Tqven unda axsnaT, Tu rogor mixvediT amdaskvnebamde.
Tu kritikulad kiTxvis zemoT aRweril process SevajamebT, SeiZleba iTqvas,rom kritikis daweramde Tqven unda gaarkvioT, ra Tqva avtorma, ramdenad kargadSeZlo sakuTari mosazrebebis gadmocema, ra daSvebebi udevs safuZvlad misargumentebs, ra sakiTxebia ganxiluli, ra gamoyeneba SeiZleba moeZebnos am sakiTxebs.
kritikaSi, iqneba es dadebiTi, Tu uaryofiTi Sefaseba, samarTlianad da gasagebadunda Sejamdes teqsti. aseve, mocemuli unda iyos Tqveni sakuTari mosazrebebi.
• ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi, misi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.
wyaro: http://homepage.uhwo.hawaii.edu/∼writing/critique.htm. bolo naxva: 25.05.2007
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pirovnebis saubris manera. is, Tu ris aRweraze SeCerdebiT, damokidebulia Temasada Tqvens mizanze. magaliTad, rogor aRuwerT Tqvens Seyvarebuls megobars? razeisaubrebT: mis Tmaze, Tvalebze Tu xmaze? gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven sityvebiT undadaxatoT misi portreti, amitom aRwera naTeli da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos;logikurad ise unda daalagoT, rom Tqvenma megobarma cxadad SeZlos TqvenirCeulis warmodgena. amasTan, ukeTesi iqneba, Tu Tqvens nawerSi aRsaweripirovnebisadmi damokidebulebac iqneba gadmocemuli (anu unda gqondeTmniSvnelovani wamyvani azri).
es abzaci Tanmimdevrulia? SeZeliT Tu ara lamaziseulis danaxva? cxadia,abzaci Tanmimdevrulia da lamaziseulic dainaxeT, magram ramdenad mimzidveladgamoiyureboda igi? SegiZliaT, zustad warmoidginoT, Tu rogori iyo es personaJirealurad? albaT, ara. garda amisa, avtoriseul damokidebulebazec verafersvityviT. arc garegnobaa zedmiwevniT aRwerili. am abzacidan ver SeityobTlamaziseuli sufTad Cacmul-davarcxnili dadioda Tu Tavidan fexebamde WuWySiiyo amosvrili; verc imas igebT, ra ferisa da formis samosi ecva. uamravi detalia,romelic originalur abzacSi CarTo avtorma da lamaziseulis portreti Zalzemetyveli gaxada:
sasacilo ram iyo es lamaziseuli: erTi raRac uSnod Casuqebuli, jmuxi,WuWyiani, tanzed ecva xamis CiTis kaba, WuWyisgan ver gairCeoda _ ra ferisa iyo;kalTebi aqa-iq gamomwvari hqonda zamTarSi cecxlTan axlos gdebisgan, boloebisul mompali da Semofxrewili hqonda. daxeulebidam moCanda erTi raRac dampalissabnis nagleji, kabis qveSa garSemo Camokidebuli, miTom da iubkaa. ai, mexi kidageca! amasac ki sdomebia iubka! Tavzed ekra Siga-da-Sig amofleTili CirTmedini,qalbatonis gamonacvali. am amofleTilebSi muTaqis matylsaviT dasorsvliliSavi _ ukacravod ar viyo _ wiliani da dauvarcxneli Tma muWa-muWa amoSveroda.quslebdaxeTqili, muguzaliviT Savi fexebi, wengosgan SeRebili xelebi, cxvir-piri qvabebis muriT muTxupnuli _ ai, amgvari iyo is cxoveli, romelsac darejani`lamaziseuls~ eZaxda (i.WavWavaZe, kacia-adamiani?!~).
axla ki namdvilad SeZlebT realuri lamaziseulis danaxvasac da misdamiavtoris damokidebulebis gagebasac. abzacs kargad gamokveTili wamyvani azriaqvs (sasacilo).
axsniTi abzaci
abzacis organizacia da Sinaarsi mis Temasa da wamyvan azrzea damokidebuli.Tematuri winadadeba unda dasabuTdes qronologiurad dalagebuli detalebiTTxrobiT abzacSi da sivrciTad organizebuliT _ aRweriT abzacSi; Tumca, yvelaTemas ver gavSliT TxrobiT an aRweriT abzacSi. davuSvaT, dagavales Tematuriwinadadebis: _ „universitetSi siaruli SeiZleba Zviri iyos~ ganviTareba. cxadia,aq wamyvani azria Zviri. ra tipis dasabuTebas gamoiyenebdiT am TematuriwinadadebebisaTvis? naTelia, rom mTavari winadadeba ar moiTxovs Cvengan, romraime ambavi movyveT, adgili an pirovneba aRvweroT. is gveubneba, rom Cven wamyvaniazri informaciiT, axsniT, faqtebiT an ilustraciebiT unda davasabuToT.
abzacs, romelic xsnis an aanalizebs Temas, axsniTi abzaci ewodeba. miuxedavadimisa, rom Temis axsna mravalnairad SeiZleba, axsniTi abzacis gaSlis yvelazegavrcelebuli da xSirad gamoyenebadi xerxi specifikuri detalebisa da
* SeniSvna: Tu msazRvreli warmomavlobiT moqmedebiTi an viTarebiTibrunvis formaa, micemiT brunvaSi niSans dairTavs _ yofiTsproblemebs, pirads saqmes.
(momzadebulia: a. arabuli, ̀ qarTuli metyvelebis kultura~, Tb. 2004w. gv.122-124.)
ramdenime msazRvrelis rigi
1. Tu ramdenime msazRvrelidan erTi aris ricxviTi saxeli, meore zedsarTavi anmarTuli msazRvreli (arsebiTi saxeli naT. brunvaSi) da kuTvnilebas argamoxatavs, ricxviTi saxeli pirvel adgilze daismis: aTi lamazi qali, Svidimokle gza, (da ara: lamazi aTi qali, mokle Svidi gza).
2. Tu zedsarTavi saxeli an marTuli msazRvreli kuTvnilebas gamoxataven (amxanagiswigni, froidis naSromi),maSin ricxviTi saxeli meore adgilze daismis: amxanagisxuTi wigni, froidis aTi naSromi (da ara: xuTi amxanagis wigni, aTi froidisnaSromi).
3. Tu araerTgvar msazRvrelTagan erT-erTi nacvalsaxelia, is yovelTvis pirveladgils daiWers: misi samecniero naSromi, Seni oqros beWedi (da ara: samecnieromisi naSromi, oqros Seni beWedi).
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aseTi dasaxleba iyo, romelic `iqca rogorc warmoebis, ise komerciulisaqmianobisa da vaWrobis centrad~ (uiliamsi, gv. 1).
studenti werda sakurso naSroms tyuilis Sesaxeb da kiTxulobda pol ekmaniswigns `tyuili~. is gaecno gavrcelebul situacias, rodesac adamiani realuradsimarTles ambobs, magram am dros nerviulobs da ise Cans, TiTqos ityuebao. qvemoTmocemulia ramdenime amonaridi wignidan:
...simarTlis ardajerebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa e.w. otelosSecdoma. es maSin xdeba, rodesac erTi adamiani cdilobs meoris tyuilSigamoWeras, is ver acnobierebs, rom Tu simarTlis mTqmeli adamiani nerviulobsan stresul situaciaSi imyofeba, SeiZleba moeCvenos, rom is ityueba.
...patiosan adamianebs SeiZleba eSinodeT, rom ar daujereben da es SiSiSeiZleba tyuilSi gamoWeris SiSad aRiqvan.
...am Secdomas otelos Secdoma vuwode, radgan mkvlelobis scena SeqspiristragediaSi aseTi Secdomis mSvenieri da Zalze cnobili SemTxvevaa... (Ekman,1985; p. 169-170).
imisaTvis, rom plagiatorobis safrTxe ar dagemuqroT, yovelTvis daicaviTqvemoT mocemuli sami ZiriTadi wesi:
• Tu nebismieri sxva adamianis ideebs iyenebT, zustad daasaxeleT wyaro;
• Tu Tqvens naSromSi bundovnad Cans, rogor gamoiyeneT esa Tu is wyaro,ise SecvaleT misi motanis forma, rom es sruliad calsaxad gasagebigaxdes;
• Tu vinme dagexmaraT werilobiTi naSromis Sesrulebisas, aucilebladmoixsenieT is da gamoyaviT, daafaseT misi wvlili (Georgetown University,2007. abz. 2).
qvemoT mocemulia is konkretuli strategiebi, romlebic dagexmarebaTplagiatorobisgan Tavis aridebaSi.
es winadadeba sayovelTaod cnobil faqts aRwers, amitom Tqven argevalebaT misi dokumentireba anu wyaros miTiTeba, Tumca aucilebeliadokumentireba maSin, rodesac mogaqvT iseTi faqtebi, romlebic ar arissayovelTaod cnobili da iseTi ideebi, romlebic faqtebis interpretaciasgulisxmoben.
magaliTi: organizacia amerikuli ojaxis koaliciis axali wignis ̀ ojaxissakiTxebi da kongresi~ mixedviT, prezident buSisa da kongresis
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adgilis aRwera
pirvel rigSi, ras aRwerT oTaxis aRwerisas? kedlebs, iataks Tu raime sxvadetals? qronologiurad dalagebuli abzacisgan gansxvavebiT, aRweriT abzacSiar arsebobs winadadebebis dalagebis unikaluri da aucilebeli wesi. araaaucilebeli, rom erTi adgiliT daiwyoT da meoreze gadaxvideT. miuxedavad amisa,winadadebebi SemTxveviTad ar unda daiweros. aRwera ise unda iyos organizebuli,rom mkiTxvelma naTlad SeZlos aRwerili scenis warmodgena.
aRweriT abzacSi detalebis dalageba aRsawer saganzea damokidebuli, detalebisSerCeva da aRwera ki _ aRmweris mizanze.
Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis Taobaze mogiTxrobT. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTispatara sofelSi erTi adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa _ orsarTuliani saxliqviTkirisa. ai, is sarTulebi ra ferisa iyo: qveS iyo marani, walmiT daxurulida im marnis ukana kedelzed amoyvanili gaxldaT erTi ficruli, romelicsaqveSagebosa hTamaSobda. karga manZilze kidev ficrulis saTornec idga. imasaqedam xula, romelsac zed hqonda modgmuli sasiminde, baRCac iyo, RobiT gavlili.RobesTan, erTi furclis xis siaxloves, moCanda Caluri. ezo am cixe-darbazisa,sigrZezed Tu siganezed karga farTod iyo gaziduli. imas ertya garSemo Robe(adaptirebulia _ i.WavWavaZe, ̀ kacia-adamiani?!~)
albaT, kargad warmoidgineT, ezoSi sad idga saxli da misi minaSenebi. abzacSinaTlad aris aRwerili, sad ra mdebareobs. abzaci mTliani da Tanmidevrulia,magram ras ityviT misi wamyvani azris Sesaxeb? ra STabeWdileba moaxdina TqvenzeTavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis aRweram? rogor fiqrobT, ra damokidebuleba aqvsavtors misdami? albaT, verafers ityviT amis Sesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom abzaci ufrosaintereso gaxdes, mas wamyvani azri unda daematos, romelic aRsaweri obieqtisadmiavtoris damokidebulebasa da emociebs gamoxatavs. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeZlebT,gaigoT, Tu ras grZnobs da fiqrobs avtori Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis Sesaxeb.ilia WavWavaZis mier dawerili originaluri abzaci swored aseTia _ masSi naTladCans avtoriseuli damokidebuleba:
kargi ram iyo Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-kari. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTis patarasofelSi erTi triali, dacemuli adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa _orsarTuliani saxli qviTkirisa. ai, is sarTulebi ra ferisa iyo: qveS iyomarani, walmiT daxuruli, da im marnis ukana kedelzed amoyvanili gaxldaTerTi patara mciredi ficruli, romelic saqveSagebosa hTamaSobda. karga manZilzekidev ficrulis saTornec idga. imas aqedam xula, romelsac zed hqonda modgmulicalTvala sasiminde, erTi ubadruki ram da mgloviare. baRCac iyo, RobiT gavlili.RobesTan, erTi furclis xis siaxloves moCanda Zveli Caluri, droTa brunvisganise gverdzed wamoRerebuli da wamowolili, TiTqos griloSi wamowolas apirebso,magram beberiviT nekresis qaris tkivilebs uecrad ise wamoxrili da daRrejiliSeukavebiaTo. ezo am cixe-darbazisa, sigrZezed Tu siganezed karga farTod iyogaziduli. imas ertya garSemo Zveli tyruSuli Robe, romelic zogierTgangadaqceuli iyo da exlandels patrons arc ki mosvlia fiqrad, rom gaekeTebina.etyoba, rom qarTvelia!... (i.WavWavaZe, ̀ kacia-adamiani?!~)
cxadia, rom meore varianti sakmaod gansxvavdeba pirvelisgan, Tumca, oriveabzacSi erTi da igive saxl-karia aRwerili. Zlieri wamyvani azris SemcveliTematuri winadadebis damateba ara marto imas gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda iyosabzacSi, aramed Tavad aRsaweri obieqtis detalebis aRweris mimarTulebasacgvkarnaxobs. Zlieri wamyvani azri abzacs Tavs uyris. Tavidan waikiTxeT zemoTmocemuli ori abzaci da xazi gausviT gansxvavebebs. es cvlilebebi ganamtkicebswamyvan azrs da naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, Tu ra damokidebuleba aqvsavtors aRwerili saxl-karisadmi.
aRweriT abzacSi detalebi ara marto logikurad unda dalagdes, aramed _STambeWdavi, naTlad gamokveTilic unda iyos. amisaTvis es detalebi unda daixvewos
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urTierTobis Sedegad veto daedo am organizaciis mier wardgenilkanonproeqts (6).
mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom ̀ prezident buSisa da kongresis urTierTobisSedegad veto daedo am organizaciis mier wardgenil kanonproeqts~interpretaciaa da ara _ faqti. Sesabamisad, Tqven unda miuTiToT konkretuliwyaro, saidanac amoiReT es mosazreba (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University,2004).
savarjiSo #7.2: qvemoT mocemulia perifrazirebisa da citirebis ramdenime varianti.SeadareT TiToeuli maTgani sawyis nawyvets. romelia plagiatorobis magaliTi,arazusti perifrazireba anda orive erTad? romelia swori varianti? daasabuTeT(Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).
originaluri teqsti:
me veTanxmebi sociologebs, rom fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera saxifaToa.sazogadoebas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobisada fsiqikuri aSlilobis, fsiqikuri aSlilobisa da cudad moqcevis erTmaneTSiareviTa da diskriminaciiT.
jorj vailanti, cxovrebisadmi adaptacia, gv. 361.variantebi:
1. _ aTanase madliani kacia, ar ityvis uars. an ratom unda Tqvas? masaraferi dauSavebia da TqvenTvis ki didi Semweoba iqneba, an maincdamaincra saWiroa gaumxiloT aTanases, rom sofona gerad aris dawerili. aTanasemxom xelnaweris kiTxva ar icis... erTi sityviT, Sen amaze mets nurasetyvi: saqmeze mwerali mogviyvaneT da dagveswariT-Tqva. (e. ninoSvili)
2. Tu gkiTxon, raze gesaWiroebiTo, Tqven ase uTxariT: mwerali gvikeTebsqaRalds da iman gviTxra, saWiro arian, sxva ara vici-Tqo. (e. nininoSvili)
3. Cven rom mivediT, viTom loginSi iwva da eZina. ise tkbilad eZina-Tqva,ise magra, rom Segvecoda da aRar gavaRviZeT-meTqi. (l. qiaCeli)
4. gana amisTana kacis mokvla didi codva unda iyos-Tqva? _ vfiqrobdigulmosuli da brazmoreuli. (ilia)
5. maS, RvTis samarTalma aRar unda gaiRviZos-Tqva? _ vambobdi da ufrovbrazdebodi.
6. cxenis daRupvas Civis, rogor ver gadavarCine-Tqo.
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dResaswauli gvian Ramemde grZeldeba. saRamos mTel qalaqSi mwvadis kvamlida misi Tavbrudamxvevi da madisaRmZvreli suni trialebs.
abzacisTvis mniSvnelovani wamyvani azris („mSvenieri da mxiaruli~) SemcvelimTavari winadadebis damatebiT avtori mkafiod gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebasTbilisobis dResaswaulisadmi. amasTan, man zogierTi winadadeba Secvala dadetalebi daamata, raTa dasabuTebas kargad gamoexata Tbilisobis mSveniereba.
savarjiSo #3.13: Tavidan waikiTxeT zemoT mocemuli abzaci da xazi gausviTmeore variantSi Setanil cvlilebebs. ra gavlena iqonia am cvlilebebma abzacze?
8. me madli movaxsene da siciliT vuTxari: dRes kidev gadavrCi-Tqo. (akaki)
9. ase vuTxari TqvenTvis arc mosvla mikiTxavs da arc wasvlas gkiTxavTo.(e. ninoSvili)
10. _ asi maneTic rom mogecaT, arc fulze mogyididiT da arc samagierozegagicvlidiT, _ SeuTvala bagratma pasuxad. (e. ninoSvili)
Tandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlweraTandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlwera
-ze, -Si, -Tan Tandebulebis darTvisas zog sityvaSi Tavs iyris ori erTnairiTanxmovani (aqedan erTi fuZiseulia): asparezze, baliSSi, baraTTan.
3. zemoT CamoTvlil formaucvlel sityvebs Sewyobili piris nacvalsaxelebiar unda avurioT kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi. Sens, Cvens, TqvenskuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis naTesaobiTi brunvis formaa da ara pirisnacvalsaxelebis, amitom sworia: Sen mier, Tqven win, Cem mimarT, Cem garda,Cven winaSe (da ara: Sens mier, Tqvens win, Cems mimarT, Cems garda, CvenswinaSe)
* SeniSvna: igive wesi vrceldeba Soris, Sua zmnisarTul Tandebulebzec:Cven Soris, Cven Sua, me da Sen Soris, Sen da Cem Soris.
