1 Folie 1 [email protected]- 22.01.2007 Airborne Campaigns for Pol-InSAR Applications Development Irena Hajnsek, Alberto Moreira, Malcolm Davidson German Aerospace Center European Space Agency Folie 2 Microwaves and Radar Institute Outline Why do we need airborne campaigns? First airborne demonstration of Pol-InSAR What is the status of application development with Pol-InSAR? Forest Application Agricultural Application Ice and Snow Application Urban Area Application Contribution of airborne campaigns to spaceborne
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Airborne Campaignsfor Pol-InSAR Applications Development
Irena Hajnsek, Alberto Moreira, Malcolm DavidsonGerman Aerospace Center European Space Agency
Folie 2Microwaves and Radar Institute
Outline
Why do we need airborne campaigns?First airborne demonstration of Pol-InSARWhat is the status of application development with Pol-InSAR?
Forest ApplicationAgricultural ApplicationIce and Snow Application Urban Area Application
Contribution of airborne campaigns to spaceborne
2
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Why do we need airborne campaigns?
DLR‘s aircrafts
Requirements to an airborne systemFlexible and modular SAR systemSystem availabilityComplete operational processing chainFast data delivery High data quality
InnovationSpecifications needed for future satellite sensors Test advanced imaging modes (Pol-InSAR, digital beamforming, etc.)
DevelopmentDevelopment of algorithm for quantitative parameter estimationDevelopment of new application productsObservations to with which to calibrate or validate satellite retrievals
Data AvailabilityDetailed information's in critical areasKey information that cannot currently be measured from spaceYoung researcher education and preparation to satellite SAR sensors
ForestPortage Lake MaineC-,L-&P-band1993AIRSAR @ JPL
AgricultureFoulumC-band1995EMISAR @ DNSC (DTU)
X-band
L-band
L-band
Frequency
Australia
Tutori/Tsukuba
OP
Test site
Agriculture2005 (?)INGARA @ DSTO
Forest2000/2001PI-SAR @ JAXA
Temp. forest1998E-SAR @ DLR-HR
ApplicationFirst Pol-InSARdemo
Airborne System/Institution
First airborne Pol-InSAR campaigns
3
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AIRSAR‘s first Pol-InSAR campaign @ JPL, USA
Objectives: To measure attenuation at different frequencies in the canopyUnderstand temporal decorrelation in the canopySee how the interferometric phase varied with polarimetric decompositions
Summary: Airborne InSAR experiments have shown good correlation at L-bandGeoSAR: Dual Pol-InSAR @ P-band – Campaign in Camp Lejune NC USA 2000
ForestPortage Lake MaineC-,L-&P-band1993AIRSAR @ JPL
AgricultureFoulumC-band1995EMISAR @ DNSC (DTU)
X-band
L-band
L-band
Frequency
Australia
Tutori/Tsukuba
OP
Test site
Agriculture2005 (?)INGARA @ DSTO
Forest2000/2001PI-SAR @ JAXA
Temp. forest1998E-SAR @ DLR-HR
ApplicationFirst Pol-InSARdemo
Airborne System/Institution
First airborne Pol-InSAR campaigns
4
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EMISAR‘s first Pol-InSAR campaign @ DNSC, Denmark
EMISAR DEM Coherence magnitude(RGB-coded Pauli basis)
Test site: Foulum, DenmarkCampaign purpose: Crop classificationAcquisition date: May 3, 1995Acquisition/processing: Technical University of DenmarkFrequency: C-band
Campaign Objectives:E-SAR campaigns over different forest types in Europe for forest height retrieval:
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0 10 20 30 40
Forest Height (in Situ) [m]
Pic.abiesPi.silv.
Ab.piceaPseu.menz
Lar. decGg.sylv.
Querc.rab.Frax.exc.Bet.pend.Rob.pseu.Por.rob.
0 10 20 30 40 50
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Forest Height [m]
Fore
st B
iom
ass
[t/ha
]Fo
rest
Bio
mas
s [t/
ha]
Airborne Campaigns @ Forest applications
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Kalimantan - Indonesia
Tropical forest applicationsCampaign Objectives:
1. Investigation of L- and P-band overtropical forest for forest heightestimation (visebility of the ground, validity of the RVoGM etc.)
2. Is there a relation of forest height and forest biomass over tropical forest?
3. Is there an empirical relation between the radar backscatter and the forest
biomass using L- and/or P-band?
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MAWAS: Tropical forest heightRGB Image X/L/P Band
Tropical Forest Height from Pol-InSAR
y
z
x
n
r
bl
h
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
VVVH
HVHH
SSSS
S ][ 1
⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡=
VVVH
HVHH
SSSS
S ][ 2
1 2
Pol-InSAR
Forest height over tropical forest in Indonesia
az
rg
12
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Preliminary results: Tropical forest applications1. Both frequencies L- & P-band are suitable for
forest height estimation
2. Research is still ongoing and a definite answer is pending – relation between height/biomass
3. Six different definitions of biomass have been found in the literature and have been used for comparison. No significant relation between biomass and radar backscatter
were found (270-390 t/ha)
P – Band (blue) L – Band (red) See presentation by Florian Kugler
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
H10
0[m
]
Top height of transects : 26m123
54
6
87
910
123
54
6
87
910
Plot design of ground truth:20 squares of 10m x 10m in two transects
L- against P-band derived heights
whole scene ground plot
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Boreal Forest 2003 @ Helsinki AreaCampaign Objectives:1. Investigation of Pol-InSAR in L-band
over boreal forest areas.
