Aircraft Systems Mechanical, electrical, and avionics subsystems integration Third Edition Ian Moir Allan Seabridge
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Aircraft SystemsMechanical, electrical, and avionicssubsystems integration
Third Edition
Ian MoirAllan Seabridge
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Aircraft Systems
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Aircraft SystemsMechanical, electrical, and avionicssubsystems integration
Third Edition
Ian MoirAllan Seabridge
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Moir, I. (Ian)Aircraft systems : mechanical, electrical, and avionics subsystems integration / Ian Moir,Allan Seabridge.
p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 978-0-470-05996-8 (cloth : alk. paper)1. Aeronautics—Systems engineering. 2. Airplanes, Military—Design and construction.3. Airplanes—Equipment and supplies. I. Seabridge, A. G. (Allan G.) II. Title.TL671.M59 2008629.135—dc22
2008001330
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-0-470-05996-8
Typeset in 10.5/12.5pt Palatino by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, IndiaPrinted and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, WiltshireThis book is printed on acid-free paper.
To Mike Woodhead1944 to 2007
Professor of Systems Engineeringat Loughborough University
An inspiration to all systems engineersand sadly missed
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Contents
Foreword xvii
Series Preface xix
About the Authors xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
List of Abbreviations xxv
Introduction xxxvSystems Integration xxxviSystems Interaction xxxix
1 Flight Control Systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Principles of Flight Control 31.3 Flight Control Surfaces 41.4 Primary Flight Control 51.5 Secondary Flight Control 51.6 Commercial Aircraft 7
1.6.1 Primary Flight Control 71.6.2 Secondary Flight Control 7
1.7 Flight Control Linkage Systems 91.7.1 Push-Pull Control Rod System 101.7.2 Cable and Pulley System 11
1.8 High Lift Control Systems 131.9 Trim and Feel 15
1.9.1 Trim 151.9.2 Feel 17
1.10 Flight Control Actuation 181.10.1 Simple Mechanical/Hydraulic Actuation 191.10.2 Mechanical Actuation with Electrical Signalling 21
viii Contents
1.10.3 Multiple Redundancy Actuation 221.10.4 Mechanical Screwjack Actuator 261.10.5 Integrated Actuator Package (IAP) 271.10.6 Advanced Actuation Implementations 30
1.11 Civil System Implementations 341.11.1 Top-Level Comparison 351.11.2 Airbus Implementation 36
1.12 Fly-By-Wire Control Laws 401.13 A380 Flight Control Actuation 411.14 Boeing 777 Implementation 441.15 Interrelationship of Flight Control, Guidance and Flight
Management 48
2 Engine Control Systems 512.1 Introduction 51
2.1.1 Engine/Airframe Interfaces 522.2 Engine Technology and Principles of Operation 532.3 The Control Problem 55
2.3.1 Fuel Flow Control 562.3.2 Air Flow Control 582.3.3 Control Systems 592.3.4 Control System Parameters 602.3.5 Input Signals 602.3.6 Output Signals 62
2.4 Example Systems 622.5 Design Criteria 712.6 Engine Starting 73
2.6.1 Fuel Control 732.6.2 Ignition Control 742.6.3 Engine Rotation 752.6.4 Throttle Levers 772.6.5 Starting Sequence 78
2.7 Engine Indications 782.8 Engine Oil Systems 812.9 Engine Offtakes 812.10 Reverse Thrust 832.11 Engine Control on Modern Civil Aircraft 84
3 Fuel Systems 873.1 Introduction 873.2 Characteristics of Fuel Systems 893.3 Description of Fuel System Components 90
3.3.1 Fuel Transfer Pumps 903.3.2 Fuel Booster Pumps 913.3.3 Fuel Transfer Valves 923.3.4 Non-Return Valves (NRVs) 93