4. erTi da igive Tandebuli SeiZleba daerTos ramdenime sityvas. Tu TandebulidaerTvis „da~ kavSiriT SeerTebul or sityvas, maSin is meore sityvasTandaismeba: turistebi Camovidnen Tbilissa da baTumSi, magidasa da iatakzewignebi eyara.
* SeniSvna: aseT SemTxvevaSi uTandebulo sityva a xmovniT undaiyos gavrcobili.
* SeniSvna: Tandebulebi da brunvis niSnebi brWyalebis SigniT unda daiweros:dawesebuleba „kaTarzisSi~ (da ara: dawesebuleba „kaTarzis~-Si).
* SeniSvna: qarTulSi saTauris Semdeg wertili ar iwereba.
(d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, „marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi~, Tb.2004w. gv. 56)
qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSiqvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi
kargad midioda, sanam man ufrosoba ar daiwyo. erTi SemeSala, saWe imaze metaddavatriale, vidre saWiro iyo da man iseTi yvirili atexa, gamvlelebs giJi egonaT.me wynarad SevTavaze, Segvewyvita mecadineoba, is ki yviroda: _ droze daZarimanqanao. ho, sul damaviwyda meTqva, bordiurze rom avxti, boZs davejaxe da manqanaSeiWeWya, uknidan ki sxva manqana mogvadga, romelic Cem gamo gzas ketavda. sworedamitom gabrazda. Cemi saqmro tenisis TamaSsac maswavlida da maSinac miyviroda.mas undoda, droze dameZra manqana adgilidan, radgan orive mxridan manqanebimisignalebdnen. me gadavwyvite, rom es is adamiani ar aris, vinc tareba undamaswavlos (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).
winadadebidan winadadebaze gadasvla moqnili da sxarti unda iyos. es niSnavsimas, Tu ramdenad kargad mosdevs erTi idea an winadadeba meores. es SeiZlebagarkveuli winadadebebis kombinaciiT an garkveuli frazebis gamoyenebiT vcadoT.aseT winadadebebsa Tu frazebs gardamavali frazebi (transitional expressions) ewodeba;
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Tu subieqti mravlobiTi ricxvis formiTaa gamoxatuli, maSin unda vixmaroTnacvalsaxeli TavianTi: nestanma da nanam TavianTi kabebi italiur maRaziaSiSeiZines.
2. I piris nacvalsaxels (me-s) Tandebulian micemiTsa da naTesaobiTSi Cem enacvleba(Cemze, Cemken, CemTvis)
3. Tandebulian I da II piris nacvalsaxelebs s ar daerTvis (Senken, Cem mier, TqvenSua).
4. maT piris nacvalsaxelia, maTi _ kuTvnilebiTi. maT ixmareba zmnasTan erTad:maT gaakeTs, maT ecotavaT. maT piris nacvalsaxeli ar dairTavs moTxrobiTibrunvis niSans, mcdari formebia: maTma gaakeTes, maTma miaRwies. kuTvnilebiTinacvalsaxeli ki saxels axlavs da brunvis niSans dairTavs: maTma mondomebam,maTma naTqvamma (da ara: maT mondomebam, maT naTqvamma).
9. erTi da igive sazRvrulTan ase ibrunvis:sax. erTi da igive saxlimoTx. erTma da imave saxlmamic. erTsa da imave saxlsnaT. erTisa da imave saxlismoq. erTi da imave saxliTviT. erT da imave saxladwod. ...........................................
abzacis TiToeuli winadadeba Temas unda ukavSirdebodes da aviTarebdeswamyvan azrs. nebismieri winadadeba, romelic ar emsaxureba wamyvani azrisganviTarebas da zedmetia, unda amoiRoT abzacidan. gaixseneT abzaci, romlismTavari winadadeba iyo: sigaretis moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa. Tu am abzacSiiqneba winadadeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori gamaRizianebelia vinmesTvis sxva mwevlismier gaSvebuli kvamlis rgolebis yureba, is unda amoviRoT, radgan ar ukavSirdebasigaretis mowevasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs.
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT Semdegi abzaci:
xanSiSesulTa kidev erTi problema mcire Semosavalia. pensiaze gasvlis Semdegisini im kompaniidan iReben pensias, romelSic muSaobdnen an saxelwifo uxdis maTsocialur dazRvevas. am Tanxis raodenoba, rogorc wesi, maTi xelfasis naxevaricar aris. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg isini ucbad aRmoaCenen, rom iZulebulni arian,cxovrebis stili Seicvalon. gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom maTaRar darCaT fuli kinoTeatrSi an qalaqgareT wasasvlelad. ra Tqma unda, SindarCenis mizezi SeiZleba maTi janmrTelobac iyos. am asakSi xSiria arTriti anrevmatizmi, ris gamoc, maT uWirT fexiT siaruli da, ZiriTadad, saxlSi uxdebaT
amgvari monaxazis gakeTeba sasurvelia ori mizniT: _ (1) amiT SevamowmebT,ukavSirdeba Tu ara winadadebebi Temas; (2) arian Tu ara winadadebebi logikuradorganizebuli. qvemoT kidev erTi magaliTia mocemuli:
a) mravalwertili iwereba daumTavrebeli azris, gawyvetili winadadebis bolos:Cven xedvad da smenad uRononi varT da iq ki... iq ki ramodena Rone yofilaSeqmnisa... giorgi...
b) mravalwertili daismis winadadebaSi an TviT sityvebSi mRelvarebiT an sxvaraime mizeziT (enis mokideba) gamowveuli Seferxebis gamosaxatavad: giorgimajobe... vkvdebi. –siz...mar...Si? gaocebiT ikiTxa erisTavma da piri gaaRo.
g) mravalwertili daismis citatis TavSi an boloSi, Tu citirebuli dasawyisian bolo ar emTxveva winadadebis dasawyiss an bolos dedanSi: ilia werda:`... Tu mTqmelsa da gamgones erTmaneTis ena ar esmiT, iq arc Tqmaa da arcgagoneba...~
g) orwertili daismis citatis win. ilia werda: ̀ CvenTvis RmerTs ara dauSavebiara, ara dauzogvia ra, ara dauklia ra; Tu qveyanaze erTi-ori kuTxea imisTana,
rom kacs eTqmodes, _ qriste RmerTma Tavisi kalTa uxvebisa daibertyao,imaTSi ukanaskneli saqarTvelo ar aris.~
d) orwertili daismis ukavSiro rTuli winadadebis bolos, romelsac mosdevserTi an ramdenime winadadeba da masSi axsnilia, dakonkretebulia is, razedacsaWiroa saubari mTavar winadadebaSi: `qveyanaze ori mopirispire Zalaarsebobs: simdidre da siRaribe, Zlieri da susti~.
a) mZime daismis Serwymuli winadadebis erTnair wevrebs Soris: Aaivanze darCnenbesarioni, pelagia da solomoni. goCas daRonebuli, gafiTrebuli, sevdianiTvalebi zRvisken miepyro.
b) mZime daismis majgufebeli (mag.: xan ucnauri var, xan brZeni), macalkevebeli(mag.: an momacileT borkili, an xmliT momWeriT Tavi) kavSirebis win, TumakavSirebeli sityva gameorebulia.
es CamonaTvali, bunebrivia, SeiZleba, rom gaizardos, Seicvalos; magaliTad,SegiZliaT daamatoT, rom kurorts ekonomikuri sargebloba moaqvs regionisTvis;an SegiZliaT daweroT kurortis lamazi adgilebis Sesaxeb, an imis Sesaxeb, Turamdenad sasargebloa kurorti garkveuli daavadebebis samkurnalod da ratomaabavSvebis aq dasveneba sasurveli.
savarjiSo #3.8: airCieT erT-erTi Tema da Tavad SeadgineT mTavari winadadeba daabzaci. am davalebis Sesrulebamde SeecadeT, CamoweroT is informacia da sainteresoideebi, romlebic abzacis dakonkretebisa da faqtobrivi informaciiT misi SevsebissaSualebas mogcemT.
Temebi:
• crurwmena • dabinZureba
• saintereso tradicia • Sadrevani
• sayvareli leqtori • studentebis problemebi
• mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba
mTavari winadadeba
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1) damokidebuli winadadeba mTavris Semdeg: bundovnad axsovda, rom
is da kirile cxenebze Sesxes da sadRac gaaqanes.
2) mTavari winadeba damokidebulis Semdeg: vinc moyvaresa ar eZebs, igi
Tavisa mteria.
