Air charter services, Private charter services
Air charter services, Private charter services2014
Table of ContentsCHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION3Overview of Industry as
a whole3History of the Organization6Competitors Information9S.W.O.T
Analysis of the Organization12Objectives of the
study16Methodology18CHAPTER -2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK21AIR CHARTER
SERVICES PVT. LTD. Uses following types of Aircraft
type21Performance23Specifications26Aircraft Performance31Pilatus PC
1234Airports list in India35List of Major Airports in India35Major
international airports in India:38Source of Income of International
Airport41Aircraft Related Charges44Aeronautical
Services44NON-AERONAUTICAL SERVICES48General Parking50PASSENGER
SERVICE FEE51Cargo Handling52Aircraft Refueling54Aircraft
Maintenance54Eight Feature of Air traffic control648)Flight traffic
mapping69CHAPTER -4: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION71Results of the
study71Limitations73Suggestions74BIBLIOGRAPHY76APPENDIX77
CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTIONOverview of Industry as a wholeAir
Charter Service(ACS) is an aircraft charter provider with 17
offices spanning 5 continents. Air Charter Service does not own any
aircraft, but arrangeshelicopter,private jet,commercial
airlineandcargo aircraftcharters for a wide and diverse range of
clients.Air Charter Service was founded in 1990 by Chris Leach in
theUK, starting out as a small specialist aviation company
committed to high standards of customer service that has grown to
become a world-leading member of the aircraft charter industry -
arranging 7,500 full charters per year.Anaircraftis amachinethat is
able toflyby gaining support from theair, or, in general,
theatmosphereof aplanet. It counters the force of gravity by using
eitherstatic liftor by using thedynamic liftof anairfoil,or in a
few cases thedownward thrustfrom jet.The human activity that
surrounds aircraft is calledaviation.Crewedaircraft are flown by an
onboardpilot, butunmanned aerial vehiclesmay beremotely
controlledor self-controlled by onboard computers. Aircraft may be
classified by different criteria, such as lift type, propulsion,
usage and others.Ahelicopteris a type ofrotorcraftin
whichliftandthrustare supplied byrotors. This allows the helicopter
to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward,
backward, and laterally. These attributes allow helicopters to be
used in congested or isolated areas wherefixed-wing aircraftand
many forms ofvertical takeoff and landingaircraft cannot
perform.The wordhelicopteris adapted from the French
languagehlicoptre, coined by Gustave Ponton d'Amcourt in 1861,
which originates from the twisted, curved
andPetron"wing".English-language nicknames for helicopter include
"chopper", "copter", "helo", "heli" and "whirlybird".Helicopters
were developed and built during the first half-century offlight,
with theFocke-Wulf Fw 61being the first operational helicopter in
1936. Some helicopters reached limited production, but it was not
until 1942 that a helicopter designed byIgor Sikorskyreached
full-scale production,with 131 aircraft built.Though earlier
designs used more than one main rotor, it is the single main rotor
with anti-torque tailconfiguration that has become the most common
helicopter configuration.Tandem rotorhelicopters are also in
widespread use due to their greater payload capacity.Co-axial
helicopters,Tilt rotor, andhybridrotorcraft are all flying
today.Quad rotor helicopterspioneered as earlyin France, and other
types ofmulticomputerhave been developed for specialized
applications such as unmanned drones.Abusiness jet,private jet is
ajet aircraftdesigned for transporting small groups of people.
Business jets may be adapted for other roles, such as the
evacuation of casualties or express parcel deliveries, and some are
used by public bodies,government officialsor thearmed
forces.Anairlineis a company that providesair transport
servicesfortravelingpassengersandfreight. Airlinesleaseor own
theiraircraftwith which to supply these services and may
formpartnershipsorallianceswith other airlines for mutual benefit.
Generally, airline companies are recognized with anair operating
certificateor license issued by a governmental aviation
body.Airlines vary from those with a single aircraft
carryingmailorcargo, through full-service international airlines
operating hundreds of aircraft. Airline services can be categorized
as being intercontinental, intra-continental, domestic, regional,
or international, and may be operated as scheduled services or
charters.Acargo aircraft(also known asfreight
aircraft,freighter,airlifter, orcargo jet) is afixed-wing
aircraftthat is designed or converted for the carriage of goods,
rather than passengers. Such aircraft usually do not incorporate
passenger amenities, and generally feature one or more large doors
for loading cargo. Freighters may be operated by civil passenger
orcargo airlines, by private individuals or by thearmed forcesof
individual countries.Aircraft designed for cargo flight usually
have features that distinguish them from conventional passenger
aircraft: a wide/tall fuselage cross-section, a high-wing to allow
the cargo area to sit near the ground, a large number of wheels to
allow it to land at unprepared locations, and a high-mounted tail
to allow cargo to be driven directly into and off the
aircraft.Cargo aircraft represent a small proportion of the
overallair freightmarket. The majority is carried in specialULD
containersin thecargo holdsof normalpassenger aircraft.
Profile of the organizationWith India's rapidly growing,
expeditiously changing economic and business environment, the
percentage of traveling population is burgeoning. More and more
people are traveling for both business purposes and recreation.
Keeping pace with the other advancements, the way we travel is also
improving.To cater to the divergent needs of VVIPs, State
Governments, Corporate Houses, Political Parties, Travel Agents,
Tour Operators, Medical Evacuation, Aerial Surveys, etc; India Fly
Safe Aviation Limited (IFSAL) offers tailor made solutions for all
the travel requirements, both for business and leisure.Offering
charters with outstanding crew, IFSAL provides first class private
charter services. We are a young, energetic and widely reputed
company, whose priority is focusing on delivering excellent
customer service. We conduct safe air operations on hire, reward
principle, and fully understand the needs and concerns of our
clients.A perfect way to travel, we offer you the best flight you
can have for yourself, either for business or recreation. The
aviation experts at IFSAL can provide you with customized programs;
right down to the gourmet meals that you expect when flying in a
private charter.Air Charter Services Pvt. Ltd.Room No.402 / 412,
4th Floor G+5 Building Terminal 1B, Palam Domestic AirportNew Delhi
- 110037, INDIAPh.: (+91-11) 2567 4449, 2567 1327, 2567 4558, 2567
4848Fax: (+91-11) 2567 4479Email:[email protected]
History of the Organization ACS was founded in 1990 by Chris
Leach as a small specialized aviation company, initially dealing
with a small number of large contracts.The Charter market had
seemed saturated, with a small number of large established
companies controlling the whole market along with a handful of one
and 2 man brokerages and many thought that there was not enough
room for a new big player. ACSs commitment to personal service
proved popular in what had been described by some as a complacent
market place and the company grew rapidly. ACS then furthered their
commitment to providing exceptional customer service by opening
regional offices. These offices were established with the aim of
meeting the charter requirements of existing customers but also to
extend ACSs charter services to international clients.Each regional
office was based on the same principles of customer service and
every account manager worldwide was trained in the London office.
ACS now employs over 250 staff around the globe speaking local
languages and with expertise in their own regional markets and
counts Middle Eastern royalty, the British government, major
multinational corporations and non-profit organizations as its
customers.The company has grown on the following principles High
quality personal service 24/7 coverage Quick response times
Continuous service from enquiry to post flight Expert knowledge of
the industryThe History of Air Charter Service private flight Not
only can flights be booked in a hurry and personalized, but it
should be mentioned that this method of journey reduces the amount
of stability scrutiny and those embarrassingly lengthy protection
checkpoints. Even though most tourists understand why these
measures were put into spot right after nine/11, there are handful
of folks who will sing their praises in the face of long
delays/missed flights due to holdups at these checkpoints. For
people who question if air constitution travelers appreciate the
very same creature comforts as their professional airline
counterparts - the solution is a resounding affirmative. In
addition, air constitution flights can be customized to the
consumer - whether a organization trip or a family members trip,
which can make them an attractive choice for teams of
anysize.Personal Air Charter - Difficulties with Professional
Airlines Even with the growing variety of industrial travel web
sites that promise to "customize" flights and vacations, a closer
evaluation of these web sites reveals that possibilities are often
fairly restricted. For illustration, one key air provider has only
a few of non-stop flights per working day amongst Orlando, FL and
Memphis, TN - a single is very early in the morning and one isolate
in the evening. Men and women not available for travel in the
course of these times face the prospect of either finding a flight
with a layover, possibly paying much more for a non-stop flight
with yet another provider, or flying in/out of another airport. Jet
charter travel has none of these restrictions - flights can be
scheduled at any time of the day to nearly any destination. Charter
airways normally need really minor discover, so very last minute
outings for important company meetings or medical emergencies are
not a problem. This versatility enables a traveler to exercising
higher handle above the excursion, which can give a higher degree
of pleasure. At a single position in time an air charter assistance
was one thing obtainable only to these substantial on the company
ladder. Business executives and CEOs of key organizations would
resort to utilizing air charter solutions as an substitute to
owning an aircraft of their own. These non-public charter companies
would offer these experts with all the excellent luxury and ease
related with proudly owning a personal jet without having the
additional expense of preserving and maintaining it. As effectively
as currently being really pricey to buy outright, a private jet can
also be incredibly high priced to maintain you require having an
aircraft hangar or an airstrip to shop the plane - each of which
can value a large quantity of cash. As a end result they made the
decision to use a charter services as a substitute. It is hard to
determine when the kinds of air charter services commonly utilized
by business individuals these days ended up first released. The
greater part of individuals would argue that the first air
constitution services commenced just immediately after the stop of
Entire World War II. Even so, the correct progress of company air
constitution boomed immediately after the Globe War II when the
extra and surplus plane has been commenced to be provided to the
company.Indian Aviation Industry is one of the fastest growing
airline industries in the world. The history of Indian Aviation
Industry started in December 1912 with its first domestic air route
between Karachi and Delhi. It was opened by the Indian Air Services
in collaboration with the UK based Imperial Airways as an extension
of London-Karachi flight of the Imperial Airways. Tata Sons Ltd.,
the first Indian airline, started a regular airmail service between
Karachi and Madras three years later without any backing from the
Indian government.
