Air Pollution, Poverty Air Pollution, Poverty and Health in Ho Chi and Health in Ho Chi Minh City Minh City Nguyen Dinh Tuan Nguyen Dinh Tuan HCMC Environmental Protection HCMC Environmental Protection Agency Agency BAQ 2006 BAQ 2006 Yogyakarta - Indonesia Yogyakarta - Indonesia
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Air Pollution, Poverty and Health in Ho Chi Minh City Nguyen Dinh Tuan HCMC Environmental Protection Agency BAQ 2006 Yogyakarta - Indonesia.
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Air Pollution, Poverty and Air Pollution, Poverty and Health in Ho Chi Minh CityHealth in Ho Chi Minh City
BAQ 2006BAQ 2006Yogyakarta - IndonesiaYogyakarta - Indonesia
Ho Chi Minh cityHo Chi Minh city
Ho Chi Minh City, the former Saigon, the Ho Chi Minh City, the former Saigon, the largest city in Vietnam, has more than 6 largest city in Vietnam, has more than 6 million peoplemillion people
Northeast of the Mekong river, 910 square Northeast of the Mekong river, 910 square miles of flat land. miles of flat land.
Mean temperature between the high 80 to Mean temperature between the high 80 to high 90 degrees Farenheithigh 90 degrees Farenheit
Ho Chi Minh cityHo Chi Minh city
The urban area occupies 10% of total land and is divided into 19 The urban area occupies 10% of total land and is divided into 19 urban districts and 5 rural districts. The main industries consist urban districts and 5 rural districts. The main industries consist of production of sea food, textiles, chemicals, plastics, and of production of sea food, textiles, chemicals, plastics, and building materials, food processing.building materials, food processing.
There are more than 1,000 large-scale enterprises, and over There are more than 1,000 large-scale enterprises, and over 30,000 small factories. Rapid economic development has also 30,000 small factories. Rapid economic development has also brought more migrants to the city, contributing to the traffic brought more migrants to the city, contributing to the traffic congestion and urban crowdingcongestion and urban crowding
There are more than 2.5 millions motorcycles, and 260,000 There are more than 2.5 millions motorcycles, and 260,000 automobiles. The city has 38 hospitals and clinics, and there are automobiles. The city has 38 hospitals and clinics, and there are about 9 medical doctors per 100,000 peopleabout 9 medical doctors per 100,000 people
Ho Chi Minh cityHo Chi Minh city
Map of air quality monitoring sites in HCMC
Air PollutantsAir Pollutants
Mannual air quality monitoring
Three sites were installed since 1993: Hang Xanh cross road, Dinh Tien Hoang – Dien Bien Phu corner, Phu Lam cross road.
Three sites were installed since 2005: Go Vap cross road, Tan Thuan cross road, An Suong cross road.
Monitoring frequency: 10 days per month.
Monitoring times: Samples were collected in 7 am, 10 am and 3 pm.
Measured variables: CO, TSP, Pb, NO2, noise
Urban background air quality (residential areas)
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
Pm10 O3 NO2 SO2
Annual average
(residential aeas) 2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
01-06/2006
The annual average PM10 concentration The annual average PM10 concentration
measured at rmeasured at road side- traffic stations have reduced have reduced
lightly through yearslightly through years
Roadside air quality (Automatic)
Annual average PM10 from 2002 to 06/2006
020406080
100120140
Thoáng Nhaát Bình Chaùnh
ug/m3
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Roadside air quality (Automatic)
Annual average CO from 2002 to 06/2006
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
DOSTE HB Thoáng Nhaát Bình Chaùnh
mg/m3
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
The annual average CO concentration measured at road side- traffic stations have increased lightly through years
Roadside air quality Ä CO concentration
(2000-2006)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
VX HX ÑTH - ÑBP VX PL Ngaõ tö AS Ngaõ saùuGV
NVL - HTP
mg/m3
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 6 thaùng ñaàu 2006
The CO The CO concentration concentration measured at the measured at the manual air quality manual air quality monitoring sites monitoring sites fluctuated from 9.4 fluctuated from 9.4 –16mg/m3 that met –16mg/m3 that met the Vietnam the Vietnam Standard. (TCVN Standard. (TCVN 5937 – 1995 CO: 40 5937 – 1995 CO: 40 mg/m3)mg/m3)
The TSP concentration The TSP concentration measured at the manual air measured at the manual air quality monitoring sites quality monitoring sites fluctuated from 0.45 – 0.96 fluctuated from 0.45 – 0.96 mg/m3. All the TSP mg/m3. All the TSP concentration exceeded the concentration exceeded the Vietnam Standard Vietnam Standard (300mg/m3).(300mg/m3).
The NO2 The NO2 concentration concentration measured at manual measured at manual air quality monitoring air quality monitoring sites fluctuated from sites fluctuated from 0.12 – 0.26 mg/m3. 0.12 – 0.26 mg/m3. All the NO2 All the NO2 concentration met concentration met the Vietnam the Vietnam Standard Standard (400mg/m3).(400mg/m3).
Roadside air quality
The Pb concentration measured at manual air quality The Pb concentration measured at manual air quality monitoring sites have reduced remarkable from monitoring sites have reduced remarkable from 06/2001. All the Pb concentration met the Vietnam 06/2001. All the Pb concentration met the Vietnam Standard (5ug/m3).Standard (5ug/m3).
