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Version: 0.1
Date: 02.05.2009
Author(s):
Doddy Satyasree
Person responsable:
Doddy Satyasree
Language: English
AJAX
Term Paper
History Version Status Date 0.1 Draft Version created 02.05.2009
0.2 Final Version 23.06.2009
M a s t e r i n B u s i n e s s C o n s u l t i n g
H o c h s c h u l e F u r t w a n g e n U n i v e r s i t y
S u m m e r S e m e s t e r 2 0 0 9
P r e s e n t e d T o :
P ro f . D r . E dua r d H e i n d l
P r e s e n t e d B y :
D o d d y S a t y a s r e e ( M a t r n o . 2 3 2 4 6 7 )
S u b : E - B u s i n e s s T e c h n o l o g i e s
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CERTIFICATE OF DECLARATION
It is to be declared that all the work done in this document is
solely and explicitly done by the authors of this document.
The list of literatures, from where the text has been adapted,
is mentioned in the document with references.
Satyasree Doddy
June 23, 2009
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Table of Content 1. Introduction of Ajax
...........................................................................................
4
1.1. Ajax Definition
.......................................................................................
4
1.2. How Ajax Works?
..................................................................................
5
1.3. Why Should I Use Ajax?
........................................................................
7
1.4. What Ajax Is Not?
..................................................................................
7
1.5. Why Web 2.0
..........................................................................................
7
2. Ajax Basics
.........................................................................................................
8
2.1. Understanding Server Requests
..............................................................
8
2.2. Ajax Request/Response Process
............................................................. 9
2.3. Ajax Properties and Methods
................................................................
10
2.4. Examining Ajax Application
................................................................
11
3. Technologies behind Ajax
................................................................................
11
4. Foundations: Scripting XML and JSON
........................................................... 12
5. Who is Using Ajax?
..............................................................................
13
5.1. Google Suggest
.....................................................................................
13
5.2. A9
.........................................................................................................
14
5.3. Yahoo! News
........................................................................................
14
6. Conclusion
........................................................................................................
15
6.1.1. Bibliography
.....................................................................................................
16
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1. Introduction of Ajax Jesse James Garrett coined the term Ajax
in February 2005 in his essay, “Ajax: A New Approach to Web
Applications”
(www.adaptivepath.com/publicatio/essays/archives/000385.php).
Although he used Ajax, others began using the acronym AJAX
(which stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML) for the purpose
of retrieving information from the server without unloading the
page. (Holdener III, Ajax the Definitive Guide, O’Reilly, p.8)
These requests may be executed in any number of ways and using any
number of different data transmission formats. Big companies such
as Google, Yahoo!, and Microsoft have devoted resources
specifically towards the goal of creating web applications that
look and behave like desktop applications. (Zakas, McPeak, &
Fawcett, Professional Ajax, 2nd Edition, p. 1-3) Since the
introduction of the Ajax, the tools of the classic Web were few and
simple:
• HyperText Markup Language (HTML) • HyperText Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)
Eventually, other things went into the building of a web page,
such as CGI scripting and possibly even a database. HTML provided
everything in a web page in the classic environment. If the client
and the server were to communicate, they did so using very basic
HTTP GET and, sometimes, POST calls. Many more parts go into web
sites and web applications today. Ajax is like the materials that
go into making a high-rise building. (Holdener III, Ajax the
Definitive Guide, O’Reilly, p.4-6)
1.1. Ajax Definition • Ajax sometimes capitalized as AJAX stands
for:
• A is for “asynchronous” - request can be made asynchronously
or synchronously - both techniques allow web page to be updated
without refreshing it - anything useful the user can do while
processing request? - if yes then use asynchronous, otherwise use
synchronous • J is for “JavaScript” - typically JavaScript is used
on the client-side (in the browser) - only programming language
supported out-of-the-box by most web browsers can use
any language on server-side that can accept HTTP Requests and
return HTTP responses
- Java servlets, Ruby servlets, CGI scripts… • X is for
“XML”
-request and response messages can contain XML - can easily
invoke REST-style services.