Contents ix
3.4 Fuel Quantity Measurement 943.4.1 Level Sensors 943.4.2 Fuel Gauging Probes 963.4.3 Fuel Quantity Measurement Basics 963.4.4 Tank Shapes 973.4.5 Fuel Properties 983.4.6 Fuel Quantity Measurement Systems 1013.4.7 Fokker F50/F100 System 1013.4.8 Airbus A320 System 1033.4.9 ‘Smart' Probes 1043.4.10 Ultrasonic Probes 105
3.5 Fuel System Operating Modes 1053.5.1 Pressurisation 1063.5.2 Engine Feed 1063.5.3 Fuel Transfer 1083.5.4 Refuel/Defuel 1093.5.5 Vent Systems 1113.5.6 Use of Fuel as a Heat Sink 1123.5.7 External Fuel Tanks 1123.5.8 Fuel Jettison 1133.5.9 In-Flight Refuelling 114
3.6 Integrated Civil Aircraft Systems 1163.6.1 Bombardier Global Express 1173.6.2 Boeing 777 1193.6.3 A340-500/600 Fuel System 120
3.7 Fuel Tank Safety 1283.7.1 Principles of Fuel Inerting 1293.7.2 Air Separation Technology 1303.7.3 Typical Fuel Inerting System 131
3.8 Polar Operations – Cold Fuel Management 1333.8.1 Minimum Equipment List (MEL) 1333.8.2 Cold Fuel Characteristics 1343.8.3 Fuel Temperature Indication 135
4 Hydraulic Systems 1374.1 Introduction 1374.2 Hydraulic Circuit Design 1384.3 Hydraulic Actuation 1424.4 Hydraulic Fluid 1444.5 Fluid Pressure 1454.6 Fluid Temperature 1454.7 Fluid Flow Rate 1464.8 Hydraulic Piping 1464.9 Hydraulic Pumps 1474.10 Fluid Conditioning 151
x Contents
4.11 Hydraulic Reservoir 1524.12 Warnings and Status 1524.13 Emergency Power Sources 1534.14 Proof of Design 1544.15 Aircraft System Applications 155
4.15.1 The Avro RJ Hydraulic System 1564.15.2 The BAE SYSTEMS Hawk 200 Hydraulic
System 1614.15.3 Tornado Hydraulic System 161
4.16 Civil Transport Comparison 1634.16.1 Airbus A320 1644.16.2 Boeing 767 165
4.17 Landing Gear Systems 1674.17.1 Nose Gear 1674.17.2 Main Gear 1684.17.3 Braking Anti-Skid and Steering 1694.17.4 Electronic Control 1724.17.5 Automatic Braking 1734.17.6 Multi-Wheel Systems 1754.17.7 Brake Parachute 178
5 Electrical Systems 1815.1 Introduction 181
5.1.1 Electrical Power Evolution 1815.2 Aircraft Electrical System 1845.3 Power Generation 185
5.3.1 DC Power Generation 1855.3.2 AC Power Generation 1865.3.3 Power Generation Control 188
5.4 Primary Power Distribution 1995.5 Power Conversion and Energy Storage 201
5.5.1 Inverters 2015.5.2 Transformer Rectifier Units (TRUs) 2015.5.3 Auto-Transformers 2025.5.4 Battery Chargers 2025.5.5 Batteries 203
5.6 Secondary Power Distribution 2035.6.1 Power Switching 2035.6.2 Load Protection 204
5.7 Typical Aircraft DC System 2075.8 Typical Civil Transport Electrical System 2085.9 Electrical Loads 210
5.9.1 Motors and Actuation 2105.9.2 DC Motors 2115.9.3 AC Motors 2125.9.4 Lighting 212
Contents xi
5.9.5 Heating 2135.9.6 Subsystem Controllers and Avionics
Systems 2135.9.7 Ground Power 214
5.10 Emergency Power Generation 2145.10.1 Ram Air Turbine 2155.10.2 Backup Power Converters 2155.10.3 Permanent Magnet Generators (PMGs) 216
5.11 Recent Systems Developments 2185.11.1 Electrical Load Management System (ELMS) 2185.11.2 Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF) 2205.11.3 270 VDC Systems 2275.11.4 More-Electric Aircraft (MEA) 227
5.12 Recent Electrical System Developments 2285.12.1 Airbus A380 Electrical System Overview 2295.12.2 A400M 2345.12.3 B787 Electrical Overview 234
5.13 Electrical Systems Displays 237
6 Pneumatic Systems 2396.1 Introduction 2396.2 Use of Bleed Air 2406.3 Engine Bleed Air Control 2446.4 Bleed Air System Indications 2476.5 Bleed Air System Users 247
6.5.1 Wing and Engine Anti-Ice 2486.5.2 Engine Start 2506.5.3 Thrust Reversers 2516.5.4 Hydraulic Systems 251
