Airport Planning and Terminal Design - Secretaría de la …clacsec.lima.icao.int/Reuniones/2007/Seminario-Chile/Presentaci... · Airport Planning and Terminal Design ˘ ˇˇ ˆ ...

1

Strategic Airport Management Programme9-13 April 2007

Airport Planning and Airport Planning and Terminal DesignTerminal Design

��

��

��


OutlineOutline�� An overview of Airport Master Planning based An overview of Airport Master Planning based

on ICAO planning guidelineson ICAO planning guidelines�� What an airport master plan entailWhat an airport master plan entail�� Emphasis on concepts and considerations Emphasis on concepts and considerations

from the executivesfrom the executives’’ perspectiveperspective

2

3Strategic Airport Management Programme9-13 April 2007

��Concept of the ultimate development of a specific Concept of the ultimate development of a specific airport, graphically presented with written report airport, graphically presented with written report to effectively convey the research and logic from to effectively convey the research and logic from which the plan was evolved (ICAO Manual)which the plan was evolved (ICAO Manual)

��LongLong--term development concept of an airport; an term development concept of an airport; an embodiment of the airportembodiment of the airport’’s strategic framework s strategic framework and concept depicted graphically and documents and concept depicted graphically and documents the data and logic upon which the plan is basedthe data and logic upon which the plan is based

��Guidelines for future airport development to Guidelines for future airport development to satisfy aviation demands in a financially feasible satisfy aviation demands in a financially feasible manner, while addressing aviation, manner, while addressing aviation, environmental and socioeconomic issues in the environmental and socioeconomic issues in the local communitylocal community

Definition of Airport Master PlanDefinition of Airport Master Plan


�� Airport Master Plan serves as a Airport Master Plan serves as a guide guide for:for:�� Establishing short and long range policy/decisionEstablishing short and long range policy/decision�� Developing physical facilities of an airport Developing physical facilities of an airport –– aviation aviation

and nonand non--aviationaviation�� Developing land uses surrounding airportDeveloping land uses surrounding airport�� Determining environmental effects of airport Determining environmental effects of airport

construction and operationconstruction and operation�� Establishing access requirements of the airportEstablishing access requirements of the airport�� Identifying potential problems as well as opportunitiesIdentifying potential problems as well as opportunities�� Securing financial aidSecuring financial aid�� Establishing basis for negotiations of interests and Establishing basis for negotiations of interests and

needs among aerodrome authority, businesses and needs among aerodrome authority, businesses and communitycommunity

Airport Master PlanAirport Master Plan

3


ChangiChangi Airport Master PlanAirport Master Plan


��Airports are multiAirports are multi--faceted facilities, impacting a faceted facilities, impacting a wide spectrum of people and businesseswide spectrum of people and businesses

��Need for consultation and coordination of Need for consultation and coordination of planning with stakeholders concerned:planning with stakeholders concerned:�� AirlinesAirlines�� National and local government plannersNational and local government planners�� Government control authorities (immigration, customs, Government control authorities (immigration, customs,

health)health)�� National and local transport authoritiesNational and local transport authorities�� Aircraft and equipment manufacturersAircraft and equipment manufacturers�� International aviation agencies and businessesInternational aviation agencies and businesses�� ConcessionairesConcessionaires�� Local business and residential communitiesLocal business and residential communities

Stakeholders of Airport Master PlanStakeholders of Airport Master Plan

4


��A A good good Airport Master Plan represents the Airport Master Plan represents the most efficient framework with flexibility, most efficient framework with flexibility, expandability and optimum balanceexpandability and optimum balance of all of all individual airport facilities/services to provide individual airport facilities/services to provide the required capacity for aircraft, the required capacity for aircraft, paxpax, cargo , cargo and vehicular movements with max and vehicular movements with max facilitation for facilitation for paxpax, operator and staff at , operator and staff at lowest capital and operating costs and max lowest capital and operating costs and max revenuerevenue

��Generates higher capacity and efficiency Generates higher capacity and efficiency through a series of compromises than would through a series of compromises than would otherwise be attained without reconciliation of otherwise be attained without reconciliation of individual facilities plansindividual facilities plans