- can really contain any text (single text value..) typically
JavaScript is used on the client-side in the browser. (Teague, CSS,
DHTML, & AJAX Visual Quick Start Guide, Fourth Edition p.
418-420)
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Figure 1.1 The components of Ajax
1.2. How Ajax Works? Ajax is more than an approach to web
interaction. This approach involves transmitting only a small
amount of information to and from the server in order to give the
user the most responsive experience possible. Instead of the
traditional web application model where the browser itself is
responsible for initiating requests to, and processing requests
from, the web server, the Ajax model provides an intermediate layer
called Ajax engine-to handle this communication. Ajax engine is
really just a JavaScript object or function that is called whenever
information needs to be requested from the server. Instead of the
traditional model of providing a link to another resource (such as
another web page), each link makes a call to the Ajax engine, which
schedules and executes the request. The request is done
asynchronously, meaning the code execution doesn’t wait for a
response before continuing.
The server-which traditionally would serve up HTML, images, CSS,
or JavaScript-is configured to return data that the Ajax engine can
use. This data can be plain text, XML, or any other data format
that may need. The only requirement is that the Ajax engine can
understands and interpret the data. When the Ajax engine receives
the server response, it goes into action, often passing the data
and making several changes to the user interface based on the
information it was provided. Because this process involves
transferring less information than the traditional web application
model, user interface updates are faster, and the user is able to
do his or her work more quickly.
Figure 1.2. The difference between traditional and Ajax Web
Application Model
DHTML + XMLHttpRequest + Server Files = Ajax
Filters data for Transfer data between the Provides data that
is
display on the server and the page. either static or generated.
dynamically
page.
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When user do something with an HTML form in the browser,
JavaScript on the HTML page sends an HTTP request to the server and
the server responds with a small amount of data, rather than a
complete web page and the JavaScript uses this data to modify the
page. This is faster because less data is transmitted and because
the browser has less work t do. The Figure 1.2 above illustrates
the difference between the traditional and Ajax web application
models. (Zakas, McPeak, & Fawcett, Professional Ajax, 2nd
Edition, p. 4-7) In the Figure 1.3 below illustrates the Ajax
changes the classic Web experience by allowing the browser to go
back to the server incrementally to make changes to the content,
turning the Web page into a filter that processes data coming from
the server. Once data is sent to the server, the data is sent and
received in the background while the visitor continues to work
(Figure 1.4). That’s the asynchronous part of Ajax. (Teague, CSS,
DHTML, & AJAX Visual Quick Start Guide, Fourth Edition p.
421--424)
Figure 1.3 The Ajax model for delivering Web applications.
- Figure 1.4 Visitors can continue to work as data transferred
between the page and the server.
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1.3. Why Should I Use Ajax? 1. Increased client Interaction
• Gives users more of the expected behavior of a client/server
application rather than a classic web page
• Performance – only a portion of the page is refreshed • Less
bandwidth usage
2. Platform Independent (sort of) uses the browser, but relies
on JavaScript
3. Content and functionality sharing
• By sharing code, the Web itself will become an open platform
and Web sites less insular. Functionality and content created for
on Web site can be easily shared around the Web.
4. Heightened interactivity
• Because of the real and perceived speed increases as mentioned
above, Web visitors are more likely to interact with the pages to
make small data changes that can be just as quickly undone.
(Teague, CSS, DHTML, & AJAX Visual Quick Start Guide, Fourth
Edition p. 426)
1.4. What Ajax Is Not? Ajax is not the be-all and end-all
solution to every new application being built for the Web. It is
not even something that should be considered as an upgrade to every
existing product. Ajax is a great model for building more modern,
faster Web 2.0 applications, but only when they are built
correctly. Throwing Ajax at every application can create
complications, such as accessibility issues, cross-browser
compliance nightmares, and requiring more intricate and complex
programming to perform simple tasks.
