Air Booking System

ONLINE AIRTICKET BOOKING SYSTEM

By

A.MOHAMED GHOUSE IMAM Reg No: 41502621035

Of

SRM Engineering College

A PROJECT REPORT Submitted to the

FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree

of

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATION

June 2005

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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report titled “ONLINE AIR TICKET BOOKING

SYSTEM” is the bonafide work of Mr A.Mohamed Ghouse Imam who carried out the

project under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work

reported herein does not form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of

which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

Internal Guide Head of the Department

ABSTRACT

This gives you the raw skeletal picture of an Online Airticketing

System. Further value additions should be done during development stage. Nowadays, it

becomes more and more popular to buy airline tickets through online travel agent. People

enjoy buying airline tickets online because of the convenience brought by the Internet. Many

travel site provide services which help travelers find airline tickets for their travel plans. In

addition to providing the same services that a traditional airline ticket booking system would

provide, these websites provide enhanced services such as searching through a list of possible

flights according to a user's constraints

Generally Online Booking consists of procedures like Reservation, Cancellation, Availability

of Seats, Timetable, etc. Finally the Reports are prepared.

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OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

This project on Computerized Online Airticketing is designed with

the object of simplifying the tedious tasks of Airticketing the usage of this package would

simplify the work of the user, as it is user friendly, simple, easy to follow. It is enough if the

user has the fundamental idea of browsing to handle this package effectively suggestions

regarding further modifications or adjustments to suit the need of the user regarding this

package is welcomed.

This system is specially designed for reservation of Airticket, which

depends on computerization. This system covers Passenger information, Flight details. It also

covers the Charge for the to and fro journey and also Vacation package during the Vacation

time.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely thank the Almighty who had given me the strength and

poured out his showers of blessings upon me, which has enabled me to complete the project

successfully.

I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to Prof.

R.VENKATARAMANI, B.E, M.Tech, Principal, SRM Institute of Science and Technology

for his continued guidance and support.

It is beyond the comprehension of mere elegance of word to

acknowledge some one who has been the guiding spirit behind the dissertation I extend my

profound gratitude to Mr. S.SAGAYARAJ, H.O.D, Department of Computer Applications,

who has always been a source of inspiration, for his guidance and support.

With profound reference and high regards I record my indebtedness

and gratitude to my guide Mr.P.Karthikeyan, for his keen interest and guidance throughout

my project work.

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My heartfelt gratitude to Mr. P.Thulsi Ahilan, General Manager,

Projects, Cynergy Technology Solutions Pvt Ltd, Chennai, for his valuable guidance and his

patience, without which this project would not have been completed.

I am thankful to all the members of Cynergy Technology Solutions

Pvt Ltd., Chennai, for providing me valuable information and suggestions throughout the

project.

My thanks are also due to the entire faculty of MCA department of

SRM Institute of Science And Technology but for whom I wouldn’t be what I am today. I

also thank my family and friends for their care, love, support and encouragement.

A. Mohamed Ghouse Imam

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 ORGANIZATION OVERVIEW: Cynergy Technologies Private Ltd is one of India’s leading institutions

contributing to the knowledge economy of the global financial services marketplace.

Headquartered in Chennai (India), In this knowledge quest, over the last 3 decades ,

Cynergy has established its solutions and services footprint globally contributing to the

realization of the business vision of some of the world's leading giants in the money

vertical.

20 years ago, Citigroup began its quest to pioneer the utilization of the vast human

intellect capital in India & the seeds of Cynergy were sown. Cynergy was fortunate to

be one of the first vendors that Citigroup chose to partner with, through this Indian

quest. In parallel, Citigroup also started its own company called COSL (Citibank

Overseas Software Ltd) which strategised and operationalised Citigroup's vision of

leveraging India.

Today, Cynergy is the amalgamation of these two organization that traveled the path

of successfully architecting & realizing Citigroup's India led vision. The 2 Decade long

journey was clearly an experience that helped Cynergy participate, witness and

experience every pitfall, every hurdle & fallacy in this path to leverage the Indian

intellectual capital.

The challenges were many. The challenge of creating a successful global sourcing

model, the challenge of creating an alternative distributed banking platform, the

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challenge of creating global competitiveness from a third world economy, the

challenge of replicating success from one country to another…. The biggest challenge

was in being the first one in the world doing all this.

As Citigroup gained the competitive edge, Cynergy gained two very critical experiences:

• The experience of creating mission critical solutions with leading edge

functionality, built on reliable and robust technical architecture which could be

successfully implemented and replicated across the globe. This capability is today

brought to the customer in the form of a suite of modular solution components

under the brand name of intellect Suite.