Admissions for Respiratory Illness, HCMC Admissions for Respiratory Illness, HCMC Children’s Hospital 1Children’s Hospital 1
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
AsthmaPneumoniaOtitis media
There was relation between diseases and air pollution There was relation between diseases and air pollution
Asthma increased quicklyAsthma increased quickly
casescases
year
DISTRIBUTION BY AGE - DISEASES DISTRIBUTION BY AGE - DISEASES RELATED TO AIR POLLUTIONRELATED TO AIR POLLUTION
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Common Asthma Pneumonia
< 5 year5 - 10 year> 10 year
%
PovertyPoverty District-level poverty status was derived using mid-term census District-level poverty status was derived using mid-term census
data and data from the longitudinal Vietnam Household and data and data from the longitudinal Vietnam Household and Living Standard Survey (VHLSS), and small-area estimation Living Standard Survey (VHLSS), and small-area estimation methodmethod
Studying Air Pollution, Poverty, Studying Air Pollution, Poverty, and and
Health in HCMCHealth in HCMCOverall Objectives:Overall Objectives:
1.1. Develop feasible approaches to studying air pollution, Develop feasible approaches to studying air pollution, poverty, and health poverty, and health
• Methods appropriate for HCMC contextMethods appropriate for HCMC context• Methods suitable for use in other cities - promote Methods suitable for use in other cities - promote
building an evidence base across Asian citiesbuilding an evidence base across Asian cities
2.2. Develop infrastructure for future studies of the health Develop infrastructure for future studies of the health effects of air pollution in HCMCeffects of air pollution in HCMC
• Estimate the effect of short-term exposure to air pollution Estimate the effect of short-term exposure to air pollution on hospital admissions for ALRI in young children (<5 on hospital admissions for ALRI in young children (<5 years) in HCMCyears) in HCMC
• Compare the magnitude of the effect of air pollution on Compare the magnitude of the effect of air pollution on poor children vs. other childrenpoor children vs. other children
Component 2 (C2): Household-based studyComponent 2 (C2): Household-based study• Estimate personal exposures to air pollution among the Estimate personal exposures to air pollution among the
poor and the non-poorpoor and the non-poor ambient air pollution ambient air pollution other sources (cooking with solid fuels, cottage industries)other sources (cooking with solid fuels, cottage industries)
• Estimate prevalence of respiratory symptoms in HCMCEstimate prevalence of respiratory symptoms in HCMC• Survey of perceptions and economic costsSurvey of perceptions and economic costsComponent 3 (C3): Component 3 (C3): Policy Analysis; Capacity Building; Policy Analysis; Capacity Building;
Awareness BuildingAwareness Building
Hypotheses to be testedHypotheses to be tested
HH11:: the poor experience greater health impacts the poor experience greater health impacts from ambient air pollution (C1 and C2)from ambient air pollution (C1 and C2)
HH22:: the poor are more exposed to air pollution the poor are more exposed to air pollution (C2)(C2)
HH33:: exposures of the poor are more correlated exposures of the poor are more correlated with ambient air pollution (C2)with ambient air pollution (C2)
HH44:: the poor are more vulnerable to ambient the poor are more vulnerable to ambient air air pollution (C1)pollution (C1)
Methods development and Methods development and disseminationdissemination
This is the first project of its kind in Asia!This is the first project of its kind in Asia! Targeted technical assistance and capacity Targeted technical assistance and capacity
building will be providedbuilding will be provided Necessary infrastructure will be provided Necessary infrastructure will be provided
(example: equipment for air quality monitoring (example: equipment for air quality monitoring and analysis)and analysis)
Collaborators will make presentations at Collaborators will make presentations at international workshops and conferences (CAI-international workshops and conferences (CAI-Asia, technical conferences)Asia, technical conferences)
Researchers from other Asian cities will be Researchers from other Asian cities will be invited to learn more about the studyinvited to learn more about the study
Motivation and Structure of CollaborationMotivation and Structure of Collaboration Vietnam serves as a good model for future Vietnam serves as a good model for future
studies in similar regions (including capacity studies in similar regions (including capacity building)building)
HEI & ADB
HCMC Health Department International Collaborators
HCMC HEPA HCMC HospitalsHCMC Bureau
of StatisticsHCMC
DOLISA
Interdisciplinary team of Interdisciplinary team of collaboratorscollaborators
Department of Public Department of Public Health (DPH)Health (DPH)
Local leadership, management, and Local leadership, management, and coordinationcoordination
Other local Other local collaborating agencies: collaborating agencies:
CH1, CH2, HEPA, CASE, CH1, CH2, HEPA, CASE, Bureau of Statistics, Bureau of Statistics, DOLISA DOLISA
Provide retrospective data, assess Provide retrospective data, assess respiratory health prevalence, respiratory health prevalence, exposure monitoring and modeling, exposure monitoring and modeling, environmental sample analysis, environmental sample analysis, administer household survey, administer household survey, assessment of socio-economic assessment of socio-economic positionposition
Health Effects Institute Health Effects Institute (HEI)(HEI)
Overall study management and Overall study management and technical assistance (study design, technical assistance (study design, epidemiologic methods, exposure epidemiologic methods, exposure assessment)assessment)
International Scientific International Scientific Oversight Committee Oversight Committee (ISOC)(ISOC)
Technical guidance and scientific Technical guidance and scientific oversightoversight