3) damokidebuli winadadeba mTavarSi moqceuli: swored im dros, roca
ori darbaiseli mama-Svili buxris win sayvedurobdnen, Teimuraz
amrigad, mTavari winadadeba Temis dawyebasa da wamyvani azris wardgenasemsaxureba. sad unda ganvaTavsoT abzacSi mTavari winadadeba? Cveulebriv, radganmTavari winadadeba Temis dawyebas uzrunvelyofs, umjobesia, is abzacis dasawyisSian dasawyisTan axlos iyos. miuxedavad amisa, abzacis tipidan gamomdinare, mTavariwinadadeba SeiZleba abzacSi sxvadasxva adgilas ganTavsdes (abzacis SuaSi ansulac bolos). zogjer arc Tema da arc wamyvani azri araa erTi winadadebiTgadmocemuli, Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom abzacSi Tema da wamyvani azri saerTodar aris. aseT abzacSi Tema da wamyvani azri igulisxmeba; isini naTlad Cananabzacis ganviTarebaSi. zogadad, ukeTesia, Tu mTavari winadadebebi naTlad,konkretulad iqneba warmodgenili da es ara mxolod imitom, rom am SemTxvevaSiidea naTelia, aramed imitomac, rom is abzacis ganviTarebis mimarTulebisgansazRvraSi dagvexmareba.
savarjiSo #3.7: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da miuTiTeT abzacis mTavariwinadadeba, xazi gausviT Temas da SemoxazeT wamyvani azri. Tu mTavari winadadebamocemulia, amowereT.
kvlevebisTvis sxva saintereso sferoa gansxvavebis dadgena Sinagan da garegan
motivaciaSi. Cven Sinaganad motivirebulebi varT, rodesac vakeTebT raimes ubralodsiamovnebisTvis an raime konkretuli qcevis gansaxorcieleblad. Cven saabazanoSiimitom ki ar vmReriT, rom taSs velodebiT an fulis Sovnas vcdilobT, aramedimitom, rom mogvwons amis keTeba. Cven imitom vxsniT krosvordebs, vxatavT daTvals vadevnebT mzis Casvlas, rom es jildovdeba. Cven ar velodebiT raimejildos. garegani motivacia, Tavis mxriv, im situaciebs miemarTeba, romlebSic Cvenjildos misaRebad vmoqmedebT. Cven samsaxurSi SeiZleba mxolod imitom davdiodeT,rom fuli gvWirdeba. SeiZleba mxolod imitom viaroT musikaze, rom mSoblebsvasiamovnoT. Cven SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT zrdilobianebi viyoT romelime adamianTan,radgan misgan raRacas veliT (j.p. hiustoni ̀ motivacia~. niu-iorki: makmilani, 1985,gv. 268).
Tavfurcelze mocemuli unda iyos naSromis sruli dasaxeleba, Tqveni saxelida gvari, kursis dasaxeleba, xelmZRvanelis gvari da saxeli, TariRi. garda amisa,rogorc Tavfurcelze (Tumca, qarTulad Sesrulebul naSromebSi es komponentiyovelTvis ar aris mocemuli), ise mTel naSromSi furclis zeda marjvena mxaresmocemuli unda iyos naSromis mimdinare (anu Semoklebuli) saTauri da gverdisnomeri.
abstraqti
naSromis pirveli nawili, romelsac abstraqti ewodeba, ajamebs kvlevis sakiTxs,meTods, Sedegebsa da daskvnas. Cveulebriv, is erTi abzaciTaa warmodgenili calkegverdze da daaxloebiT 100 sityvas moicavs, romelSic pirveli striqoni ar arisSeweuli.
6 qveTavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Publication Manual of the AmericanPsychological Association, 5 th edition.
nimuSi
daZlevis strategiebi 1
daZlevis strategiebisa da
pirovnuli profilis urTierTmimarTeba
avtori: saxeli, gvari
fsiqologia 03
xelmZRvaneli: saxeli, gvari
Tbilisi, 2007
oTxi xazi
xazebs Soris ormagi intervali, centrSi
5 pozicia
½“
21
1. sportis dafinansebis yvelaze didi problema isaa, rom masganaTlebasTan SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben.
2. dabinZureba saSiSia, radgan is ozonis Sres azianebs.
3. studentebis kidev erT problema samsaxuris Sovnaa.
mTavari winadadebis daxvewa
rogorc vnaxeT, Tematuri winadadeba mTavar Temas da wamyvan azrs moicavs,magram es ar aris sakmarisi. wamyvani azri SeZlebisdagvarad naTeli da konkretuliaspeqtisken mimarTuli unda iyos. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
yavis daleva cudia.
am winadadebis Tema yavis dalevaa, wamyvani azri _ cudia, magram orive sakmaodbundovania da mTel rig SekiTxvebs badebs. visTvis da risTvis aris cudi? cudiayavis nebismieri raodenobiT miReba, Tu misi mxolod didi raodenobiT daleva?mTavari winadadeba ufro konkretuli unda iyos, rac wamyvani azris kargadCamoyalibebiT miiRweva; magaliTad:
Tema yovelTvis maqsimalurad unda daakonkretoT, magaliTad, Tema adamiani (ix.suraTi #3.1).
savarjiSo #3.2: daakonkreteT Semdegi Temebi:
• fsiqikuri procesebi
• agresia
• amindi
• Cemi samSoblo
• sigareti
• kompiuteri
mTavari, Tematuri winadadeba
winadadebas, romelic aRwers abzacis Temas, anu romelSic gatarebulia ZiriTadiazri, mTavari, Tematuri winadadeba (Topic sentence) ewodeba. misi funqcia Temis gacnobaa(amitom, rogorc wesi, is abzacis pirveli winadadebaa). garda gacnobisa, kargmTavar winadadebas SeuZlia im Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebis Cveneba, romelsacexeba mocemuli abzaci. abzacis Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebas an azrswamyvani azri (controling idea) ewodeba. avtoris damokidebuleba, azri gansazRvravs,Tu ra iqneba abzacSi ganxiluli. abzacis yvela winadadeba wamyvan azrTan undaiyos dakavSirebuli da mas unda ganaviTarebdes. sailustraciod kidev erTxelwavikiTxoT pirveli abzacis mTavari winadadeba:
moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa.am abzacis Tema mowevis Cvevaa, wamyvani azri ki isaa, rom is Zviria.mowevis TemasTan dakavSirebiT uamravi azri SeiZleba arsebobdes, maT Soris,
40 sityvaze naklebi amonaridi brWyalebSi unda Caisvas da teqstSi unda iyosCarTuli.
jorj vailanti eTanxmeba sociologebs, rom „fsiqiatriuli iarliyebismiwera saxifaToa. sazogadoebas SeuZlia adamianebs saSineli tkivilimiayenos janmrTelobis da fsiqikuri aSlilobebis, fsiqiqikuriaSlilobis da gansxvavebuli qcevis erTmaneTSi areviTa da diskriminaciiT.~
40 sityvaze meti
40 sityvaze meti amonaridi brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas da teqstSi ar undaiyos CarTuli. is gamoeyofa ZiriTad teqsts zemoT da qvemoT xazebs Sorisormagi intervaliT, xolo citatis striqonebs Soris erTmagi intervaliT.
rodesac ar moixseniebT avtors, frCxilebSi CasviT misi gvari da wyaros gamocemisTariRi. rodesac pirdapiri citireba xdeba da ara _ perifrazireba an Sinaarsismokled gadmocema, maSin gverdebic unda mieTiTos. Semadgeneli komponenti, zemoTmoyvanili magaliTis msgavsad, erTmaneTisgan wertilebiT unda gamoiyos). esliteratura ise miuTiTeT, rom gasagebi iyos, Tu romeli wyaro miuTiTeT da ise,rom es xels ar uSlides naSromis wakiTxvas. zemoT mocemul variants aseTiformac SeiZleba mieces:
ra aris abzaci? Tqven, albaT, iciT, rom abzaci winadadebebis jgufia, romelicvizualurad gamoyofilia wina striqonebisgan. pirveli striqoni momdevnostriqonebTan SedarebiT metadaa Seweuli SigniT, vidre sxvebi; Tumca, bunebrivia,es ganmarteba sakmarisi ar aris, abzacis tipisa da misi Semadgeneli elementebisgasagebad. mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba abzacSi winadadebebi erTmaneTs,rogor da sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba is. swored am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemaseZRvneba es Tavi.
abzacis Tema
abzaci winadadebebis jgufia, romelic ayalibebs, aviTarebs erT mTavar ideas,abzacSi Camoyalibebulia erTi Tema an Temis mxolod erTi aspeqti. Tema arisabzacis sagani, sakiTxi (subject), romlis Sesaxebac aris es abzaci. magaliTad, waikiTxeTSemdegi abzaci, romelic sigaretis mowevas exeba:
moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kolofisigareti 1-dan 5 laramde Rirs, xolo mwevelTa umravlesoba dReSi erT kolofsmainc eweva, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi maT 365 laridan 1695 laramde undadaxarjon, magram yvelaferi amiT ar mTavrdeba. sigaretis mwevlebisTvisac kiarasasiamovno suni aqvs maT tansacmels, avejs, xaliCebsa da fardebs. amis gamomwevlebi ufro xSirad recxaven sakuTar nivTebs, vidre aramwevelebi. miuxedavadimisa, rom Znelia am damatebiTi xarjis zusti gamoTvla, faqtia, rom es kidevufro ZviradRirebuls xdis mowevis Cvevas.