• The experience of creating successful outsourcing models which enable global

organizations to sustain their competitiveness. This experience has been converted

into a predictable and repeatable model of success and is known as the Entity

model.

1.2 PROJECT OVERVIEW

1.2.1 ONLINE AIR TICKET BOOKING SYSTEM

This project on Computerized Online Airticketing is designed with the

object of simplifying the tedious tasks of Airticketing the usage of this package would

simplify the work of the user, as it is user friendly, simple, easy to follow. It is enough

if the user has the fundamental idea of browsing to handle this package effectively

suggestions regarding further modifications or adjustments to suit the need of the user

regarding this package is welcomed.

This system is specially designed for reservation of Airticket, which

depends on computerization. This system covers Passenger information, Flight details.

It also covers the Charge for the to and fro journey and also Vacation package during

the Vacation time.

The concepts that I will use to build the banking application are:

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• HTML

• JavaScript

• Java Server Pages(JSP)

1.3 SOFTWARE OVERVIEW

1.3.1 FRONT-END(HTML):

HTML is used to create a static content web page displayed into the

browser. It is an user interface

1.3.2 CLIENT-SIDE SCRIPTING(JAVA SCRIPT):

JavaScript is a lightweight object-based scripting language created

by Netscape Communications Corporation for developing Internet applications.

JavaScript is lightweight in that there isn't a great deal to learn and you can be

productive with it very quickly, in contrast to much more complex languages such as

Java. As a scripting language, JavaScript is meant to tell an application what to do.

Unlike languages used to create applications, it cannot do anything without the

application.

You can develop server applications or client applications With

JavaScript. In this book, the term "server" refers to the computer where your Web

pages reside. The term "client" refers to the browser application that loads and

displays your Web pages. This book focuses on teaching you to create client

applications with JavaScript-specifically, documents (Web pages) on the World Wide

Web.

You can embed JavaScript statements in Web pages, which Are

written in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). JavaScript is an extension to HTML

that lets you create more sophisticated Web pages than you ever could with HTML

alone. To appreciate this, it helps to know a little history.

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1.3.3 SERVER – SIDE SCRIPTING(JSP):

JavaServer Pages technology is the Java platform technology for

building applications containing dynamic Web content such as HTML, DHTML,

XHTML and XML. The JavaServer Pages technology enables the authoring of

Web pages that create dynamic content easily but with maximum power and

flexibility.

The JavaServer Pages technology offers a number of advantages:

• Write Once, Run Anywhere :

The JavaServer Pages technology is platform independent, both in its

dynamic Web pages, its Web servers, and its underlying server components. You can

author JSP pages on any platform, run them on any Web server or Web enabled

application server, and access them from any Web browser. You can also build the

server components on any platform and run them on any server.

• High quality tool support:

The Write Once, Run Anywhere properties of JSP allows the user to

choose best-of-breed tools. Additionally, an explicit goal of the JavaServer Pages

design is to enable the creation of high quality portable tools.

• Reuse of components and tag libraries: The JavaServer Pages technology emphasizes the use of

reusable components such as:

JavaBeans components, Enterprise JavaBeans components and tag

libraries. These components can be used in interactive tools for component

development and page composition. This saves considerable development time while

giving the cross-platform power and flexibility of the Java programming language and

other scripting languages.

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• Separation of dynamic and static content:

The JavaServer Pages technology enables the separation of static content from

dynamic content that is inserted into the static template. This greatly simplifies the

creation of content. This separation is supported by beans specifically designed for the

interaction with server-side objects, and, specially, by the tag extension mechanism.

• Support for scripting and actions:

The JavaServer Pages technology supports scripting elements as well as

actions. Actions permit the encapsulation of useful functionality in a convenient form

that can also be manipulated by tools; scripts provide a mechanism to glue together

this functionality in a per-page manner.

• Web access layer for N-tier enterprise application architecture(s):

The JavaServer Pages technology is an integral part of the Java 2 Platform

Enterprise Edition (J2EE), which brings Java technology to enterprise computing.

You can now develop powerful middle-tier server applications, using a Web site

that uses JavaServer Pages technology as a front end to Enterprise JavaBeans

components in a J2EE compliant

1.3.4 MS SQL SERVER 2000

1.3.4.1 Introduction

This file contains important information you should read before

installing Microsoft SQL Server 2000.

SQL Server 2000 builds on and extends the performance,

reliability, quality, and ease of use of SQL Server version 7.0. It also includes a number

of new features that further establish SQL Server as the best database platform for

OLTP, data warehousing, and e-commerce applications.