1.5. Why Web 2.0 Shortly after the term Ajax was coined, another
term began popping up Web 2.0 and it was originally the name of a
conference held by O”Reilly Media and CMP Media in late 2005 and
began popping up all over the Internet in descriptions of how the
Web had changed.
The following reasons are as follows:
1. The Web as services, not software 2. Separation of data and
presentation- data can be represented in any number of ways and
combined with any other data sources (called mashups) 3. The end
of software versioning rather than having discreet software
versions, applications
are constantly being updated and improved. (Teague, CSS, DHTML,
& AJAX Visual Quick Start Guide, Fourth Edition p. 428-430)
4. Richer, more responsive user experience Ajax is sties to the
last point, creating a richer experience for the user. Web 2.0 is
about a shift in the very character of the Web. While Ajax is an
important part of creating the next generation user experience that
Web 2.0 signifies, it is just a one piece of a much larger puzzle.
(Zakas, McPeak, & Fawcett, Professional Ajax, 2nd Edition, p.
13-14)
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Figure 1.5. The home page for “The Web 2.0 Show” podcast is a
good example of the Web 2.0 “look.” (http://www.we
2. Ajax Basics It involves three main parts: making the server
call, having the server process the call, and then filtering the
data that comes back.
2.1. Understanding Server RequestsAjax functionality relies on
the relatively straightforward ability to request data from the
server. Every time while loading a Web page,
Ajax function works something like this which is illustr
Figure 1.6. The general Ajax process flow, showing the dynamic
type
1. Action: An event happens in the browser window. For example,
the user begins to type
something into a form field.2. Event: The event handler for the
object that initiated the action (for example, the form
field) will trigger a function used to request data from the
server function fetchData ().
3. Fetch Data: This is the server request, where a JavaScrthat
will be used to send and receive data from the server.
Figure 1.5. The home page for “The Web 2.0 Show” podcast is a
good example of the Web http://www.web2.0show.com)
It involves three main parts: making the server call, having the
server process the call, and then filtering the data that comes
back.
Understanding Server Requests Ajax functionality relies on the
relatively straightforward ability to request data from the
server.
a Web page, makes a server request, so that’s nothing new. The
general
Ajax function works something like this which is illustrated in
the figure:
The general Ajax process flow, showing the dynamic type
happens in the browser window. For example, the user begins to
type something into a form field.
The event handler for the object that initiated the action (for
example, the form field) will trigger a function used to request
data from the server
This is the server request, where a JavaScript object is created
(pageRequest) that will be used to send and receive data from the
server. Initialize this object as either
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Figure 1.5. The home page for “The Web 2.0 Show” podcast is a
good example of the Web
It involves three main parts: making the server call, having the
server process the call, and then
Ajax functionality relies on the relatively straightforward
ability to request data from the server. a server request, so
that’s nothing new. The general
The general Ajax process flow, showing the dynamic type-ahead
functionality
happens in the browser window. For example, the user begins to
type
The event handler for the object that initiated the action (for
example, the form field) will trigger a function used to request
data from the server and generally call that
ipt object is created (pageRequest) nitialize this object as
either
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ActiveXObject (“Microsoft.XMLHTTP”) for Internet Explorer or
XMLHttpRequest () for all other browsers.
4. Server Process: The pdataPage. With the relevant extension
(for example, dataPagemethod to make the request, then the contents
of the data page are simply returned to the fetchData () function.
When using the return specific content. For example, send back a
specific word based on that value.
5. Filter Data: Once that data is passed back to the page, it
can be passed on to a function used to interpret it and display it
in the Web page
6. Reaction: Finally, the data is used by or placed onto the
page, generally by usiinnerHTML method to place it into a specific
object.CSS, DHTML & Ajax, 4th
2.2. Ajax Request/Response In a traditional request, a user
initiates a request for data, waits for the server to response, and
then waits for the browser to render the page. In an Ajaamount of
data that needs to be sent back and forth can be greatly reduced.