am abzacis Temaa sigaretis moweva (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).
savarjiSo #3.1: : : : : waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da gansazRvreT, ra sakiTxebzeasaubari.
kidev erTi mizezi, ratomac miyvars mdinaris napiri, es misi wynari garemoa,romelic ganmartoebis saSualebas gaZlevs. me iq, mis garda, sxva mowme ara myavs daSemiZlia vilaparako da vifiqro. iq xels aravin miSlis da Tan yovelTvis aris is,vinc mogismens. napiri yvelafers moismens, risi Tqmac ginda. garda amisa, es wynariadgilia, sadac SegiZlia ifiqro da imsjelo; amisaTvis ganmartoebaa saWiro.xSirad, roca dabneuli var, napirze mivdivar. es saukeTeso adgilia Cemikonfliqtebisa da problemebis gadasawyvetad da, saerTod, dasafiqreblad (M. VeronicaPorta).
abzaci exeba
fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umravlesobaze gavlenasfaqtorTa kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori: genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia,inteleqtis done an TviTSefaseba individis SigniT moqmedebs. qcevebis am Sinagandeterminantebs organizmis (organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba, radgan isiniorganizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdian informacias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebsdispoziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreTve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT,rom bavSvi cdilobs, asiamovnos maswavlebels, raTa jildo miiRos an transportis
2 Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., &Joann Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.
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2. avtori, romelsac moixseniebT teqstSi
baumrindi (1968) aRniSnavda, rom milgremis eqsperimentis cdis pirebi “undayofiliyvnen informirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb, rac SeeZlo maTzemoexdina eqsperiments (gv. 34).
rodesac Tqven miuTiTebT avtoris gvars, aRar aris saWiro misi miTiTebafrCxilebSi. avtoris gvaris gverdiT miuTiTeT TariRi. Tu mogaqvT citataigive wyarodan imave abzacSi, maSin aRar aris saWiro damowmebis gameoreba,ramdenadac isedac naTelia, rom imave wyaros eyrdnobiT, magaliTad:
rodesac ori an meti wyaro gamoqveynebulia erTsa da imave wels, am SemTxvevaSicimave wesiT xdeba Semokleba da imdeni avtoris gvari unda miuTiToT, ramdenicsaWiroa wyaroebis erTmaneTisgan gasarCevad (magaliTad, pepinsiki, duni da sxv.,1993) da (pepinski, bredli da sxv., 1993).
5. naSromi, romelsac eqvsi an meti avtori hyavs.
erT-erTi kvleva (rutteri da sxv., 1996) cdilobs gansxvavebebis axsnasmozardebis magaliTze.
eqvsi avtoris SemTxvevaSi, pirveli citirebis drosac ki mxolod pirveligvari miuTiTeT, romelsac mosdevs ̀ da sxv.,~. Tu erTsa da imave wels gamocemuliori wyaro gvaqvs, Semokleba imave wesis mixedviT xdeba, rogorc me-4 punqtSiamocemuli.
6. naSromi, romelic avtorTa jgufs ekuTvnis.
adreuli winaswarmetyveleba ar aRmoCnda dasabuTebuli (lorencis kvleva,1997).
erTisa da imave avtoris ori an meti wyaros miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi TariRiTmkiTxvels awodebT informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel wyaroze saubrobT,magram Tu orive naSromi erTsa da imave wels aris gamoqveynebuli, am SemTxvevaSiweli asoebiTac aRiniSneba (rogorc es zemoT magaliTSia naCvenebi). aseve,aRiniSneba gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSic.
9. sxvadasxva avtoris ori an meti Sroma
ori kvlevis (markoni da hambleni, 1990; herkovici, 1994) Sedegebi aCvenebs,rom...
aseT SemTxvevaSi wyaroebis miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT xdeba.
10. arapirdapiri wyaro
damadasturebeli sabuTebi Cndeba vondis eqsperimentebSi (citirebuliakvlevaSi: markoni da hambleni, 1990).
sityva `citirebuli~ miuTiTebs, rom vondis miTiTebuli kvleva mopovebulia(aRmoCenilia) markonisa da hamblenis kvlevaSi. gamoyenebuli literaturisCamonaTvalSi ki mxolod markoni da hambleni unda miuTiToT.
11. eleqtronuli wyaroebi
fergunsoni da hopkinsi (1998) ar monawileobdnen TvalsaCino mtrulobiseqsperimentSi (abz. 7).
eleqtronuli wyaroebis citireba eqvemdebareba zemoT aRniSnul citirebisstandartebs. miTiTebuli unda iyos avtoris gvari da gamoqveynebis TariRi. mxolodam SemTxvevaSi, amonaridis motanisas, statiisa da wignebisagan gansxvavebiT, gverdisnacvlad abzacis nomeri unda miuTiToT.
sqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvnasqolio da SeniSvna
sqolio
sqolio avsebs da amdidrebs teqstSi mocemul ZiriTad informacias. sqolioSiar unda iyos mocemuli rTuli, ararelevanturi anda araarsebiTi informacia.vinaidan sqolio mkiTxvelis yuradRebas iqcevs, teqstSi misi CarTva mxolodmaSinaa rekomendebuli, rodesac is aZlierebs, amyarebs ZiriTad teqstSi mimdinaremsjelobasa Tu gamoTqmul azrs.
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monaxazis Sedgena
monaxazis Sedgena abzacis an eses realurad weris procesia. mas Semdeg, racmasalas SeagrovebT da zogad gegmas dasaxavT, Tqven mzad xarT sawerad. pirvelimonaxazis werisas miyvebiT ukve Sedgenil zogad gegmas. pirveli monaxazis werisasyuradReba azrebis furcelze gadatanaze gaamaxvileT. am etapze teqstis gramatikulsisworeze zedmetad nu iRelvebT. naweris moculobidan gamomdinare, SeiZlebaramdenjerme scadoT misi dawera.
gadasinjva
pirveli monaxazi realurad mxolod pirveli nabijia saboloo naSromisaken.realuri muSaoba mxolod misi dasrulebis Semdeg iwyeba. warmatebulma mweralmaicis, rom weris procesi, ZiriTadad, gadasinjvis procesia. amrigad, Tu Tqven werT,naweris gadasinjvas dro unda dauTmoT. gadasinjva, rogorc wesi, or nawiladiyofa: _ (1) revizireba/gadamuSaveba anu abzacisa Tu eses Sinaarsis Secvla daorganizeba da (2) masSi sityvebisa da winadadebebis redaqtireba.
revizireba/gadamuSaveba
gadamuSaveba naweris xelaxali gaazreba an gadaxedvaa. werisTvis mosamzadebelda monaxazis Seqmnis etapebze, ZiriTadad, ideebis moZiebasa da maT gadmocemazexarT orientirebuli. axla yuradReba msjelobis ganviTarebaze unda gadaitanoT.Tqven unda SeafasoT Tqveni naweri. Zalian kargi iqneba, Tu Tqven garda kidev vinmewaikiTxavs monaxazs da ukukavSirs mogcemT. ukukavSiris miRebis Semdeg SegiZliaTgadawyvitoT, ra saxis cvlilebebi SeitanoT nawerSi. qvemoT mocemulia gadamuSavebisZiriTadi gzebi:
1. damateba. SeiZleba daamatoT masala ideis gansamtkiceblad, an daamatoTwinadadebebi da frazebi ideebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad.
2. Semokleba. SeiZleba SeamoakloT is nawili, romelic ar ukavSirdeba Temasan imeorebs ukve naTqvams.
4. masalis Tanmimdevrobis Secvla. SeiZleba mogindeT winadadebebis an abzacebisTanmimdevrobis Secvla.
savarjiSo #2.2.2.2.2.8: : : : : me-5 savarjiSoSi CamoTvlili Temebidan airCieT an Tavad moifiqreTerTi Tema. Semdeg asociaciuri rukis gamoyenebiT gamosaxeT Tqveni ideebi. daiwyeTimiT, rom furclis SuaSi wreSi CawereT Tema da imuSaveT mis irgvliv.
redaqtireba
gadamuSavebisas Tqveni ideebis gaZlierebasa da ganmtkicebaze xarT orientirebulni,rac naweris Sinaarss ukavSirdeba. rodesac bolomde kmayofili darCebiT nawerisSinaarsiT, yuradReba im formas unda miaqcioT, romliTac gadmoscemT Tqvensmosazrebebs. am TvalsazrisiT, Seileba zogierTi winadadebis perifrazireba anuredaqtireba dagWirdeT. moaxdineT im winadadebebis perifrazireba, romlebicbundovani an arazustia. Semdeg gramatikulad gamarTeT winadadebebi.
bolo etapia naweris koreqtura. gadaikiTxeT naweri da naxeT, raime Secdoma xom araris gramatikaSi, sityvebis marTlweraSi an punqtuaciaSi, asoebi xom ar gaqvT gamorCenili.