1.3.4.2 SQL Server Core Component Notes

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These notes relate to the SQL Server core components, including the database

engine, client components, connectivity components, graphical tools, and command

prompt utilities.

1.3.4.3 Permissions for Active Directory Integration

In Microsoft SQL Server 2000, only members of the system admin fixed server

role can register databases or publications in Active Directory; members of the db-

owner fixed database role cannot.

1.3.4.4 Backup/Restore APIs:

Microsoft SQL Server 2000 is supported by a large number of third-party

backup solutions. SQL Server provides application programming interfaces that enable

independent software vendors to integrate SQL Server into their products. These

APIs provide maximum reliability and performance, and support the full range of SQL

Server backup and restore functionality, including hot and snapshot capabilities. For

information about how your backup solution integrates with SQL Server, contact your

backup solution vendor. For information about the Backup/Restore APIs, install the

"Backup/Restore API" subcomponent of the "Development Tools" component of

SQL Server.

CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM STUDY

2.1 Preliminary Investigation

The initial requirements to start the project in full swing without any

interruption, consists of the following details:-

1. Software Requirement.

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2. Hardware Requirement.

3. Manpower Requirement.

4. Financial Requirement.

5. Infrastructure.

2.2. EXISTING SYSTEM

Currently, the daily reservation chart for all flights is generated and sent.

Very often, they cannot put up the reservation chart on time. Owing to the

inefficiencies in the manual system, when passengers cancel tickets, the reservation

chart is not updated in time.

They maintains a waiting list, which is used to update the reservation

chart when passengers cancel tickets. Currently, the manual system handles all requests

for changes in reservation, such as change in train, class, or journey date. It treats a

change of this kind as a cancellation, and reissues tickets.

Reservation opens 60 days before the scheduled departure date. Based

on the availability of seats the tickets are issued. Each ticket, whether confirmed or

wait-listed, has a unique PNR number. This number is generated in

a serial order. The reservation clerk records the amount of fare paid for the ticket in

Cash Collection Register.

A passenger can cancel tickets by submitting a cancellation from wih the ticket.

Depending on the difference in hours between the departure and cancellation the

passenger loses certain percentage of the fare.

In the current manual system at Jagson, passengers making inquiries are given

inaccurate information. There is a delay in handling passenger enquiries.

2.3 LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING SYSTEM

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The limitation of this system are

1) Only few bookings could be made due to manual operation.

2) It takes enormous amount of time for recording transactions.

3) Requires a large amount of manual laborers.

4) The existing system often encounters errors due to duplication

of data values for various report requirements.

5) Existing system involves too much of paper works.

2.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

In order to overcome the drawbacks in the existing system, it was decided to

create a database, which is

o Integrated

o Reliable

o Consistent

o Flexible

o Secure

This database helps in speedy information retrieval. Responds to various

queries made at the different levels of management. The system is Menu driven and

user friendly. It assists the user with respective messages to overcome the errors at

runtime. A built in Help is provided for the end user. The help can be invoked at any

point of time by pressing the F1 key.

This new system provides for the introduction of flights on new routes, and

for discontinuing an existing route.

The system is designed in such a way that the reservation chart is available on

time before the scheduled departure time. The reservation chart reflects the latest

status with respect to the cancellation of tickets that helps the wait-listed passengerd in

knowing their present status.

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Status of the availability, fare, status of ticket on all flights, for all classes, is

available at any point of time. Such statuses are available within 1 minute of the

inquiry.

The automated system sends reports on

• Confirmed passengers - those who went through check-in

• Cancelled passengers - those who have cancelled

• No-Show passengers - those who had not turned for check-in

CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

3.1 HARWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

3.1.1 HARDWARE:

PROCESSOR : INTEL PENTIUM 4 PROCESSOR SPEED : 650 MGHZ. HARD DISK : 40GB. RAM : 256 MB.

3.1.2 SOFTWARE:

OPERATING SYSTEM : WINDOWS 2000.

SCRIPTING LANGUAGE : JAVASCRIPT, JSP

USER INTERFACE : HTML

SERVLET WEB SERVER : TOMCAT APACHE

R. BACKEND : SQL SERVER 2000.

CONNECTING DRIVER : JDBC.

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CHAPTER 4

DESCRIPTION OF MODULES

4.1 MODULES:

The core modules identified within the scope of the project are

1. Reservation

2. Cancellation

3. Search Module

4. Report

4.1.1 Reservation Module:

In this module, the passenger details are gathered and these details are then

verified and then registered with the availability of seats in the Flight database and if it

gets registered the passenger is offered a PNR number. Also details regarding the

Hotels, Flights and Vacation packages can be done efficiently and effectively.