Airport Master Planning PhilosophyAirport Master Planning Philosophy


IN ALL CASES, COMPROMISES IN ALL CASES, COMPROMISES DO NOT AFFECT SAFETYDO NOT AFFECT SAFETY

Airport Master Planning PhilosophyAirport Master Planning Philosophy

5


�� Involves preparation of broad and specific Involves preparation of broad and specific policies, plans and programspolicies, plans and programs

��Goals of Planning process to:Goals of Planning process to:�� Orderly and timely develop airport to meet present Orderly and timely develop airport to meet present

and future air transportation needsand future air transportation needs�� Coordinate local, regional and national plansCoordinate local, regional and national plans�� Protect and enhance environment (noise, Protect and enhance environment (noise,

pollution)pollution)�� Establish effective airport Establish effective airport organisationorganisation for for

implementationimplementation�� Ensure compatibility with state/country aviation, Ensure compatibility with state/country aviation,

ICAO and IATA standardsICAO and IATA standards

Airport Master Planning ProcessAirport Master Planning Process


�� Coordinate national and regional airport systemsCoordinate national and regional airport systems�� Coordinate plans for Coordinate plans for navnav. facilities, airspace and . facilities, airspace and

air traffic control proceduresair traffic control procedures�� Optimize use of land and airspace resourcesOptimize use of land and airspace resources

��Policy/Coordinative PlanningPolicy/Coordinative Planning�� Project goals, objectivesProject goals, objectives�� Develop work Develop work programmesprogrammes, schedules and , schedules and

budgetsbudgets�� Prepare and evaluation and decision formatPrepare and evaluation and decision format�� Establish coordination and monitoring proceduresEstablish coordination and monitoring procedures�� Establish data management and public Establish data management and public

information systeminformation system


6


��Economic PlanningEconomic Planning�� Prepare analysis of aviation market characteristics Prepare analysis of aviation market characteristics

and forecasts of aviation activityand forecasts of aviation activity�� Determine representative benefits and costs Determine representative benefits and costs

associated with airport development alternativesassociated with airport development alternatives�� Prepare an assessment of impact on area Prepare an assessment of impact on area

economy of various alternativeseconomy of various alternatives



��Physical PlanningPhysical Planning�� Airspace and air traffic control provisionsAirspace and air traffic control provisions�� Airfield configuration (including approach zones)Airfield configuration (including approach zones)�� Terminal complexTerminal complex�� Circulation, utility and communications networksCirculation, utility and communications networks�� Support and service facilitiesSupport and service facilities�� Ground access systemsGround access systems�� OverOver--all land use patternsall land use patterns


7


��Environmental PlanningEnvironmental Planning�� Prepare an assessment of natural environmental Prepare an assessment of natural environmental

conditions associated with the airport conditions associated with the airport ““impactimpact””area (plant and animal life, climate, topography area (plant and animal life, climate, topography and natural resources, etc)and natural resources, etc)

�� Document present and projected development Document present and projected development patterns of relevance to the impact areapatterns of relevance to the impact area

�� Determine community attitudes and opinionsDetermine community attitudes and opinions



��Financial PlanningFinancial Planning�� Determine airport funding source and constraintsDetermine airport funding source and constraints�� Prepare a financial feasibility study of various Prepare a financial feasibility study of various

airport development alternativesairport development alternatives�� Prepare preliminary financial plans and Prepare preliminary financial plans and

programmesprogrammes for the finally agreed upon conceptfor the finally agreed upon concept


8


��ReviewsReviews�� Annually and adjust plans according to prevailing Annually and adjust plans according to prevailing

conditionsconditions�� Thorough evaluation and modification every five Thorough evaluation and modification every five

yearly or more often if changes in economic, yearly or more often if changes in economic, operational and environmental and financial operational and environmental and financial conditions dictatesconditions dictates



�� Prepare work program and identify responsibilitiesPrepare work program and identify responsibilities�� Inventory and document existing conditionsInventory and document existing conditions�� Forecast future air traffic demandForecast future air traffic demand�� Determine facility requirements and preliminary timeDetermine facility requirements and preliminary time--

phased developmentphased development�� Evaluate existing and potential constraintsEvaluate existing and potential constraints�� Prioritize considerations (constraints, airport type)Prioritize considerations (constraints, airport type)�� Develop conceptsDevelop concepts�� Assess operational, financial and environmental impact Assess operational, financial and environmental impact

of concepts (reiterations)of concepts (reiterations)�� Select most acceptable and appropriate alternatives, Select most acceptable and appropriate alternatives,

modify and finalizemodify and finalize

Steps in Planning ProcessSteps in Planning Process

9


��Forecasts parametersForecasts parameters�� Annual Annual paxpax, cargo, mail throughput (int, cargo, mail throughput (int’’l/l/domdom; ;

scheduled/ nonscheduled/ non--scheduled; arrival/departure, scheduled; arrival/departure, transit/transit/transhipmenttranshipment

