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Overview
• Yaw, Pitch, and Roll
• Airplane Parts
• Four Forces
• Bernoulli’s Principle
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Yaw, Pitch, and Roll
• Yaw – side to side
• Pitch – up and down
• Roll – rolling motion
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Airplane Parts
• Fuselage
• Wings
• Ailerons• Flaps
• Rudder
• Horizontal Stabilizer • Vertical Stabilizer
• Elevator
P-51D Mustang
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Airplane Parts continued…
• Propeller
• Engine
• Engine Cowel
• Cockpit
• Landing Gear
• Nose Gear
• Spinner
P-38
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Fuselage
• The body of the airplane that all the
other parts are attached to.
• Can be made of many differentsubstances such as aluminum or wood.
Wood Fuselage
of Model
Airplane
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Wings
• The part of the plane that creates lift
and controls roll.
• Has a rounded leading edge andtapered trailing edge which helps
create lift.
• The wing design uses Bernoulli’sPrinciple.
Wing
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Ailerons
• Located at the top of the trailing edge
of the wings.
• Controls roll.
• Move up and down to control the
direction of wind blowing over and
under it.
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Flaps
• Located near at the trailing edge of the
wing near the fuselage.
• The Flaps increase lift.
Flaps
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Rudder
• Provides side to side control of airplane.
• Controls yaw.
• Used for maneuvers in the air and fortaxiing on runway.
Rudder
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Horizontal Stabilizer
• Horizontal with the fuselage.
• Helps airplane maintain level flight.
Horizontal
Stabilizer
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Vertical Stabilizer
• Vertical to the horizontal stabilizer.
• Helps to airplane maintain level flight.
Vertical
Stabilizer
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Elevator
• In line with and behind the horizontal
stabilizer.
• Controls pitch.
Elevator
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Propeller
• Uses the principle of a wing to create
thrust to move the airplane forward.
• Can have different number of blades onpropeller.
• Design is similar to an airfoil.
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Engine
• Turns the propeller at high RPM’s to
increase thrust.
Cessna
Skyhawk EngineJet Engine
Model Airplane
Engine
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Engine Cowel
• A cover to protect the engine and make
the plane aerodynamic.
Top View Side View
Engine Cowel
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Cockpit
• Place where the pilot controls the
airplane and where passengers sit.
• The airplane control, gauges, andindicators are held here.
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Landing Gear
• A frame with wheels that allow theplane to takeoff and land.
• Some airplanes have retractablelanding gear. Landing Gear
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Nose Gear
• The front landing gear when the plane
has three wheels to land.
Boeing 757
Nosegear
Nosegear
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Spinner
• A pointed cone available attached to
the propeller to reduce air drag.
• Available in different sizes.
Spinner
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Airplane Parts Overview
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Four Forces
• Lift - Provides the force to overcome gravity and
raise the airplane.
• Gravity - Invisible force from the Earth that pullsall things down.
• Thrust – Force that moves the airplane forward; it
overcomes drag.
• Drag- Friction of air on all the planes outer
surfaces to slow it down.
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Four Forces Diagram
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Thrust
• The airflow over the wings that is neededto generate lift is caused by thrusting the
aircraft forwards through the air.• Thrust is therefore the forward force
acting on an aircraft
• It is produced by the engines by throwingair backwards
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Thrust
• Either a propeller can do this, or air can beexpelled from the rear (in the case of a jet
engine)
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Drag
• When you’re on a bicycle, the faster yougo the more resistance you encounter
• The force which hinders your progress iscalled drag
• The same can be said for aircraft.
• Every part of the aircraft over which airflows produces drag which resists forwardmotion
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Drag
• Thus the more drag there is, the morethrust isHowever to get more thrust you
need a bigger engine, more fuel and moreweight, and therefore more expense
• The aircraft’s designer wants to make the
aircraft fly at the best possible speed forthe available thrust
• Therefore he will try and reduce drag
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Causes of Drag
• The shape of the aircraft causes a greatdeal of drag
• When any object moves through the air itis accompanied by a ‘wake’ of complicatededdies and vortices
• In flight, engine power which should beused for forward power is wasted inmaking these vortices
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Drag
Here is an extreme
example: a flat plate
in an airflow.
The drag is greatest at
90° to the airflow
The drag is least when
it is parallel to the airflow
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Thrust and Dragin Straight and Level Flight
thrust drag
•When thrust = drag, the aircrafttravels a constant speed.
•When thrust is greater than drag, theaircraft accelerates
•When drag is greater than thrust, the
aircraft slows down.
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Bernoulli’s Principle
• As the wing passes through the air, the
curved upper part makes the air speed
up because it has further to go than air passing under the wing.
• As the air speeds up on top of the wing,
low pressure is created. The higher pressure under the wing creates lift.
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Bernoulli’s Principle Diagram
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Review Questions
• What part of the airplane is most important?
• What are the ailerons job?
• Where are the flaps located?• What does an engine cowel do?
• What is a spinner?
•What are the four forces?
• What is lift?
• What is Bernoulli’s principle?
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References
• NASA website www.nasa.gov
• www.aviation-history.com