Tim Edwards Air Force Research Laboratory Propulsion Directorate MACCCR Fuels Research Review, September 9, 2008 88ABW-2008-0011 Air Force Future Fuel Utilization
Tim EdwardsAir Force Research Laboratory
Propulsion Directorate
MACCCR Fuels Research Review, September 9, 2008
88ABW-2008-0011
Air Force Future Fuel Utilization
2
AF Alternative Fuel Program
• Near-term goal: 50/50 F-T (SPK)/JP-8 blend certified in all AF vehicles by 2011 (POC: ASC Alternative Fuel Certification Office(AFCO))
– Coordinating w/ Commercial Aviation Alt. Fuel Initiative (CAAFI)– Revisions to Jet A (ASTM D1655) and JP-8 (MIL-DTL 83133F)– Goal: “drop-in” replacement for current fuels
• SPK characteristics
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3
World Survey U.S. JP-8/Jet A (-35 to 70 C)Shell/JP-8 50/50 blend (1 to 35 C)S-8/JP-8 50/50 blend (1 to 35 C)Sasol IPK/Jet A-1 50/50 blend World Survey (-35 to 70 C)Sasol fully synthetic World Survey (-35 to 70 C)JP-4 CRC Handbook average values (-40 to 80 C)JP-5 CRC Handbook average values (-40 to 80 C)
Den
sity
/Spe
cific
Gra
vity
Dielectric constant
Jet (avg) SPKDensity 0.81 0.75Aromatics, % 17 0Cetane (IQT) 45 60Sulfur, ppm ~500 ~0ΔHc, BTU/lb 18600 18900
3
SpecificationPropertiesFail
Fit ForPurpose
Properties(FFP)
Comp/RigTesting
FurtherEvaluation?
EngineTesting
Fail
Fail
Fail Pass
Pass
Pass
Pass
No
Start
Yes
Yes
No
No
Fuel Evaluation(ASTM Guidance)
FurtherEvaluation?
FurtherEvaluation?
Report
Yes
ASTM Turbine Engine Fuel Approval Process
Equipment Evaluation/Approval
FAAReview
OEMSpec/SB
Approved
OEMInternalReview
Reject
Report
Fail
Add’l DataAs Required
Pass
Fuel Specification Approval
(ASTM Process)
ASTMSpecification
Accept
ASTMReview& Ballot
Re-EvalAs Required
Reject
ATA/IATA Meeting Federal AviationAdministrationAug 19, 2008
Mark Rumizen, ANE-110
4
Property “Experience Base”
JP-8 Spec Limits(0.775-0.839)
Synt
role
um 5
0/50
Ble
nd(0
.786
)
Shel
l 50/
50 B
lend
(0.7
77)
Synt
role
um 1
00%
FT
(0.7
55)
Shel
l 100
% F
T(0
.737
)
Composition?
55 10 15 20 25 30
5303 Jet A
5304 Jet A
5305 Jet A
5308 Jet A
5309 Jet AC7
C11
C16
Composition?
65 10 15 20 25 30
5314 Jet A
5317 Jet A
5321 Jet A
5322 Jet A
5327 Jet AC7
C11
C16
7
Overall Jet Fuel Composition
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80
paraffinscycloparaffins
Range
mean=58.78median=59.6std dev=7.66
mean=10.89median=9.3std dev=4.77
~Jet fuel: 20% n-paraffins, 40% iso-paraffins, 20% naphthenes (cycloparaffins), 20% aromatics
AIAA 2006-7972
8
Alternative Fuel Composition
Cliff Moses, SwRI, June 2008 ASTM, Warsaw Poland
Cetane ~ 60
Cetane ~ 60Cetane ~ 35?
9
Lean Blowout Characteristics
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0 100 200 300 400 500Reference velocity , ft/s
Fuel
/ ai
r rat
io
LBO, JP-8 (Ign range)LBO, JP-8 (Idle range)LBO, FT (Ign range)LBO,FT (Idle range)
Ignition Characteristics
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0 20 40 60 80 100Reference velocity, ft/s
Fuel
/ ai
r rat
io
Ign, JP-8 (Ign range)Ign, FT (Ign range)
R-R LibertyWorks, Jan 2008
• AE3007 full annular combustor• JP-8 and 100% F-T (S-8)
• No significant performance differences
Combustion Results (1)
10
Combustion Results (2)
• CFM 56 engine combustor• Jet A-1 and 100% F-T (S-8), blend
• No significant performance differences
GEAE, Aug 2008
LBOLight-off delay
50/50 Blend Results
• No difference (except soot) seen in B-52, C- 17, B-1, F-15, F-22, …
• So, further combustion research unnecessary, right? ....
11
• Well, ….NO. Specifying 50/50 SPK and moving beyond has identified a number of deficiencies in understanding:– Maximum flash point (vs density, viscosity)– Cetane requirement– Minimum aromatics
• On to biokerosene! (?)
12
All Alternative Fuels the Same?C
once
ntra
tion
5 10 15 20 25 300
Time-->
C11C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17C18
C10
C9
C8
C7
C19
JP-8Fuel X (-55 C f.p.)
Fuel Y (-44 C f.p.)
C11
C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18
C10C9C8C7 C19
C11
C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18
C10C9C8C7 C19
Fuel Z (74 C flash, -78 C f.p.)
S-8
controlled by flash controlled by freeze
Fuel W (-55 C f.p.)
13
F/T swell lubricity issues solved
Synthetic biology jet fuels developed
Advanced aviation fuel dev
Bio-jet tests done
Boeing/ Virgin 747 Test
High energy deoxygenated bio-jet fuel from algae
Generic mat.
Compat list
F-T and biojet blend tests done
Bio-jet fuel approved
2nd gen bio-jet Labteste d
Category 2010 2015 20302007 20502005
CAAFI Aviation Alternate Fuels Roadmap (Level 2 / Scenario 1 - Long Term)
B-52 syn-fuel flight test
1st genbio- jet Lab ested
AlternativeFuel Products
Economics& Business
Certification
Environmental
R&D
DOE Step Gain in CO2 Sequestration Efficiency
70% USAF Domestic CTL Sourcing (2025)
Future Aircraft for Advanced Fuel
Spec for 50% SASOL Blend
ASTM Lists 100% FT Generic
Advanced Aviation Fuel Spec
AF Approval of F/T Fuels
AF Alt-Fuel Approval Process developed
Spec for 100% SASOL
Low emissionsBio-fuel certified
F-T Fuel Carbon Sequester
CTL & Bio-fuel EmissionsTest
ASTM Bio Fuel Spec
50/50 Generic FT Blend Listed in ASTM
Status as of April, 2008
B-52 emissions
Scoping study HBR TF
emissions
New bio- fuel impacts
Adv bio fuel emissions
Operational assessmen t
Impactsassessmen t
Benefits assessmen tGE/cruise ships
burn biofuel in turbines
Jet fuel spec revis
50% USAFSyn fuel use
CTL Economics –Scully Financial
ACRP Handbook complete
Coal to
liquids
Tar SandsOnline
BiofuelTested, CFM
C17 test
Qatar GTLProduction
SASOL Jet Fuel
Syntroleum Jet fuel in B- 52
Nigeria GTLChina CTL
Shell Bintulu GTL
Cellulose ethanol for ground use
Ocean Bio-fuel Factories
Bio-butanol for ground use
Future EnergySource
US CTL BiomassCo-fired
Start of Hydrogen Economy
US CTLProductio n
Boeing/ VirginBiojet Demo
Bio-jet fuel
approve d
Boeing/ Air New Zealand Demo
C17 FT Fuel Test
Either Industrial SolarEnergy or Resurgence in
Nuclear PowerAirbu s GTL Demo
14
Category 20072006
(Level 3 / Scenario 1, R&D Near Term Only)Aviation Alternate Fuels Roadmap
DoD
Engine Companies
Boeing
Other Airframers
FAA/NASA
Others
Lab Test Of TecBio Biofuel
B-52 demo 2- engines F/T blend
Lab Test - Purdue & TBD Biofuels
Combustor test of FT&bio-fuel blends (NASA)
Breakpoint test of bio- fuel blend (NASA)
Supply bio-fuel blends to NASA & SwRI
6/06
1st generation Bio-fuel blend matrix performance tests (SwRI)
Supply 2 bbl biojet to NASA
Bio-kerosene from Algae & palm oil created
Lab test of Algae & palm oil bio-fuel2 Bio-fuel Sustainability
ReportsBiofuel materials test
Algae & palm oil sustainability & cost report
Test for lubricity and seal swell for Bio-jet / synthetic blend
B-52 demo All engines F/T blend
Bio-jet tests T63
Engine
N Dakota Biojet studies
Research Combustor
Combustor operability and relight tests F/T Expand material
compatibility FT toxicology assessment
Check that other companies agree with materials test protocol
Hi PR test data (incl. emiss.)Bio Fuel &FT
combustion kinetics
100% F-T SASOL Fuel approved
Compare 3 F-T fuels
Tests to support F- T approval process
FT seal swell etc.
DARPA biofuels 1/07 – 6/08
SAE conf. 9/07
Engineering OEM protocol
Bio-thermal stability test defined
Bio- fuel therm stabilit y in Hx
Atmomiser cold flow on biojet
Fuel tank foam tests
Define mat. compatibility
Emissions goals
APU testing on biojet
Design studies for other than “drop in”
APU cold start on biofuel
Deoxy studies of biojet
Combustor design for reduced toxics with oxygenated fuels
Densit y of FT study
DARPA biojet samples to AFRL
Analysis of DARPA biojet fuels
Utilization/design range of comm. Aircraft.
Quantify deposits on
ellipseometer
Combust or Blend data
Cruise Range impact of F-T fuel , Air Canada
Status as of November 08, 2007
Boeing/ Virgin 747 Test
20092008
FT evaluation in diesel engine
FT APU evaluation
FT evaluation with AC fire protection
Materials compatibility test matrix between airframers Embraer Biojet
demo
Alt.Fuel Ground test performance + Emissions (NASA)
UHBypass engine test FT Fuels (NASA/PW)
CTL feasibility study, Indiana PSU, coal
derived JP900, check status
Swift develop. Syn+ renewable Jetfuel as chem. blend
Swift compl. D1655 Labtesting
Indiana compl. Agreement with CTL company
CFD FT-JP8 blends, TVC Combustor
Combustor test of Syn&Bio fuel belnds (HPR Emissions (NASA)
FT fuel Engine test (NASA/USA F/PW)
Biofuel+JP8blends, TVC or other Combust.Sector, Perform+Env (NASA/ AFRL/WPAFB)
ISAH conf. 10/07
Sxnfuel+JP8blends, TVC or other Combust.Sector, Perform+Env (NASA/ AFRL/WPAFB)
- AAA -
- AAA -
15
Triglycerides (fats, oils)
Production of “Bio” Jet Fuel
Typical jet fuel molecule
Cellulose
pyrolysis/hydroprocessing
CO + H2 “BTL”
“first generation”“second generation”
Lignin gasification(or co-gasification with coal)
“HXO”“HFO”“HAL”
C18:0
C16:1
Sugars“direct fermentation”
16
Jet Fuel vs Biodiesel
Key jet fuel requirement: -47 C freeze point
17
Ongoing “Biojet” Programs
• DARPA – 3 contract awards in 2007– General Electric (GE)– Universal Oil Products– University of North Dakota’s EERC
• Syntroleum/Tyson/Conoco - “waste animal fat”• Boeing/Virgin fuels flight demo in 2008• AFRL analyzing other submitted samples• Key issues are production potential (“gallons/acre”), cost, and
environmental impact
…the emission factor for [jet] fuel produced from biomass will be zero.
EU working document on aviation emissions trading*
*COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT, Accompanying document to the Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community
The Payoff
18
ATA/IATA Meeting19Federal Aviation
AdministrationAugust 19, 2008Mark Rumizen, ANE-110
FAA
ATA
AIA ACI
Timeline Summary
July Aug
FT ASTM Research Rpt Issued
Draft FT ASTM Research Rpt
FT ASTM Research Rpt OEM App’l
FT ASTM Research Rpt ASTM Ballot
FT Fuel Spec ASTM Ballot
ASTM Approval of Spec and Research Rpt
Sept Oct Nov Dec
HRJ Task Force
2008 2009 2010 20122011 2013
DXXXX Spec Wrkg Grp HRJ ASTM Research Rpt Issued
DARPA Fuel Samples at WPAFB DXXXX Spec Ballot
HRJ xx% Blend ASTM App’l HRJ ASTM App’l
Longer-Term Strategy
Near-Term Strategy
2008
Evolving Combustion Program
• Biofuel/synfuel combustion program similar to early 80s program “Fuel Effects on Combustion”
• Referee fuels developed for team use• Data developed from basic research to full-
scale combustor/engine data• Product: “Rules and Tools” for fuel
properties/composition effects on combustion
20
21
Summary
• Air Force alternative fuel program has high-level backing and momentum– Near-term goal – certification of all AF systems on 50/50
JP-8/F-T blend by “early 2011”.– Examining biofuels as possible next target
• Key issues• Consistency of jet fuels between manufacturers,
processes and feedstocks– How to ensure consistent product in specification?– What are the limits of the fuel composition – property
trade space?• Environmental Performance• Economic Viability