�� Typical peak hour aircraft movements and Typical peak hour aircraft movements and paxpax, , cargo, mail throughput cargo, mail throughput (arrivals/departure/combined)(arrivals/departure/combined)

�� Average day of peak month aircraft movements and Average day of peak month aircraft movements and paxpax, cargo, mail throughput, cargo, mail throughput

�� No. of airlines, fleet mix, load factors, route No. of airlines, fleet mix, load factors, route structuresstructures

�� No. of base aircraft (scheduled/nonNo. of base aircraft (scheduled/non--scheduled/GA)scheduled/GA)�� No. of visitors and airport workersNo. of visitors and airport workers

Air Traffic ForecastsAir Traffic Forecasts


��

��

� ��

��

��

��

��

�� !�� "��# ��

Revise objectives if nec.

Revise plan if nec.

Forecast Relationship Forecast Relationship vsvs Master PlanMaster Plan

�� $��

� ��%�� &��' ��&��

10


�� Informed Informed judgementjudgement�� Depends on experience and credibility of forecaster, Depends on experience and credibility of forecaster,

subjective, immediate termsubjective, immediate term

��Trend extrapolationTrend extrapolation�� Assumes all past factors influencing aviation traffic Assumes all past factors influencing aviation traffic

demand will continue to operate with same impact in demand will continue to operate with same impact in future, best fit curve, short termfuture, best fit curve, short term

Forecasts TechniquesForecasts Techniques


Linear projection

Time

Est

imat

ed A

ctiv

ity

Parabolic projection

Time

Est

imat

ed A

ctiv

ity

Exponential projection

Time

Est

imat

ed A

ctiv

ity

Gomperts projection

Time

Est

imat

ed A

ctiv

ity

Y=aT+b Y=a+bT+cT²

Y=a (1+b)T Y = ab-cT


11


��Econometric Econometric modellingmodelling�� Based on derived quantitative relationship between Based on derived quantitative relationship between

traffic and important underlying factors affecting traffic and important underlying factors affecting traffictraffic

�� A few quantifiable major factors influencing air A few quantifiable major factors influencing air transport demand can explain most of traffic transport demand can explain most of traffic demand variationdemand variation

�� Real economic growth, real air fares, real energy Real economic growth, real air fares, real energy prices, tourism prices, tourism gorwthgorwth and consumer demographics and consumer demographics deemed to be most important factors impacting deemed to be most important factors impacting aviation growthaviation growth

�� Relatively effective for short and medium term Relatively effective for short and medium term forecastsforecasts



��Market survey (Cross Classification Method)Market survey (Cross Classification Method)�� Obtains primary data from source of airport demandObtains primary data from source of airport demand�� Surveys covering extensive user network to Surveys covering extensive user network to

eliminate bias, expensive and needs proper eliminate bias, expensive and needs proper structuringstructuring

�� Assumes stable relationship between travel pattern Assumes stable relationship between travel pattern and socioeconomic characteristicsand socioeconomic characteristics


12


�� EconomicsEconomics�� GNP, GDPGNP, GDP�� Income distributionIncome distribution�� Import/export levelsImport/export levels�� Local economic activitiesLocal economic activities

�� Trip PurposeTrip Purpose�� BusinessBusiness�� Leisure Leisure �� PersonalPersonal

�� Geographical AttributesGeographical Attributes�� Distances between townsDistances between towns�� Physical and local Physical and local

attractionsattractions

Forecasts Factors to ConsiderForecasts Factors to Consider�� Demographic PatternDemographic Pattern

�� PopulationPopulation�� AgeAge�� Education level, Education level,

occupationoccupation�� Transportation systemTransportation system

�� Competing modes Competing modes (fares,(fares,service, freq, timing)service, freq, timing)