4.1.2 Cancellation Module:

In this module, the ticket booked by the passenger is cancelled by him

and the amount is refunded back to him through post.

4.1.3 Search Module:

In this module, the flight gate information, Timetable, Fare details and

special needs are fetched by the user.

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4.1.4 Report Module:

In this module, the checked in passenger list is prepared for the

convenience of Authority in producing Reservation Charts. Also the Cancelled

passenger list is prepared.

CHAPTER 5

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

5.1 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

DFD FOR ONLINE AIRTICKET SYSTEM Reservation Transaction

Pass_Master Flight

User

Make Reservation

Make Cancellation

Flight Search

Reports

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Fig 1. Online Airticket Booking System

CHAPTER 6

DATABASE DESIGN

The database design briefs the entire design of the database used in the

project.

6.1 TABLES

6.1.1 Flight

FIELD NAME DATA TYPE DESCRIPTION

Flight_No nvarchar(50) FlightNumber From nvarchar(25) Departure City To nvarchar(25) Destination City City Names nvarchar(20) City Names

6.1.2 Passenger

FIELD NAME DATA TYPE DESCRIPTION

PNR_No nvarchar(50) PNR Number Name nvarchar(50) Name of the Passenger

Address nvarchar(50) Addrress Sex nvarchar(1) Sex

Type nvarchar(20) Type

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6.1.3 Transaction

FIELD NAME DATA TYPE DESCRIPTION Flight_No nvarchar(50) FlightNumber Pnr_No Number(10) PassengerNumber

Rate Number(7) Ticket Rate

6.1.4 HotelMaster

FIELD NAME DATA TYPE DESCRIPTION

Hotel_Nm nvarchar(50) Hotel Name Hotel_No Number(4) Number of hotels

City nvarchar(25) City Name

6.1.5 Reservation

FIELD NAME DATA TYPE DESCRIPTION

Pnr_No Number(10) PassengerNumber Flight_No nvarchar(50) FlightNumber

Status nvarchar(25) FlightStatus Dep_City nvarchar(50) DepartureCity Des_City nvarchar(50) DestinationCity Amount number(8) Amount

CHAPTER 7

SCOPE OF FUTURE APPLICATION

This Application is well suited for people who want to buy airtickets

through online and thereby save their time going to airports or travelagents inorder to

purchase airtickets.This system helps both the user and airport authorities to reduce

their work to a substantial level.

xviii

This Application also tends to help many users in getting

information like FareLists, TimeTables, Vacation Packages and Reports like

Checkedin Passengerlist and Cancelled Passengerlists.

CHAPTER 8

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

8.1. Identification

The first step of the analysis process involves the identification of need.

Identification of need is the starting point in the evolution of computer-based system.

This step is carried out in the following basis:

Defining the goals of the system?

What information will be produced?

What information is to be provided?

What functions and performances are required?

Once overall goals are identified, the next step is to evaluate the supplementary

.information

Does the technology exist to build the system?

What special development and manufacturing resources will be required?

What bounds have been placed on costs and schedule?

System analysis is a detailed study of the various operations performed by a system.

This involves gathering information and using structured tools for analysis. A key

question is ‘what must be done to solve the problem?’ This will be the basis for

validating the final delivered system. The purpose of the system analysis is to define

the boundaries of the system and determine whether or not this system should

xix

consider other related systems, which currently exist. Keeping this in mind, analysis is

done for the proposed system.

The system is analyzed by drawing DFD and function decomposition is done to

decompose the system into easily manageable parts.

Most organizations have channels for requesting new Computer systems. In

most cases, the request must be made to the top management or to information

systems department. There are often many more request for computer systems than

funds with which to develop them. Some times difficult choices must be made. For

top management, to make fair choices, more information about costs and benefits is

needed. Considering the above areas, this project is designed for the convenient usage

to the concern who wish to maintain computerized accounting. This project is

specially designed for Institution. Since the Institution maintains a large amount of

transactions regarding monetory terms such as student fees, staff salary and

management miscellaneous expenses, manual maintenance is a difficult task. The

timely and accurate entries of student fees, staff salaries and other miscellaneous

expenses must be accurate and updated timely. This project is designed to store and

update huge amount of information of institutions. Also keeping the sanctioned fund

in mind, this project is designed in a software which is easily available and at

affordable cost. Furthermore, the software is very easy to use and very userfriendly, so

no special training is needed to make the user aware of its operations. Also, this

software needs less users, so manpower can be decreased accordingly thereby

decressing the concerns funds. So, this is the first stage in the systems development

life cycle (SDLC).