During the period of independence, 9 air transport companies
were carrying both air cargo and passengers in the Indian
Territory. In 1948, the Indian Government and Air India set up a
joint sector company, Air India International to further strengthen
the Aviation Industry of India. As part of nationalization in 1953
of Indian Airlines (IA) brought the domestic civil aviation sector
under the purview of Indian Government. Later till the mid 1990's
government-owned airlines dominated Indian aviation industry. When
the government adopted the Open-sky policy in 1990 and other
liberalization policies the Indian Aviation Indian made underwent a
rapid and dramatic transformation.By the year 2000 several private
airlines have entered into the aviation business in succession and
many more were about to enter into the arena. Indian aviation
industry today is dominated by private airlines and low-cost
carriers like Deccan Airlines, GoAir, and SpiceJet, air charter
services etc. And Indian Airlines, the giant of Indian air travel
industry, gradually lost its market share to these private
airlines. According to the report of CAPA, these budget carriers
are likely to double their market share by 2010 -- one of the
highest in the world.Indian aviation industry can be classified
into three groups: Public players Private players Start up
playersThere are three public players: Air India, Indian Airlines
and Alliance Air. The private players include Jet Airways, Air
Sahara, Paramount airways, Go Air Airlines, Kingfisher Airlines,
Spice Jet, Air Deccan and many more. The startup players are those
which are planning to enter into the markets. Some of them are
Omega Air, Magic Air, Premier Star Air and MDLR
Airlines.Competitors Information New Flight CharterNew Flight
Charters is not restricted to a defined fleet or certain operator
relationships or networks, and thus can quote charter flight
quality and price options not otherwise available. Take advantage
of the comprehensive nationwide availability of based aircraft,
floating fleets, discounted one-way flights, and empty legs with
the leading DOT-registered and FAA-certified aircraft operators,
and your guaranteed-best one-way or round trip pricing for each and
every flight. Benefit from the history and reputation of New Flight
Charters, with confidence that the top-rated, registered and
respected company is arranging your charter flight on your behalf.
Detailed charter quotes are free and normally sent 24 hours from
the request, and guaranteed for best price in the market. Ballpark
pricing and general information are available immediately. One Sky
JetAt OneSky, we've created something special: a private jet
alternative that offers the peace of mind and reliability of
fractional ownership with the flexibility, simplicity and choice of
private jet charter. Access to over 2,500 approved private jets
Freedom to select the exact jet make and model for each trip No
up-front capital outlay Stringent and unyielding commitment to
passenger safety Best of class logistics expertise through our
FedEx heritage OneSky Jets The Evolution of the Private Jet Company
OneSky Jets does not own or manage their own jets. Instead, we've
built a unique model which unites the top private jet carriers into
a cohesive network,Paramount Business JetParamount Business Jets is
a private jet charter brokerage company and on behalf of its
clients arranges private charter flights with FAA part 135
certified operators and similar charter approved operators
throughout the world. Representing clients in the marketplace,
Paramount Business Jets is committed to finding all appropriate
aircraft meeting both the client's and the mission's requirements.
PBJ's skilled team of aviation consultants, with years of
experience negotiating the best possible pricing from only the
safest operators in the marketplace, help to ensure we provide the
most cost effective and value added aircraft choices for our
clients. With access to over 15,000 private jets and VIP airliners
worldwide, PBJ clients enjoy the freedom of choosing any aircraft
size and comfort level on a per trip basis to and from any city in
the world. PBJ plans and tracks every aspect of the trip from the
beginning to the end, including gourmet catering, car service
requests and any of the special needs of our clients.Imperial
JetsImperial Jets will arrange the ideal private aircraft for your
business or leisure trip. We have access to a diverse network of
turboprops and light, heavy, mid and super- midsized jets around
the globe. We are an experienced and innovative firm devoted to
providing you with unequaled safety, service, luxury and
convenience. Safety The only other passengers on your flight are
the colleagues and companions you choose. Human errors and
variables from agents, baggage handlers and airport screeners are
eliminated. Any information regarding charter flights booked
through Imperial Jets remains strictly confidential. Each pilot's
experience, safety record, insurance and equipment hours are
audited by the operator to the highest standards. Please see
Standards page. Flexibility You, rather than an airline or charter
company can select or change planes and flight times. Imperial Jets
charter carriers can access several thousand airports in North and
South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, thereby avoiding routing
you through congested " hub airports".Stratos Jet ChartersAt
Stratos Jet Charters we believe that long-term client relationships
are born of good experiences, not long-term contracts. We
specialize in arranging on-demand private jet charter flights for
long-term, repeat clients who wish to enjoy a safe and hassle-free
air charter experience. In order to build long-term relationships
with our clients, we assist them with making informed buying
decisions for every charter flight. Our goal is to better
understand and meet the unique needs of each client, and this
philosophy has shaped all aspects of our company. Working with
Stratos Jet Charters allows our clients to gain access to our
network of approved vendors that are regularly assessed to ensure
their compliance with our aircraft, insurance and flight crew
requirements. Our clients are afforded piece of mind knowing that
all of our vendors comply with the rigorous standards of our air
charter safety due diligence program. Stratos Jet Charters clients
seek the flexibility of choosing among many different aircraft for
their personalized charter flights . With access to over 5,000
aircraft that meet the most rigorous standards of air charter
safety, Stratos Jet Charters provides the highest level of aircraft
flexibility and guarantees a private charter aircraft with as
little as twelve hours notice. Our air charter coordinators are
among the most knowledgeable in the jet charter industry and are
happy to be your educational resource for air charter safety and
market research assistant for private jet charter flights. Our team
of jet charter experts is available 24/7 to assist you with
arranging air charter flights on rigorously inspected aircraft with
highly-experienced flight crews.
S.W.O.T Analysis of the OrganizationConducting a SWOT analysis,
that is, reviewing the strengths of an organization, its
weaknesses, opportunities it can capitalize on for maximum profits,
and the threats to achieving its full potential provides very
invaluable information to the organization about the market and
understanding the industry, as well. The aviation industry is not
an exception, it too has its own share of strengths and
opportunities which once utilized by an organization can help it
grow substantially and weaknesses and threats which the
organization must strive to minimize to the lowest possible
levels.One of the strengths of an organization in the aviation
industry is the growing income levels. The growth in individual
incomes increases the amount of disposable income and hence many
people are able to utilize the carriers to fly to their
destinationsGrowth in tourism is also a major strength as it has
led to a significant increase in the number of domestic and
international passengers with statistics indicating a 50% growth in
the number of domestic flyers and a 25% increase in the number of
international flyers.Despite the downturns, air travel has
continued to grow over time and is one of those industries that are
far away from reaching their peak. This can be partly attributed to
the ever growing population and the increase in the propensity of
people to fly. With efficient management, an organization in the
aviation industry is guaranteed to grow into a big and profitable
enterprise.Air travel has a marked safety record and has been
generally accepted as a safe and fast way to travel. Even the low
cost growing airlines have safety and speed attributed to them and
therefore, a small growing airline shares this strength with big
and recognized brand names in the industry which is quite an
advantage. Airline staff consists of highly trained personnel,
which is a major strength, to any organization in the industry.One
of the major weaknesses in the aviation industry is infrastructural
development. The development of infrastructure has been very
slowing thus unable to keep up the pace of growth of the aviation
sector. It is therefore, a major bottleneck in the industry. A
growing airline should therefore, give priority to investing in
infrastructure by constructing state of the art airports with
adequate runways and ample parking lots for passengers. It should
also invest on routes leading to the airports to help reduce
passenger delays due to traffic.Airlines have been known to have a
very high 'spoilage' rate in comparison with other industries. Once
a passenger misses his/her flight, the income/revenue from that
seat is lost. In order to avoid or minimize this occurrence, the
airline should establish a method of contacting all the passengers
prior to departure to remind them of their flight. There should
also be a larger time window between the boarding time and the
departure of the airbus to cater for those passengers who arrive
late for their flights.Aircrafts are very expensive and running an
airline requires a very huge capital outlay. For this to work to
the advantage of the airline, proper marketing strategies are
required, and careful planning to ensure that returns on investment
are greater than the initial investment.An airline may find it very
difficult to compete with other carriers due to their low fares. To
survive this, the organization can lower its fares but ensure that
they are in balance with the returns to avoid losses. Extensive
advertising campaigns on quality can also give it an edge over the
low cost carriers.Airlines have to maintain a huge work force which
is spread over an outsized ecological area and which requires
constant communication and monitoring. For this to work to its
advantage, extensive evaluation of the personnel is required to
ensure competence and also the ability of the workers to work under
minimum supervision.There are many opportunities that an airline
can capitalize on to reap maximum profits. Expected investment is
one of the opportunities that can benefit an airline. The aviation
sector is ever growing, and there is an increasing number of
stakeholders in the industry willing to invest in air travel. An
airline can take this opportunity to increase its capital base so
as to be able to enjoy large economies of scale.Development of new
products and services can have a substantial blow on the profits of
an organization. In aviation, an airline can introduce mailing
services for delivery of mails and parcels across the globe. It can
also introduce special fare packages for those travelling to
certain destinations for pleasure or business.Technological
advancement and investment in information technology is an
opportunity that can greatly help an organization to minimize its
operation cost. An airline can rely on information technology to
offer more customers friendly services and also provide customers
with other services like internet while travelling which would make
them pay more for the services hence increasing the profit margins
of the organization.The organization should evaluate end user
response to its services to gain information on what areas of its
services to improve. This would go a long way in helping the
organization acquire new customers as well as retain its old ones
who are satisfied with the services being offered.The organization
should also take the opportunity to expand and cover a larger
geographical area. It should grow into the untapped markets and
offer its products and services in these regions. Having a large
customer base would increase its profits.Acquiring better supply
deals, for example, a less expensive fuel supplier would greatly
minimize the operation cost of an organization in the aviation
industry. The airline can also retain its suppliers but negotiate
for better deals with the aim of increasing its profit
margin.Cutting down on delays is very important in the aviation
industry. Minimized delays would mean less refunds and minimal
compensation due to inconveniences made. It would also help the
organization to gain the customers trust thus establishing itself
as a carrier of choice for many travelers.Linking up with other
carriers in the industry is an opportunity that should not be ruled
out. Linking up with another carrier would increase the passenger
volume greatly. This can be done through ensuring a coordinated
schedule where the airlines offer their services to various
destinations through a sharing agreement. Only one carrier flying
to a given destination from a particular location would enable the
partnering carriers to avoid the long time taken before an aircraft
is filled.Strengths:1. Growing tourism:Due to growth in tourism,
there has been anincrease in number of the international and
domestic passengers. The estimated growth of domestic passenger
segment is at 50% per annum and growth for international passenger
segment is 25%Growth in tourism is also a major strength as it has
led to a significant increase in the number of domestic and
international passengers with statistics indicating a 50% growth in
the number of domestic flyers and a 25% increase in the number of
international flyers.
