Aircraft Engine Emission Charges in Europe Emanuel Fleuti Flughafen Zürich AG 2005.

Aircraft Engine Emission Chargesin Europe

Emanuel FleutiFlughafen Zürich AG

2005

Developments as per 2004

Zurich, 1997Sweden (1), 1998

Industry Request for Model Harmonization

EC ECAC Discussion

ECAC/ANCAT WG "ERLIG", 2001

Recommendation for European Model, 2003 (ECAC/27-4)

Implementation2004

Switzerland* Sweden*

Further Implementation ?

Geneva, 1998

Bern, 2001Sweden (2), 2000

*very similar, but not identical model

Next Steps

Implementation

European Recommendation

ECAC RECOMMENDATION ONNOx EMISSION CLASSIFICATION SCHEME*

*adopted by the ECAC: Recommendation ECAC/27-4, July 2003

• Basically: absolute NOx-emissions in the standard LTO-cycle• HC to consider (older or newer) engine technology (factor 'a' for regulated engines)• Continuous scale• Applicable to all aircraft > 8,618 kg MTOM• Emission data from ICAO (regulated engines) and FOI (unregulated engines)

esLTO

Aircraft indexNOxfuelflowtimeEnginesalueEmissionVamod

100060

National Implementation

ECAC Recommendation:

• Aircraft > 8,618 kg MTOM• Calculated Emission Values:

• Regulated engines (ICAO Data)• Unregulated engines (FOI Data)

Swiss Recommendation:

• Aircraft 8,618 kg MTOM• Default Emission Values (Matrix with #, type and size of engine)

Default Emission Values for Small Aircraft

# Eng.

Ecolight Pistonup to 200

hp

Piston200-400

hp

Piston>400

hp

Helicopter<1000 hp

Helicopter > 1000 hp

Business-Jets

(<16 kN)

Business-Jets

(>16 kN)

Turbo-Props*

1 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.8

2 0.4 0.8 1 0.4 1.4 1.0 2.0 1.6

3 1.2 1.5 2.1 1.5 3.0 2.4

4 1.6 2 2.8 3.2

• Emission Values Aircraft according to engine type, size and number of engines• Applicable to all aircraft 8,618 kg MTOM (and above if no detailed emission data is available)

* not all turboprop engines are contained in the FOI database

Current Emission Charges in Europe

Switzerland (beginning 1.9.1997):- Original Model: g (NOx+VOC)/kN thrust; 5 emission classes;- Surcharge to landing charge of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 40%- applied at Zurich, Geneva and Bern for all aircraft

France (1.1.2003):- applied at Basel: same model as currently applied in Switzerland;- landing charge multiplier of 0.94, 1.05, 1.10, 1.20 and 1.30 (respective of emission class)

Sweden (changed per 1.3.2004):- ECAC-Recommendation and Swiss/Swedish Matrix for other aircraft;- SEK 50.00 per kg Emission Value (basically NOx)- Applicable at all airports for all aircraft

United Kingdom (new as from 1.4.2004):- applied at BAA Heathrow, only for aircraft >8'618 kg MTOW- NOx-Emissions and Swiss/Swedish Matrix for other aircraft- Bonus/Malus-System- GB£ 1.00 per kg NOx > 23 kg (and rebate of GB£ 1.00/kg NOx < 23 kg)- planned: implementation in Gatwick (1.4.2005) with a bonus/malus threshold of 15.5 kg

European Developments

July 2003 ECAC-Recommendation 27-4 endorsed

October 2003 Stakeholder Meeting @ECAC in Paris by Sweden

and Switzerland

1.3. 2004 Implementation of new model in Sweden

1.4. 2004 Implementation of a model at BAA Heathrow

Summer 2004 Legal and advisory framework completed in Germany

Summer 2004 New status evaluation at Swiss Airports

…

1.4. 2005 Implementation of a model at BAA Gatwick (planned)

…

Results (1)

Operational Results

• Improvement in Fleet Development:

Intr

oduc

tion

New Airbus-fleet of home carrier

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Movements in Emission Classes

Free (class 5) 5% (class 4) 10% (class 3) 20% (class 2) 40% (class 1)

An

no

un

cem

en

t

New Airbus-fleet of home carrier

Intr

od

uct

ion

Results (2)

Environmental Results

• Change in Aircraft Operation: - B747-200 replaced by A340-200: 4.0 t NOx/a*ac and 3.9 t VOC/a*ac (-82%) - MD82 replaced by A320: 2.0 t NOx/a*ac (-21%)

(1 a/c, daily operations, %-reduction per LTO)

• Fixed Ground Power Systems: -75 t NOx (=4.3% of all airport NOx-emissions), -12,170 t fuel (2001)

• Reduction of idling/taxi time: Potential of -17 t NOx and -17 t VOC (at 2 min/ac, 150,000 cycles in 2000)

Results (3)

Political Results

• Aviation Industry - Marketing with LowNOx-Engines (CFM56-5DAC) - Development of new technologies (Talon Combuster for PW8000)

• Politics - Local/regional acknowledgement - European discussion

(1997)

(1998)

Use of Revenues*

• Required Air Quality Monitoring (0.25 mio CHF/a)

• Required Emission Inventory Calculation (0.15 mio CHF/a)

• Required Fixed Ground Power at Piers (3.0 mio CHF/a)

• Contribution to CNG fuel station (0.1 mio CHF/a)

• Contribution to A/C ground movement improvements (infrastructure, guidance systems)

*main items

Old Swiss and New European Emission Charges Model

Fundamental Change:From: Technology Approach To: Emission's Approach

(“polluter-pays-principle“)

Main Points:

Today: New:

- Specific Emissions - Emission Value of Aircraft- 5 Emission Classes - Continuous Scale- %-Charge/Class - Charge = f(Emission Value)- Some Aircraft free of charge - all Aircraft pay

Models can not be compared=> Charges can not be compared