8.2. Preliminary Investigation

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This is the first phase and consists of a brief survey of the areas involved and

will result in taking the project into the next phase recommending that no further

action be taken. The phase is initiated by management, who perceive the need

because of changes or expected changes in the business environment,

limitations or failure of existing systems or the awareness of technological advances

relating to the particular area involved in particular systems which competitors are

developing.

Making the above survey, this project is carried out for the purpose of many reasons

like: - to achieve greater speed in processing data.

• Better accuracy and improved consistency

• Faster Information retrieval

• Integration of business areas

• Reduced Cost

• Better Security

The request is made to the department manager and hence the preliminary

investigation begins.

The initial requirements to start the project in full swing without any

interruption, consists of the following details:

Software Requirement

Hardware Requirement

Manpower Requirement

Financial Requirement

Infrastructure

The software module can work on following minimum configuration

8.3 Feasibility Study

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The feasibility study of the system is an important criterion for software

development. Software is said to be successfully completed and utilized, only if it is

feasible in all ways. Feasibility Study is nothing but analyzing the various situations

before taking up the work or approve the work. According to the feasibility study only

a work can be undertaken by a good organization. It gives

the details about whether we can take up the project; do we have the capability to

finish the work within stipulated period; do we have the sufficient manpower? .

It mainly concentrates on three Areas

1.Operational Feasibility

2.Technical Feasibility

3.Economic Feasibility

8.3.1Operational Feasibility

The system once developed must be used efficiently. Otherwise there is

no meaning for developing the system. For this a careful study of the existing system

and its drawbacks are drawbacks are needed. The user should be able distinguish the

existing one an proposed one, so that one must be able to appreciate the

characteristics of the proposed system, the manual one is not highly reliable and also is

considerably fast, which is the most important. The proposed system is efficient,

reliable and also quickly responding.

As our system is well developed and gone under each phase of testing successfully and

there will be no problem running the software. Even the user interface also is very

user friendly and no need for frequent technical support.

8.4 Maintenance and support costs.

These costs reflect the price of the time of people within the

organization who support the project. A number of other studies have concluded that

maintenance and support costs are the largest component of the Project.

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8.5 Opportunity costs

These costs are typically the "soft costs" and "hidden costs" of running a

project. In the context of technical requirement, the primary costs are user self-

support costs.

8.6 Hardware and software costs.

Also called "vendor costs," these costs can be directly associated to the

software and hardware vendors. They include the initial hardware and software costs,

vendor-provided maintenance and hardware upgrade costs. The initial costs are the

standard "system costs" plus a vendor-provided maintenance contract. The

maintenance contract covers standard hardware repairs. Operating system updates and

software library extensions are also typically rolled into this contract cost. We have

used a three-year maintenance contract to reflect the entire assumed workstation

lifetime. The final component of "vendor costs" is a hardware upgrade. We have based

pricing on a typical scenario of doubling both the RAM and hard-disk capacity half

way through the workstation's three-year life-cycle (current pricing of the upgrades

was used for simplicity).

8.7 Technical Feasibility

Technical Feasibility centers around the existing computer system

hardware, software, etc. and to some extent how it can support the proposed addition.

This extent how it can support the proposed addition. This involves financial

considerations to accommodate technical enhancements. Technical

support is also a reason for the success of the project. The techniques needed for the

system should be available and it must be reasonable to use.

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Manpower –

Conducting study on manpower requirement who have knowledge on

particular technology pertaining to the project.

Knowledge Base –

Knowledge Base articles pertaining to this technology.

These are articles written by the Developer Support Engineers who deal

directly with customer issues.

Peer Support –

Links to peer support resources, such as public newsgroups,

where you can find assistance from others working with similar technologies.

Additional Resources –

Other resources for information or troubleshooting.

Contact Us –

Still having trouble? This page gives you the information you

need in order to contact Developer Support. Also, you can send us feedback

about this site using the information on this page.

In this project, all the above criteria found to be satisfied as a basic

requirement and also found to be very feasible.

8.8. Economical Feasibility

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Then we should ensure that we have the sufficient financial back up to

meet the initial and operational expenses. It involves the capital expenses, wages, and

unexpected expenditures on execution of the work. These costs are typically the "soft

costs" and "hidden costs" of owning a workstation. In the context of technical

workstations, the primary costs are user self-support costs.

It is also found to be very feasible and recommended to take up the project financial

wise.

CHAPTER 9 SYSTEM TESTING

9.1 INTRODUCTION

System testing is an important phase. Testing represents an interesting

anomaly for the software. Thus a series of testing are performed for the proposed

system before the system is ready for user acceptance testing.