2. Rising income levels:Due to the rise in income levels, the
disposable income is also higher which are expected to enhance the
number of flyers.One of the strengths of an organization in the
aviation industry is the growing income levels. The growth in
individual incomes increases the amount of disposable income and
hence many people are able to utilize the carriers to fly to their
destinations.Weaknesses:1. Under penetrated Market :The total
passenger traffic was only 50 million as on 31st Dec 2005 amounting
to only 0.05 trips per annum as compared to developed nations like
United States have 2.02 trips per annum.2. Untapped Air Cargo
Market:Air cargo market has not yet been fully taped in the Indian
markets and is expected that in the coming years large number of
players will have dedicated fleets.
3. Infrastructural constraints:The infrastructure development
has not kept pace with the growth in aviation services sector
leading to a bottleneck. Huge investment requirement for physical
infrastructure for airports.Opportunities:
1.Expecting investments:investment of about US $30 billion will
be made.
2. Expected Market Size:Average growth of aviation sector is
about 25%-30% and the expected market size is projected to grow
upto100 million by 2010.ThreatsHuge investments are expected to
take place in aviation sector in near future. It is estimated that
by 2012.1. Shortage of trained Pilots:There is a shortage of
trained pilots, co-pilots and ground staff which is severely
limiting growth prospects.2. Shortage of Airports:There is a
shortage of airport facilities, parking bays, air traffic control
facilities and takeoff and landing slots.3. High prices:Though
enough number of low cost carriers are already existing in the
industry, majority of the population is still not able to fly to
other destinations.Objectives of the study To study the concept of
air charter services To study the types of plane provide by air
charter services To learn about various airports in India To Study
the specification, price list of different types of plane To study
the functionality of air charter services like how to work, size of
air charter services. To study about air charter charities To study
about Air charter services training
Scope of the study To deliver the project on time To deliver the
project according to given guidelines To deliver the project with
relevant information of air charter services Specific to aviation
industry Reliable project report Time management to deliver the
project report
MethodologyMethodologyis the systematic, theoretical analysis of
the methods applied to a field of study. It comprises the
theoretical analysis of the body of methods and principles
associated with a branch of knowledge. Typically, it encompasses
concepts such as paradigm, theoretical model, phases and
quantitative or qualitative techniques.A methodology does not set
out to provide solutions - it is, therefore, not the same thing as
a method. Instead, it offers the theoretical underpinning for
understanding which method, set of methods or so called best
practices can be applied to specific case, for example, to
calculate a specific result.The nature of research can be either
qualitative or quantitative or both. According to Malhotra
(1996:164), qualitative research is an unstructured, exploratory
research method based on small samples intended to provide insight
and understanding about the problem statement. Quantitative
research involves the collection of primary data from a large
number of individuals, frequently with the intention of projecting
the results onto the larger population. (Martins et al,
1996:125)Collection of Primary DataThere are various methods of
collecting primary research data, namely mail-based self
administered questionnaire, telephone interviews, personal
interviews and focus groups. This study relied heavily on personal
interviews and telephone interviews. For purpose of this study,
different air carriers that have their registered office in India
were studied. It included both public sector as well as private
sector airlines operating in India that have domestic flights in
India as well as international flights to & from India. For the
purpose of this study, data was collected in two parts, i.e. a) the
Executives from the Human Resource Departments of these air
carriers were personally interviewed by the researcher along with
the questionnaire that was administered to them. b) The commercial
pilots working with these airlines were either met personally and
the questionnaire was administered to them or a phone call was made
to them & then they were sent questionnaires. This was done
after obtaining necessary permissions from all respective airlines.
Altogether 261 commercial pilots working with six air carriers from
India were surveyed ranging from First Officer to Check Pilot from
age group of 21 years to 50+. The survey was conducted using two
separate questionnaires specially designed for this purpose. One
questionnaire was designed for the HR departments of the Indian air
carriers where the Executives working with these airlines shared
their current recruitment & retention practices with the
researcher and the second questionnaire was designed for the
commercial pilots working with these airlines where these pilots
shared how they perceive their employers in terms of recruitment
& retention practices. Both the executives and the pilots were
briefed on the purpose for data collection. They were also given an
assurance that the data collected would be kept confidential &
would be used for research purpose only.Secondary DataSecondary
data was collected through various journals, e-journals, magazines
& books available on this subject. The articles & research
papers published were also the part of the study. The HRD policies
of the concerned organizations were also significant to the
studyVariables under Study A variable is any stimulus factor or
behavior that can change on some dimension and that can be
observed, sometimes controlled and measures. In scientific
research, variables that can be quantified with precision are
preferred. (Walsh, 2002:1) Independent Variable: An independent
variable in an experiment is the variable under the control of the
scientist/investigator and which is believed to have the potential
to alter or influence the dependent variable. (Walsh, 2002:1) The
independent variable used in this study is recruitment of
commercial pilots by Indian air carriers. The operational
definition denotes a variable in terms of the operations or
techniques used to obtain or measure it. When quantitative
researchers describe the variables in their study, they specify
what they mean by demonstrating how they measured a variable.
Demographic variables are usually defined by asking respondents to
choose an appropriate category from a list, while abstract concepts
need to be defined operationally by defining in detail how they
were measured in a particular study. (Morgan, Griego, 1998:1)
Dependent Variable: Walsh (2002:1) defines dependent variable as
the response or behavior in an experiment that is being studied in
order to determine if it has been influenced by or altered by the
independent variable. It is therefore, the presumed outcome or
criterion. The dependent variable in this study is retention of
commercial pilots by Indian air carriers.PEST ANALYSIS Political
Disputes between countries Trading Business between countries
Corruption Natural disasters Economic Monetary and Fiscal Policy
Rise in airline turbine fuels (ATF) Recession Social Diversity in
population Crew members behavior Increasing expectations of the
customers Technological Internet (Online facilities) Modernization
of airports Satellite based Navigation system
CHAPTER -2: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKAIR CHARTER SERVICES PVT. LTD.