6.6 Pitot Static Systems 2526.6.1 Innovative Methods of Pitot-Static
Measurement 256
7 Environmental Control Systems 2597.1 Introduction 2597.2 The Need for a Controlled Environment 260
7.2.1 Kinetic Heating 2607.2.2 Solar Heating 2617.2.3 Avionics Heat Loads 2627.2.4 Airframe System Heat Loads 2627.2.5 The Need for Cabin Conditioning 2627.2.6 The Need for Avionics Conditioning 263
7.3 The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) 2637.4 Environmental Control System Design 266
7.4.1 Ram Air Cooling 2667.4.2 Fuel Cooling 267
xii Contents
7.4.3 Engine Bleed 2677.4.4 Bleed Flow and Temperature Control 269
7.5 Cooling Systems 2717.5.1 Air Cycle Refrigeration Systems 2717.5.2 Turbofan System 2727.5.3 Bootstrap System 2727.5.4 Reversed Bootstrap 2747.5.5 Ram Powered Reverse Bootstrap 2747.5.6 Vapour Cycle Systems 2757.5.7 Liquid Cooled Systems 2767.5.8 Expendable Heat Sinks 277
7.6 Humidity Control 2787.7 The Inefficiency of Present Systems 2797.8 Air Distribution Systems 279
7.8.1 Avionics Cooling 2797.8.2 Unconditioned Bays 2807.8.3 Conditioned Bays 2807.8.4 Conditioned Bay Equipment Racking 2817.8.5 Ground Cooling 2827.8.6 Cabin Distribution Systems 283
7.9 Cabin Noise 2847.10 Cabin Pressurisation 2847.11 Hypoxia 2877.12 Molecular Sieve Oxygen Concentrators 2887.13 g Tolerance 2917.14 Rain Dispersal 2927.15 Anti-Misting and De-Misting 2937.16 Aircraft Icing 293
8 Emergency Systems 2978.1 Introduction 2978.2 Warning Systems 2988.3 Fire Detection and Suppression 3018.4 Emergency Power Sources 3058.5 Explosion Suppression 3078.6 Emergency Oxygen 3088.7 Passenger Evacuation 3088.8 Crew Escape 3108.9 Computer-Controlled Seats 3128.10 Ejection System Timing 3138.11 High Speed Escape 3148.12 Crash Recorder 3148.13 Crash Switch 3158.14 Emergency Landing 3158.15 Emergency System Testing 317
Contents xiii
9 Rotary Wing Systems 3199.1 Introduction 3199.2 Special Requirements of Helicopters 3209.3 Principles of Helicopter Flight 3219.4 Helicopter Flight Control 3249.5 Primary Flight Control Actuation 325
9.5.1 Manual Control 3269.5.2 Auto-Stabilisation 3289.5.3 Autopilot Modes 330
9.6 Key Helicopter Systems 3339.6.1 Engine and Transmission System 3359.6.2 Hydraulic Systems 3389.6.3 Electrical System 3409.6.4 Health Monitoring System 3419.6.5 Specialised Helicopter Systems 342
9.7 Helicopter Auto-Flight Control 3439.7.1 EH 101 Flight Control System 3439.7.2 NOTAR Method of Yaw Control 346
9.8 Active Control Technology 3499.9 Advanced Battlefield Helicopter 350
9.9.1 Target Acquisition and Designator System(TADS)/Pilots Night Vision System (PNVS) 350
9.9.2 AH-64 C/D Longbow Apache 3539.10 Tilt Rotor Systems 357
9.10.1 Tilt Rotor Concept and Development 3579.10.2 V-22 OSPREY 3589.10.3 Civil Tilt Rotor 366
10 Advanced Systems 37110.1 Introduction 371
10.1.1 STOL Manoeuvre TechnologyDemonstrator (SMTD) 371
10.1.2 Vehicle Management Systems (VMS) 37210.1.3 More-Electric Aircraft 37210.1.4 More-Electric Engine 373
10.2 Stealth 37410.2.1 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) 374
10.3 Integrated Flight and PropulsionControl (IFPC) 375
10.4 Vehicle Management System 37710.5 More-Electric Aircraft 381
10.5.1 Engine Power Offtakes 38110.5.2 Boeing 787 (More-Electric) Electrical System 38210.5.3 More-Electric Hydraulic System 38410.5.4 More-Electric Environmental Control
System 386
xiv Contents
10.6 More-Electric Actuation 38810.6.1 Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA) 38810.6.2 Electro-Mechanical Actuators (EMA) 38810.6.3 Electric Braking 388
10.7 More-Electric Engine 38910.7.1 Conventional Engine Characteristics 39010.7.2 More-Electric Engine Characteristics 390
