Air Quality Status in Dhakacenters.iub.edu.bd/chpd/Pres_Sem_Air Quality_Khaliquzzaman_April 1… · Air Quality Status in Dhaka IUB Lecture (12 April, 2007) M. Khaliquzzaman Consultant,

Air Quality Status in Dhaka

IUB Lecture (12 April, 2007)M. Khaliquzzaman

Consultant, Environment Team,The World Bank Office, Dhaka

Why Are We Concerned About Air Quality? The reason is Environmental Health

Environmental factors cause as much as 22% of death and disease in BangladeshThe economic benefit of reducing exposure to environmental health risks may be up to 3.5% of national incomeChallenges:

Control urban air pollution, especially from dieselsReduce exposure to indoor air pollutionAchieve the Total Sanitation goalReduce exposure to toxics, especially POPsProvide arsenic-safe, biologically clean water

Global Environmental Health Burden

Economic Cost of Environmental Degradation

4.3%

Share of GDP Share by Source

Urban AirQuality 23%

DhakaSurfaceWater

Quality16.5%

CaptureFisheries

2.5%

Indoor AirPollution 21%

Water Supply and Sanitation 34%

Arsenicosis3%

Table : Environmental factor in the burden of disease in Bangladesh and in the region

.Environmental Health group

Percentage of total DALYs Bangladesh

India China Asia & Pacific

DALYS(Millions)

Cost Saving * ($ Million)

DALY (%)**

Water Supply & Sanitation

9.0 3.5 8 3.62 838 9.0

Indoor Air Pollution

6.0 9.0 4 - 458 4.9

Urban Air Pollution

2.0 4.5 2 - 169 1.8

Malaria 0.5 0 1.5 - - -

Agro-Industrial Waste

1.0 1.5 1.5 - - -

Total Environmental

18.5 18.5 17 - - 15.7

Potential Reductions in Mortality and Morbidity, and Economic Savings By Reducing Exposure to

Environmental Health RisksExposure Reduced Deaths Avoided Sickness Avoided Saving

(% GNI)

Urban Air Quality: reduce PM10 concentration by 20% - 80%

1,200 – 3,500 80 – 235 million cases 0.34 – 1.0

Indoor Air Pollution: reduce exposure by 20% - 80%

7,600 – 30,400 0.3 – 1.2 million DALYs 0.23 – 0.92

Water Supply and Sanitation: universal provision of improved water sources and sanitation

- 0.82 – 1.94 million DALYs 0.63 – 1.43

Arsenicosis:prevent exposure above 50ppb

- 0.13 – 0.17 million DALYs 0.1 – 0.13

Total 1.3 – 3.5

Source: M. Khaliquzzaman, 2004

PollutantPollutant Averaging TimeAveraging Time Annual average Annual average Concentration during Concentration during 20032003

Ratio with StandardsRatio with Standards

1 hour1 hour ------

8 hour8 hour 1.0 1.0 ±± 0.8ppm0.8ppm 0.110.11

24 hour24 hour --------

AnnualAnnual 77±±8 ppb8 ppb 0.230.23

24 hour24 hour ------

AnnualAnnual 5959±±58 ppb58 ppb 1.111.11

1 hour1 hour

8 hour8 hour 2828±±20 ppb20 ppb 0.350.35

24 hour24 hour

AnnualAnnual 133 133 ±± 7878µµg/mg/m33 2.662.66

24 hour24 hour ------

AnnualAnnual 76 76 ±± 5757µµg/mg/m33 5.075.07

PMPM2.52.5

PMPM1010

OzoneOzone

NONO22

SOSO22

COCO

Average values for Criteria Pollutants with standard deviations during 2003

TRENDS IN DHAKA AIR QUALITYTRENDS IN DHAKA AIR QUALITY

PM Data from Dhaka CAMS

050

100150200250300350

April,

02Au

gust,

02

Decem

ber,

02Ap

ril, 03

Augu

st, 0

3

Decem

ber,

03Ap

ril, 04

Augu

st, 0

4

Decem

ber,0

4Ap

ril,05

Augu

st,05

Decem

ber,

05Ap

ril, 06

Augu

st, 0

6

Decem

ber,

06

ug/m

3 PM10 PM2.5

w7

Air Quality in DhakaAir Quality in DhakaSeasonal AQI Trends in Dhaka

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

4001/

04/2

002

13/0

4/20

02

25/0

4/20

02

7/05

/200

2

19/0

5/20

02

31/0

5/20

02

12/0

6/20

02

24/0

6/20

02

6/07

/200

2

18/0

7/20

02

30/0

7/20

02

11/0

8/20

02

23/0

8/20

02

4/09

/200

2

16/0

9/20

02

28/0

9/20

02

10/1

0/20

02

22/1

0/20

02

11/3

/202

15/1

1/20

02

27/1

1/20

02

8/12

/200

2

20/1

2/20

02

Date

AQI

Air quality objective

Monsoon period – Air Quality OK

Non-monsoon period –Air Quality is poor

Note: PM is the major pollutant of concern in Dhaka. …10

Slide 10

w7 Is this PM10 or 2.5 ? Seems like PM10! Can we replace this with a similar graph from 2004 ?wb183505, 7/5/2005

Effect of Adiabatic lapse rate on Plumes

SOURCES AND PM SIZESOURCES AND PM SIZE

•• Coarse Particles are produced in the Coarse Particles are produced in the mechanical processesmechanical processes

•• Fine particles are produced in high Fine particles are produced in high temperature processestemperature processes

•• MOST VEHICULAR PM are in the form of MOST VEHICULAR PM are in the form of Fine ParticlesFine Particles

•• COMBUSTION in COOKING, HEATING, COMBUSTION in COOKING, HEATING, POWER GENERATION, INCINERATION, POWER GENERATION, INCINERATION, INDUSTRY produce Fine ParticlesINDUSTRY produce Fine Particles

Health Effect of PM - Cont

Particulate matter (PM) is considered fine if it has a diameter of less than 2.5 microns ( also referred to as PM2.5). PM can travel deep into the lungs where it can aggravate asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and other lung conditions.

