Air Operations Branch Director Course

Air OperationsAir OperationsBranch Director CourseBranch Director Course

Managing Managing Aerial Imaging Aerial Imaging

MissionsMissionsU.S. AIR FORCE AUXILIARY

What of value do we offer?What of value do we offer?What is the purpose of CAP aerial imaging?What is the purpose of CAP aerial imaging?

Provide intelligence for decision supportProvide intelligence for decision support– Primary: Support Primary: Support other agenciesother agencies

Law enforcement organizationsLaw enforcement organizationsState and county emergency managementState and county emergency managementState, county, and federal agencies State, county, and federal agencies

– Secondary: Enhance CAP OperationsSecondary: Enhance CAP OperationsAerial photos for ground teams Aerial photos for ground teams

Potential applications: SAR, DR, HS, CDPotential applications: SAR, DR, HS, CD

Potential Mission ProfilesPotential Mission Profiles

Storm Damage AssessmentStorm Damage AssessmentWildfire SuppressionWildfire SuppressionHaz-Mat/Chemical Spill Incident ResponseHaz-Mat/Chemical Spill Incident ResponseFlood Mitigation Flood Mitigation Search and RescueSearch and RescueCounter Drug ReconCounter Drug ReconHomeland Security ReconHomeland Security Recon

Fundamental QuestionsFundamental Questions

What is the mission?What is the mission?Who needs the photo?Who needs the photo?WhatWhat questionquestion does the photo need to does the photo need to answer?answer?When is the photo needed?When is the photo needed?How do we deliver it?How do we deliver it?– Carry-downCarry-down– Sat-phone (e-mail or web)Sat-phone (e-mail or web)– SSTV (point-to-point radio communication)SSTV (point-to-point radio communication)

Decision SupportDecision Support

Providing decision support is the central Providing decision support is the central theme of this trainingtheme of this trainingWe need to answer the following We need to answer the following questions:questions:– What is the product we need to produce?What is the product we need to produce?– How do we make it a good product?How do we make it a good product?– How do we organize ourselves to accomplish How do we organize ourselves to accomplish

this?this?

Requirements of Decision SupportRequirements of Decision Support

Area to be imaged usually smallArea to be imaged usually small– How large is the incident?How large is the incident?– How large is the area of interest within the incident?How large is the area of interest within the incident?

Information needed quickly Information needed quickly – Tactical vs. Strategic timingTactical vs. Strategic timing

Photos don’t need to be pretty, but do need to Photos don’t need to be pretty, but do need to be clearbe clearPhotos must usually be accompanied by “meta-Photos must usually be accompanied by “meta-data” – i.e. descriptive text and informationdata” – i.e. descriptive text and information

CAP Photo General CharacteristicsCAP Photo General Characteristics

Taken out of a window looking down at an Taken out of a window looking down at an angleangleTaken from 1000 ft AGLTaken from 1000 ft AGLAlmost always a close-upAlmost always a close-up– Motion limits the amount of zoom we can Motion limits the amount of zoom we can

practically usepractically use

May not have ideal lightingMay not have ideal lighting

Area ImagedArea ImagedDependent on…Dependent on…– AltitudeAltitude– Focal length of Focal length of

lens (i.e. zoom lens (i.e. zoom factor)factor)

Oblique photos Oblique photos (i.e. not straight (i.e. not straight down)down)– Different scales Different scales

at top of photo at top of photo than at bottomthan at bottom

– Angle affects Angle affects how much how much differencedifference

Angle of photo

Center of image

Alti

tude

(AG

L)

Area imaged

Areaimaged10

0 ft

180

ft

Area Imaged: ExampleArea Imaged: Example

1000 ft AGL 1000 ft AGL 320 mm focal length320 mm focal length– Max zoom for Cannon EOS D with 200 mm* lensMax zoom for Cannon EOS D with 200 mm* lens– Near max zoom for Olympus C750Near max zoom for Olympus C750

Shooting picture 45 degrees downShooting picture 45 degrees down

About 150 ft side to sideat center of photo

* 200 mm is focal length of the EOS lens when used with Cannon EOS 35 mm camera; a 1.6x conversion factor is applied to the lens’ focal length when used with a Cannon EOS digital camera.