10.8 Impact of Stealth Design 39310.8.1 Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk 39410.8.2 Northrop B-2 Spirit 39610.8.3 Joint Strike Fighter – F-35 Lightning II 401
10.9 Technology Developments/Demonstrators 40210.9.1 Fault Tolerant 270VDC Electrical Power
Generation System 40210.9.2 Thermal and Energy Management Module 40210.9.3 AFTI F-16 Flight Demonstration 403
11 System Design and Development 40711.1 Introduction 407
11.1.1 Systems Design 40811.1.2 Development Processes 408
11.2 System Design 40811.2.1 Key Agencies and Documentation 40811.2.2 Design Guidelines and Certification
Techniques 40911.2.3 Key Elements of the Development Process 410
11.3 Major Safety Processes 41111.3.1 Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA) 41211.3.2 Preliminary System Safety Analysis (PSSA) 41311.3.3 System Safety Analysis (SSA) 41411.3.4 Common Cause Analysis (CCA) 414
11.4 Requirements Capture 41511.4.1 Top-Down Approach 41511.4.2 Bottom-Up Approach 41611.4.3 Requirements Capture Example 416
11.5 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 41811.6 Dependency Diagram 42011.7 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 42211.8 Component Reliability 423
11.8.1 Analytical Methods 42311.8.2 In-Service Data 424
11.9 Dispatch Reliability 42411.10 Markov Analysis 42511.11 Development Processes 427
11.11.1 The Product Life Cycle 42711.11.2 Concept Phase 428
Contents xv
11.11.3 Definition Phase 43011.11.4 Design Phase 43111.11.5 Build Phase 43211.11.6 Test Phase (Qualification Phase) 43311.11.7 Operate Phase 43311.11.8 Disposal or Refurbish 43411.11.9 Development Programme 43511.11.10 ‘V' Diagram 437
11.12 Extended Operations (ETOPS) 438
12 Avionics Technology 44112.1 Introduction 44112.2 The Nature of Microelectronic Devices 443
12.2.1 Processors 44612.2.2 Memory Devices 44612.2.3 Digital Data Buses 44712.2.4 A 429 Data Bus 44912.2.5 MIL-STD-1553B 45112.2.6 ARINC 629 Data Bus 45312.2.7 COTS Data Buses 456
12.3 Data Bus Integration of Aircraft Systems 46012.3.1 Experimental Aircraft Programme (EAP) 46012.3.2 Airbus A330/340 46112.3.3 Boeing 777 46212.3.4 Regional Aircraft/Business Jets 46312.3.5 A380 Avionics Architecture 46412.3.6 Boeing 787 Avionics Architecture 46712.3.7 COTS Data Buses – IEEE 1394 468
12.4 Fibre Optic Buses 46912.5 Avionics Packaging Standards 470
12.5.1 Air Transport Radio (ATR) 47012.5.2 Modular Concept Unit (MCU) 470
12.6 Typical LRU Architecture 47112.7 Integrated Modular Avionics 473
13 Environmental Conditions 47713.1 Introduction 47713.2 Environmental Factors 479
13.2.1 Altitude 47913.2.2 Temperature 48013.2.3 Contamination by Fluids 48213.2.4 Solar Radiation 48313.2.5 Rain, Humidity, Moisture 48413.2.6 Fungus 48513.2.7 Salt Fog/Salt Mist 48513.2.8 Sand and Dust 486
xvi Contents
13.2.9 Explosive Atmosphere 48613.2.10 Acceleration 48713.2.11 Immersion 48713.2.12 Vibration 48813.2.13 Acoustic Noise 48813.2.14 Shock 48913.2.15 Pyroshock 49013.2.16 Acidic Atmosphere 49013.2.17 Temperature, Humidity, Vibration, Altitude 49013.2.18 Icing/Freezing Rain 49113.2.19 Vibro-Acoustic, Temperature 49113.2.20 RF Radiation 49113.2.21 Lightning 49213.2.22 Nuclear, Biological and Chemical 493
13.3 Testing and Validation Process 493
Index 499
Foreword
The Aerospace and Defence industry has been at the forefront of systemsengineering for many decades. The imperatives of commercial success and / ormilitary need have compelled those in the Industry to seize the opportunitiesoffered by taking a systems engineering approach to solve a variety of complexproblems.