Unit testing is essential for the verification of the code produced during

the coding phase and hence the goal is to test the Internal logic of the modules. Using

the detailed design description as a guide, important paths are tested to uncover errors

with in the boundary of the modules. These tests were carried out during the

programming stage itself. All functional behavioral performance requirements and the

errors which are uncovered during the testing are corrected. Form level and as well as

field level validations are performed in all the data entry screens.

Program testing is nothing but testing a number of programs that form

a cluster to achieve a certain goal. During program testing two kinds of errors will

occur namely, syntax errors and logical errors.

Syntax errors have to be corrected before the program is executed.

Logical errors many occur due to in correct. Handling of data, improper

sequence of program statement etc..,

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The following are the various stages in the testing process.

9.2 Black Box Testing:

In this testing we give input to the system and test the output. Here we

do not go for watching the internal variable in the system and what are the changes

made on them for the required output. Any invalid input for the above leads to failure

in establishing the connection between the front end and the back end.

9.3 White Box Testing:

It is just the vice versa of the back box testing. There we do not watch

the internal variables during testing. This gives clear idea about what is going on

during execution of the system. The points at which the bug occurs were all clear and

were removed.

9.4 Stress Testing:

The purpose of stress testing is to improve that the candidate system

does not malfunction during peak loads. We subject a high volume of data during a

very short period of time. This simulates an online environment where a high volume

of activities occurs in spurts.

9.5 Integration Testing:

Each test in the source code test plan consists of the following details

• Type of test

• Machine Configuration

• Test assumptions

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• Requirements being tested

• Exact test stimuli

• Expected outcome

• Connecting with database

• Test Cases

CHAPTER 10

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PARADIGM

10.1 INTRODUCTION

It is an iterative, milestone-based approach to the development process.

The way in which activities in a systems development life cycle are sequenced, and the

time and formality committed to each life cycle stage. The combination of clearly

defined life cycle model, project team roles, delivery milestones, and solution

development principles.

Software Engineering Methods provide the Technical how-tos for building

Software. Methods encompass a broad array of tasks that includes Requirement

Analysis, Design, Program Construction, Testing and Support. Software Engineering

Methods rely on a set of basic principles that govern each area of the technology and

include modeling activities and other descriptive techniques.

The generic phases that characterize the software process – definition,

development and support – are applicable to all software. The problem to select the

model that is appropriate to the software to be engineered by a project team. The wide

array of software engineering paradigms available is:

The Linear Sequential Model

The Prototyping Model

The RAD Model

The Incremental Model

The Spiral Model

The WIN-WIN Spiral Model

The Component-Based Development Model

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The Concurrent Development Model

The Formal Methods Model

The Fourth Generation Techniques Model

In our project we have used The Prototyping Model and The Fourth Generation

Techniques Model.

10.2 The Prototyping Model:

Often a customer defines a set of general objectives for software but

does not identify the detailed input, processing, or output requirements. In other cases

the developer may be unsure of the efficiency of an algorithm, adaptability of an

operating system, or the form that human / machine interaction should take. In these,

and many other situations, the prototyping paradigm may offer the best approach.

The prototyping paradigm begins with requirements gathering.

Developer and customer meet and define the overall objectives for the software,

identify whatever requirements are known, and outline areas where further definition

is mandatory.

The prototype can serve as the ‘First System’. Users get a feel for the

actual system and developers get to build something immediately.

Thus prototyping is an effective Software Engineering paradigm for our project

10.3 Fourth Generation Technique Model

The Term fourth generation technique encompasses a broad array of

software tools that have one thing in common: each enables the software engineer to

specify some characteristic of software at a high level. A software development

environment that supports 4GT paradigm includes some or all of following tools:

Non-procedural languages for database query, report generation, data manipulation,

screen interaction and definition, code generation, spread sheet capability, and similar

languages used for website creation using advanced software tools.

xxviii

Like other paradigm, 4GT begins with a requirements gathering step. Ideally, the

customer would describe requirements and there would be directly translated into and

operational prototype.

Implementation using a 4GL enables the software developer to represent

desired results in a manner that leads to automatic generation of code to create those

results.

To transform a 4GT implementation into a product, the developer must

conduct thorough testing, develop meaningful documentation and perform all other

solution integration activities that required in other software engineering paradigm.

To summarize, 4GT techniques is an important part of Software

Engineering. When coupled with prototyping technique, the 4GT paradigm may

become the dominant approach to software development.