�� Airport ground accessAirport ground access�� Other External FactorsOther External Factors

�� New traffic rights/routesNew traffic rights/routes�� Government taxes + Government taxes +

feesfees


0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

-10,000 -5,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000

Trip

Rat

e

Per capita GDP (US$)

China

Japan

United States

Germany

FranceItaly

United KingdomKorea

Indonesia

Malaysia

Turkey

Brazil

Argentina

Australia

Spain

Taiwan

New ZealandHong Kong Canada

Holland

Portugal

India

Source: FAA, Various national statistics providers, Booz Allen Hamilton analysis

Forecasts Factors to ConsiderForecasts Factors to Consider

13


��Developing an airport plan with a Developing an airport plan with a layout that yields optimum airport layout that yields optimum airport capacity within available land to capacity within available land to meet future demand and meet future demand and international operating standardsinternational operating standards

��Delay and processing times Delay and processing times associated with different facilities associated with different facilities and components in the master and components in the master plan impact capacityplan impact capacity

Airport Master Plan ObjectiveAirport Master Plan Objective


��Factors that affects capacity include:Factors that affects capacity include:�� Airfield configuration (runway, taxiway, gates/parking Airfield configuration (runway, taxiway, gates/parking

positions)positions)�� Operating environment Operating environment �� NavaidsNavaids and ATC facilities (availability of and ATC facilities (availability of navaidsnavaids, ,

airspace, arrival and departure routes, extent of ATC airspace, arrival and departure routes, extent of ATC facilities approach/departure control tower)facilities approach/departure control tower)

Airport Master Plan ObjectiveAirport Master Plan Objective

14


��Runway ConfigurationRunway Configuration�� OrientationOrientation�� Number of runwaysNumber of runways

��Taxiway LayoutTaxiway Layout��Terminal / Apron AreaTerminal / Apron Area��Aircraft Parking ConfigurationAircraft Parking Configuration��Cargo TerminalCargo Terminal

Airfield ConfigurationAirfield Configuration


Runways

�� No. of runways depends on volume of aircraft movementsNo. of runways depends on volume of aircraft movements�� Orientation of runway depends on direction of prevailing Orientation of runway depends on direction of prevailing

windswinds�� Runway length is influenced by temperature, runway slope, Runway length is influenced by temperature, runway slope,

airport altitude, MTOW, runway pavement condition, airport altitude, MTOW, runway pavement condition, visibilityvisibility

�� Airspace around airport should remain free of obstacles to Airspace around airport should remain free of obstacles to permit safe aircraft operationspermit safe aircraft operations

Airfield Configuration ConceptAirfield Configuration Concept

15


��Aircraft are not directed over populated areas and Aircraft are not directed over populated areas and avoid obstructionsavoid obstructions

��Oriented in the direction of the prevailing wind and Oriented in the direction of the prevailing wind and cross wind is not too excessivecross wind is not too excessive

20 knots20 knots> 1500 m> 1500 m13 knots13 knots1200 1200 –– 1499 m1499 m10 knots10 knots< 1200 m< 1200 m

Allowable crosswind Allowable crosswind componentscomponents

Reference field Reference field lengthlength

Runway OrientationRunway Orientation


��Annex 14 specifies that runways should be Annex 14 specifies that runways should be oriented so aircraft may be able to land at least oriented so aircraft may be able to land at least 95% of the time with cross wind components95% of the time with cross wind components

��Good visibilityGood visibility

Runway OrientationRunway Orientation

16


�� Achieve safe aircraft operations, ensure:Achieve safe aircraft operations, ensure:--�� Adequate separation between air traffic streamsAdequate separation between air traffic streams�� Obstacle clearanceObstacle clearance�� Crosswind provisionCrosswind provision

�� Ensure least interference and delay to operationsEnsure least interference and delay to operations�� Avoid noise and sensitive areasAvoid noise and sensitive areas

��

Hourly capacity (ops/hr)Hourly capacity (ops/hr)VFRVFR IFRIFR

5151--9898 5050--5959

9494--197197 5555--6060

103103--197197 9999--119119

��

��

��

Runway ConfigurationRunway Configuration


Hourly capacity (ops/hr)Hourly capacity (ops/hr)

