Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK Action Planning for Air Quality Improvements: Comparative Perspectives - UK Professor Jim Longhurst and Mrs Nicky Woodfield Air Quality Research Group University of the West of England, Bristol, UK Reducing the Impact of Vehicles on Air & Environmental Quality in Cities Session 4: Planning and Implementation Constraints 22-23 January 2004, Mexico City
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Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK Action Planning for Air Quality Improvements: Comparative Perspectives - UK Professor Jim Longhurst and.
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Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Action Planning for Air Quality Improvements:Comparative Perspectives - UK
Professor Jim Longhurst and Mrs Nicky Woodfield
Air Quality Research Group
University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
Reducing the Impact of Vehicles on Air & Environmental Quality in Cities
Session 4: Planning and Implementation Constraints
22-23 January 2004, Mexico City
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Action Planning for Air Quality Improvements:Comparative Perspectives - UK
• Air Quality Management
• Introduction to European & UK Frameworks
• Air Quality Action Plans & Strategies
• Importance of Planning Frameworks & Governance
• UK Experiences
• Experiences from International Programmes
• Conclusions & key messages
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
What is Air Quality Management ?
The application of a systematic approach to the
control of air quality issues in which all the factors
determining air quality are considered in an
integrated, proportionate and cost-effective manner
based upon sound science and by reference to
health-effects based air quality criteria.
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
The Problem
• Air quality problems have been an inescapable partner of economic development.
• Our social, political and economic responses to air pollution have often lagged behind our awareness and understanding of the impact of pollution.
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
The UK Problem
• National policies struggling to address air quality consequences of growth in vehicle numbers & mileage
• From 17.4 to 26.7m registrations between 1986 & 2000
• 82% of journeys by mileage are made by car
• Balancing public expectations of personal mobility & accessibility, with clean atmosphere posing no risk to public health
• London Boroughs, small market towns, rural hotspots, motorway corridors
• More effective communication, collaboration and consultation between and within tiers of government and with stakeholders has emerged
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Lessons learnt from the UK
• Elements of the process judged to work well– training provision & support,
– guidance, internet support,
– high quality monitoring network
• Not enough integration with wider policies & plans at national, regional and local levels (i.e. transport planning, land-use planning, community planning, Local Agenda 21 or sustainability Plans )
• Timescales of AQM process & transport planning (5-year cycles) & land-use planning (10-20 years) are very different
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Air Quality Action Planning
AQim provem ents
Cost-effectiveness
Non-AQim pacts
Perceptions andpracticabilities
AQ AP
PRIO RITIS INGO PTIO NS
Identify sourcesCO NSIDER O PTIO NS
Identify AQO exceedencesDECLARE AQ M A
Action PlanningProcedures
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Air Quality Action Planning
• To clarify overall extent of AQO exceedences and declare AQMA(s)
• Undertake Further Review of air quality within the AQMA(s)
• Consider specific criteria: air quality improvement actually required
source apportionment
early consideration of potential options & their cost-effectiveness
practicalities of implementing option
• Evaluating & monitoring effectiveness of Plan
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Air Quality Action Planning
• Industry regulators, trunk road operators,
health authorities all need to be involved
• Air quality improvements will require
integration with a variety of policy packages
• Local Transport Plans, Local Plans, Sustainability
Plans, Community Planning
• Regional Planning: Economic Development,
Health Action Zones
Importance of collaboration & integration of wider policies
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Air Quality Strategies
• Help ensure air quality considerations accounted for across all local authority policies and procedures
• Transport Planning Frameworks– Local Transport Plans
Role of Planning in Action Plans & Strategies
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Multi-layered Governance in the UK
• Central Government & Devolved Administrations– Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra)
– Department for Transport (DfT)
– Ten Year Transport Plan
• Regional Government– Regional Planning
• Local Government – Unitary, one-tier, two-tier government
– Local Planning (Local, Unitary and Structure Plans)
– Local Transport Plans
• Plan overload !
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Towards Sustainable Cities . . .
‘City managers must seek to meet the social and economic needs of urban residents while respecting local, regional and global natural systems, solving problems locally where possible, rather than shifting them to other spatial locations or passing them on to the future’.