Area Imaged: ExampleArea Imaged: Example

The lesson here is that we will very often The lesson here is that we will very often want to be at maximum zoom want to be at maximum zoom 150ft covers a fairly large area – many 150ft covers a fairly large area – many incidents will fit inside that frameincidents will fit inside that frame

About 150 ft side to sideat center of photo

WindowsWindowsTo avoid glare, avoid taking pictures through To avoid glare, avoid taking pictures through Plexiglas if at all possiblePlexiglas if at all possible– Photos are best taken through open windows (or Photos are best taken through open windows (or

camera portals)camera portals)– Right-front seat should be normal position for Right-front seat should be normal position for

photographerphotographer– Left-rear seat is an option for aircraft equipped with Left-rear seat is an option for aircraft equipped with

camera portalscamera portalsCold weather, precipitation, or other factors may Cold weather, precipitation, or other factors may be reasons, however, to leave the windows be reasons, however, to leave the windows closed and take the pictures though themclosed and take the pictures though them– If picture must be taken through window, make sure If picture must be taken through window, make sure

window is cleanwindow is clean

Decision support photos are not Decision support photos are not like other kinds of aerial photoslike other kinds of aerial photos

Mapping photographyMapping photography– Imaging large areasImaging large areas– Photos taken straight down with mounted Photos taken straight down with mounted

camerascameras– Concerned with geometry of “stretching” Concerned with geometry of “stretching”

photo onto a mapphoto onto a map– Flight executed at any ideal time, in no rushFlight executed at any ideal time, in no rushReal-estate/personal photographyReal-estate/personal photography– Typically somewhat wide-angleTypically somewhat wide-angle– Aesthetics countAesthetics count

Logging / Flight ProfilesLogging / Flight Profiles

For decision support, it is vital that the For decision support, it is vital that the images can all be interpreted in context images can all be interpreted in context – When the images are examined on the When the images are examined on the

ground, we need to be able to identify what ground, we need to be able to identify what are we looking atare we looking at

Logging / Flight ProfilesLogging / Flight ProfilesThree general approaches identified so far…Three general approaches identified so far…– PLANNED CIRCUIT PLANNED CIRCUIT

A pre-programmed collection of imagesA pre-programmed collection of imagesPre-identified target or targetsPre-identified target or targetsMay use a standardized “4 points survey” May use a standardized “4 points survey” Well suited for repeated surveys; allows comparison of imagesWell suited for repeated surveys; allows comparison of imagesAnticipated application: HS, SARAnticipated application: HS, SAR

– LOGGED RECONLOGGED RECONWhen the crew needs to determine the most important images to captureWhen the crew needs to determine the most important images to captureExact targets unknown in advance or movingExact targets unknown in advance or movingMore detailed log requiredMore detailed log requiredAnticipated application: DR (wildfire, hazmat, etc.), HSAnticipated application: DR (wildfire, hazmat, etc.), HS

– INTERACTIVE TASKINGINTERACTIVE TASKINGReal-time interaction with customer (by radio) Real-time interaction with customer (by radio) Anticipated application: HS and other assistance to LEAnticipated application: HS and other assistance to LE

Example Planned CircuitExample Planned CircuitDRAFT - HS Plan for Critical Infrastructure Survey MissionsDRAFT - HS Plan for Critical Infrastructure Survey Missions