The insights offered by use of computer based modelling techniques, whichhave the capacity to represent multiple complex systems, their interdependen-cies, interactions and their inputs and outputs have propelled the exploitationof systems engineering by those in Aerospace and Defence. The approach isnot confined to those mechanical and electrical systems for which stand alonesystems models can be constructed. Rather, it is put to its best use when consid-ering a major product or service as a system made up of many subsystems. Forexample, the optimisation of aircraft layout involving trade-offs between struc-tural aspects, aerodynamic design, electronic and mechanical system perfor-mance as well as integrity can be achieved. Carried out in a balanced way, thiscan be the most powerful tool used by the Engineering teams in the process ofdefining a light, cheap to manufacture, reliable and high performance aircraft.
In stark terms, success or failure in the Aerospace and Defence sector is deter-mined by the approach taken in the development of systems and how well orotherwise the systems or their interactions are modelled, understood and opti-mised. The most obvious output from such a process is the resulting systemperformance, for example how fast your aircraft can fly and what it can seeusing its radar. In addition however, the dimensions of cost and elapsed timeto develop and build a system, together with its inherent reliability throughoutits life, are also all critically dependent on effective systems engineering fromthe outset. Projects, and sometimes entire businesses, will succeed or flounderon the basis of how well the systems engineering approach has informed deci-sion making relating to the definition of responsibilities between, for example,customers and suppliers, industrial partners or members of an alliance or team.Effective systems engineering will help to expose where the natural bound-aries are between areas of activity which in turn informs the definition ofsuitable contractual boundaries and terms and conditions of a contract. Theultimate benefit of this approach is more effective assignment of responsibili-ties, enduring contracts and, most importantly, safer systems.
xviii Foreword
The ultimate consequence of having a culture within an organisation thatcentres on Systems Engineering is that the inherent approach spills over intoother aspects of the activity across the enterprise involved. Obvious benefits inmanufacturing process optimisation sit alongside the creation of business infor-mation management systems and other tools each playing a part in the questfor an organisation to make the best use of its resources, skills and funding.All of this contributes to the drive for predictable business performance andbusiness success.
This book exemplifies the need to apply a systems engineering approach tothe aircraft systems as well as the avionics systems deployed by the aircraftand weapons systems in the performance of its military role. The performanceand inter-relationship of all systems are paramount in meeting the air vehiclespecification requirements, which in many future offensive air vehicles willbe unmanned. The authors have described the Aircraft Systems that emergefrom the application of Systems Engineering to show the benefits to individualsystems performance and whole aircraft design and integration. Examples ofsolutions in commercial and military aircraft are given, which complement thesystems described in companion volumes.
The forthcoming More-Electric Aircraft and More-Electric Engine technolo-gies as described in various places within this text herald the approach ofinnovative and highly integrated technologies for many of the aircraft systemsthat will serve both civil and military applications in the future. The bookhas much to recommend it as a place mark in time in relation to the ultimatematurity and application of these technologies.
Nigel Whitehead, Group Managing Director – Military Air Solutions, BAESYSTEMS
Series Preface
The field of aerospace is wide ranging and covers a variety of products,disciplines and domains, not merely in engineering but in many relatedsupporting activities. These combine to enable the aerospace industry toproduce exciting and technologically challenging products. A wealth of knowl-edge is contained by practitioners and professionals in the aerospace fieldsthat is of benefit to other practitioners in the industry, and to those enteringthe industry from University.
The Aerospace Series aims to be a practical and topical series of books aimedat engineering professionals, operators, users and allied professions such ascommercial and legal executives with in the aerospace industry. The range oftopics spans design and development, manufacture, operation and support ofaircraft as well as infrastructure operations, and developments in research andtechnology. The intention is to provide a source of relevant information thatwill be of interest and benefit to all those people working in aerospace.