gaxsovdeT, rom weris procesi fleqsiburi, moqnili procesia. Tqven sqematurad,mSralad ar unda misdioT am procesis aRweril safexurebs. piriqiT, unda SeZloT
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es mcire nawyvetebi, faqtobrivad, mouTiTebs abstraqtulobaze, romelicdamaxasiaTebelia mTlianad msxvilmasStabiani gamokiTxvisaTvis, romelTaanalizi realurad arsebuli adamianebis gamocdilebisa da arCevanisgandamoukideblad xorcieldeba.
sqolioSi mxolod erTi azri unda iyos mocemuli. Tu erTze met abzacs werT anmaTematikuri formula mogyavT, maSin umjobesi iqneba, rom es ZiriTad teqstSi an/da danarTSi gaakeToT da ara sqolioSi.
sqolioSi, aseve, SeiZleba miuTiToT, romel sxva avtorTan SeiZleba ama Tu immasalis moZieba.
miiCnevdnen ra gamokiTxvaTa Sedegebs sargeblianobis motivis uSualosazomad, gutmanma da misma kolegebma amerikis 1976 wlis saprezidentoarCevnebisTvis SeimuSaves indiferentulobis sazomi (sxvaoba am skalaze fordisada karteris maCveneblebs Soris) da gaucxoebis sazomi (kandidatis prioritetisskalaze absoluturi done). miCiganis universitetis 1972-1976 wlebis monacemebisanalizis Sedegad maT daadgines, rom xmis micemis albaTobaze statistikuradmniSvnelovani gavlena hqonda sargeblianobis absolutur dones, magram arakandidatTa Sedarebis sxvaobas.
kargad Sesrulebul naSromSi arsebiTi informacia ZiriTad teqstSi unda iyosmocemuli da ara _ sqolioSi.
cxrilis Tanmxlebi SeniSvna
cxrilis Tanmxlebi SeniSvna Tavsdeba cxrilis qvemoT, sadac axsnilia cxrilSiwarmodgenili monacemebi an mocemulia damatebiTi informacia maT Sesaxeb.
ra mizezebi arsebobs? ra magaliTebis dasaxelebaa SesaZlebeli? gansaxilvelisakiTxis ilustracia erTi, an meti magaliTis (bavSvTa saxlidan bavSvis Sviladayvanis mcdeloba, sami satelevizio serialis dasaxeleba) moyvanas, an logikurdasabuTebas (ZiriTad sagnad politikuri mecnierebebis arCevis sami mizezi, quCaSimoZraobis wesebis dacvis aucileblobis damasabuTebeli oTxi mizezi) gulisxmobs.
rasTan gaqvT saqme? ras gulisxmobs is da ras gamoricxavs? es kiTxvebigansazRvrebis an ganmartebisTvis dagWirdebaT. naSromSi iseTi abstraqtuli cnebebi,rogorebicaa, magaliTad, samarTali, megobroba, xelovneba gansakuTrebul ganmartebebssaWiroeben.
ra maxasiaTeblebi aqvs? analizis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi nawilebad, elementebadiSleba da maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis garCeva xdeba. analizis pirvelietapi kritikulad fiqria.
ramdenad hgavs an gansxvavdeba is sxvebisgan? Sedarebisas ideebs, sagnebs,adamianebs, adgilebsa da a.S. Soris msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi ganixileba, magaliTad,gansxvaveba prezidentobis or kandidats Soris, or kompiuterul sistemas Sorismsgavsebebi.
SeiZleba Tu ara misi Sedareba mkiTxvelisTvis nacnob sxva saganTan? eskiTxva analogiis SemTxvevaSi Cndeba. analogia xSirad gamoiyeneba mkiTxvelisTvisucnobi Temis (magaliTad, mTavrobis struqturis) axsnisas nacnob Temaze (magaliTad,ojaxis struqturaze) miTiTebiT.
ratom xdeba es, an ras iwvevs? mizez-Sedegobrivi analizisas unda aixsnas, Turatom moxda raRac, an ra Sedegebi gamoiwvia, anda orive erTad. magaliTad, depresiisganviTarebis mizezebi, an rogor aisaxa sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCenibraldebulis ojaxis wevrebze.
mkiTxvelisTvis gacilebiT ioli iqneba am Sedegebis aRqma da gaazreba, rodesacisini cxrilSia mocemuli, Tumca rodesac monacemebi uCveulod cotaa (erTi svetian mwkrivi), maSin umjobesia, rom isini teqstSi CarToT da ar gaitanoT calkecxrilad.
gansazRvreT im monacemTa raodenoba, romlis motanac aucilebelia teqstSimimdinare msjelobis gasagebad da Semdeg gadawyviteT, cxrilis an grafikis saxiTwarmoadgenT maT Tu teqstSi CarTavT. araarsebiTi an ukiduresad detalizebulimonacemebi SeiZleba saerTod amoiRoT naSromidan anda danarTSi gaitanoT.
cxrilebi, romlebSic raodenobrivi monacemebia warmodgenili, mxolod maSinaaefeqturi, rodesac monacemebi gasagebad, naTlad da iolad aRsaqmeladaaorganizebuli. cxrilSi Sesadarebeli erTeulebi (magaliTad, saSualo, standartuligadaxra, SerCevis zoma da a.S.) erTmaneTis gverdiT unda ganTavsdes. am principis
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TavSi mogdiT. nu dabrundebiT ukan da nu gadaikiTxavT. Tavisufali weris drosdaisaxeT mizani, magaliTad, weroT 15 wuTi an daweroT 5 gverdi. Semdeg wereTuwyvetad manam, sanam ar miaRwevT dasaxul mizans. dasrulebis Semdeg gadaikiTxeTnaweri da moZebneT saintereso ideebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, sasargeblo aRmoCndesTqvenTvis (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).
qvemoT mocemulia Tavisufali weris magaliTi.
Cemi pirveli dRe universitetSi
maxsovs, rogor davikarge universitetis korpusSi. 17 wlis viyavi. ZalianvRelavdi... aravis vicnobdi. romeliRac sarTulze aRmovCndi. didi kibeebi...SoTa rusTavelis biusti... Tu ara? ar maxsovs. SeiZleba, raRac sainteresodavinaxe. amis Semdeg mxolod is maxsovs, rom kibis TavTan Cemnairi dabneulibavSvebi idgnen. gamixarda maTi danaxva. jinsebi mecva. mec im bavSvebTandavdeqi. auditorias eZebdnen. ise vRelavdi, ar vici, ratom, aRar maxsovs,rogor aRmovCndi leqciaze...
es kiTxvebi SeiZleba maSinac gamogadgeT, rodesac naSromis Temis arCevascdilobT, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac raRacis Txrobas isaxavT miznad anmovlenis mizezebsa da Sedegebze gsurT saubari (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & KozirevJ.R, 2000).
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela es SekiTxva erTi movlenis Sesaxeb informaciismogrovebisTvisaa mowodebuli, konkretuli davalebis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,SesaZlebelia Tqven mxolod zogierTi maTgani dagWirdeT. magaliTad (Fowler H.R;Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000):
rogor moxda? Tu Tqveni davaleba Txrobas moiTxovs, maSin Tqvenma naSrommaunda upasuxos am kiTxvas da ambavi qronologiurad unda daalagoT, magaliTad,
Tavisufali wera SeuCereblad weraa. es niSnavs, rom werT imas, rac TavSimogdiT imaze fiqris gareSe, Tu ramdenad kargad da sworad werT. am meTodismizania Tqveni gonebis gaTavisufleba emociebisgan. amitom Tavisufali werisdros nu gawyvetT ideaTa da azrTa nakads. zustad ise CawereT isini, rogorc
ar gamoiyenoT frazebi `zemoT/qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi~ an `32-e gverdzewarmodgenil cxrilSi~, vinaidan naSromis sxvadasxvagvari formatirebisasyovelTvis SeiZleba Seicvalos rogorc cxrilis adgilmdebareoba teqstSi, ise _gverdebis numeracia.
cxrilebis urTierTmimarTeba
SeecadeT, rom ar gaimeoroT monacemebi sxvadasxva cxrilSi da erTad warmoadginoT.Cveulebriv, monacemTa identuri mwkrivebi an svetebi ar unda meordebodes or anmet cxrilSi.
erT naSromSi warmodgenili yvela cxrili erTnairad unda iyos formatirebuli,raTa gaioldes maTi aRqma da maTSi warmodgenili monacemebis Sedareba. gamoiyeneTerTnairi formati, dasaxeleba, saTaurebi da terminologia (magaliTad, saSualomaCvenebeli an centraluri tendenciis maCvenebeli).
cxrilebis danomvra
cxrilebi yovelTvis inomreba arabuli cifrebiT.
cxrili N2, cxrili N3 cxrili N4 da a.S.
da ara: cxrili 2, cxrili 2a, cxrili 2b da a.S.
cxrilebis dasaxeleba
TiToeul cxrils mokle, magram gasagebi da axsniTi saTauri unda hqondes.
kolejis studentebis mier ZiriTad saganSi _ fsiqologiaSi, fizikaSi,inglisursa da maTematikaSi miRebuli saSualo qulebi A, B da C testebSi (aqmeordeba cxrilis nawilebis saTaurebiT gadmocemuli informacia).
kargi:
kolejis sxvadasxva ZiriTad sagnebSi studentebis mier miRebuli saSualoSefasebebi.
cxrilSi an mis romelime saTaurSi mocemuli abreviatura SeiZleba cxrilisdasaxelebaSi frCxilebSi iyos motanili.