10.4 Paradigm:

Often, site design isn't deep enough. In the development of an e-

commerce platform you need to examine how all the pieces fit together and assure

that you have agreement by all parties involved. We have been using Water fall

method for long time. But now the software programming approach has changed and

new technology invented, we follow design patterns. Beneath its appearance, an e-

commerce platform is in its purest form a distributed system. At some point you may

need to rely on data from other areas of a company, trading partners, or third-party

payment services. The interactions of these systems and services can have dramatic

implications for your site development. Understanding them up-front and designing

for them is important.

During a recent project required that developers produce a design

document detailing their component's design before any coding was started. This may

seem like overkill, but it saved us a tremendous amount of time and money

because we were able to catch problems up-front. Design is an ongoing process

throughout the life cycle of the project!

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10.5 Development:

The development of the system is probably the most fun stage of your

project. It's when you get to translate your vision into reality. But it's also when most

of the nightmares start as you learn that things don't always work the way you

envisioned. During development you should continue the design process, revisiting

those areas .

10.6 Deployment:

Deployment will more than likely be one of the most frustrating

times for your team. It's your chance to actually test the result of your sweat and toil

and see your design in action.

The three stages of "design, development, and deployment" will often

blend together. It is important that you perform deployments to production

throughout your project and that you continually revisit the design stage. As you gain

feedback from testing and QA, you will need to optimize or rework code. This is a

natural part of the journey and you should plan for it rather than be surprised.

CHAPTER 11

SYSTEM DESIGN

11.1 Description of Operations & Process Logic

The design of an information system produces the details that state

how a system will meet the requirements identified during systems analysis. Often

systems specialists refer to this state as logical design, in contrast to developing

program software, which is referred to as physical design.

As soon as the system proposal is accepted by the user, work can

start on preparing the system specification. This phase takes the requirements as

agreed and the work which has led up to producing the proposal and develops the

system to the level of detail necessary to prepare the way for programming. At this

point the analyst is concerned with the detail of input and output, the processing

required, and the way in which the system will operate on a day-to-day basis.

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Depending on the level of complexity of the system and the amount and quality of

work done at the earlier stages, this phase can take many months of hard work. It is

concerned with the computer-oriented design of the system the detail of the input

transactions, the detail of the printed reports, screens and other outputs, the file or

database structure, the contents of records, the processing required and the efficiency

of the system form a computer processing point of view.

Systems analysts start by identifying reports and other outputs the

system will produce. Then the specific data on each is pinpointed, including its exact

location on the paper, display screen, or other medium. Usually designers sketch the

form or display as they expect it to appear when the system is completed.

The system design also describe the data to be input, calculated or stored. Individual

data items and calculation procedures are written in detail. Designers select file

structures and storage devices, such as magnetic disk, magnetic tape, or even paper

files. The procedures they write tell how to process the data and produce the output.

The documents containing the design specifications use many

different ways to portray the design charts, tables, and special+ symbols – some of

which you may have used and others that may be totally new to you. The detailed

design information is passed onto the programming staff so that software

development can begin.

Designers are responsible for providing programmers with complete

and clearly outlined specifications that state what the software should do. As

programming starts, designers are available to answer questions, clarify fuzzy areas,

and handle problems that confront the programmers when using the design

specifications.

A typical system specification will contain:

1. An introduction covering the relevance of the document and how it has

evolved from the previous phases.

2. A description of the system. This is usually an outline in a narrative form with

accompanying flow charts, procedure charts, data flow diagrams or data models,

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3. Detailed description of inputs, outputs and files, for example: document

layouts (input), screen layouts, report layouts, file/record layouts, database schemes.

4. A description of the controls which operate within the system, This includes

control over input and processing, restrictions on access (e.g., passwords) and control

on output ( e.g. numbering of cheques).

5. Processing required. This may in fact be handled by specifying generally what

each program in the system is expected to do and by backing this up with

individual program specifications issued separately. Arrangements for testing may also be

described in this section.

6. Implementation considerations – arrangements for converting existing files, checking

parallel runs, production of user procedures and production of computer-related

procedures.

7. A detailed development and implementation time-table. This section should list all of

the tasks to be done, including individual programs, showing the interrelationship

between each task and the planned start and completion date for each task.

8. A backup plan. This should describe the procedures to be developed for taking

security dumps of files, for ensuring system resilience (e.g., duplexing) and for running

the system at an alternative site in the event of the computer not being available.

It is at this stage that the first reliable estimate of the amount of computer

programming effort required can be produced. Up to this point the estimates are to a

large extent informed guesses and what comes out at the end of this exercise may be

quite frightening compared with the previously available estimates. This is a valid

reason for ensuring that senior management continues to have an approval role at the

conclusion of this stage.