The aircraft will enter an orbit over the target. The direction of the The aircraft will enter an orbit over the target. The direction of the orbit will depend on whether the airplane has a camera window or orbit will depend on whether the airplane has a camera window or not. A camera window in the left rear seat will require a counter not. A camera window in the left rear seat will require a counter clockwise orbit, whereas a 172 without a camera window will clockwise orbit, whereas a 172 without a camera window will require a clockwise orbit.require a clockwise orbit.The airplane will enter the orbit from the north at 3,000’ AGL The airplane will enter the orbit from the north at 3,000’ AGL spaced at about 0.75 miles laterally from the target. spaced at about 0.75 miles laterally from the target. Approximately 30-40 photos should be taken during each orbit Approximately 30-40 photos should be taken during each orbit maintaining the same lateral spacing (can you say turns around a maintaining the same lateral spacing (can you say turns around a point). This gives the high altitude, low angle shots covering the point). This gives the high altitude, low angle shots covering the whole of the target site.whole of the target site.After a complete orbit, the second orbit is at the same altitude, but After a complete orbit, the second orbit is at the same altitude, but with a lateral spacing of 0.1-0.25 miles. This gives the high with a lateral spacing of 0.1-0.25 miles. This gives the high altitude, high angle shots covering the whole of the target site.altitude, high angle shots covering the whole of the target site.

Example Planned Circuit – Cont.Example Planned Circuit – Cont.DRAFT - HS Plan for Critical Infrastructure Survey MissionsDRAFT - HS Plan for Critical Infrastructure Survey Missions

Descend to 2,000’ AGL widening back to about 0.75 Descend to 2,000’ AGL widening back to about 0.75 mile lateral distance from the target. Note the time on mile lateral distance from the target. Note the time on the log.the log.Complete another wide orbit starting from the north Complete another wide orbit starting from the north followed by a tight orbit. Note the time at the start of followed by a tight orbit. Note the time at the start of the descent.the descent.Descend to 1,000’ AGL and repeat the wide and tight Descend to 1,000’ AGL and repeat the wide and tight orbits stating again from the North. Note the time at the orbits stating again from the North. Note the time at the conclusion of the tight orbit.conclusion of the tight orbit.Continue to orbit at 1,000’ AGL and take selected Continue to orbit at 1,000’ AGL and take selected close up shots of interesting elements of the target. close up shots of interesting elements of the target. Gradually widen the orbit to lower the angle of the Gradually widen the orbit to lower the angle of the shots of the target.shots of the target.

Three means of delivering photos Three means of delivering photos from the aircraft to the groundfrom the aircraft to the groundCarry-downCarry-downNear real-time options:Near real-time options:

– SSTVSSTV– SDISSDIS

What is SSTV – “Slow Scan TV”?What is SSTV – “Slow Scan TV”?

Point-to-point still-image transmission on a voice radio Point-to-point still-image transmission on a voice radio channelchannel– Requires transmission and reception radio stations that are “in Requires transmission and reception radio stations that are “in

range” of each otherrange” of each other– Analog encoding of picture into soundsAnalog encoding of picture into sounds

Originally developed by HAM radio operators as a way to Originally developed by HAM radio operators as a way to send images on radio channels designed for voice (i.e. send images on radio channels designed for voice (i.e. with limited “bandwidth”)with limited “bandwidth”)Old-style SSTV required specialized hardware “modems” Old-style SSTV required specialized hardware “modems” and used video camerasand used video camerasCAP began experimenting with this old-style SSTV in the CAP began experimenting with this old-style SSTV in the mid 90smid 90sModern SSTV uses ordinary computer sound cards and Modern SSTV uses ordinary computer sound cards and specialized softwarespecialized software

What is SDIS?What is SDIS?Satellite Digital Imaging SystemSatellite Digital Imaging System– CAP NHQ’s custom software and computer hardware CAP NHQ’s custom software and computer hardware

package for transmitting digital pictures via satellite package for transmitting digital pictures via satellite phone phone

– Concept:Concept:Works anywhere in the world, at any altitudeWorks anywhere in the world, at any altitude

– Approach:Approach:Satellite phone functions as a “modem” for the computer to Satellite phone functions as a “modem” for the computer to connect to the Internetconnect to the InternetSatellite time is like cell phone time – we pay for it.Satellite time is like cell phone time – we pay for it.