Uses following types of Aircraft type
BE-350(SUPER KING AIR)
TheBeech craft Super King Airfamily is part of a line of
twin-turbopropaircraft produced byBeech craft. The King Air line
comprises a number of model series that fall into four families:
the Model 90 series, Model 100 series (these models comprising
theKing Airfamily), Model 200 series and Model 300 series.The
latter two models were originallymarketedas the "Super King Air"
family, but the "Super" was dropped in 1996.The Super King Air
family has been in continuous production since 1974, the longest
production run of any civilian turboprop aircraft in its class. It
has outlasted all of its previous competitors and as of 2009 the
only other aircraft in its class is thePiaggio Avanti.As of
December 2009, theB200,B200GTand the largerB300are the production
models.Special mission derivative versions of these models are also
available for order.TheBeech craft 1900regional airliner was
derived from the Model B200 King Air.SpecificationsSeating
ConfigurationStandardMetric
(Crew + standard pax / Max pax)1 + 9 / 111 + 9 / 11
Avionics
ManufacturerCollinsCollins
SuitePro Line 21Pro Line 21
Engines
ManufacturerP&WCP&WC
TypePT6A-60APT6A-60A
Power Rating1,050 shp783 kW
Dimensions (External)
Wingspan57 ft 11 in17.65 m
Max Airplane Length46 ft 8 in14.22 m
Max Tail Height14 ft 4 in4.37 m
Dimensions (Internal) Cabin
Length19 ft 6 in5.94 m
Width4 ft 6 in1.37 m
Height4 ft 9 in1.45 m
Baggage Capacity71.3 cu. ft2.0 cu. m
Max Baggage Weight1,150 lb522 kg
Weights
Max Ramp Weight15,100 lb6,849 kg
Max Takeoff Weight15,000 lb6,804 kg
Max Zero Fuel Weight12,500 lb5,670 kg
Max Landing Weight15,000 lb6,804 kg
Useable Fuel Capacity3,611 lb1,638 kg
Basic Operating Weight*10,000 lb4,536 kg
Max Payload2,500 lb1,134 kg
Useful Load5,100 lb2,313 kg
PerformancePerformanceStandardMetric
Maximum Cruise Speed313 kt580 km/h
Range: Max Payload947 nm1,754 km
Range: Full Fuel/Available Payload1,606 nm2,974 km
Range: 4 Passengers1,714 nm3,174 km
Range: Ferry1,805 nm3,343 km
Max Operating Altitude35,000 ft10,668 m
Take-off Field Length (MTOW)3,300 ft1,006 m
Landing Field Length (MLW)2,692 ft821 m
BE-B200 (Super King Air)
The King Air B200 isthe most successful business aircraftin the
world. Since its introduction, the Model 200 has outsold every
other single line of business airplane, jet, or turboprop. The B200
has been extensively updated, inside and out, to achieve new levels
of quietness and comfort.Compared to its jet competitors, the B200
offers unmatched utility: Itcarries morein a luxurious, comfortable
cabin, operates fromshorter fieldsandcosts less to operate.
SpecificationsExternal Dimensions
Length43 ft 10 in13.36 m
Height14 ft 10 in4.52 m
Span54 ft 6 in16.61 m
Cabin Dimensions
Length16 ft 8 in5.08 m
Height4 ft 9 in1.45 m
Width4 ft 6 in1.37 m
Characteristics
Seating (Crew + Pax)2 + 7 / 9*
Max Cruise Speed**289 kt535 km/h
Service Ceiling35,000 ft10.668 m
Max Range (Ferry + 1 Pilot)1,671 nm3.095 km
* by 2 optional Fold Up Seats
** differs from King Air 250 and B200GT
2 Engines
ManufacturerPratt & Whitney Canada
Model**PT6A-42
Output (per Engine)850 shp850 PS
Inspection Interval (TBO)3,600 hrs3,600 Std
** differs from King Air 250 and B200GT
Weights
Max Ramp12,590 lb5,711 kg
Max Takeoff12,500 lb5,670 kg
Max Zero Fuel11,000 lb4,990 kg
Typ. Equip. Basic Operating**8,655 lb3,926 kg
** differs from King Air 250 and B200GT
Capacity
Max Payload (without Pilot)**2,345 lb1,064 kg
Useful Load (without Pilot)**3,935 lb1,785 kg
Max Fuel Capacity3,645 lb1,653 kg
Fuel (with Max Payload)1,590 lb1,590 kg
BE-C90A (KING AIR C90)
The Model 90 King Air was conceived as theModel 120in 1961. In
May 1963, Beech craft began test flights of the
proof-of-conceptModel 87, a modifiedQueen AirwithPratt &
Whitney Canada PT6A-6 engines. On 14 July, Beech announced a new
type, and a month later began accepting orders for the "King Air",
with deliveries to commence in autumn 1964.After 10 months of test
flying, in 1964 the Model 87 was delivered to theUnited States
Armyas the NU-8F. On 24 January, the first definitive prototype, by
now designatedModel 65-90and also fitted with PT6A-6 engines, flew
for the first time. The first production aircraft was delivered on
October 8, and by the end of the month, 152 aircraft had been
ordered;by year's end, seven had been built. In 1966, after 112
65-90s were completed, production switched to theModel 65-A90with
PT6A-20 engines. As a measure of the type's popularity, 206 65-A90s
were built in less than two years when production switched to
theModel B90, the first of these rolling off the production line in
1968.Military versions built during these years included
the65-A90-1,65-A90-2,65-A90-3, and65-A90-4, all being unpressurised
models based on the Model 87. These were produced for the US Army
which designated them U-21s of various sub-models; many were fitted
out for electronic battlefield surveillance. A total of 162 of
these were built between 1967 and 1971. A total of 184 B90 models
were produced before theModel C90was introduced in 1971,[3]with
wingspan increased over earlier models by 4ft 11in (1.50m) to 50ft
3 in (15.32 m), Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) increased by 350lb
(160kg) to 9,650lb (4,378kg), and PT6A-20A engines. The broadly
similarModel E90was introduced the following year, with PT6A-28
engines; the two were produced in parallel. Further refinement of
the 90 series resulted in theModel F90and follow-onModel F90-1. The
F-models featured the T-tail of theModel 200 King Airmated to the
fuselage and wings of the E90, with PT6A-135 engines of 750 shp
(560kW) driving four-bladed propellers. The F90 prototype flew on
16 January 1978 and 203 production versions followed between 1979
and 1983, when the F90 was superseded by the F90-1.The F90
prototype was re-engined withGarrett AiResearch TPE-331engines to
test the feasibility of aModel G90, but this model was not put into
production.TheModel C90-1entered production in 1982 after 507 C90s
and 347 E90s had been built,and featured PT6A-21 engines and
improvements to the pressurization system. 54 were built.The
following year the F90-1 was put into production with redesigned
engine cowlings, upgraded PT6A-135A engines, hydraulic landing
gear, and triple-fed electrical bus; only 33 were built by the time
production terminated in 1985.The C90-1 was soon followed by
theModel C90A, which featured the redesigned engine cowlings of the
F90-1. The C90A received an increase in MTOW in 1987, being
certified to 10,100lb (4,580kg). The C90A model was in production
until 1992, by which time 235 had been built, all but 74 with the
increased MTOW.Only two C90As were built in 1992, theModel
C90Bfollowed that year with airframe improvements, four-bladed
propellers, and propeller synchrophasing,all in an effort to reduce
cabin noise. This model also had PT6A-21s; the first production
C90B was fitted with the 10,000th PT6 engine delivered to Beech
craft. In 1994 a cheaper version was introduced as theC90SE(Special
Edition), with three-bladed propellers, standardized interior and
mechanical instruments instead of theElectronic Flight Instrument
System(EFIS) fitted to the C90B.A total of 456 C90Bs and C90SEs
were delivered by the time production of these models ended in late
2005. In July 2005, during theOshkosh Air show, Beech craft
introduced theC90GT. The C90GT was fitted with 750shp (560kW)
PT6A-135As,flat ratedto the same 550shp (410kW) as the earlier King
Airs. This engine change increased performance due to lower
operating temperatures, improving both cruise speed and climb rate.
With a 275 kt (509km/h, 316mph) cruise speed, the C90GT was highly
competitive with the new generation ofVery Light Jetsover short to
medium distances, while providing a larger and more luxurious
cabin. C90GT deliveries commenced at the beginning of 2006.On 21
May 2007, during the 7th AnnualEuropean Business Aviation
Convention & ExhibitioninGeneva, Beech craft announced theModel
C90GTiupdated version of the C90GT, featuring theRockwell
CollinsProline 21avionicspackage previously only offered for the
B200 and B300 King Airs. Deliveries commenced in 2008 after 97
C90GTs were delivered to customers over the previous two
years.Aircraft PerformanceWeights (lb)King Air C90A, BE-C90A
Max Ramp10,160
Max Takeoff10,100
Max Landing9,600
Zero Fuel9,389b
BOW6,780
Max Payload2,609
Useful Load3,380
Executive Payload1,400
Max Fuel2,573
Max Fuel2,573
Avail Payload Max Fuel807
Avail Fuel Max Payload771
Avail Fuel Exec Payload1,980
LimitsKing Air C90A, BE-C90A
MMON/A
Transition Altitude FL/VMON/A
Cabin Pressurization (PSI)5.0
Airport PerformanceKing Air C90A, BE-C90A
TO (Sea Level, ISA Temp)2,577
TO (5000, @25C)4,550
Hot/High WATN/A
NBAA IFR RangesV2 @ SL ISA, MTOW219N/A
VREFN/A
Landing Distance with 4 PassengersN/A
ClimbKing Air C90A, BE-C90A
Time to Climb/AltN/A
Engine Out Rate fpm554
FAR 25 Engine-Out Grad (ft/nm)305
Ceilings (ft)King Air C90A, BE-C90A
Certificated30,000
All Eng Srv29,800
Eng Out Service14,900
Sea Level Cabin11,065
Long Range CruiseKing Air C90A, BE-C90A
KTAS194
Fuel Flow316
AltitudeFL 230
Specific Range0.614
High Speed CruiseKing Air C90A, BE-C90A
KTAS247
Fuel Flow592
AltitudeFL 160
Specific Range0.417
Pilatus PC 12ThePilatus PC-12is a
single-engineturboproppassenger andcargo aircraftmanufactured
byPilatus AircraftofSwitzerland. The main market for the aircraft
is corporate transport and regional airline operators. TheU.S. Air
Force's designation is theU-28A.The Pilatus PC-12has gained a
reputation for outstanding versatility, performance, reliability
and operational flexibility. As such, it is one of the most popular
turbine-powered business aircraft on the market today. In operation
around the globe, the PC-12 has found popularity in a number of
roles includingexecutive transport, air ambulance and government
special mission applications.The cockpit features EFIS displays and
the PC-12 is certificated for single pilot operation. Flight crew
of one or two pilots (certificated for single
pilot).Corporate/executive transportconfigurations typically seat
six or eight in main cabin.This is our most popular aircraft and is
especially suited forAir Ambulance and Medical
services.CapacityFlight crew of one or two pilots (certificated for
single pilot). Seating for six or eight in main cabin. Combo
passenger/freight version seats four passengers in main cabin plus
freight pallet.
