Piloted Simulation of NextGen Time-based Taxi Clearances and Tailored Departures David C. Foyle, PhD NASA Ames Research Center Becky L. Hooey, MSc Christina L. Kunkle, BA Martin F.J. Schwirzke, MA Deborah L. Bakowski, MA San Jose State University Foundation at NASA Ames Research Center ICNS 2009 ICNS 2009 http://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/groups/HCSL/
This presentation describes the results of a medium fidelity piloted flight deck simulation of future surface operations.
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Piloted Simulation of NextGen Time-based Taxi Clearances and Tailored Departures
David C. Foyle, PhDNASA Ames Research Center
Becky L. Hooey, MScChristina L. Kunkle, BAC st a u e,
Martin F.J. Schwirzke, MADeborah L. Bakowski, MA
San Jose State University Foundation at NASA Ames Research Center
ICNS 2009ICNS 2009
http://humansystems.arc.nasa.gov/groups/HCSL/
Outline
S f ti• Surface operations• 4-D (time-based) taxi clearances• Surface Traffic Management (STM) system• Surface Traffic Management (STM) system
Problem: Integrating surface traffic management system 4D taxi clearances with flight deck
Advanced surface traffic management systems
with flight deck information requirements
Human factors pilot-in-the-loop studies to determine pilot operating requirements
- Speed conformance- Route and time conformance- Conceptual (ConOps) development
Advanced surface traffic management systems and ConOps must incorporate pilot operating requirements
- Ability to comply with speed requests- A/C variance of route and time conformance
Conceptual development (e g form of taxi - Conceptual (ConOps) development - Pilot workload, Situation awareness (SA)- Safety impacts due to time pressure
4D Taxi Navigation Issues4D Concepts
- Conceptual development (e.g., form of taxi clearances - continuous, updates, etc.)
“Departure is currently the highest workload phase of flight”
- Richard L Newman Phd- Richard L. Newman, PhdFormerly FAA
Human Factors Specialist,Commercial Transportp
NextGen Operations- Dynamic, Tightly Coupled
Potential for High Workload & Errors- Potential for High Workload & Errors
Simulation
Medium Fidelity PartMedium Fidelity Part--task Simulatortask Simulator• Human• Human--Centered Systems Centered Systems
L b t (HCSL)L b t (HCSL)Laboratory (HCSL)Laboratory (HCSL)• NASA Ames Research Center• NASA Ames Research Center• Previously validated• Previously validated
Pending• Departure clearance sent 25-75% into route
Chi ACCEPT/REJECT• Chime, ACCEPT/REJECT flashing
• Pilot must verify match between:1) D t li k t t d1) Datalink text, and2) ND
- Route ID number- Last leg direction
Departure Clearance Verification TaskNOMINAL
Pending• Departure clearance sent 25-75% into route
Chi ACCEPT/REJECT• Chime, ACCEPT/REJECT flashing
• Pilot must verify match between:1) D t li k t t d1) Datalink text, and2) ND
- Route ID number- Last leg direction
Accepted• Accept or Reject clearance (button press)
• Loads into FMS/ND
• If incorrectly rejected, ATC re-sent
Departure Clearance Verification TaskOFF-NOMINAL
2 Mismatch Trials• 1st – ID number and route direction
2 d ID b• 2nd – ID number
• If incorrectly accepted –loaded
• If correctly rejected – correctIf correctly rejected correct clearance sent
Departure Clearance Verification TaskOFF-NOMINAL
2 Mismatch Trials• 1st – ID number and route direction
2 d ID b• 2nd – ID number
Rejected• If incorrectly accepted –loaded
• If correctly rejected –correct clearance sent
Time of Arrival (TOA) ErrorTOA error calculation• Actual TOA - Required TOA (RTA)• Limited NextGen: No explicit RTA
(Calculated using segment length and ATC-commanded speed)
p=.001
TOA error results1. Limited vs. Advanced NextGen (3-way, p<.01)
Advanced NextGen (speed error-nulling avionics)
Ear
lyLa
te
( p g )allows reduced TOA error for all speeds and number of traffic flow points
2. Limited NextGen (Quadratic x Linear, p<.01)Speed commands only (without speed errorSpeed commands only (without speed error-nulling avionics):• Increase number of traffic flow points yields exponential reduction in TOA error• 14 kts best (turns typical taxi speed)
Time-based Taxi Clearances• Improve airport efficiency• Pilot acceptance likely (efficiency gains)• Pilot acceptance likely (efficiency gains)• Some concern for safety (“eyes in”)• Ground speed on PFD reasonable• Suggestions for TND to show nearby traffic and taxi holds• Possible increase in crew coordination need for speed “callouts”• Possible increase in crew coordination – need for speed callouts
NextGen Tailored Departures (Datalinked flexible 4-D departures)• Improve system-level efficiency (routing)p y y ( g)• Improve individual aircraft efficiency (fuel, time)• Decrease flight deck workload (direct upload of clearances into FMS)• General acceptance of concept
- Terrain/traffic cleared by ATCy- No issue with unique routes (may help with complacency)- Cross-check of datalink and route loaded required; Reasonable as implemented
• Some concern about how to “back up” unique complex routes- Pre-departure briefings (how do you describe to each other, manually fly?)p g ( y , y y )- Emergency or off-nominal fall-back procedures (avionics failure, engine out)- Requires future research
ConclusionsCommanded Speed• TOA compliance most accurate with moderate taxi
- Arrive early for slower speeds; Late for faster speeds
Segment Distance• TOA error largest with single (long) route segments
NextGen Taxi Implementation• Requirement for Advanced NextGen error-nulling avionicsq g
- Limited NextGen speed commands TOA error too high/variable (could limit optimization by STMs)
- Advanced NextGen error-nulling avionics substantially improves TOA compliancecompliance
• However, Advanced NextGen error-nulling avionics:- May induce increased flight deck workload- Need to investigate procedures and aids to offset
- Required conformance levels of speed and TOA ‘windows’
NextGen Tailored Departures• No major concept issues• Need for cross-check, verification• How to ‘back up’ unique complex routes (for briefing, emergency, off-nominal)
Piloted Simulation of NextGen Time-based Taxi Clearances and Tailored Departures
David C. Foyle, PhDNASA Ames Research Center
Becky L. Hooey, MScChristina L. Kunkle, BAC st a u e,
Martin F.J. Schwirzke, MADeborah L. Bakowski, MA
San Jose State University Foundation at NASA Ames Research Center