Air pollutants emission from vehicles Zhejiang University Qingyu Zhang
Jul 30, 2015
• Introduction • Methodology
• Emission factors study • Emission inventories establishment • Haze of hangzhou attributed by vehicles • Air pollutants emission reduction scenarios analysis
• Results and discussion
Contents
Introduction Ø Rapid growth on fuel consumption of motor vehicles
Ø Annual growth rate over 10% during 2002-2012
Ø Air pollution in urban cities
Coal smoke type
Complex type
Type of oil
Pollutant
Max emission factor g/
L(appearance)
Min emission factor g/
L(appearance)
Pollutant
Max emission factor g/
L(appearance)
Min emission factor g/
L(appearance) g
CO 287.74(2010年) 98.46(2030年)
PM10 0.144(2010年) 0.046 (2030年)
d 15.11(2007年) 7.61 (2030年) 0.526(2006年) 0.213 (2030年) g
VOCs 10.82(2007年) 2.18(2030年)
CO2 2322.21(2030年) 2002.16(2010年)
d 2.89(2004年) 0.86 (2030年) 2469.96(2030年) 2452(2006年) g NOx 11.20(2004年) 1.64(2030年) Zhang, et al, 2008. Atmospheric Environment,
40(20), 4989–5002 d 10.35(2007年) 5.07 (2030年)
Emission factor of vehicle(g-gasoline, d-diesel)
Variance of the emission factor——vehicle
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030年份
CO
, VO
Cs,
NO
x, P
M10
排放因子
, g/L
2000
2080
2160
2240
2320
2400
2480
2560
CO
2排放因子
,g/L
g-CO/10g-VOCsg-NOxg-PM10×10d-COd-VOCsd-NOxd-PM10×10g-CO2d-CO2
Emission factor
Emission factor C
O2
SO2emission factor
NOx emission factor PM10
emission factor
GIS Emission
inventories
Energy Combustion
Products
Establishment of air pollution inventories based on GIS
VOCs
780 790 800 810 820 830 840
3330
3340
3350
3360
3370
3380
02468101214161820222426283032343638404244
vis-total
Ø Distribution of visibility:
780 790 800 810 820 830 840
3330
3340
3350
3360
3370
3380
02468101214161820222426283032343638404244
vis-other
The worst average dairy visibility for emission without vehicle (km)
The worst average dairy visibility for total emission(km)
Visibility Without vehicle Total emission source
annual average visibility in Hangzhou (km)
4.4 2.4
Proportion of area in Hangzhou with haze(<10km)
93.5% 100%
Proportion of area in Hangzhou with sever haze(<2km)
23.6% 46.4%
The influence on visibility from vehicle exhaust
The component of extinction for PM2.5 The component of extinction for PM2.5 in domestic and aboard
34.44%
9.33%
25.63%
8.98%8.98%
12.64%
SO4
NO3
NH4
POM EC other
22.19%
3.35%30.32%
11.23%
11.1%21.81%
SO4
NO3
NH4
POM EC
Roadside station Yunxi
Location year PM2.5 SO42- NO3
- NH4+ POM EC
Roadside station 2010 114.7 14.5(12.6) 10.3(9.0) 10.3(9.0) 29.4(25.6) 10.7(9.3) Yunxi 77.5 16.9(21.8) 8.6(11.1) 8.7(11.2) 23.5(30.3) 2.6 (3.4) Lin’an 1999 47 11.5(24.5) 7.0(14.9) 5.2(11.1) 25.0(53.2) 1.7(3.6) Pearl River Delta 2002 41.3 10.1(24.5) 0.4(1.0) 4.1(9.9) 17.4(42.1) 1.7(4.1) Beijing 1999 136 20.4(15.0) 10.9(8.0) 6.8(5.0) 40.8(30.0) 3.5(2.6) Shanghai 2000 91.2 18.5(20.3) 9.9(1.09) 7.7(8.4) 28.6(31.3) 8.1(7.3) Atlanta,US 1999 34.4 11.0(32.0) 0.7(11.0) 3.8(11.0) 10.5(30.5) 0.7(2.0) Philadelphia, US 1999 17.4 4.1(23.6) 3.8(14.9) 2.6(14.9) 6.0(34.5) 2.5(14.4)
The component of extinction for PM2.5 in Hangzhou
780 790 800 810 820 830 840
3330
3340
3350
3360
3370
3380
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
780 790 800 810 820 830 840
3330
3340
3350
3360
3370
3380
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
ü Vehicle emission accounted for 50%-60% in total emission source
Ø The contribution of vehicle for the worsen visibility
Influence on annual visibility by vehicle emission
Influence on the worst daily visibility by vehicle emission
ü The worst area affected by vehicle was in junctional zone of Xihu and Gongsu. Accounting for >50%
C O (ppm)
-0.5
1.5
3.5
5.5
7.5
9.5
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
1st2nd3rd4th5th
Model Year
Prevention and cure measure of pollutants from vehicle
• Five levels analysis on vehicles in different years
CO
Ø Control the high discharge emission
0
800
1600
2400
3200
4000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
1st2nd3rd4th5th
H C ( p pm)
Model Year
Prevention project for airborne pollutants of vehicle
• Five levels analysis on vehicles in different years (a)
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
1st2nd3rd4th5th
N O ( p pm)
Model Year
(b) HC
NOx
HC and NOx
Age
emission
“Twelve-Five planning”countermeasure study on emission reduction of vehicle pollutants
u setting reduction scenarios
u BAU—— current policy;
u ESV——on the basis of BAU; phase out high pollutant vehicles;
u HOR——on the basis of ESV; improve the
quality of oil;
u AER——on the basis of ESV; apply new energy vehicle
Conclusion
• There is an exponential relationship between the EFs and accumulated mileages for each type of vehicles
• The haze of city attributed to vehicles is over 50%
• It is important to reduce air pollutants from vehicles