Airports list in IndiaMajor airports in India offer both
domestic and overseas flights. The airport transportation network
of the country effectively fulfills the needs of a large number of
tourists and visitors who are arriving in the country from distant
locations. The travel and tourism sector of the country is thriving
at a rapid pace. This is making a significant contribution to the
economic development of the country in a special way. The country
is home to over 20 international airports and various national
airports. Over 335 civilian airports in the country are there and
they can be categorized into airports with concreted runways (250)
and airports with caliches-topped runways (96).The major airports
in India include the following: Chattrapati Shivaji International
Airport of Mumbai, Indira Gandhi International Airport of New
Delhi, Calicut International Airport of Calicut, Begumpet Airport
of Hyderabad, Cochin International Airport Limited of Cochin,
Chennai International Airport of Chennai, Netaji Subhash Chandra
Bose International Airport ofKolkata, HAL Airport of Bangalore,
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport of Ahmedabad, Raja
Sansi International Airport of Amritsar and Trivandrum
International Airport of Thiruvananthapuram.List of Major Airports
in IndiaGiven below are the names of the major airports in India
along with the names of the cities served by them and the category
in which they fall, following are the categories: International -
Handles international flights Customs - Airports which have customs
checking and clearance facilities for handling international
flights but are not promoted to International Airport status.
Domestic - Handles domestic flights Future - Proposed airport
project or under construction
Territory or StateName of AirportCity ServedCategory
Andaman and Nicobar IslandsVeer Savarkar International
AirportPort BlairCustoms
Andhra PradeshVisakhapatnam AirportVisakhapatnamCustoms
AssamLokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International
AirportGuwahatiCustoms
BiharJaiprakash Narayan International AirportPatnaCustoms
Gaya AirportGayaCustoms
ChhattisgarhSwami Vivekananda AirportRaipurDomestic
Daman and DiuDiu AirportDiuDomestic
DelhiIndira Gandhi International AirportNew
DelhiInternational
GoaDabolim AirportEntire stateInternational
GujaratSardar Vallabhbhai Patel International
AirportAhmedabadInternational
Jammu and KashmirSrinagar AirportSrinagarCustoms
Jammu AirportJammuDomestic
JharkhandBirsa Munda AirportRanchiDomestic
KarnatakaMangalore AirportMangaloreCustoms
Bengaluru International Airport (Kempegowda International
Airport)BengaluruInternational
KeralaTrivandrum International
AirportTrivandrumInternational
Cochin International AirportCochinInternational
Calicut International AirportCalicutInternational
LakshadweepAgatti AerodromeAgattiDomestic
Madhya PradeshRaja Bhoj AirportBhopalCustoms
Devi Ahilyabai Holkar AirportIndoreDomestic
MaharashtraChhatrapati Shivaji International
AirportMumbaiInternational
Pune AirportPuneCustoms
New Pune International AirportPuneFuture
Shirdi AirportShirdiFuture
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International AirportNagpurCustoms
ManipurTulihal AirportImphalDomestic
MeghalayaShillong AirportShillongDomestic
MizoramLengpui AirportAizawlDomestic
NagalandDimapur AirportDimapurDomestic
OdishaPatnaik AirportBhubaneswarDomestic
PondicherryPondicherry AirportPondicherryDomestic
PunjabSri Guru Ram Dass Jee International
AirportAmritsarInternational
RajasthanJaipur International AirportJaipurCustoms
SikkimPakyong AirportGangtokFuture
Tamil NaduChennai International AirportChennaiInternational
Tiruchirapalli International AirportTiruchirapalliCustoms
TelanganaRajiv Gandhi International
AirportHyderabadInternational
TripuraAgartala AirportAgartalaDomestic
UttrakhandJolly Grant AirportDehradunDomestic
Uttar PradeshTaj International AirportGreater NoidaFuture
Varanasi AirportVaranasiCustoms
Amausi AirportLucknowCustoms
Agra Air Force StationAgraDomestic
West BengalNetaji Subhash Chandra Bose International
AirportKolkataInternational
Bagdogra AirportSiliguriCustoms
Major international airports in India:
Indira Gandhi International AirportThe Indira Gandhi
International Airport is the main international airport situated in
the NCR (National Capital Region). It is a public airport and is
located in the south-west part of the city. The busiest airport of
the country, it houses six terminals for serving the passengers.
The airport has a capacity of managing over 46 million passengers.
About 80 airlines operate from this airport. The airport functions
as a hub for the following airlines: Air India Regional, Air India,
GoAir, Blue Dart Aviation, Jagson Airlines, IndiGo, Jet Airways,
JetLite, SpiceJet, and Kingfisher Airlines.Airlines serving Indira
Gandhi International Airport Given below are the names of the
airlines that serve Indira Gandhi International Airport: Aerosvit
Airlines, Aeroflot, Air Astana, Air Arabia, Air France, Air China,
Air India Express, Air India, Air Mauritius, Air India Regional,
American Airlines, AirAsia X, Asiana Airlines, Ariana Afghan
Airlines, Biman Bangladesh Airlines, Austrian Airlines, Cathay
Pacific, British Airways, China Eastern Airlines, China Airlines,
Druk Air, China Southern Airlines, Emirates, East Air, Etihad
Airways, Ethiopian Airlines, GMG Airlines, Finnair, Gulf Air,
GoAir, Jagson Airlines, IndiGo, Jet Airways, Japan Airlines, Kam
Air, JetLite, KLM, Kingfisher Airlines, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait Airways,
Mahan Air, Lufthansa, Nepal Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Pakistan
International Airlines, Oman Air, Qatar Airways, Philippine
Airlines, Safi Airways, Royal Jordanian, Singapore Airlines, Saudi
Arabian Airlines, Sri Lankan Airlines, SpiceJet, Thai AirAsia,
Swiss International Airlines, Turkish Airlines, Thai Airways
International, United Airlines, Turkmenistan Airlines, Virgin
Atlantic Airways, and Uzbekistan Airways.
Chennai International AirportAlso named as Anna International
Airport, the Chennai International Airport is the principal
international airport in South India. The airport lies at Tirusalem
near Chennai, the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu. There are
three terminals in the airport - the Anna Terminal, the Kamaraj
Terminal, and the Meenambakkam Terminal (for cargo). The airport
serves as the hub for the following airlines: Air India Cargo, Air
India, Jet Airways, Blue Dart Aviation, and Spicejet.Airlines that
serve Chennai International Airport Given below is a list of the
airlines serving the Chennai International Airport: Air Arabia, Air
Asia, Air India, Air India Express, Air India Regional, Air
Mauritius, British Airways, Cathay Pacific, Emirates, Etihad
Airways, Gulf Air, IndiGo, Jet Airways, Jet Airways, JetLite,
Kingfisher Airlines, Kuwait Airways, Lufthansa, Malaysia Airlines,
Oman Air, Qatar Airways, Saudi Arabian Airlines, SilkAir, Singapore
Airlines, SpiceJet, SpiceJet, Sri Lankan Airlines, Thai AirAsia,
Thai Airways International, and Tiger Airways.Mumbai International
AirportThe Mumbai International Airport has been renamed as the
Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport. It was previously known
as the Sahar International Airport. The air transportation hub
functions as the main international airport in the city of Mumbai.
By tourist movement, the airport holds the rank of the second
busiest airport in Southern Asia. There are four terminals at the
airport. One terminal is at Sahar which handles overseas flights
and one at Santa Cruz which handles domestic flights. In addition,
there is a general aviation terminal and cargo terminal. Mumbai
International Airport serves as the hub for the following airlines:
Blue Dart Aviation, Air India, GoAir, Deccan360, Jet Airways,
IndiGo, Kingfisher Airlines, JetLite, and SpiceJet. In terms of
infrastructure, the airport is rated as the best airport in
India.Airlines that serve Mumbai International Airport Given below
are the names of the Airlines that serve Mumbai International
Airport: Air China, Air Arabia, Air India, Air France, Air
Mauritius, Air India Express, Austrian Airlines, All Nippon
Airways, run by Air Nippon, Bangkok Airways, Bahrain Air, Cathay
Pacific, British Airways, Druk Air, Delta Air Lines, El Al,
EgyptAir, Ethiopian Airlines, Emirates, GoAir, Etihad Airways,
IndiGo, Gulf Air, Jagson Airlines, Iran Air, JetLite, Jet Airways,
Kingfisher Airlines, Kenya Airways, Kuwait Airways, Korean Air,
Malaysia Airlines, Lufthansa, Pakistan International Airlines, Oman
Air, Qatar Airways, Qantas, Saudi Arabian Airlines, Royal
Jordanian, South African Airways, Singapore Airlines, SriLankan
Airlines, SpiceJet, Thai Airways International, Swiss International
Air Lines, United Airlines, Turkish Airlines, and Yemenia.