VFRVFR IFRIFR7272--9898 5656--6060

7373--150150 5656--6060

7373--132132 5656--6060

��


17


��Single runwaySingle runway�� preferable to locate terminal preferable to locate terminal equiequi--distance to runway distance to runway

ends or shift it if there is predominant direction of ends or shift it if there is predominant direction of operationsoperations

��22--parallel runways (single orientation)parallel runways (single orientation)�� Optimum capacity and best air traffic control efficiencyOptimum capacity and best air traffic control efficiency�� MidMid--field terminal between runways preferredfield terminal between runways preferred�� Terminal on one side of runways lead to longer taxiing Terminal on one side of runways lead to longer taxiing

distances and runway crossing problemsdistances and runway crossing problems�� Runways may be staggeredRunways may be staggered



��Runways with 2 alignmentsRunways with 2 alignments�� Open configuration preferred with diverging operations Open configuration preferred with diverging operations

used whenever possibleused whenever possible�� If intersecting configuration is unavoidable and there is If intersecting configuration is unavoidable and there is

predominant direction in aircraft operations, runways predominant direction in aircraft operations, runways should have a rear intersection for that directionshould have a rear intersection for that direction

�� Centrally located terminal to minimize taxi distanceCentrally located terminal to minimize taxi distance


18


� Taxiways to be arranged to minimize interference between landing aircraft and aircraft taxiing to takeoff

� Parallel taxiways increase runway capacity

� Shortest taxi distance from passenger terminal apron to runway ends

RunwaysTaxiways



��Efficient connection between runways and Efficient connection between runways and terminal / service areasterminal / service areas

��Avoid conflicts between aircraft operationsAvoid conflicts between aircraft operations�� Arriving and departing taxi routesArriving and departing taxi routes�� Holding passes and bypassesHolding passes and bypasses

��Avoid crossing of active taxiways over active Avoid crossing of active taxiways over active runwaysrunways

��Minimize runway occupancy time of arriving Minimize runway occupancy time of arriving aircraft (aircraft (egeg strategically located rapid exit strategically located rapid exit taxiways enable landing aircraft to leave runway taxiways enable landing aircraft to leave runway quickly for other aircraft)quickly for other aircraft)

Taxiway Layout GuidelinesTaxiway Layout Guidelines

19


��Terminal/Apron locationTerminal/Apron location�� Minimum taxiing distance to and from runwaysMinimum taxiing distance to and from runways�� Avoid locations under aircraft approach or departure Avoid locations under aircraft approach or departure

pathspaths

Taxiway Layout GuidelinesTaxiway Layout Guidelines


Taxiway LayoutTaxiway Layout

20


Typical Airport ConfigurationTypical Airport Configuration


Typical Airport ConfigurationTypical Airport Configuration

21


� Account for the safety procedures of aircraft manoeuvring on the apron

� Allow efficient aircraft movements and dispensing apron services

� Flexible to accommodate different size of aircraft types and future expansion needs

RunwaysTaxiways

Aprons



Parking ConfigurationParking Configuration

22


Parking ConfigurationParking Configuration


��Determine purpose for which airport is requiredDetermine purpose for which airport is required��Consider forecast future demands (operational Consider forecast future demands (operational

and economic) and quantity and type of trafficand economic) and quantity and type of traffic��Define type of airport and operational systems for Define type of airport and operational systems for

forecast trafficforecast traffic��Major steps to considerMajor steps to consider

�� Selection of site that provides adequate space and size Selection of site that provides adequate space and size and suitable locations to serve the residents and and suitable locations to serve the residents and commercecommerce

�� Evaluation of feasibility of possible locations through Evaluation of feasibility of possible locations through the forecast period from economic, geographic, the forecast period from economic, geographic, engineering and aeronautical standpointsengineering and aeronautical standpoints

Airport Site SelectionAirport Site Selection

23


��Factors influencing airport size:Factors influencing airport size:--�� Performance characteristics and size of aircraftPerformance characteristics and size of aircraft�� Anticipated volume and character of trafficAnticipated volume and character of traffic�� Meteorological conditions like wind and temperatureMeteorological conditions like wind and temperature�� Elevation of airport siteElevation of airport site