Minnesota Wing has an SDIS-equivalent Minnesota Wing has an SDIS-equivalent capability that we will sometimes call “SDIS” for capability that we will sometimes call “SDIS” for simplicity.simplicity.

SDIS – Status in 2009SDIS – Status in 2009

GlobalStar satellite phone service has GlobalStar satellite phone service has deteriorated from past yearsdeteriorated from past years– It worked well when we first got itIt worked well when we first got it– Now our phones are rarely able to get a connectionNow our phones are rarely able to get a connection

Satellite components damaged by radiationSatellite components damaged by radiationAdditional satellites put into service this past year helped littleAdditional satellites put into service this past year helped little

Software tool on web can be used by IC to predict Software tool on web can be used by IC to predict service windows (i.e. based on satellite positions)service windows (i.e. based on satellite positions)– Service windows as predicted are often brief and actual Service windows as predicted are often brief and actual

service realized even brieferservice realized even briefer

SDIS – Into the FutureSDIS – Into the Future

Next generation satellites scheduled for Next generation satellites scheduled for launch in 2009launch in 2009CAP Negotiated no charge for GlobalStar CAP Negotiated no charge for GlobalStar service through October 2010service through October 2010– Service (such as it is) available at no charge Service (such as it is) available at no charge

until thenuntil then

New Cessna aircraft will not have New Cessna aircraft will not have GlobalStar package installedGlobalStar package installed

Types of Aerial ImagingTypes of Aerial Imaging

Visible Spectrum Digital PhotosVisible Spectrum Digital Photos– ““Carry-down” photosCarry-down” photos– Photos with near-real time deliveryPhotos with near-real time delivery

Point-to-Point SSTV downlinkPoint-to-Point SSTV downlinkSatellite phone (SDIS) – internet web/e-mailSatellite phone (SDIS) – internet web/e-mail

Other imaging Other imaging – ““Hyper-spectral” Hyper-spectral” – Infrared Infrared

Minnesota Wing EquipmentMinnesota Wing Equipment

Each Minnesota Wing squadron is assigned Each Minnesota Wing squadron is assigned one of the following imaging assets:one of the following imaging assets:– A 4 Mega Pixel Olympus CameraA 4 Mega Pixel Olympus Camera– A 6 Mega Pixel Cannon CameraA 6 Mega Pixel Cannon Camera– An Aerial Imaging KitAn Aerial Imaging Kit– An Aerial Imaging Kit with Ground StationAn Aerial Imaging Kit with Ground StationOther Equipment in WingOther Equipment in Wing– Nikon camerasNikon cameras– ARCHERARCHER

Minnesota Wing Equipment Minnesota Wing Equipment Acquired with State Grant FundsAcquired with State Grant Funds10 “AI” Aerial Imaging Kits10 “AI” Aerial Imaging Kits– Each kit can be used three waysEach kit can be used three ways

SSTV Air stationSSTV Air stationSSTV ground station (when combined with SSTV ground station (when combined with “ground kit”)“ground kit”)In-flight Internet computer In-flight Internet computer (when used in aircraft with satellite telephone)(when used in aircraft with satellite telephone)

– ComponentsComponentsHP Laptop computer & power supplyHP Laptop computer & power supplyOlympus C750 cameraOlympus C750 cameraTate VHF transceiverTate VHF transceiverSSTV computer software SSTV computer software Software to support use with satellite phoneSoftware to support use with satellite phoneWater resistant hard shell caseWater resistant hard shell caseCustom SSTV interface circuit & power Custom SSTV interface circuit & power distributiondistributionMulti-format memory card readerMulti-format memory card reader