2. Comparison of Pol-InSAR derived forest heights with HUT-SCAT data HUT-SCAT Profile
Cooperation with HUT
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Forest height @ different frequencies …
P-ba
nd
L-ba
nd
C-b
and
@ 30º
50% HH & VV
0 0 0 1 20 0 1 4 0 0 16 0 0 1 8 00 2 0 0 0 2 20 0 2 4 0 0 26 0 0 2 8 00 3 0H u ts c a t lo o k
Forest Height @ L-band & HUTSCAT Height Profiles
Forest Height @ X-band & HUTSCAT Height Profiles
E-SAR / Test Site: Helsinki, Finland
L-ba
nd
)()(~
)exp()(~wm1wmγφiwγ V
0 r
rr
++
=V0 γφiwγ ~)exp()(~ =
r
X-ba
nd
Short summary:
1. Significant correlation between L-band & HUT-SCAT derived forest heights
2. Significant correlation between X-band & HUT-SCAT derived forest heights
E-SAR’s Agricultural Campaign in Tunesia 2005Airborne Campaign: AQUIFEREX within AQUIFER
support the national authorities and international institutions with Earth Observation (EO) based technology to better manage internationally shared water resources and aquifers strengthen overall and integrated water management practices build-up of an independent service provision capacity to ensure local service delivery after the project cycle to achieve the longer-term goal of service sustainability
Campaign ExecutionNovember 2005South Tunesia (Ben Gardane,GabesRegion)ImportantobservationParameter:Land-cover and use & soil moisture
E-SAR: C-band quad-pol
E-SAR: L-band quad-pol
AVIS(rgb=659, 550, 477 nm)
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surface
scatteringplane
sensor
β
LOS
E-SAR / Test Site: Aquiferex, Tunisia
L-band / Pauli RGB Vol. Soil MoistureDielectric Constant
T11 T12
T21 T22
T33
T11 T12
T21 T22
T11
T22
T33
= +
X-Bragg Bragg RoughnessTerm
Pol.
Coh
. Mat
rix
Bare Surfaces: Soil Moisture Estimation @ AQUIFEREX
15
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Agriculture Vegetation @ Alling/Germany 2000
SAR Image @ L-band 3-D Height Map
Differential Extinction0 dB
40 dB
)()()()exp()(
~~
wm1wmwγφiwγ V
0 r
rrr
++
=
0V I
Iwγ =)(~ r
∫
∫
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
V
V
h
0 00
h
0 0z
dzθ
zwσ2I
dzθ
zwσ2zκiI
'cos
')(exp
'cos
')(exp)'exp(
r
r
Interferometric Coherence:
Test
Site
: Kue
ttigh
offe
n, S
witz
erla
nd
E-SAR / Test Site: Alling, Germany
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AGRISAR: Soil Surface and Crop Parameter (April-Aug.2006)1. Building up a data base for agricultural parameter
estimation over a whole vegetation growth period -has been started mid April 2006
2. support the space segment activities at ESA with respect to the Sentinel Program
answering open questions concerning system constellation (single, dual, qual polarisation, revisit time, etc)
• 16 Radar data acquisition flights during three months
SVALEX 2005 – Svalbard Airborne ExperimentDLR-HR (Microwaves and Radar Institute)
* Pol-InSAR measurements over land ice* penetration depth at different frequencies* retrieval of glacier topography* mapping of internal ice structures
AWI-Potsdam (Alfred-Wegner Institute)* measurements of optical, chemical, and* physical properties of Arctic aerosols, in particular Arctic haze
AWI-Bremerhaven (Alfred-Wegner Institute)* boundary layer meteorology * transfer of atmospheric momentum to sea ice* use of radar imagery to quantify ice ks
Airborne Radar Campaign at Spitzbergen• over Sea Ice in X- & L-band quad pol• over Land Ice (Glacier) in Pol-InSAR L- and P-band
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SVALEX 2005 – Svalbard Experiment 05
Sea Ice & Meteopod
Corner Reflector @ Summit
Meteo Station
Preliminary Summary• Investigation of penetration depth at different frequencies,
where the corner reflector are used as a reference point. First results show that lower penetration occurs as expected in X-band, L-band and P-band.
• Implementation and modification of coherent scattering models for the characterisation of the ice volume and Pol-InSAR analysis at different frequencies showed good agreement with the observables.
Campaigns over Urban Area over Munich 2005/6 Campaign Objective:1. Identification of Coherent Scatterers
at different Frequencies
2. Characterisation of Coherent Scatterer (dielectric and geometric properties)
Dihedral Size: Vertical: 80 x 80 cmHorizontal: 80 x 80 cm
Orientation: 1th dihedral: 0 °2nd dihedral: 5 °
Acquisition:13. Oktober 2005
Tracks: 0, 30, 90, 270m
3 independent
Ascending
Descending
Munich
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Urban Areas: Coherent Scatterers @ Munich 2005/6
R: L-bandG: C-bandB: X-band
R: HH-VVG: HVB: HH+VV
2005-6: First CS’s dedicated experimentE-SAR / Test Site: Munich, Germany
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Coherent Scatterers
Red: Dihedrals
Green: Dipoles
Blue: Flat Plates
Amplitude Entropy Alpha angle
06.2006
See presentation by Kostas Papathanassiou & Luca Marotti
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Looking Forward …Development of parameter estimation methodology / algorithms: Snow / Ice / Agriculture …Information product definition and validation / Projection of product spec’s onto system design. Exploration of new and innovative observation spaces: From E to F ( SAR )
From S to Q ( Pol )From R to S ( Pass )From M to B ( Static )