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Estimates produced now have a firm basis and if they are substantially at

variance with the original estimates it is still not too late to review the viability of the

development. The choice now lies between:

1. Abandoning the system.

2. Continuing as planned.

3. Shelving the system for a period.

4. Modifying the aspirations for the system.

All of these options are available for an in-house development, although it is

generally felt that by the time this stage is reached the commitment is irreversible.

Where an external supplier is involved the options may be restricted by the nature of

the contract.

CHAPTER 12

IMPLEMENTATION

12.1 HTML(HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE): HTML is used to create a static content web page displayed Into the

browser. It is user interface.

In this project, HTML is used to create a static content Webpage and

displayed into the browser. Create reservation-form,hotel search, status form, flight

search form and checkin formTo be created and make a link with the home-page.

User enter the data And submit the form.

12.2 JAVASCRIPT:

Javascript is a object-based scripting language for client and

serverapplications.In my project, javascript is used for validating the data submitted by

the user such as Name checking, pnr number checking.

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12.3 JSP(JAVA SERVER PAGES): Jsp is a server-side programming functionalities to java. It is

similar to ASP. JSP is a platform independent, creation of database-driven web

applications. JSPis used to perform business logic and it receives a request from the

user and respond the corresponding output to the user. A JSP page after compilation

generates servlet and therefore incorporates all servlet functionalities.

In this project, jsp is used for retrieving the data submitted by the

user After retrieving the data, jsp invoke the javabean components to set the retrieved

valueInto the bean. The results are retrieved from the javabean and displayed to the

user.

12.4 WEB SERVER: The J2EE server contains the EJB container and

TheWEBContainer.The J2EE server provides services to the EJB container and

theWEB container.

• It enforces security by authenticating users. • It allows clients to interact with the enterprise beans. • It facilitates web browser to access servlets and jsp files. • It provides naming and directory services to locate and

Search services and components. 12.5 WEB CONTAINER: The WEB container is a runtime environment for servletsAnd jsp. WEB

container contains servlet, jsp and javabean files are bundledInto an WAR files during

deployment.

12.6 J2EE APPLICATION: WAR files are put into the server to run the J2EE application.

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CHAPTER 13

CONCLUSION

I have designed a software application which will help an user

to book tickets through web to travel by a flight.This also incorporates the processes

such as cancellation of tickets,vacatin packages,hotel search,checkin time information

status of ticket etc.

This system shows advantage over

1) Manual booking of tickets which has to be bookedbythe passenger by going to the

airport office.

2) The knowledge of the status of the flight only a few hours before the departure,

3) No knowledge regarding the hotels in the destination cities.

APPENDIX SCREEN SHOTS

1. HOME PAGE

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A.1 Home Page 2. RESERVATION

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A.2 Reservation

Description:

This screen “Make Reservation” will help the user to reserve tickets.He is

entitled to fill the form by filling the form such as starting place,destination place,Date

of Departure,Date of arrival,number of passengers.Once the user submits he will be

given a pnr number.

3. HOTELS SEARCH

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A.3 Hotel Search

Description:

This screen “Hotel Search” will help the user to get the information of a hotel

regarding the address of the hotel,availibility of rooms,rent of rooms and any attractive

packages rendered by the hotels.

4 CANCELLATION FORM

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A.4 Cancellation Form

Description: This Screen”Cancellation Form” will help the user to cancel the

tickets which he has reserved already. All he has to enter the pnr number which he

should have got wlile reserving the tickets.

5. VACATION PACKAGES

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A.5 Vacation Packages

Description:

This screen “Vacation Packages” will allow the user to know the vacation

packages rendered by the airlines.The user can choose the vacation package which he

likes and submit it.

6. STATUS FORM

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A.6 Status Form

Description: This screen “Status Form” will help the passenger to know the status

conditions of the flight before the departure.He has to enter data such as flight

number,destination city,departure city and depature time.

7. FLIGHT SEARCH

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A.7 Flight Search Form

Description:

This screen “Flight Search” will help the user to the detailed timetable of the

flight for the whole week such as departure time,arrival time,cities it reaches,etc.All he

has to enter the flight name,flight number.

8. CHECKIN

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A.8 CheckIn

Description: This screen will help the user to know the chekin timings for a

passenger before boarding a flight.He has to enter the pnr number so that he will be

given the checkin time.

CHAPTER- 14 REFERENCES

http://www.sunjava.com/j2ee/

http://www.javagalaxy.com/index/jsp/

http://www.microsoft.com

Building J2ee Applications – Author Socha, Joh

J2ee Applications – NIIT.