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About the Authors
Lan Moir After 20 years in the Royal Air Force as an engineering officer, Ianwent on to Smiths Industries in the UK where he was involved in a numberof advanced projects. Since retiring from Smiths he is now in demand as ahighly respected consultant. Ian has a broad and detailed experience workingin aircraft avionics systems in both military and civil aircraft. From the RAFTornado and Apache helicopter to the Boeing 777, Ian’s work has kept him atthe forefront of new system developments and integrated systems in the areasof more-electric technology and system implementations. He has a specialinterest in fostering training and education in aerospace engineering.
Allan Seabridge was until recently the Chief Flight Systems Engineer at BAESYSTEMS at Warton in Lancashire in the UK. In over 30 years in the aerospaceindustry his work has latterly included the avionics systems on the NimrodMRA 4 and Lockheed Martin Lightning II (Joint Strike Fighter) as well as athe development of a range of flight and avionics systems on a wide rangeof fast jets, training aircraft and ground and maritime surveillance projects.Spending much of his time between Europe and the US, Allan is fully awareof systems developments worldwide. He is also keen to encourage a furtherunderstanding of integrated engineering systems. An interest in engineeringeducation continues with the design and delivery of systems and engineeringcourses at a number of UK universities at undergraduate and postgraduatelevel.
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Acknowledgements
This book has taken a long time to prepare and we would not have completedit without the help and support of colleagues and organisations who willinglygave their time and provided information with enthusiasm.
We would especially like to thank Gordon Leishman who reviewed therotorcraft chapter and Geoff Poole, Dr Craig Lawson and Roy Langton whoreviewed the entire manuscript. We are indebted to their valuable comments.
The following organisations kindly provided information and images:
AGUSTA WESTLAND High Temp Engineering/CobhamAirbus (UK) HoneywellBAE SYSTEMS Honeywell Aerospace YeovilBell Helicopter NASABF Goodrich Northrop GrummanBoeing Parker AerospaceBoeing/Bell RaytheonClaverham/Hamilton Sundstrand Rolls RoyceDoD photograph by TSGT Edward
BoyceRolls Royce/Turbomeca
Dunlop Aerospace International Smiths Group/GE AviationEngineering Arresting Systems Corp US Air ForceFlight Refuelling/Cobham US Air Force photograph by
Senior Airman Darnall Cannady
We would like to thank the staff at John Wiley who took on this project froma previous publisher and guided us to a satisfactory conclusion.
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List of Abbreviations
A 429 ARINC 429 Data BusA 629 ARINC 629 Data BusA 664 ARINC 664 100Mbits/sec Fast Switched EthernetAC Advisory Circular (FAA)AAWWS Airborne Adverse Weather Weapons System (Apache)AC Advisory Circular (FAA)AC Alternating CurrentACE Actuator Control ElectronicsACM Air Cycle MachineACMP AC Motor PumpACT Active Control TechnologyA/D Analogue to DigitalADM Air Data ModuleADP Air Driven PumpADU Actuator Drive UnitADV Air Defence Variant (Tornado)AFCS Automatic Flight Control SystemAFDC Autopilot Flight Director Computer (B777)AFTI Advanced Fighter Technology Integration (F-16)AIAA American Institute of Aeronautics & AstronauticsAj Jet Pipe AreaAMAD Airframe-Mounted Accessory DriveAMB Active Magnetic BearingAmp or A AmpereAoA Angle of AttackAPB Auxiliary Power BreakerAPU Auxiliary Power UnitARINC Air Radio IncART Actuator Remote Terminal (B-2 flight control system)ASCB Avionics Standard Communications BusASI Airspeed IndicatorASIC Application Specific Integrated-Circuit
xxvi List of Abbreviations
ASM Air Separation ModuleAS/PCU Air Supply/Pressurisation Control Unit (B777)ATA Air Transport AssociationATC Air Traffic ControlATF Advanced Tactical FighterATM Air Transport ManagementATP Advanced Turbo-PropATR Air Transport RadioAUW All-Up WeightAVM Airplane Vibration Monitoring