Kolkata International AirportThe Kolkata International Airport
has been renamed as Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International
Airport. The airport is situated in Kolkata, the capital of the
state of West Bengal. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International
Airport serves the metropolitan region of Greater Kolkata. Formerly
it was known as Dum Dum Airport. The airport serves as the hub for
the following airlines: Air India Regional, Air India, Deccan
Aviation, Blue Dart Aviation, IndiGo, DTDS, JetLite, Jet Airways,
Northeast Shuttles, Kingfisher Airlines, and SpiceJet.
Airlines serving Kolkata International Airport Given below are
the names of the airlines that serve the Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose
International Airport: Air India, Air India Express, AirAsia, Air
India Regional, China Eastern Airlines, Biman Bangladesh Airlines,
GMG Airlines, Druk Air, Emirates, IndiGo, GoAir, Jet Airways,
Kingfisher Airlines, JetLite, Qatar Airways, Lufthansa, Singapore
Airlines, Silk Air, Thai Air Asia, SpiceJet, Thai Smile, Thai
Airways International, and United Airways.
Source of Income of International AirportIndira Gandhi
International (IGI) Airport has been named the world's second best
airport in the 25-40 million passengers category by the Airport
Council International. The best airport in this category is the
Seoul Incheon in South Korea. The airport also has been adjudged as
the fourth best in the world among 199 airports across all
categories. A nine-member team, comprising representatives from
airport operator Delhi International Airport Limited (DIAL),
Central Industrial Security Force, Airport Operations Control and
Air India received the 'ACI ASQ Award' at an award ceremony
organized by the Airport Council International (ACI) in Istanbul,
Turkey on Thursday."This recognition is testimony to the efforts of
all our employees and partners who have consistently met the
expectations of the industry," DIAL CEO I Prabhakar Rao said. IGI
airport scored 4.83 out of 5 on the Airport Service Quality (ASQ)
scale. IGI has managed to retain its position of second best
airport in the 25-40 million passengers per annum category for 2012
year.The airport had an ASQ score of 3.02 in 2007 and ranked last
among the 101 participating airports of the world. The airport has
an annual capacity of over 60 million passengers, but in 2012,
around 34.2 million passengers passed through it. IGI handled
around 550,000 tonnes of cargo and over 300,000 aircraft movements
during the same period.Since its inception in 2006, the ASQ Awards
have become the world's leading airport passenger satisfaction
benchmark with over 275 airports participating in it.
The ASQ Awards recognize and reward the best airports in the
world based on ACI's ASQ passenger satisfaction survey done on
uniform format worldwide and represent an opportunity to celebrate
the commitment of airports worldwide to continually improve
passenger experience.In recent years airports have played a
critical role in keeping air traffic affordable and stabilizing
operating costs for airlines. Or, as it was the case after 11
September, 2001 and SARS, have shown high flexibility in dealing
with their airlines customers to relieve some of the financial
pressure they came under.Airports charge their airline customers
for the facilities they use, following the UNs International Civil
Aviation Organization (ICAO) accepted standards. The landing and
airport charges reported by the air carriers to ICAO include all
charges and fees related to air transport operations that are
levied against the air carrier for services provided at the
airport.These include: Landing charges; Passenger and cargo fees;
Security, parking and hangar charges; andRelated traffic operation
charges (excluding fuel and oil throughput charges)They exclude
those airport passenger-related charges paid by the passengers, and
which may be collected by the air carriers at the point of sale, as
these are not included in the profit and loss statement of the air
carriers concerned.Cost containment is challenging for airport
operators as a result of their expensive asset base which must be
maintained and even enhanced over time to adapt to a changing
customer base. Indeed, depreciation and amortization of airport
assets account for up to 30% of expenses on the profit and loss
statement.At the same time, airports are being required to pay
extensive costs for enhanced security and the introduction of new
technology.IGI airports offer a wide range of airport services to
support efficient handling of passengers and airlines, on both
arrival and departure. For these services IGI charge the airlines
and the ground handling agents, predominantly cost-based charges,
in accordance with applicable EU-, national legisla- tion and ICAO-
policies. The most important legal acts and implementing
regulations are listed in the appendix, for informational purposes
only. Please note that the legislation is subject to continuous
amendment.This document is a general description of IGI airport
charges for informational purposes. Level of services may vary
between airports and are subject to change. For information
regarding prices and cal- collations of charges, see Airport
Charges for IGI AB.
Aircraft Related Charges
Aeronautical ServicesAeronautical Services means the provision
of the following facilities and services: The Authority had also
proposed that the New ATC Tower would not be used by DIAL for
provision of any aeronautical service that need to be considered
under the present multi-year tariff determination and though its
cost of Rs.350 crore had been considered as part of the total
project cost for the purposes of DF levy, the same was proposed to
be excluded from the capital expenditure/RAB estimates for the
purpose of determination of tariffs for aeronautical services
provided by DIAL.(Para 81 to 84 of the Consultation Paper).
1. Provision of flight operation assistance and crew support
systems;2. Ensuring the safe and secure operation of the Airport,
excluding national security interest;3. The movement and parking of
aircraft and control facilities;4. General maintenance and upkeep
of the Airport;5. The maintenance facilities and the control of
them and hangar age of aircraft;6. Flight information display
screens;7. Rescue and fire fighting services;8. Management and
administration of personnel employed at the Airport;9. The movement
of staff and passengers and their inter-change between all modes of
transport at the Airport;10. Operation and maintenance of passenger
boarding and disembarking systems, including vehicles to perform
remote boarding; and11. any other services deemed to be necessary
for the safe and efficient operation of the Airport.A more detailed
list of the above facilities and services would include the
following:12. Aerodrome control services13. Airfield14. Airfield
lighting15. Air Taxi Services16. Airside and landside access roads
and forecourts including writing, traffic signals, signage and
monitoring17. Common hydrant infrastructure for aircraft fuelling
services by authorized providers18. Apron and aircraft parking
area19. Apron control and allocation of aircraft stands20. Arrivals
concourses and meeting areas21. Baggage systems including outbound
and reclaim22. Bird scaring23. Check-in concourses24. Cleaning,
heating, lighting and air conditioning public areas25. Customs and
immigration halls26. Emergency services27. Facilities for the
disabled and other special needs people28. Fire service29. Flight
information and public-address systems30. Foul and surface water
drainage31. Guidance systems and marshalling32. Information
desks33. Inter-terminal transit systems34. Lifts, escalators and
passenger conveyors35. Loading bridges36. Lost property 37.
Passenger and hand baggage search38. Piers and gate rooms39.
Policing and general security40. Prayer Rooms41. Infrastructure/
Facilities for Post Offices42. Infrastructure/ Facilities for
Public telephones43. Infrastructure/ Facilities for Banks44.
Infrastructure/ Facilities for Bureaux de Change45. Runways46.
Signage47. Staff search48. Taxiways49. Toilets and nursing mothers
rooms50. Waste and refuse treatment and disposal51. X-Ray service
for carry on and checked-in luggage52. VIP / special lounges
NON-AERONAUTICAL SERVICESNon-Aeronautical Services shall mean
the following facilities and services (includingPart I and Part
II):Part I1. Aircraft cleaning services2. Airline Lounges3. Cargo
handling4. Cargo terminals5. General aviation services (other than
those used for commercial air transport services ferrying
passengers or cargo or a combination of both)6. Ground handling
services7. Hangars8. Heavy maintenance services for aircrafts9.
Observation terracePart II10. Banks / ATM*11. Bureaux de Change*12.
Business Centre*13. Conference Centre*14. Duty free sales15. Flight
catering services16. Freight consolidators/forwarders or agents17.
General retail shops*18. Hotels and Motels19. Hotel reservation
services20. Line maintenance services21. Locker rental22. Logistic
Centers*23. Messenger services24. Porter service25. Restaurants,
bars and other refreshment facilities26. Special Assistance
Services27. Tourist information services28. Travel agency29.
Vehicle fuelling services30. Vehicle rental31. Vehicle parking32.
Vending machines33. Warehouses*34. Welcoming services35. Other
activities related to passenger services at the Airport, if the
same is a Non- Aeronautical Asset.
General ParkingGeneral Parkingis situated about 100 meters from
the terminal.Premium Parkingis opposite the Departure terminal
(T1D)General Parking (only for Four Wheelers)TimeGeneral Parking
(only for Four Wheelers)
Upto 30 minsRs 80
30min-2hr.Rs 160
Each subsequent hour upto 8 hrs.Rs 80
24 hrs.Rs 1050
Bus ParkingTimeBus Parking
Upto 30 minsRs 150
30min-2hr.Rs 350
Each subsequent hour upto 8 hrs.Rs 180
24 hrs.Rs 1750
2-Wheeler Parking/Auto ParkingTime2-Wheeler Parking/Auto
Parking
Upto 30 minsRs 20
30min-2hr.Rs 20
Each subsequent hour upto 8 hrs.Rs 10
24 hrs.Rs 240
PASSENGER SERVICE FEE
1.Rs. 200/- per embarking passenger at international/Domestic
airports including Civil Enclaves.2.$ 5/- (US$ Five only) per
passenger in respect of the tickets issue against Dollar
Tariff.Note: For conversion of US$ into INR the rate as on the 1st
day of the month for 1st fortnightly billing period and rate as on
16th of the month for the 2nd fortnightly billing period shall be
adopted.PS: The rates given above are merely indicative and are
subject to change without prior notice. Please contact the
respective airports/authorities for the current rates.