Minnesota Wing Equipment Minnesota Wing Equipment Acquired with State Grand FundsAcquired with State Grand Funds6 SSTV “Ground Kits”6 SSTV “Ground Kits”– Antenna and co-axAntenna and co-ax– TripodTripod– MastMast– Power supplyPower supply6 Cannon EOS Rebel D cameras with F4 70-6 Cannon EOS Rebel D cameras with F4 70-200mm lens and filters200mm lens and filters– 320mm effective focal length320mm effective focal length9 Additional Olympus C750 camera kits9 Additional Olympus C750 camera kits1 Satellite telephone installed in C1721 Satellite telephone installed in C172

Special Resources Special Resources Supplied by SquadronsSupplied by Squadrons

Automated SSTV ground receiving Automated SSTV ground receiving stations stations – Red WingRed Wing– WinstedWinsted

Minnesota Wing Equipment Minnesota Wing Equipment Assigned from CAP National HQAssigned from CAP National HQAircraft upgrades to support SSTV (whole fleet)Aircraft upgrades to support SSTV (whole fleet)– Power supplies and connectorsPower supplies and connectors– Dedicated antennasDedicated antennasNikon Coolpix camerasNikon Coolpix camerasSat phone in “Glass cockpit” C182 Nav IIISat phone in “Glass cockpit” C182 Nav III– Same sat-phone type as wing systemSame sat-phone type as wing system– Came with SDIS (Satellite Digital Imaging System), Came with SDIS (Satellite Digital Imaging System),

NHQ’s software package NHQ’s software package Sat phone, SDIS, and ARCHER in Gippsland Sat phone, SDIS, and ARCHER in Gippsland GA-8 aircraftGA-8 aircraft

Web ResourcesWeb Resources

National HQ’s “WMIRS” systemNational HQ’s “WMIRS” systemMinnesota Wing IntranetMinnesota Wing Intranet

Relevant Camera DifferencesRelevant Camera Differences

Memory sizeMemory sizeResolutionResolutionMemory write speedMemory write speedFocal length/zoomFocal length/zoomAperture (ability to work in low light)Aperture (ability to work in low light)

SafetySafetyAerial imaging for decision support usually involves a lot Aerial imaging for decision support usually involves a lot of circling maneuvering of circling maneuvering – Traffic avoidance is a challengeTraffic avoidance is a challenge– When radar advisory service is available, aircrews should be When radar advisory service is available, aircrews should be

briefed to use it briefed to use it

Areas of interest for photography often attract other air Areas of interest for photography often attract other air traffic – the airspace can get very crowded and chaotictraffic – the airspace can get very crowded and chaotic– MNICS all-risk air operations frequencies should be usedMNICS all-risk air operations frequencies should be used– Temporary flight restrictions can sometimes be established by Temporary flight restrictions can sometimes be established by

authorities to limit traffic to incident response agencies and authorities to limit traffic to incident response agencies and mediamedia

SafetySafety

Pilot shall never take photos (or work any Pilot shall never take photos (or work any other aerial imaging equipment)other aerial imaging equipment)Computer equipment must stay in back Computer equipment must stay in back seatseatCrew photographer must use camera Crew photographer must use camera shoulder strap to avoid dropping camera shoulder strap to avoid dropping camera outside of aircraftoutside of aircraft

Aerial PhotographyAerial PhotographyMission Base ProceduresMission Base Procedures

