Air & Space Transportation - Flight Simulator AIR & SPACE TRANSPORTATION -FLIGHT SIMULATOR- STUDENT INFORMATION Area of Study: Transportation Objectives: Students will explore the basic principles of flight and the parts of an airplane. Students will fly a plane in a simulated airplane flight. Related Occupations: Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers Pilots are highly trained professionals who fly aircraft and carry out a wide variety of tasks. There are two pilots in the cockpit crew in larger aircraft Some pilots may be in smaller craft and fly to complete a specific task such as a test pilot, dusting crops, forest reseeding, fire fighting, tracking criminals, monitoring automobile traffic, or performing rescues and evacuations. Most pilots have learned to fly in the military, but there are many individuals who have learned in civilian flying schools approved by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Air Traffic Controllers Air traffic controllers coordinate the movement of air traffic to make sure that planes stay a safe distance from each other. Air traffic controllers also must manage traffic delays, and flights between airports as well as keep pilots advised about weather conditions. Nearly all air traffic controllers are employed and trained by the Federal Government. Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians Avionics Mechanics and Service Technicians perform scheduled maintenance, make repairs, and complete inspections required by the FAA. Inspections take place on aircraft following a schedule based on the number of hours an aircraft has flown. The mechanic or technician may inspect, engines, landing gear, brakes, instruments, control surfaces, etc. Flight Attendant Flight Attendants primary responsibility is to ensure that safety regulations are followed. They also try to make flights comfortable for passengers. Flight attendants may work nights, holidays and weekends. An intensive formal training administered by an airline carrier will last from 4 to 7 weeks once hired for the job. Cessna 172N Skyhawk 100 - Airliners.net - Neville Murphy photo - Source: Occupational Outlook Handbook 2006-2007 Edition
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Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers Pilotsarehighlytrainedprofessionalswhoflyaircraftandcarryoutawidevarietyoftasks.TherearetwopilotsinthecockpitcrewinlargeraircraftSomepilotsmaybeinsmallercraftandflytocompleteaspecifictasksuchasatestpilot,dustingcrops,forestreseeding,firefighting,trackingcriminals,monitoringautomobiletraffic,orperformingrescuesandevacuations.Mostpilotshavelearnedtoflyinthemilitary,buttherearemanyindividualswhohavelearnedincivilianflyingschoolsapprovedbytheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA).
Air Traffic Controllers Airtrafficcontrollerscoordinatethemovementofairtraffictomakesurethatplanesstayasafedistancefromeachother.Airtrafficcontrollersalsomustmanagetrafficdelays,andflightsbetweenairportsaswellaskeeppilotsadvisedaboutweatherconditions.NearlyallairtrafficcontrollersareemployedandtrainedbytheFederalGovernment.
Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Service Technicians AvionicsMechanicsandServiceTechniciansperformscheduledmaintenance,makerepairs,andcompleteinspectionsrequiredbytheFAA.Inspectionstakeplaceonaircraftfollowingaschedulebasedonthenumberofhoursanaircrafthasflown.Themechanicortechnicianmayinspect,engines,landinggear,brakes,instruments,controlsurfaces,etc.
After High School:Allpilotswhoarepaidtotransportpassengersorcargo,musthaveacommercialpilotslicensewithaninstrumentratingissuedbytheFAA.Toqualifyyoumustbe18yearsoldandhaveatleast250hoursoffighttime.Pilotsmustpassawrittentestthatincludesquestionsonsafeflight,navigationtechniques,andFAAregulations.Pilotsusuallystartwithsmallercommuterairlinestogainexperienceneededtoqualifyforhigherpayingjobswiththelargeairlines.Airlinepilotswhoflythelargepassengerjetsmustfulfilladditionalrequirements.ExperienceintheArmedForcesmaygivetheprospectiveemployeeanedge.
personal characteristics•GoodCommunicationsskills•Quickthinking•UnafraidofHeights•OverallGoodHealth•20/20visionwithorwithoutglasses.•Abilitytoreadandwritetechnicalreports•Mustworkinteamsituations
Source: Occupational Outlook Handbook 2008-2009 Edition
The Work:Pilotsmustplantheirflightsverycarefully.Pilotshavetobeabletoreadtheirinstrumentsatalltimesastheycannotalwaysseewheretheyaregoing.Theyhavepaperworktofilloutontheirflightoncecompletingit.Bylaw,airlinepilotscannotflymorethan100hoursamonthormorethan1,000hoursayear.Pilotsaregoneoftenfromhomeasmanyflightsareatleastovernighttrips.
15.Transportation Technology-Allthemeansweusetohelpusmovethroughtheair,in water, or over land1. 16.Yaw-themovementoftheairplanetotherightorleft.Theverticalstabilizerandrudder controlthismovement.
Regardlessofthemodeoftravel,allthecollectivepartsthatareusedinthemethodoftravelformasystemoftransportation.Therearemanypartstomakeasystemfunctionproperly.Forinstance,flyinganairplanewouldinclude,therunway,theterminal,thecontroltower, the aircraft controller, the fuel for the vehicles,ameanstotransportthefueltotheairplanes, the airplane, the airport, and the pilot andnavigatorfortheairplane.Manymorecomponentscouldbelistedtodescribeallthistransportationsystemwhichwouldberequiredforittooperateefficiently.