Figure the difference between Ajax responsive interface, talking
less time to complete the same tasks
Figure 1.7 Ajax Request and Response Processes Ajax updates to
the client can be made with or without user interaction (in
comparison traditional non-Ajax interaction). something is
happening. This is most often done with an animated graphic
indicator (see 1.8) placed on or near where the interaction waonto
some other part of the page to wait for the Gustafson, Langride,
and Webb, Accelerated DOM Scripting with Ajax, APIs, and Libraries,
p. 102-106)
ActiveXObject (“Microsoft.XMLHTTP”) for Internet Explorer or
XMLHttpRequest () for
The page on the server processes the request and also dataPage.
With the relevant extension (for example, dataPage.php). method to
make the request, then the contents of the data page are simply
returned to the
When using the POST, then data can be sent to that page and used
to return specific content. For example, one might pass a numeric
value that is then used to send back a specific word based on that
value.
Once that data is passed back to the page, it can be passed on
to a function used to interpret it and display it in the Web page
and also call it as function
Finally, the data is used by or placed onto the page, generally
by usiinnerHTML method to place it into a specific object. (Teague,
Visual Quick Start Guide
th Edition, p. 433-435)
Ajax Request/Response Process In a traditional request, a user
initiates a request for data, waits for the server to response, and
then waits for the browser to render the page. In an Ajax-enabled
environment, the amount of data that needs to be sent back and
forth can be greatly reduced. Figure the difference between Ajax
request and response process. Ajax can ultimately mean a more
responsive interface, talking less time to complete the same
tasks.
Ajax Request and Response Processes jax updates to the client
can be made with or without user interaction (in comparison
Ajax interaction). If the request is user-initiated, it’s
important to show users that something is happening. This is most
often done with an animated graphic indicator (see
) placed on or near where the interaction was initiated. The
user then knows to wait or move onto some other part of the page to
wait for the interaction to complete. Gustafson, Langride, and
Webb, Accelerated DOM Scripting with Ajax, APIs, and Libraries,
p.
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ActiveXObject (“Microsoft.XMLHTTP”) for Internet Explorer or
XMLHttpRequest () for
and also called this page as php). When using the GET
method to make the request, then the contents of the data page
are simply returned to the POST, then data can be sent to that page
and used to
might pass a numeric value that is then used to
Once that data is passed back to the page, it can be passed on
to a function function filterData ().
Finally, the data is used by or placed onto the page, generally
by using the (Teague, Visual Quick Start Guide
In a traditional request, a user initiates a request for data,
waits for the server to send back a enabled environment, the
amount of data that needs to be sent back and forth can be
greatly reduced. Figure 1-7 illustrates . Ajax can ultimately mean
a more
jax updates to the client can be made with or without user
interaction (in comparison with the initiated, it’s important to
show users that
something is happening. This is most often done with an animated
graphic indicator (see Figure s initiated. The user then knows to
wait or move
to complete. (Snook, Aaron Gustafson, Langride, and Webb,
Accelerated DOM Scripting with Ajax, APIs, and Libraries, p.
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Full list of Ajax Controls
Figure 1.8 A variety of the indicators available at
2.3. Ajax Properties and MethodsAlthough the format outline
above takes care of the basic needs for use on a Web page, there
are several JavaScript properties and methods that are commonly
used to control Ajax functionality shown in Table 1.1 and 1.2Quick
Start Guide, Fourth Edition p.