• aucilebelia suraTis gamoyeneba? Tu is imeorebs teqsts, maSin ar gWirdebaT.Tu avsebs teqsts an lakonurad gadmoscems xangrZliv msjelobas, maSin isinformaciis gadmocemis optimaluri saSualeba SeiZleba iyos.
• Tqveni miznisTvis romeli tipis suraTia (grafiki, diagrama, ruka, foto Tusxva rame) yvelaze adekvaturi? SesaZlebelia Tu ara martivi grafikiT gadmoicesTqveni azri da ar dagWirdeT ZviradRirebuli fotoebis gamoyeneba?
suraTis standartebi
kargi suraTis standartia simartive, TvalsaCinooba da Tanmimdevruloba. kargi suraTi:
• avsebs teqsts da ar imeorebs mas;
• mxolod arsebiT faqtebs aRwers;
• ar moicavs vizualurad yuradRebis gamfantav detalebs;
• martivia wasakiTxad – misi elementebi (tipi, xazebi, dasaxelebebi, simboloebida a.S.) sakmarisad didi zomisaa, rom nabeWdi saxiT wakiTxvadi iyos;
• martivia gasagebad – misi mizani TvalsaCinodaa mocemuli;
grafiki monacemTa simravleebs Soris mimarTebebs – Sedarebasa da ganawilebas– gviCvenebs anda SeiZleba gviCvenebdes, magaliTad, maT absolutur mniSvnelobebs,procentul ganawilebasa Tu indeqsebs. grafikSi xazebi gasagebad unda iyosmocemuli da masSi ar unda iyos zedmeti detalebi. informacia horizontalur davertikalur RerZebze mzardi TanmimdevrobiT da Sedarebadi erTeulebiT undaiyos warmodgenili.
• SerCeuli Tema unda Seesabamebodes miRebul davalebas;
• Tema arc Zalze zogadi unda iyos da arc metad konkretuli; undaSeesabamebodes naSromis moculobasa da Sesrulebis vadebs;
• Tema unda gainteresebdeT.
naSromis Temis misadageba Tqvens interesebsa da arsebulgamocdilebasTan
zogierTi davaleba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, laboratoriuli kvlevis angariSian SemTxvevis ganxilva politikur mecnierebaSi, sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis mwirsaSualebas iZleva, Tumca, erTi SexedviT, Zalze xist da mosawyen sakiTxebzemuSaobis drosac SegiZliaT, garkveulwilad, Tavisufali iyoT, magaliTad, Tuunda daweroT ori nacnobi adamianis SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba, Sesadarebeliadamianebisa da maTi Sedarebis xerxebis SerCeva Tqveni prerogativaa; aseve, Tqvenzeadamokidebuli, ubralod dawerT davalebas, Tu weriT isiamovnebT da bevr axalTvisebasac aRmoaCenT am adamianebSi.
rodesac davalebaSi ar aris Tema dakonkretebuli, is Tqvens gamocdilebasada interesTa sferoSi SegiZliaT moiZioT. qvemoT mocemulia savaraudo kiTxvebi,romlebic SeiZleba naSromis Temis SerCevisas gaCndes.
• romeli Temaa TqvenTvis nacnobi an romeli Tema gainteresebT? es SeiZlebaiyos sporti, umuSevroba Tqvens qalaqSi, klasikuri musika da a.S.
• uaxloes warsulSi monawileoba xom ar migiRiaT romelime sainteresodiskusiaSi? es SeiZleba iyos cvlilebebi qalisa da mamakacis urTierTobaSi,sauniversiteto swavlebis reformirebis warmatebuloba, universitetSifsiqologiuri samsaxuris arsebobis aucilebloba da a.S.
• ra waikiTxeT an naxeT am bolo dros? es SeiZleba iyos Zalian sainteresowigni, sasacilo filmi, skandaluri telegadacema da a.S.
• ra gaxarebT an ra gwyinT? es SeiZleba iyos Tqveni hobi, mezoblebis qceva,xmauri quCaSi da a.S.
naSromisTvis SerCeuli Temisa da Sesasrulebeli davalebisSesabamisbaSi moyvana
davalebis miRebis Semdeg yuradRebiT waikiTxeT is da SeecadeT misiadekvaturi Tema SearCioT. amaSi qvemoT mocemuli kiTxvebi dagexmarebaT.
• ras moiTxoven Cemgan? mravali werilobiTi davaleba moicavs iseT sityvebs,rogorebicaa ganixileT, aRwereT, gaaanalizeT, warmoadgineT, moaxdineTinterpretacia, axseniT, gansazRvreT, daasabuTeT an SeafaseT. es sityvebimigiTiTeben, Tu rogor unda miudgeT Temas, rogor azrovnebas moelianTqvengan da ra zogadi mizani unda daisaxoT.
• visTvis werT? zogierT davalebaSi dakonkretebulia mkiTxvelis vinaoba,Tumca, Cveulebisamebr, Tqven Tavad unda gansazRvroT, Tu vin iqneba TqvenimkiTxveli _ iqneba es mTeli sazogadoeba, Tanakurselebi, Tqveni ufrosi,instruqtori, universitetis studentoba, romelime sxva jgufi, Tu individi.
• ra tipis kvleva mogeTxovebaT? zogjer davalebaSi miTiTebulia, Tu ratipis literaturiT unda isargebloT. am wyaroebis gamoyeneba naSromissakiTxis mosaZiebladac SeiZleba.
• saWiroebs Tu ara davalebis Tema Semdgom dakonkretebas, raTa naSromismoculobisa da Sesrulebis vadebis moTxovnebi daakmayofiloT?
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organizacia
wyaroebis miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT gvarebis mixedviT xdeba. Tu Sromisavtori ar aris aRniSnuli, maSin miTiTeba saTauris pirveli sityvebis mixedviTxdeba.
gamocemis weli unda miuTiToT frCxilebSi avtoris an avtorebis gvarebisgverdiT. Cveulebrivad, es aris xolme weli, magram zogierTi tipis gamocemebisTvis(magaliTad, Jurnalebi da sagazeTo statiebi) unda miuTiToT Tve da, iSviaTSemTxvevaSi, dReebic.
saTauri
inglisur enaze wignis an statiis saTauris miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, didi asoTiiwereba mxolod saTauris pirveli sityva, qvesaTauris pirveli sityva da sakuTarisaxelebi. sxva yvela danarCeni sityva iwereba patara asoebiT. statiis saTauribrWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas.
gamocemis adgili
wyarosTvis, romelic periodul gamocemas ar warmoadgens, unda miuTiToTgamocemis adgilic. Tu gamomcemeli romelime konkretul universitets warmoadgensda qalaqis (an provinciis) dasaxeleba miTiTebulia universitetis saxelwodebaSic,maSin misi gameoreba saWiro aRar aris.
6
savarjiSo #2.1: qvemoT mocemulia fsiqologiis Sesavlis kursis farglebSiSesasrulebeli davaleba. ra moTxovnebs uyenebs es davaleba weris procesiskomponentebs? am davalebis Sesrulebisas rogor upasuxebdiT cxrilSi #1 mocemulkiTxvebs?
rodis aris fsiqoTerapia yvelaze efeqturi? anu klientis,Terapevtisa da Teoriis ra mimarTebis SemTxvevaSi miiRweva dadebiTiSedegi? Tqveni poziciis, mosazrebebisa da daskvnebis gasamyarebladcitirebuli unda iyos Sesabamisi wyaroebi. moculoba: 1500-1800 sityva.naSromi eleqtronuli fostiT unda gaigzavnos. naSromebi ganixilebapirvel noembers.
Temis SerCeva da dakonkreteba. romel sferos ganekuTvneba naSromi?
Tavi 2. werTavi 2. werTavi 2. werTavi 2. werTavi 2. weris pis pis pis pis procesrocesrocesrocesrocesis Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da weris Sefaseba da werisTvisisTvisisTvisisTvisisTvis
cxadia, werilobiTi naSromi ufro misaRebi iqneba mkiTxvelisTvis, Tu isgramatikulad da stilisturad gamarTuli iqneba, magram kargi naweris Rirsebamxolod es ar aris. werisas jer kargad unda darwmundeT, rom saTqmeli zustadda mkafiod CamoayalibeT da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba gramatikasa da stilzefiqri (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli weris situaciis komponentebia, romelTa gaazrebaweris dawyebamde gacilebiT adre mogiwevT. cxrilSi #2.1 mocemulia kiTxvebiweris procesis komponentebis analizisaTvis (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D.,2000):
1 qveTavi mTlianad momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey; AaronJane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook. 8th edition. Addison-Wesley
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Tu wignis avtori ucnobia unda miuTiToT wignis saxelwodeba anbanuriTanmimdevrobiT.