Relative Size Fine Particulates

Beach Sand Flour PM2.5Particle Particle Fine

Particle

PM Source ApportionmentPM Source Apportionment((BilkisBilkis A. Begum, A. Begum, SwapanSwapan K. K. BiswasBiswas, Eugene K., Philip K. , Eugene K., Philip K. HopkeHopke, ,

Khaliquzzaman, M., Investigation of sources of atmospheric aerosKhaliquzzaman, M., Investigation of sources of atmospheric aerosol at a ol at a hot spot area in Dhaka City in Bangladesh,hot spot area in Dhaka City in Bangladesh, Journal of Air & Waste Journal of Air & Waste

Management Association, 55 (2005)227Management Association, 55 (2005)227--240240))

w3

SUCCESS STORIES IN BANGLADESH

1. INTRODUCTION OF UNLEADED GASOLINE IN BANGLADESH (July,1999)

2. REMOVAL OF BABY TAXIS FROM DHAKA (January, 2003)

3. REVISION OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS ( July, 2005)

4. REVISION OF NEW AND IN-USE VEHICLE EMISSION STANDARDS (July, 2005)

Slide 15

w3 Give month/year against each of the four actions mentioned below.wb183505, 7/5/2005

LEAD LEVEL IN PM2.5 SAMPES IN DHAKA

w5

Blood Lead Levels in Dhaka Population

Before 1999 Blood lead level were 30-50µg/dl (J. Radioanal. Chem.57(1980)157 and others)Recent Study shows children's blood level around 15µg/dl (Env. Health Perspectives 109(2001)563 )Blood lead still high and actions needed in the industrial front (Paints, Battery )10µg/dl decrease correspond to increase in IQ by 2.5 points

Slide 17

w5 Was the impact of lead phaseout in terms of IQ gains or health benefits computed ?? If so, please include that.wb183505, 7/5/2005

Lead Pollution Problem in Dhaka Milestones in the Unfolding of the Problem and

its Solution

1. 1980: High level of Lead detected in the Blood of Dhaka Population-PIXE Analysis of Whole Blood in Adults

(A. H. Khan, M. Khaliquzzaman, M.B.Zaman, M.Hussain, M.Abdullah, S.Akhter., Journal of. RadioanalyticalChemistry. 57(1980)157-167.)

2. 1991: High Lead level found in 24 urban Airborne Particulate Matter (APM) samples. This was a total suspended particle (TSP) measurement.

(A.H.Khan, M.Khaliquzzaman, S. A. Tarafdar, S. K. Biswas, A.Islam. IAEA Report. NAHRES(19)(1994) 47-57)3. 1998: Working Paper Proposing introduction of unleded Gasoline in single step on

1st July, 1999.(M. Khaliquzzaman, Introduction of ulleaded gasoline in Bangladesh: Issues and Implications)

4. 1999:Unleaded gasoline in Bangladesh from 1st July,1999 by Energy Ministry.

5. 2001: Impact of Unleaded Gasoline Introduction in Dhaka.(S.K. Biswas, S.A. Tarafdar, A. Islam, M. Khaliquzzaman, H. Tervahattu, K. Kupiainen, Impact

of Unleaded Gasoline Introduction on the Concentration of Lead in Dhaka Air. – Journal of Air & Waste management Association, 53 (2003)1355-1362.)

Levels of PM10 before and after removal of Baby Taxis (Phase-II)

0100200300400500600

12/2

5/20

0212

/26/

2002

12/2

7/20

0212

/28/

2002

12/2

9/20

0212

/30/

2002

12/3

1/20

0201

/01/

2003

01/0

2/20

0301

/03/

2003

01/0

4/20

0301

/05/

2003

01/0

6/20

0301

/07/

2003

(mic

rogr

am/ m

3)

PM10

Average

Health Impact of Baby Taxi Ban

Estimated decline in average yearly PM10 level of 24 µg/m3

More than 900 premature deaths estimated to be avoided per year Health maintenance cost savings about Tk.120. (US$2) per capita per yearMethodology Used: K. Lvovsky et al Environmental Cost of Fossil Fuels: A Rapid Assessment Method with Application to Six Cities,Environment Department Paper No. 78 (2000), The World Bank, Washington.

NEXT BIG ISSUEDIESEL VEHICLE POLLUTION REDUCTION50% REDUCTION OF DIESEL POLLUTION WILL PRODUCE EQUIVALENT EFFECT OF BABY TAXI REMOVAL

VEHICLE EMISSION INVENTORY

PM10 share by Vehicle Type

Trucks28% LD Diesel

Buses38%

19%

Motorcycles5%

Cars8% 3W Taxis-CNG

1%

Taxis-CNG1%

Diesel Contribution85.6%

Addressing diesel emissions

Study done to determine the policy options suited for Bangladesh to address emissions from diesel commercial vehicles.Recommendations Endorsed by Stakeholder workshop in September, 2005.Decision by GOB is needed to implement the recommendations.

Timing is important…Motorcycle Pollution Benefits of acting 5 Years Sooner in Bangkok

5001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,500

1983

1987

1991

1995

1999

2003

2007

2011

2015

2019

Ann

ual P

M E

mis

sion

s (tp

y)

Current scenario

Acted sooner

Benefits

THANK YOU

THE END

There is no better time for action than now