Ajax Properties
Property
Onreadystatechange
readyState
responseText
responseXML
Status
Status
Table 1.2 Ajax Methods
Ajax Methods
Method
abort()
getAllResponseHeaders()
getResponseHeader()
open(, , )
send()
A variety of the indicators available at
www.napyfab.com/ajax-indicators
Ajax Properties and Methods Although the format outline above
takes care of the basic needs for fetching data off the server for
use on a Web page, there are several JavaScript properties and
methods that are commonly used
shown in Table 1.1 and 1.2. (Teague, CSS, DHTML, & AJAX
Visual Quick Start Guide, Fourth Edition p. 435-436)
Description
Even handler triggered when the state of the request object
changes
Status code for the current state of the server request
object.
String value of the data from the server
DOM-compatible XML document object of the data from the
server
Status code of the HTTP response from the server
String value of the HTTP status message
Description
Cancels the current HTTP request
String value of all HTTP headers
getResponseHeader() Value of specified HTTP header
open(, , ) Initializes the XML HTTP request
Sends the request to the server and receives the response
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indicators
fetching data off the server for use on a Web page, there are
several JavaScript properties and methods that are commonly
used
Teague, CSS, DHTML, & AJAX Visual
Even handler triggered when the state of the
Status code for the current state of the server
from the server
compatible XML document object of
Status code of the HTTP response from the
String value of the HTTP status message
Cancels the current HTTP request
String value of all HTTP headers
Value of specified HTTP header
Initializes the XML HTTP request
request to the server and
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2.4. Examining Ajax ApplicationGoogle Docs & Spreadsheets
demonstrates the power of Ajax very well (see Figure constantly
sent back to the server to be saved. This type of interaction is
just like using a desktop application such as Microsoft Word. And
although many of the applications that make use of the technique
attempt to be like desktop applications, it make a site seem
extremely responsive and fun to use.
Figure 1.9 Google Docs & Spreadsheets
3. Technologies behind AjaxThe structure of an Ajax application
is built on an underlying structure of XHTML, which wasmerely an
extension of HTML, and so forth. The tools used to build Ajax web
applications as follows:
HTML/Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML):
languages.
Document Object Model (DOM):
JavaScript: Scripting language used to program an Ajax
engine
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS):
Extensible Markup Language (XML):
Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT):(styled by
CSS)
XMLHttp: Primary communication broker
In reality, all these technologies are available to be used in
Ajax solutions, but only three are required: HTML/XHTML/DOM and
JavaScript. XHTML is the structure of any Ajax applicaand is
obviously necessary for the displaying of information on client
browser, while the DOM is necessary to change portions of an XHTML
page without reloading it. JavaScript has the most important role
in an Ajax application. It is more important communication and
manipulate the DOM to update the web page. CSS is used to affect
the look of the page, and is manipulated dynamically through the
DOM. Finally, XML is the protocol that is used to transfer data
back and for
amining Ajax Application Google Docs & Spreadsheets – along
with most of the Google online applications, for that
matterdemonstrates the power of Ajax very well (see Figure 1.9).
Changes to the document gconstantly sent back to the server to be
saved. This type of interaction is just like using a desktop
application such as Microsoft Word. And although many of the
applications that make use of the technique attempt to be like
desktop applications, it can be used for even small tasks that can
make a site seem extremely responsive and fun to use.
Figure 1.9 Google Docs & Spreadsheets
Technologies behind Ajax The structure of an Ajax application is
built on an underlying structure of XHTML, which wasmerely an
extension of HTML, and so forth. The tools used to build Ajax web
applications as
HTML/Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML): Primary
content representation
Document Object Model (DOM): Dynamic updating of a loaded
page.
Scripting language used to program an Ajax engine
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS): Provides stylistic formatting to
XHTML.
Extensible Markup Language (XML): Data exchange format.
Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT): Transforms
XML into XHTML
Primary communication broker
In reality, all these technologies are available to be used in
Ajax solutions, but only three are HTML/XHTML/DOM and JavaScript.
XHTML is the structure of any Ajax applica
and is obviously necessary for the displaying of information on
client browser, while the DOM is necessary to change portions of an
XHTML page without reloading it. JavaScript has the most
n an Ajax application. It is more important to initiate the
clientcommunication and manipulate the DOM to update the web page.
CSS is used to affect the look of the page, and is manipulated
dynamically through the DOM. Finally, XML is the protocol that is
used to transfer data back and forth between clients and servers.
The other technologies which
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along with most of the Google online applications, for that
matter-. Changes to the document get
constantly sent back to the server to be saved. This type of
interaction is just like using a desktop application such as
Microsoft Word. And although many of the applications that make use
of the
can be used for even small tasks that can
The structure of an Ajax application is built on an underlying
structure of XHTML, which was merely an extension of HTML, and so
forth. The tools used to build Ajax web applications as
Primary content representation
rms XML into XHTML
In reality, all these technologies are available to be used in
Ajax solutions, but only three are HTML/XHTML/DOM and JavaScript.
XHTML is the structure of any Ajax application
and is obviously necessary for the displaying of information on
client browser, while the DOM is necessary to change portions of an
XHTML page without reloading it. JavaScript has the most
to initiate the client–server communication and manipulate the
DOM to update the web page. CSS is used to affect the look of the
page, and is manipulated dynamically through the DOM. Finally, XML
is the protocol that
th between clients and servers. The other technologies which
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are listed are helpful in fine-tuning an Ajax solution. All of
the previously listed technologies related directly to the
client-side Ajax engine, but there is no Ajax without a stable,
responsive server waiting to send content to the engine. For this
purpose one can use any application server of choice. For instance
like server-side components as PHP pages, Java servlets, or .NET
components, but only need to ensure that the correct data format is
being sent back to the Ajax engine. (Zakas, McPeak, & Fawcett,
Professional Ajax, 2nd Edition, p.6-7)
4. Foundations: Scripting XML and JSON The connection between
the client and the server is using JavaScript, and usually build
the data format used to exchange information in XML because a new
format used to exchange information in XML because a new format is
on the rise and is fast becoming the new choice for web developers.
This new format is JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). First,
driving the Ajax component of an Ajax web application is the
XMLHttpRequest object. This object allows for asynchronous
communication between the client and the server. In other words,
the client can start communicating with the server, and instead of
the client freezing up and becoming unusable until that
communication is complete, the client can continue to function like
normal.
Example 1. Creating the XMLHttpRequest object (continued)
} catch (e) {
Request = false;
/* else if (window.ActiveXObject) {
/*Try to create a new ActiveX XMLHttp object */
Try {
Request = new ActiveXObject (‘Msxml2.XMLHTTP’);
} catch (e) {
Request = false:
}}}
Return request:
} Var request = createXMLHttpRequest ();
XML Requests and Responses: Now XMLHttpRequest () will control
all of the requests that will be communicated to the server, as
well as all of the responses sent back to the client. Two methods
and one property are typically used when building a request for the
server: open (), send (), and onreadystatechange. For example:
If (request) {
Request.open (‘GET”, URL, true);
Request.onreadystatechange = parsResponse;
Request.Send (“”) ;}
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JSON: A data exchange format that is a subset of the object
literal notation in JavaScript. It has been gaining a lot of
attention latterly as a lightweight alternative to XML, especially
in Ajax applications because of the ability in JavaScript, however,
and can use it as a simple exchange format for any scripting
language. (Holdener III, Ajax The Definitive Guide, p.68-87)
JSON Requests and Responses Requests to the server using Ajax
and JSON are the same as with XML. Function RequestData (request,
url, data, func, method) {
If (request) {
If (method == “GET’)
Request.open (“Get”, url +’?’ + data, true):
else
request.open (“POST”, url, true):
request.oneadystatechange = func:
if (method ++ “GET”)
equest.send (“”):
else
request.send (data):
}}
5. Who is Using Ajax? A number of commercial web sites use Ajax
techniques to improve their user experience. The following are some
of the more well-known and well-executed web applications that use
Ajax.