7. erTi da imave avtoris ori an meti Sroma, romelic erTsa da imave welsaagamoqveynebuli
Gardner, H. (1973a). The arts and human Development. New York: Weliy.
Gardner, H. (1973b). Ithe guest for mind: Pieaget, Levi-Strauss, and the structuralist movement.New York: Knopf.
rodesac gamoyenebulia erTi da imave avtoris erTsa da imave welsgamoqveynebuli Sroma, isini unda miuTiToT anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT, saTaurispirveli sityvis mixedviT da gamocemebi unda gamoirCes erTmaneTisgan asoebis(a, b da a.S. ) saSualebiT.
magram Tu uTiTebT erTi da imave avtoris or sxvadasxva Sromas, romlebicerTsa da imave wels ar aris gamoqveynebuli, aseT SemTxvevaSi, jer undamiuTiToT ufro adre gamoqveynebuli Sroma.
8. wigni, romelic xelaxla gamoica
Bollinger, D.L. (1975). Aspects of language (2nd ed). NewYork. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
xelaxali gamocemis TariRi saTauris Semdeg unda miuTiToT. Semdeggamomcemloba unda aRiniSnos.
9. wigni, romelic erTze meti tomisagan Sedgeba
Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.P. Basler, Ed.). (Vol.5). NewBrunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.P. Basler, Ed.). (Vols.1-8).New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
10. statia an Tavi redaqtirebuli wignidan
Paykel, E. S. (1994). Life stress and psychiatric disorder: Applications of the clinical approach.In B.S. Dorhewend & B.P. Dorhenwend (Eds.), Stressful life events: Their nature andeffects (pp. 239-264). New York Weliy.
gamocemis TariRi aucileblad unda aRiniSnos. statiis an Tavis saTaurisSemdg unda miuTiToT, romeli wyarodan aris amoRebuli nakveTi. gverdebisnumeracia unda miuTiToT frCxilebSi.
perioduli gamocemebi: samecniero Jurnalebi, Jurnalebi da gazeTebi
11. statia yovelwliuri Jurnalidan
Emery, R.E. (1992). Marital turmoil: interpersonal conflict and the children of discord anddivorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330
statiis saTauri brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas. Jurnalis saxelwodebadaxrili unda iyos.
profesiuli urTierToba sasurveli Sedegis miRwevas gulisxmobs. werilobiTdokuments imisTvis qmniT, rom raRac unda moxdes an SeiZleba moxdes. amitom,rodesac raimes daweras gadawyvetT, kargad gansazRreT, ris gakeTebas apirebT.maSinac ki, rodesac vinmesTvis mxolod raimes Setyobinebas apirebT, mas esinformacia ise unda miawodoT, rom sakuTari gegmebis Secvla Tqven miermiwodebuli informaciis Sesabamisad moundes. Tu migaCniaT, rom misi mxridanraime qmedeba ar aris saWiro, maSin es Setyobineba mas arc unda gaugzavnoT.
iyaviT konkretulni
miznis gansazRvra winapirobaa imisa, rom maqsimalurad konkretulni iyoT.samoqmedo formula, romelic saqmis warmoebaSi konkretuli gadawyvetilebebismiRebisas mTel msoflioSi farTod gamoiyeneba aseTia: „vin ras rogor rodissad da ratom akeTebs~. vinaidan yvela samoqmedo gegma am formulaSi kargadjdeba, is uklebliv yvela situaciaSi gamogadgebaT.
wereT mkiTxvelisTvis
es swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva, Tu rogor undagamoiyurebodes Tqven mier momzadebuli werilobiTi dokumenti. Tqven undagaiTvaliswinoT vin iqneba Tqveni mkiTxveli da ratom gaecnoba is Tqven miermomzadebul dokuments. weris dawyebamde moifiqreT, saWiroa Tu ara potenciurimkiTxvelis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciis moZieba. mkiTxvelis gaTvaliswinebisSemTxvevaSi gagiadvildebaT dokumentSi CasarTavi detalebis gansazRvra, radganTqvenTvis erTnairad wamgebiani iqneba rogorc zedmeti, ise _ mwiri informaciismiwodeba.
ZiriTadi azri dasawyisSive warmoadgineT
es principi gamoiyeneba eses, moxsenebiTi baraTis, oficialuri werilebisSedgenisas da kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas. pirveli rigSi, warmoaCineT ZiriTadiazri da mxolod amis Semdeg miawodeT damatebiTi mosazrebebi, romlebic ZiriTadideas met safuZvlianobas SesZens. sxva sityvebiT, jer gadmoeciT daskvna daSemdeg daasabuTeT misi siswore. amasTan, nu SeawuxebT mkiTxvels Tqveni fiqrisprocesiT, vinaidan am procesisTvis Tvalis midevneba rTulia da did drosacmoiTxovs, ris gamoc didia albaToba, rom adresatis yuradRebas ver miipyrobT.amitom daiwyeT daskvnebiT.
Emery, R.E. (1992). Marital turmoil: interpersonal conflict and the children of discord anddivorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330 (From Psychological Abstracts, 69, Item 1320)
rodesac abstraqti da ara statiis sruli teqstia gamoyenebuli, frCxilebSimowodebul unda iyos amomwuravi informacia: saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi,abzacis nomeri. ramdenadac saTaurSi sityva abstraqti ar figurirebs, amitomis unda miuTiToT wyaros saTaursa da periodizacias Soris, rom cxadigaxdes, ra gamoiyeneT.
14. statia Jurnalidan
Van Gelder, L. (1996, Desember). Countdown to motherhood: When shoud you have a baby?Ms., 37-39, 74.
Tu Jurnals aqvs calkeuli gamocemebi da nomrebi, aucileblad unda iyosaRniSnuli. aseve, nomris gamocemis sruli TariRi da statiis gverdebi undaiyos dafiqsirebuli, oRond abrevituris (gv.) gareSe.
15. sagazeTo statia
Lewis, P.H. (1999, Jenuary 21 ). Many updates cause profitable confusion. The New York Times,pp. D1, D5.
unda miuTiToT, rogorc gamocemis weli, aseve, Tve da dRe. gverdebismisaTiTeblad SeiZleba gamoiyenoT abraviatura: „gv.~
16. xelmouwereli statia
The right to die. (1976, Octomber 11). Time, 121. 101
Dinnage, R. (1987, November 29). Against the master and his men [Review of the book A mindof her own: The life of Karen Horney]. The New York Times Book Review, 10-11.
Tu mimoxilva dasaTaurebuli araa, gamoiyeneT frCxilebSi mocemuli informacia,rogorc saTauri.
sqolio da SeniSvna ........................................................................................................................................................................................104cxrilebi da suraTebi ................................................................................................................................................................................106gamoyenebuli literatura .................................................................................................................................................................... 113danarTi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 117naSromis formaluri maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebeli kiTxvari .................................................................. 118gamoyenebuli literatura ....................................................................................................................................................................120
118
danarTis identifikacia da teqstSi motana
Tu naSroms mxolod erTi danarTi aqvs, mas mxolod danarTi ewereba. Tu masramdenime danarTi aqvs, maSin unda miuTiToT: danarTi A, danarTi B da a.S. imTanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac is teqstSia motanili. TiToeul danarTsunda hqondes saxelwodeba. teqstSi danarTebi Sesabamisi saxelwodebebiTaa motanili:
orive kvlevam erTi da igive Sedegi aCvena (ix. danarTi A da danarTi B).
Tu Tqven gsurT gamoaqveynoT axali testi APA-is JurnalSi, maSin saavtorouflebebis mflobeli iqneba APA (avtors, romelsac surs, rom rom saavtorouflebebi SeinarCunos, unda miuTiTos: „saavtoro ufleba [weli] [avtoris gvari]).
Tu gsurT miuTiToT sxva avtoris kiTxvari an testi, amis ufleba werilobiTiformiT unda moipovoT.
SaniZe a., qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1973.
Ãóäâèí Äæ., Èññëåäîâàíèå â ïñèõîëîãèè, ìåòîäû è ïëàíèðîâàíèå. 3-å èçä. Ïèòåð, 2004.
Carter D., Beyond the Loan Word: Plagiarism and Academic Writing. Published in http://www.engelsk.au.dk/en/studies/exams/guides/plagiarism (2000, Revised 07.05.2007). bolo naxva15.08.2007
Campbell S., The Problem of Plagiarism Published inhttp://www-personal.umich.edu/~sdcamp/up540/writingtips.html (last updated: February 22, 2007).bolo naxva 15.08.2007
Fowler H. Ramsey; Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook. 8th edition.Addison-Wesley.
Georgetown University. What is Plagiarism. Published in http://gervaseprograms.georgetown.edu/hc/plagiarism.html (2007). bolo naxva 15.08.2007
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition. Published by APA.
Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., & Joann Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills.Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.
Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Plagiarism: What It is and How toRecognize and Avoid It. Published in http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml