Air emissions monitoring Air emissions monitoring - A case study with Glaxo - A case study with Glaxo Smith Kline Smith Kline. Aim: To evaluate the analytical methods for determining sulfur sulfur dioxide dioxide emissions. What is the best approach for GKSB? By: Matthew Harpur, Brian O’ Connell & Ian O’ By: Matthew Harpur, Brian O’ Connell & Ian O’ Connor. Connor.
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Air emissions monitoring - A case study with Glaxo Smith Kline - A case study with Glaxo Smith Kline. Aim: sulfur dioxide To evaluate the analytical methods.
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Air emissions monitoringAir emissions monitoring
- A case study with Glaxo Smith - A case study with Glaxo Smith
KlineKline.
Aim:To evaluate the analytical methods for determining sulfursulfur
dioxidedioxide emissions.
What is the best approach for GKSB?
By: Matthew Harpur, Brian O’ Connell & Ian O’ Connor.By: Matthew Harpur, Brian O’ Connell & Ian O’ Connor.
The Biogeochemical Cycles in our Biosphere
Ecosystems respond to climate systems through physical, biological & chemical feedback systems.
Anthropogenic emissions of SO2 alter the balance of the sulfur cycle in our biosphere.
This has adverse effects on human health and alters the balance of the Earth-atmosphere system;
Acid Air
Change in Earth’s energy budget.
The Sulfur Cycle & the Environment.The Sulfur Cycle & the Environment.
SOSO22
SOSO4`4`2-2-
The Environmental Impact of The Environmental Impact of Anthropogenic SOAnthropogenic SO22 Emissions. Emissions.
Anthropogenic sulfur emissionsAnthropogenic sulfur emissions to the atmosphere are significant and can be larger in magnitude than those from natural sources in urban regions in the industrialised developed world.
Atmospheric sulfur compounds exists in aerosols –condensed phase particles in stable suspension with gases – e.g. hazes & smogshazes & smogs. Acidic aerosols contain sulfate particles. Such aerosols adversely impact on human health.
Sulfate particles are derived from SO2 gas in air scatter light and reduce amount of solar heat reaching the Earth’s surface – add to ‘Global Global Dimming’Dimming’ phenomenon.
Monitoring of SO2 emissions is a fundamental aspect of an environmental authorities air control policy.
Primary inorganic pollutant gases play an important role in atmospheric acidity. Sulfur dioxide is a primary inorganic gas pollutant. It takes part in chemical reactions in the atmosphere and produces secondary pollutants such as sulfate compounds in particulate.
These secondary pollutants formed in the atmosphere include acidic sulfate aerosols.
The Environmental Impact of The Environmental Impact of Anthropogenic SOAnthropogenic SO22 Emissions. Emissions.
GlaxoSmithKline (GSK)
GSK is the second largest pharmaceutical company in the World.
The company is a global leader and a pioneer in all elements of healthcare from R&D and vaccines to all the main therapeutic areas.
The Cork facility was established in Carrigaline in 1974 and employs over 400 people.
The facility generates solid waste from its production processes which it deals with on site.
Incineration at GSK There are three high temperature toxic
waste incinerators at the site.
The three units are designed to burn solids,liquids and vapours from chemical processes.
The units operate at a temperature of 1100 0C and there is 99.99% removal of the toxic waste.
By products of the incineration include SO2.
Each incinerator has a continuous emission monitoring system installed.
A schematic of the operations of a typical incinerator
showing gaseous pollutant formation.
Reasons For Continuous Monitoring
Continuous emissions monitoring equipment is installed for a number of reasons.
Regulatory compliance. Monitoring of plant performance. Calculation of emissions inventories. Compilation of environmental impact assessments
Legislation
The primary environmental legislation driving continuous emission monitoring is the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) which is embodied in the IPPC directive of 1996.
This requires all industrial operations covered by the directive to obtain a permit from authorities within the country.
The Permit is based on the concept of Best Available Techniques (BAT) which is sometimes costly for plants to adapt to BAT.
The directive allows installations an eleven-year transition period to achieve compliance beginning on the day that the directive entered into force.
The EPA’s role
GSK send the EPA quarterly reports of all continuous monitoring data.
An alternate to this is real time data gathering from industries by direct computer link up.
This is used in Germany however, the EPA feel that this would be expensive and technically challenging to install for industries in Ireland such as GSK.
The EPA has a team that carry out spot checks on flue gas monitoring, occasionally throughout the year to validate results.
To date GSK have been in full compliance with EPA regulations regarding SO2 emissions from the plant.
The EPA consider their role in the future is unlikely to change unless legislation is strengthened.
EPA Method of Analysis for SO2 The EPA use a Horiba PG-250
Portable Multi-gas Analyzer when spot checks are carried out at GSK
The PG-250 is a portable stack gas analyzer that can simultaneously measure up to five separate gas components.
The PG-250 uses non-dispersive IR detection for CO, SO2, and CO2.
The performance of the PG-250 has been tested and verified under a number of programs.