5.1. Google Suggest One of the first examples that developers
cite when talking about Ajax is Google Suggest
(www.google.com/webhp?complete=1). The interface is simply a clone
of the main Google interface which prominently features a text box
to enter search terms. Everything appears to be the same until
start typing in the textbox. Once type, Google Suggest requests
suggestions from the server, showing a drop-down list of search
terms that may be interested in shown in Figure 2.0
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5.2. A9 Amazon.com is world famous for being an online
marketplace for just about anything, but when it released a search
engine, it did so with little fanfare and attention. The
introduction of A9 (www.a9.com) showed off enhanced searching,
enabling to search different types of information
simultaneously.
For web and image searches it uses MSN to fetch results. It
performs searches of books on Amazon.com and movies on IMDb
(Internet Movie Database). Searches for Yellow Pages, Wikipedia,
and Answers.com. What makes A9 unique is how its user interface
works. The photo information and summary are retrieved from the
server using XMLHttp and inserted into the page dynamically. This
is a perfect example of how Ajax can be used to enhance a web
page.
5.3. Yahoo! News Also introduced in 2005 was a new design for
the Yahoo! News site (http://news.yahoo.com/). The new design
features an interesting enhancement: While moving mouse over a
particular headline, a small box pops up with a summary and,
optionally, a photo associated with that story, shown in the figure
below. The photo information and summary are retrieved from the
server using XMLHttp and inserted into the page dynamically. This
is a perfect example of how Ajax can be used to enhance a web page.
(Zakas & McPeak, Professional Ajax, 2nd Edition, p.6-13)
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6. Conclusion
• The term Ajax was coined by Jesse James Garrett in an article
posted on the Adaptive Path, LLC website. The article introduced
Ajax as a new user interaction model for web applications in which
full page loads are no longer necessary.
• Ajax uses technologies such as JavaScript, XML, CSS, and
XHTML, along with the XMLHttpRequest object, to build browser-based
web applications that function like desktop programs.
• The introduction of iframes and XMLHttp really pushed Ajax
development forward.
• Ajax can be used to accomplish many things. It is best used to
enhance the user experience rather than providing cool effect.
Several of the most popular Ajax applications were also discussed,
including Google Suggest, Gmail, Google Maps, and Yahoo! News.
• Don’t have to refresh the browser page in order to display new
data from the server and get data asynchronously with
XMLHttprequest.
• Same benefits as other web applications such as universal
reach via internet, centralized
administration, installation and upgrade, and browser already
installed on client.
;
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6.1.1. Bibliography
• Crane, D., Pascarello, E., & James, D. (2005), Ajax in
Action, Manning.
• Holdener III, A. T. (2008). Ajax: The Definitive Guide. (S. S.
Laurent, Ed.) O'Reilly.
• Moroney, L. (2006). Foundations of Atlas: rapid Ajax
development with ASP.NET 2.0.
Apress.
• Snook, J., Gustafson, A., Langridge, S., & Webb, D.
(2007). Accelerated DOM Scripting
with Ajax, APIs, and Libraries. Apress.
• Teague, J. C., McPeak, J., Fawcett, Joe. (2006). CSS, DHTML,
& Ajax. (4th, Ed.) Peachpit Press.
• Zakas, N. C. Professional Ajax 2nd Edition. Wiley Publishing,
Inc.
Webmails:
• Web Applications
(www.adaptivepath.com/publicatio/essays/archives/000385.php)
• The home page for “The Web 2.0 Show”
(http://www.web2.0show.com)
• A variety of the indicators available at
www.napyfab.com/ajax-indicators
• Google Suggest (www.google.com/webhp?complete=1)
• A9 (www.a9.com)
• Yahoo! News (http://news.yahoo.com/)
• Ajax Form POST/GET
http://www.captain.at/howto-ajax-form-post-get.php