Cargo HandlingDelhi airport's cargo handling capacity is set to
witness a major jump by 2012-end with the total overhauling of its
existing infrastructure. Celebes Holding, the Turkey-based company
that enjoys monopoly rights of cargo handling in Delhi at present,
is working to completely modernize facilities with addition of
automated systems, efficient equipment and systematic storage.
The company, which also provides ground handling services to
some airlines in both Delhi and Mumbai, has bid for the same at
Kochi and Ahmedabad airports . Announcing its intention to invest
an additional around $100 million in India, Celebi Holding chairman
Can Celebioglu said: "The company has already invested about $140
million in Delhi and Mumbai till the end of 2010. We have been in
talks with several airlines for ground handling and will add Thai
Airways to our list of customers this year. India has tremendous
potential for growth in the aviation sector and while we are
handling mostly international flights right now, we would also like
to work for the domestic sector."
The company is providing ground handling services for Kingfisher
Airline's domestic operations in Mumbai, and for some Jet Airway's
and Air India's international flights in Delhi. Celebi also
services Turkish Airlines, Lufthansa and Air France flights in
Delhi and Mumbai. It is handling 32,000 flights out of the two
cities at present, excluding the few AI flights from Delhi.
Aircraft RefuelingThe procedure allows the receiving aircraft to
remain airborne longer, extending its range or loiter time on
station. A series of air refueling can give range limited only by
crew fatigue and engineering factors such as engine oil
consumption. Because the receiver aircraft can be topped up with
extra fuel in the air, air refueling can allow atakeoffwith a
greaterpayloadwhich could be weapons, cargo, or personnel: the
maximum take-off weight is maintained by carrying less fuel and
topping up once airborne. Alternatively, a shorter take-off roll
can be achieved because take-off can be at a lighter weight before
refueling once airborne. Aerial refueling has also been considered
as a means to reduce fuel consumption on long distance flights
greater than 3,000 nautical miles (5,600km; 3,500mi). Potential
fuel savings in the range of 35-40% have been estimated for long
haul flights (including the fuel used during the tanker
missions).The two main refueling systems are probe-and-drogue,
which is simpler to adapt to existing aircraft, and the flying
boom, which offers faster fuel transfer, but requires a dedicated
operator station.Aircraft MaintenanceAircraft maintenanceis the
overhaul, repair, inspection or modification of
anaircraftoraircraft component. In Canada, maintenance includes the
installation or removal of a component from an aircraft or aircraft
subassembly, but does not include: Elementary work, such as
removing and replacing tires, inspection plates, spark plugs,
checking cylinder compression etc., on small privately operated
aircraft; or removal and replacement of fuses, light bulbs etc., on
transport category aircraft . Servicing, such as refueling, washing
windows. Any work done on an aircraft or aircraft component as part
of themanufacturingprocess, prior to issue of acertificate of
airworthinessor other certification document. Last quarter saw the
three major Indian airports Mumbai, Delhi and Hyderabad increase
their revenues from commercial rentals. The share of
non-aeronautical earnings in airports total revenue is swelling as
crashing air traffic movements (ATMs) crimps their aeronautical
revenue and income generation from non-airline business goes up.
Aeronautical charges are directly related to airport infrastructure
and levied for the use of an airports runway, apron and terminal
facilities by passengers, while non-aeronautical income is earned
through rentals from commercial outlets or concessionaires within
airport terminals and from passengers. Last quarter saw the three
major Indian airports Mumbai, Delhi and Hyderabad increase their
revenues from commercial rentals, advertising on their premises,
parking fee and other such services. This pushed up the percentage
of Mumbai International Airport Ltds (MIAL) and Delhi International
Airport Ltds (DIAL) non-aeronautical revenue by 10 percentage
points to 39% and 65% in the June quarter this year from 29% and
55% respectively last year.
Hyderabad airport, which began operation in March last year, has
also seen its non-aeronautical revenues jump to 44% of its total
revenues in the same quarter. It was negligible a year back.
Kapil Kaul, chief executive officer (CEO) of Centre for Asia
Pacific Aviation-India and Middle East, said the recent spurt in
non-aeronautical earnings was mainly because such a revenue stream
has now been inbuilt in the business model of new and modernized
airports. Earlier, duty-free and domestic retailing, food and
beverages and such services did not exist at airports. Today,
airports are leveraging these avenues of revenues. It will go up
further in coming times to reach the international benchmark of
over 70%, he said. Higher non-aeronautical revenue helps airports
reduce dependence on income from airport charges, which can
fluctuate with the swings in the ATMs. It also cross subsidizes
airport charges, making them competitive for airlines.
Over the last one year, airports have been witnessing drops in
the ATMs, with airlines cutting back capacity to tune it air
passenger traffic growth. According to the latest data put out by
Airports Authority of India (AAI), total ATMs in May were down 4.6%
year-on-year, while passenger traffic slipped 3.2%.
This is forcing airports to aggressively look at
non-aeronautical revenues. For MIAL, the major contributor to this
segment of income was vehicle parking, followed by duty-free
retailing.
In the duty-free retailing, we saw brisk sale of tobacco and
liquor products. We also earned from selling advertisement rights
at our premises, said a senior MIAL official, who did not want to
be named.
The Mumbai airport currently has 38 counters at the domestic and
international terminals, including airline lounges, duty-free
retail outlets and food counters. An analyst said with retailing at
airports picking up, rentals for commercial space were slowing
climbing up and this was further boosting non-aeronautical
revenues. Airports are renegotiating rentals upwards when contracts
are coming up for renewals, he said.There could be several reasons
for poor workmanship including poor supervision or insufficient
funds. Which brings us to the question we are posing here: Is AAI
badly off? Or, should it be running airports at all or would it be
better off just administering airports for a fat fee?Both Mumbai
and Delhi airports were privatized a few years ago. But its not a
complete privatization AAI has a 45% claim to the revenues of each
of the airport companies, Mumbai International Airport Ltd (MIAL)
and Delhi International Airport Ltd (DIAL). In the last 5 years,
the AAI has earned Rs 4,749 crore thanks to its share of
revenue.More specifically, since 2007, almost 20% of its current
annual revenue comes from its stakes in Delhi and Mumbai Airport.
And a small amount from Bangalore and Hyderabad airports where it
has a 13% stake.
Airports operated as autonomous entities, under public or
private ownership, are normally required to provide the following
financial statements: a) income statement (revenue and expense
statement); b) balance sheet; and cash flow statement. In order to
produce the financial statements, a system must be developed for
identifying various types of financial outlay and receipts. This
involves establishing individual accounts, each showing a specific
type of revenue, expense, asset or liability and cash flow. While
the income statement, as indicated in paragraph 3.14, shows the
revenues and expenses of the airport over a specific time period,
the balance sheet is a snapshot of the financial health of the
airport on a specific date, showing the value of assets and
liabilities in relation to the net value or equity (including
retained earnings). The number of accounts established for a
specific airport accounting system will depend on the degree of
detail sought, i.e. the more elaborate the system, the greater will
be the subdivision of accounts established.Accounts recording
revenues and expenses can be maintained on an accrual accounting
basis or a cash accounting basis. Under accrual accounting,
revenues are credited to the period (usually the financial year) in
which they are earned and expenses charged to the period when they
are incurred. Alternatively, under cash accounting, revenues are
credited to the period when they are received and expenses recorded
when paid. Accrual accounting systems reflect the financial
position of the entity concerned better and are based on standard
accounting practices.In many cases, the financial statements of the
airport may include operations that do not relate to the airport in
question. For instance, the airport entity may operate several
airports, air navigation services or even a local port. In other
cases, some airport operations may be carried out by other entities
and reflected in their financial statements. For instance, a
department of public works may construct and provide capital assets
to the airport, or the national telecommunications department may
provide services to the airport without charge. In cases where the
financial statements of the entity operating the airport do not
reflect the operations of the airport in totality, some additions
to and subtractions from the airports financial statements will be
required to ensure that a true and fair financial picture of the
airport is provided. It is generally good practice to do this
following the accounting conventions incorporated in the financial
statements.For various purposes (e.g. to obtain financing or to
recover costs), it could be necessary to convert the financial
statements into a format familiar to a lending institution or an
international airline. International accounting principles, such as
the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), or
International Accounting Standards (IAS), or any other similar
recognized standard would be acceptable.In business, revenue or
turnover is income that a company receives from its normal business
activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to
customers. In many countries and states, revenue is referred to as
turnover. Some companies receive revenue from interest, royalties,
or other fees. Revenue may refer to business income in general, or
it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a
period of time, as in "Last year, Company X had revenue of $42
million." Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus
total expenses in a given period. In accounting, revenue is often
referred to as the "top line" due to its position on the income
statement at the very top. This is to be contrasted with the
"bottom line" which denotes net income.