B Blue (as in blue hydraulic system)BAES BAE SYSTEMSBatt BatteryBC Bus Controller (MIL-STD-1553B)BCF Bromo-Chloro-diFluoro-MethaneBCRU Battery Charger Regulator Units (regulated TRUs used on
the A380)BIT Built-In TestBOV Blow Off ValveBPCU Bus Power Control UnitBSCU Brake System Control UnitBTB Bus Tie BreakerBTMU Brake Temperature Monitoring Unit
C CentigradeC CentreC CollectiveCAA Civil Aviation AuthorityCANbus Commercial-Off-The-Shelf data bus (originally designed by
Bosch for automobile applications)CASA Construcciones Aeronauticas Socieda AnonymCBLTM Control-By-LightTM (Raytheon proprietary fibre optic bus)CCA Common Cause AnalysisCCB Converter Control Breaker (B777)CCR Common Computing Resource (B787)CDA Concept Demonstration AircraftCDR Critical Design ReviewCDU Cockpit Display UnitsCG Centre of GravityCHRG ChargerCMA Common Mode AnalysisCNS Communications, Navigation, SurveillanceCOTS Commercial Off-The-ShelfCPIOM Common Processor Input/Output Module (A380 avionics
IMA)
List of Abbreviations xxvii
CSAS Control Stability Augmentation SystemCSD Constant Speed DriveCT Current TransformerCTC Cabin Temperature ControlCTOL Conventional Take-Off & LandingCV Carrier Variant
DATAC Digital Autonomous Terminal Access Communication(forerunner to ARINC 629)
D/A Digital to AnalogueDC Direct CurrentDECU Digital Engine Control UnitDef Stan Defence StandardDem/Val Demonstration/ValidationDFCC Digital Flight Control Computer (AFTI F-16)DTD Directorate of Technical DevelopmentDTI Department of Trade & IndustryDVO Direct Vision Optics
E1 E1 Electrical Channel (A380)E2 E2 Electrical Channel (A380)E3 E3 Electrical Channel (A380)EAI Engine Anti-IceEAP Experimental Aircraft ProgrammeEASA European Aviation Safety AuthorityEBHA Electrical Backup Hydraulic Actuator (A380)EC European CommunityECAM Electronic Crew Alerting & MonitoringECS Environmental Control SystemEDP Engine Driven PumpEE Electrical Equipment (as in EE Bay)EEC Electronic Engine ControllerE2PROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only MemoryEFA European Fighter AircraftEFAB Extended Forward Avionics BayEFIS Electronic Flight Instrument SystemEFPMS Engine Fuel Pump and Metering SystemEGT Exhaust Gas TemperatureEHA Electro-Hydrostatic ActuatorEICAS Engine Indication & Crew Alerting SystemELCU Electronic Load Control UnitELMS Electrical Load Management System (B777)EMA Electro-Mechanical ActuatorEMP Electrical Motor PumpEMI Electro-Magnetic InterferenceEPC External Power Contactor
xxviii List of Abbreviations
EPMS Electrical Power Management System (AH-64C/D Apache)EPROM Electrically Programmable Read Only MemoryEPU Emergency Power UnitERA Electrical Research AgencyESS EssentialESS Environmental Stress ScreeningETOPS Extended Twin OperationSEU Electronics UnitEU European UnionEUROCAE European Organisation for Civil Aviation EquipmentEXT or Ext External
FAA Federal Aviation AuthorityFAC Flight Augmentation ComputerFADEC Full Authority Digital Engine ControlFAR Federal Aviation RegulationsFBW Fly-By-WireFC Flight ControlFCC Flight Control ComputerFCDC Flight Control Data ConcentratorFCMC Fuel Control and Monitoring Computer (A340-500/600)FCP Fuel Control PanelFCPC Flight Control Primary ComputerFCS Flight Control SystemFCSC Flight Control Secondary ComputerFDC Fuel Data Concentrator (A340-500/600)FCU Fuel Control UnitFHA Functional Hazard AnalysisFITEC Farnborough International Technology Exploitation
Conference (1998)FLIR Forward Looking Infra RedFMC Flight Management ComputerFMEA Failure Modes & Effects AnalysisFMES Failure Modes & Effects SummaryFMGEC Flight Management Guidance & Envelope Computer
(A330/A340)FMQGS Fuel Management & Quantity Gauging System (Global
Express)FMS Flight Management SystemFOB Fuel On BoardFQIS Fuel Quantity Indication SystemFQPU Fuel Quantity Processor Unit (B777)FSCC Flap/Slat Control Computers (A380)FSD Full Scale DevelopmentFSDG Fan Shaft Driven Generator
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