A QuoteA Quote

““The biggest problem we had with these images The biggest problem we had with these images was that we had never dealt with this quantity or was that we had never dealt with this quantity or complexity of requests before.  They want about complexity of requests before.  They want about 100 images, all sorted nice and neat into what 100 images, all sorted nice and neat into what direction they were taken from and of what direction they were taken from and of what bridge.  Put that across 4 or 5 different sorties bridge.  Put that across 4 or 5 different sorties and it gets to be a mess to sort out.”and it gets to be a mess to sort out.”  - An Incident Commander after a complex aerial - An Incident Commander after a complex aerial

photography training missionphotography training mission

The ProblemThe ProblemEach aerial photo sortie generates a ton of data Each aerial photo sortie generates a ton of data – images and accompanying logging info.– images and accompanying logging info.– Multiply that with multiple sorties, and it is easy to get Multiply that with multiple sorties, and it is easy to get

swampedswampedWe need to emphasize, for these missions, We need to emphasize, for these missions, timely and meaningful coordination with the timely and meaningful coordination with the customer customer – We need a person assigned to make sure this We need a person assigned to make sure this

happenshappens– Just sending a bunch of unlabeled photos to the Just sending a bunch of unlabeled photos to the

customer accomplishes nothingcustomer accomplishes nothing

New ICS Position to the RescueNew ICS Position to the Rescue

““Intelligence/Investigations” FunctionIntelligence/Investigations” FunctionCan be organized as…Can be organized as…– Command staff officerCommand staff officer– Section (with a chief)Section (with a chief)– Branch under Operations (with a director)Branch under Operations (with a director)– Unit under Planning (with a leader)Unit under Planning (with a leader)

How to organizeHow to organize

When purpose of photography is to When purpose of photography is to provide intel to another agency, but the provide intel to another agency, but the mission is organized under a CAP IC, then mission is organized under a CAP IC, then the CAP intel function is best organized as the CAP intel function is best organized as an Operations Branch.an Operations Branch.When the purpose of photography is to When the purpose of photography is to support other CAP operations (such as support other CAP operations (such as SAR), then it is best organized as a SAR), then it is best organized as a Planning Unit.Planning Unit.

Intelligence InvestigationsIntelligence InvestigationsBranch Director/Unit LeaderBranch Director/Unit Leader

Indicators when needed:Indicators when needed:– For missions involving a significant amount of imagingFor missions involving a significant amount of imaging– For missions in which we have a “customer” to whom For missions in which we have a “customer” to whom

the images should be sent the images should be sent Even if the airplane is e-mailing the images to the customer, Even if the airplane is e-mailing the images to the customer, because we will probably also want to deliver hi-res versions because we will probably also want to deliver hi-res versions of the images later of the images later

May have an assistant (and/or team)May have an assistant (and/or team)Suggestion Qualifications: A qualified AOBD or Suggestion Qualifications: A qualified AOBD or LOLO

IIBD/IIUL Duties IIBD/IIUL Duties (page 1 of 2)(page 1 of 2)

Assist with planning & briefing aerial photo Assist with planning & briefing aerial photo sortiessortiesReceive email (SDIS) photos from missionsReceive email (SDIS) photos from missionsCoordinate with communications unit to receive Coordinate with communications unit to receive SSTV images (i.e. be point of contact for SSTV SSTV images (i.e. be point of contact for SSTV ground operator)ground operator)Ensure photos are logged into WIMRSEnsure photos are logged into WIMRSAssist debriefing photo sortiesAssist debriefing photo sorties– Ensuring the photo logs are usableEnsuring the photo logs are usable– Downloading carry-down photos from cameras into a Downloading carry-down photos from cameras into a

central repositorycentral repository

IIBD/IIUL Duties IIBD/IIUL Duties (continued)(continued)

Coordinate with customerCoordinate with customer– Provide timely delivery of productProvide timely delivery of product– Determine new priorities and requirementsDetermine new priorities and requirementsCoordinate with aircrews (through AOBD Coordinate with aircrews (through AOBD and communications unit) to provide in-and communications unit) to provide in-flight taskingflight taskingProvide intel received to planning sectionProvide intel received to planning sectionAdvise IC (through section chief)Advise IC (through section chief)

Intelligence InvestigationsIntelligence InvestigationsBranch Director/Unit LeaderBranch Director/Unit Leader

Non-DutiesNon-Duties– Has command of no aircrewsHas command of no aircrews– Not responsible for operational control of Not responsible for operational control of

aerial photo sortiesaerial photo sortiesNot responsible for sortie status trackingNot responsible for sortie status trackingDoes not issue flight releasesDoes not issue flight releasesDoes not give operational assignments, except Does not give operational assignments, except through AOBDthrough AOBD

Other New Staff PositionsOther New Staff Positions

SSTV Ground Station OperatorSSTV Ground Station OperatorARCHER Ground Station OperatorARCHER Ground Station Operator

SSTV Ground OperatorSSTV Ground Operator

Reports to the Communications Unit Reports to the Communications Unit LeaderLeaderLocated either at CAP mission base or Located either at CAP mission base or customer command postcustomer command postQualifications: A CAP mission radio Qualifications: A CAP mission radio operator, also trained in SSTV operationoperator, also trained in SSTV operation

SSTV Ground OperatorSSTV Ground Operator

Reports to the Communications Unit Reports to the Communications Unit LeaderLeaderLocated either at CAP mission base or Located either at CAP mission base or customer command postcustomer command postQualifications: A CAP mission radio Qualifications: A CAP mission radio operator, also trained in SSTV operationoperator, also trained in SSTV operation

ARCHER Ground Station OperatorARCHER Ground Station Operator

Reports to Air Operations Branch Director Reports to Air Operations Branch Director (AOBD)(AOBD)Performs post-flight analysis of data Performs post-flight analysis of data collected by ARCHER sortiescollected by ARCHER sortiesTrained and qualified ARCHER operator Trained and qualified ARCHER operator

Photos with Log-DataPhotos with Log-Data

Main pointsMain pointsA photo by itself is of limited valueA photo by itself is of limited value– A photo combined with descriptive information gives a A photo combined with descriptive information gives a

more complete storymore complete story– A collection of such photos, taken from different A collection of such photos, taken from different

vantage points, is better yetvantage points, is better yetInformation about the photo is best collected as Information about the photo is best collected as the photo is takenthe photo is taken– Be careful, proof-read your log as you goBe careful, proof-read your log as you go– Mistakes are easyMistakes are easy– You must plan ahead if you are going to match-up log You must plan ahead if you are going to match-up log

entries with photosentries with photos– Even better yet: Put the text on the photo if you canEven better yet: Put the text on the photo if you can

Log dataLog data

BasicsBasics– Identifying information Identifying information

(so that photos and log can be matched up later!)(so that photos and log can be matched up later!)– Where (location, direction of view)Where (location, direction of view)– When (date, time)When (date, time)– Interpretation (text description)Interpretation (text description)

Other infoOther info– Camera & Lens (resolution, zoom/focal length, etc.)Camera & Lens (resolution, zoom/focal length, etc.)– AltitudeAltitude– Sortie/Aircraft ID, photographerSortie/Aircraft ID, photographer

ApproachApproach

We’ll now review a series of photos along We’ll now review a series of photos along with their log entrieswith their log entriesNote how the log text makes it possible for Note how the log text makes it possible for us to build a more complete picture in our us to build a more complete picture in our mindsminds

File DSC00430 09-NOV-02 44.54.50N 094.34.25W Looking Northeast Interpretation: Runke Private Airport

File DSC00431 09-NOV-02 44.54.50N 094.34.25W Looking Northwest Interpretation: Runke Private Airport

File DSC00440 09-NOV-02 (no lat/long given) Looking Northwest (ERROR!)Interpretation: Hutchinson Airport

We are looking at the approach-end of runway 15 at Hutchinson(Which way is this photo really looking?)

File DSC00454 09-NOV-02 (no lat/long given) Looking Northeast Interpretation: Hwy 75 Dam, SE of Ortonville, MN

File DSC00461 09-NOV-02 (no lat/long given) Looking West Interpretation: Hwy 75 Dam, SE of Ortonville, MN

Questions?Questions?