��Factors influencing airport location:Factors influencing airport location:--�� Type and development of surrounding areaType and development of surrounding area�� Atmospheric and meteorological conditions (Fog, Haze, Atmospheric and meteorological conditions (Fog, Haze,

turbulence, heavy rainfall)turbulence, heavy rainfall)�� Accessibility to ground transport (existing highway)Accessibility to ground transport (existing highway)�� Availability of land for expansionAvailability of land for expansion



��Factors influencing airport location (Factors influencing airport location (concon’’tt):):--�� Presence of other airports and availability of airspacePresence of other airports and availability of airspace�� Traffic flow patterns of airports (restricted airspace)Traffic flow patterns of airports (restricted airspace)�� Surrounding obstructions (around airports particularly Surrounding obstructions (around airports particularly

for approach and departure paths, obstacle limitation for approach and departure paths, obstacle limitation surfaces)surfaces)

�� Economy of constructionEconomy of construction�� Availability of utilities (electricity, fuel, water supply etc)Availability of utilities (electricity, fuel, water supply etc)�� Proximity to aeronautical demandProximity to aeronautical demand


24


��Noise PollutionNoise Pollution�� Proper planning of land use for areas surrounding Proper planning of land use for areas surrounding

airportairport

��Air PollutionAir Pollution�� Aircraft engine, exhaust, fuel venting, auxiliary paves Aircraft engine, exhaust, fuel venting, auxiliary paves

unit, fuel storage and ground service tanks, motor unit, fuel storage and ground service tanks, motor vehicles, construction operationsvehicles, construction operations

��Water PollutionWater Pollution�� Sanitary wastes, storm water, maintenance wastes Sanitary wastes, storm water, maintenance wastes

and industrial wastesand industrial wastes�� Waste water may be treated before discharging, Waste water may be treated before discharging,

removing split oil by containment and spill recovery removing split oil by containment and spill recovery (absorbent etc)(absorbent etc)

Environmental StudiesEnvironmental Studies


��Archaeological considerationsArchaeological considerations��Seismic considerationsSeismic considerations�� Inclement weatherInclement weather

Environmental StudiesEnvironmental Studies

25


��Economics and Financial FeasibilityEconomics and Financial Feasibility��Economic and financials models of alternative Economic and financials models of alternative

master plans (iterative process)master plans (iterative process)��Master Plan should be targeted to generate Master Plan should be targeted to generate

sufficient revenues to cover annual costs of sufficient revenues to cover annual costs of capital, traffic, operations and maintenance capital, traffic, operations and maintenance expensesexpenses

��Cost benefit analysisCost benefit analysis

Capital Costs Operating Costs Commerical Revenue Interest Rate

Financial PlanFinancial Plan


ROE Spider Diagram

-

5.00%

10.00%

15.00%

20.00%

25.00%

30.00%

-40% -30% -20% -10% - 10% 20% 30% 40%

% Change in Assumptions

Res

ultin

g R

OE

Capital Costs Operating Costs Commerical Revenue Interest Rate

Financial PlanFinancial Plan

26


ChangiChangi Airport Terminal 3 completion Airport Terminal 3 completion -- 20072007


!�� "�

New hangars

#��$��% �&�� '#$%�(

��

��

ChangiChangi Airfreight Centre Master Plan (2003)Airfreight Centre Master Plan (2003)

27


Hong Kong International AirportHong Kong International Airport


Heathrow Airport (Interim Master Plan Alt)Heathrow Airport (Interim Master Plan Alt)

28


Heathrow Airport (Interim Master Plan Alt)Heathrow Airport (Interim Master Plan Alt)


Thailand International AirportThailand International Airport

SUVARNABHUMI SUVARNABHUMI AIRPORT (BKK)AIRPORT (BKK)

29


��Airport Planning Manual (Doc 9184), Part 1, Airport Planning Manual (Doc 9184), Part 1, Master Planning by ICAOMaster Planning by ICAO

�� IATA Master Planning ManualIATA Master Planning Manual��Airport Engineering by Norman AshfordAirport Engineering by Norman Ashford��FAA Airport Master PlanFAA Airport Master Plan��FAA Airports designsFAA Airports designs

Useful Reading MaterialUseful Reading Material

Airport Planning and Terminal Design - Secretaría de la …clacsec.lima.icao.int/Reuniones/2007/Seminario-Chile/Presentaci... · Airport Planning and Terminal Design ˘ ˇˇ ˆ ...

Documents