The identification and subsequent recording of items is usually
more easily accomplished for revenues than for expenses. This is
chiefly because revenue sources tend to be fewer in number than
expense items, and because each revenue item, with few exceptions,
is often easily identifiable with only one type of source, whereas
one expense item can frequently be identified with several major
expense categories. The information required in an accounting
system for airports can vary considerably in detail and layout. The
precise level of detail will depend on management requirements at
the particular airport concerned. However, there is a basic
itemization of revenues and expenses that may be considered a
minimum, which is described below.REVENUESRevenue items that may be
considered essential to meet the basic data needs of an airport
management are outlined below as they might appear in a statement
of revenues and expenses (the items shown are not intended to
present an exhaustive list of the different sources of revenue).Air
traffic control (ATC)Air traffic control (ATC) is a service
provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the
ground and through controlled airspace, and can provide advisory
services to aircraft in non-controlled airspace. The primary
purpose of ATC worldwide is to prevent collisions, organize and
expedite the flow of traffic, and provide information and other
support for pilots. In some countries, ATC plays a security or
defensive role, or is operated by the military.To prevent
collisions, ATC enforces traffic separation rules, which ensure
each aircraft maintains a minimum amount of empty space around it
at all times. Many aircraft also have collision avoidance systems,
which provide additional safety by warning pilots when other
aircraft get too close.In many countries, ATC provides services to
all private, military, and commercial aircraft operating within its
airspace. Depending on the type of flight and the class of
airspace, ATC may issue instructions that pilots are required to
obey, or advisories (known as flight information in some countries)
that pilots may, at their discretion, disregard. Generally the
pilot in command is the final authority for the safe operation of
the aircraft and may, in an emergency, deviate from ATC
instructions to the extent required to maintain safe operation of
their aircraft.A hangar is a closed structure to hold aircraft or
spacecraft in protective storage. Most hangars are built of metal,
but other materials such as wood and concrete are also used. The
word hangar comes from Middle French hanghart ("enclosure near a
house"), of Germanic origin, from Frankish *haimgard
("home-enclosure", "fence around a group of houses"), from *haim
("home, village, hamlet") + gard ("yard").Hangars are used for:
protection from the weather, protection from direct sunlight,
maintenance, repair, manufacture, assembly and storage of aircraft
on airfields, aircraft carriers and ships.An airport terminal is a
building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground
transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and
disembark from aircraft.Within the terminal, passengers purchase
tickets, transfer their luggage, and go through security. The
buildings that provide access to the airplanes (via gates) are
typically called concourses. However, the terms "terminal" and
"concourse" are sometimes used interchangeably, depending on the
configuration of the airport.Smaller airports have one terminal
while larger airports have several terminals and/or concourses. At
small airports, the single terminal building typically serves all
of the functions of a terminal and a concourse.Some larger airports
have one terminal that is connected to multiple concourses via
walkways, sky-bridges, or underground tunnels (such as Denver
International Airport). Some larger airports have more than one
terminal, each with one or more concourses (such as New York's JFK
Airport). Still other larger airports have multiple terminals each
of which incorporate the functions of a concourse (such as
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport).According to Frommers,
most airport terminals are built in a plain style, with the
'concrete boxes of the 1960s and '70s generally gave way to glass
boxes in the '90s and '00s, with the best terminals making a vague
stab at incorporating ideas of "light" and "air"'. However, some,
such as Baghdad International Airport, are monumental in stature,
while others are considered architectural masterpieces, such as
Terminal 1 at Charles de Gaulle airport near Paris or Terminal 5 at
New York's JFK Airport. A few are designed to reflect the culture
of a particular area, some examples being the terminal at
Albuquerque International Support in New Mexico, which is designed
in the Pueblo Revival style popularized by architect John Gaw Meem,
as well as the terminal at Bahas de Huatulco International Airport
in Huatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico, which features some palatals that are
interconnected to form the airport terminal.Eight Feature of Air
traffic control1) Airport ControlThe primary method of controlling
the immediate airport environment is visual observation from the
airport control tower (TWR). The tower is a tall, windowed
structure located on the airport grounds.Air traffic controllersare
responsible for the separation and efficient movement of aircraft
and vehicles operating on the taxiways and runways of the airport
itself, and aircraft in the air near the airport, generally 5 to
10nautical miles(9 to 18km) depending on the airport
procedures.Surveillance displays are also available to controllers
at larger airports to assist with controlling air traffic.
Controllers may use a radar system calledsecondary surveillance
radarfor airborne traffic approaching and departing. These displays
include a map of the area, the position of various aircraft, and
data tags that include aircraft identification, speed, altitude,
and other information described in local procedures. In adverse
weather conditions the tower controllers may also use surface
movement radar (SMR), surface movement guidance and control systems
(SMGCS) or advanced SMGCS to control traffic on the maneuvering
area (taxiways and runway).The areas of responsibility for TWR
controllers fall into three general operational disciplines; Local
Control or Air Control, Ground Control, and Flight Data/Clearance
Deliveryother categories, such asApronControl or Ground Movement
Planner, may exist at extremely busy airports. While each TWR may
have unique airport-specific procedures, such as multiple teams of
controllers ('crews') at major or complex airports with multiple
runways, the following provides a general concept of the delegation
of responsibilities within the TWR environment.Remote and Virtual
Tower(RVT) is a system based on Air Traffic Controllers being
located somewhere other than at the local airport tower and still
able to provide Air Traffic Control services. Displays for the Air
Traffic Controllers may be either optical live video and/or
synthetic images based on surveillance sensor data.
2) Ground ControlGround Control (sometimes known as Ground
Movement Control) is responsible for the airport "movement" areas,
as well as areas not released to the airlines or other users. This
generally includes all taxiways, inactive runways, holding areas,
and some transitional aprons or intersections where aircraft
arrive, having vacated the runway or departure gate. Exact areas
and control responsibilities are clearly defined in local documents
and agreements at each airport. Any aircraft, vehicle, or person
walking or working in these areas is required to have clearance
from Ground Control. This is normally done via VHF/UHF radio, but
there may be special cases where other procedures are used.
Aircraft or vehicles without radios must respond to ATC
instructions viaaviation light signalsor else be led by vehicles
with radios. People working on the airport surface normally have a
communications link through which they can communicate with Ground
Control, commonly either by handheld radio or evencell phone.
Ground Control is vital to the smooth operation of the airport,
because this position impacts the sequencing of departure aircraft,
affecting the safety and efficiency of the airport's operation.3)
Local Control or Air controlLocal Control (known to pilots as
"Tower" or "Tower Control") is responsible for the active runway
surfaces. Local Control clears aircraft for takeoff or landing,
ensuring that prescribed runway separation will exist at all times.
If Local Control detects any unsafe condition, a landing aircraft
may be told to "go-around" and be re-sequenced into the landing
pattern by the approach or terminal area controller.Within the TWR,
a highly disciplined communications process between Local Control
and Ground Control is an absolute necessity. Ground Control must
request and gain approval from Local Control to cross any active
runway with any aircraft or vehicle. Likewise, Local Control must
ensure that Ground Control is aware of any operations that will
impact the taxiways, and work with the approach radar controllers
to create "holes" or "gaps" in the arrival traffic to allow taxiing
traffic to cross runways and to allow departing aircraft to take
off.Crew Resource Management(CRM) procedures are often used to
ensure this communication process is efficient and clear, although
this is not as prevalent as CRM forpilots.
4) Flight Data and clearance DeliveryClearance Delivery is the
position that issues route clearances to aircraft, typically before
they commence taxiing. These contain details of the route that the
aircraft is expected to fly after departure. Clearance Delivery or,
at busy airports, the Traffic Management Coordinator (TMC) will, if
necessary, coordinate with the en route center and national command
center or flow control to obtain releases for aircraft. Often,
however, such releases are given automatically or are controlled by
local agreements allowing "free-flow" departures. When weather or
extremely high demand for a certain airport or airspace becomes a
factor, there may be ground "stops" (or "slot delays") or re-routes
may be necessary to ensure the system does not get overloaded. The
primary responsibility of Clearance Delivery is to ensure that the
aircraft have the proper route and slot time. This information is
also coordinated with the en route center and Ground Control in
order to ensure that the aircraft reaches the runway in time to
meet the slot time provided by the command center. At some
airports, Clearance Delivery also plans aircraft push-backs and
engine starts, in which case it is known as the Ground Movement
Planner (GMP): this position is particularly important at heavily
congested airports to prevent taxiway and apron gridlock.5)
Approach and terminal controlTerminal controllers are responsible
for providing all ATC services within their airspace. Traffic flow
is broadly divided into departures, arrivals, and over flights. As
aircraft move in and out of the terminal airspace, they are handed
off to the next appropriate control facility (a control tower, an
en-route control facility, or a bordering terminal or approach
control). Terminal control is responsible for ensuring that
aircraft are at an appropriate altitude when they are handed off,
and that aircraft arrive at a suitable rate for landing.6) General
CharacteristicsEn-route air traffic controllers work in facilities
called Air Traffic Control Centers, each of which is commonly
referred to as a "Center". The United States uses the equivalent
term Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC). Each center is
responsible for many thousands of square miles of airspace (known
as aFlight Information Region) and for the airports within that
airspace. Centers control IFR aircraft from the time they depart
from an airport or terminal area's airspace to the time they arrive
at another airport or terminal area's airspace. Centers may also
"pick up" VFR aircraft that are already airborne and integrate them
into the IFR system. These aircraft must, however, remain VFR until
the Center provides a clearance.Center controllers are responsible
for climbing the aircraft to their requested altitude while, at the
same time, ensuring that the aircraft is properly separated from
all other aircraft in the immediate area. Additionally, the
aircraft must be placed in a flow consistent with the aircraft's
route of flight. This effort is complicated by crossing traffic,
severe weather, special missions that require large airspace
allocations, and traffic density. When the aircraft approaches its
destination, the center is responsible for meeting altitude
restrictions by specific points, as well as providing many
destination airports with a traffic flow, which prohibits all of
the arrivals being "bunched together". These "flow restrictions"
often begin in the middle of the route, as controllers will
position aircraft landing in the same destination so that when the
aircraft are close to their destination they are sequenced.As an
aircraft reaches the boundary of a Center's control