The European Sustainable Cities Report (europa.eu.int/comm/environment/urban/home_en.htm)
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Action Planning:Tackling the transport problem
• Focus on reducing numbers of vehicles and reducing demand for road space
• Emission control measures – Engine efficiency & cleaner fuels
– Fiscal measures & advice
– Low Emission Zones
• Traffic management measures or combination– Public transport initiatives
• EU Auto-Oil programme introduced increasingly stringent emissions standards for cars & light vans being applied to all new vehicles (Euro III from 2001 and Euro IV from 2006)
• Earlier Euro I & II helped reduce emissions of PM10
and NOx from road transport by 50% between 1990 & 2000
• The trend expected to slow down considerably from 2010 though, as engine & fuel improvements offset by continuing traffic growth
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Traffic Emissions: Fiscal Measures & Advice
• UK Government use of cleaner fuels & engines through domestic lower tax bands for cleaner fuels & cheaper road tax for smaller-engined cars
• Cleaner Vehicles Task Force (CVTF) advises on specific measures to reduce emissions from vehicles (government greener fleet certification scheme) to make business-related transport more efficient
• Powershift provides grants to help companies & individuals convert conventional vehicles to run on alternative fuels
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Emission Control Measures & Transport Management Measures
Emission controls:– End of pipe technology (fitting particle traps)
– Alternative fuel use (e.g. LPG, methane or hydrogen)
• Traffic Control– Urban Traffic Management & Control systems (UTMC)
– Parking Restrictions, speed limits
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Action Planning: Local Actions
• Local campaigns
• Green Travel Plans
• Local actions to address school runs
• Health Improvement Programmes
• Local emissions testing
• Work-place parking
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Examples of International Programmes
• ASIA URBS: Improving Management and Supporting Guidelines in Air Quality in Metropolitan Cities (Bangkok, Athens and Bristol) (2 year project)
• DISTILLATE: Design and Implementation Support Tools for Integrated Local Land Use, Transport and the Environment (UK) (Scoping study completed - 4 year programme)
• INTEGAIRE: Integrated Urban Governance and Air Quality Management in Europe (9 cities) (3 year project)
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
ASIA URBS Improving Management & Supporting Guidelines
in Air Quality in Metropolitan Cities (Bangkok, Athens & Bristol)
A Strategy to improve mutual awareness & understanding between European Union & Asia
– Raise the profile of Europe in Asia & enhance economic co-operation between the two continents
– Promote decentralisation (city-to-city) co-operation between the two regions
Two main aims:– To provide co-funding to local government partnerships to undertake urban development projects
– To encourage the networking of these projects to share knowledge and experience
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
ASIA URBS
OBJECTIVES:
• To improve local understanding of AQM in all 3 cities
• To establish mechanisms for exchange of Best Practice in air quality management between partners
• To train representatives from Bangkok in European AQM techniques
• To produce series of Best Practice guidance for Bangkok’s administration
• To assist Bangkok in producing a local Air Quality Action Plan
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
DISTILLATE Design and Implementation Support Tools for Integrated Local
Land Use, Transport and the Environment
• Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) consortia to study Sustainable Urban Form
• 1 of 4 consortia to work with industry & government to develop fundamental understanding of key land-use & transport sustainability issues ...
‘Focusing on the development of novel and enhanced design, appraisal and
implementation tools & on the integrated approaches to which they would be applied’
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
DISTILLATE
AIM: to undertake research with local authorities and related organisations to achieve a step change in development & delivery of sustainable integrated urban transport & land-use strategies
PRINCIPLE OBJECTIVE: to develop ways of overcoming the barriers to effective implementation of sustainable schemes
TASKS: to identify barriers & priorities for overcoming them; identity appropriate case studies
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
INTEGAIRE Integrated Urban Governance & Air Quality
Management in Europe
• To improve the quality of life in all cites and towns, while promoting sustainable development assessed in economic, environmental, social & cultural terms
• Facilitating a better understanding of urban decision-making
• Improve urban air quality (AQ) management through recommendations on
– urban governance
– integration of AQ management with land-use & transport planning
– implementation of the new EU AQ legislation.
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
INTEGAIRE
Recommendations developed for 3 target groups:
• Cities: recommendations for air quality professionals aimed at improving good practice at the urban level
• Clean Air For Europe (CAFÉ): recommendations aim at improving the usefulness and effectiveness of EU level measures fir the urban level.
• Research Community and DG Research at the European Commission: recommendations for future research needs
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
• Certain elements are clearly transferable
• Health-based objectives and risk-based approach
• LAQM can be integrated into objectives of
decentralisation
• Need to consider rapid socio-economic & political
changes
• Institutional arrangements critical to the success
• National support structures– prescriptive guidance, training
– monitoring networks
Potential for Application of UK regime in Non-European Cities
Air Quality Research Group, U.W.E., Bristol, UK
Action Planning Challenges
• 57% of Londoners think London is unhealthy to live in
• 50% see AQ as a priority for London Mayor
• Action Plans are inevitably determined by local circumstances