Control yoke-asteeringwheel-likecontrolonmostplanesthatoperatestheaileronsandelevatorstocontrolpitch(upanddownmovementoftheplane’snose)androll(thesidewaystiltoftheplaneorbank).
Rudder Pedals - pedals that operate the rudderontheverticalstabilizercontrollingtheplane’syawmovement(sidewaysmovementfromrighttoleft).
Throttle - the throttle applies power to the planemuchlikethegaspedalofacar.
Whenusingtheflightsimulatorprogram,thefourcontrolslistedpreviouslywillbeoperatedthroughtheuseofajoystick.Movingthejoystickwillmovecontrolsurfacesonthevirtualplane.TheplanethathasbeenchosenforthetrainingflightistheCessna172SPSkyhawk.Itisaplanethatmostpilotshavesometimeinasitisacommonaircrafttrainerandrentalplane.Nowthat the plane has been introduced, lets becomemorefamiliarwiththecontrolsandwhattheydo.
Forwardorbackwardmovementsofthejoystickoperatetheplane’s elevators which control the airplane’spitch(nose-upandnose-down)causingtheplanetogoupordown.Theelevatorsarehighlightedinfigure3. Leftandrightmovementofthejoystickoperatetheailerons which controls the bank(roll)causingtheplanetoturnrightorleft.Theaileronsarehighlightedinfigure4.
The “roll” of the plane is controlled by ailerons Figure 4
The yaw is controlled by the rudder.Figure 5
The virtual Cessna 172 SP Skyhawk at Hinkley Airport.Figure 2
Air & Space Transportation - Flight Simulator 7
KneeboArD inFo
Joystick buttons:
•Button#1=(Trigger)Brakes-(onlygoodontheground)
•Button#2=CycleViews •Button#3&4=ElevatorTrim-Thisis changediftheplanewants todriftupordown. .•Button#5=Flaps-usedforflying at low speeds used on takeoffanapproachfor alanding.
•Button#7=Kneeboard-Willbeused forviewing other controls and the pre-takeoff check.
The cockpit instruments Thecockpitofanairplaneiswherethepilotiswhenflyingtheairplane.Fromthepilot’sseat,thepilotcancontroltheairplane,seetheinstrumentpanel,andlookoutthewindows.
Thegraphicinfigure9,showsaviewlookingstraightaheadfromthepilot’sseat.The top half of the picture shows a view lookingoutthefrontwindowoftheairplane.Theaircrew(pilotandcopilotinthiscase)islookingdownrunway3oftheOgden-HinkleyAirport.
Areyouareaboutoninformationoverload?Arealpilothasevenmorethingstobeawareofbeforetheytakeoff.Theflightcrewisgoingtoplotacourseonamapanddeterminedistanceandfuelneeds.Thecrewwillgothroughapreflightchecklisttomakesureeverythingisworkingandthatcontrolsaresetappropriately.Withthisactivity,thesimulatorhasdonemanyoftheseactionsforyousojustrelaxandfollowalong. Thepilotandcopilotshouldspendamomentandlookatthepreflightchecklistoncetheprogramloads.Thepilotshouldnowpushbutton#7 onthejoystick.Thiswillbringupthepilot’skneeboard asdisplayedinfigure17.Letslookatthechecklist.The copilot needs to takethemouseandclickontheiconlabeledchecklistthisiscircledinfigure17.Dragthekneeboarddownandtotherightbygrabbinganddraggingasshowninfigure18.
Youmayrefertofigure18tofindthecorrectspotinthechecklist.Lookthroughthelistandseeifyoucanfindtheinstrumentsyouaresupposedtobecheckinginthechecklist.Holdthemouseovertheinstrumentforamomentandapop-upscreenwillinformyouwhattheinstrumentiscalledifyoudonotalreadyknow. Asboththepilotandcopilotlookatthechecklist,theywillnothavetoactuallyperformtheproceduresonthisvirtualplaneastheprogramloadswiththecontrolsalreadysetfortakeoff.Scrollonthroughthechecklist.Anotherpartofthekneeboardyoumayhavetorefertoasyouareflyingisthe“key”icon.Itlistsallthekeyboardshortcutsfortheprogram.Thepilotshouldpushbutton#7onthejoystickuntilthekneeboarddisappears. The copilot should now push the“P”keyonthekeyboard.
Thisactivityisgoingtoassumethatthereisapilotandacopilot.The pilot is going to use the controls on the joystick to control the movements of the plane.The copilot in this lesson will use the keyboard to do all communication with the Control Tower and has all navigation responsibilities.Thetwoofyouwillhavetoworkasateamtobesuccessful.Usethe“P”pausekeywhenneeded.Theflightplanhasbeenfiled,nowyouneedtoreviewitinFigure19inyourownindividualpages.Thepilotreadsfrompage12andtheCopilotstartsonpage22.
The KneeboardFigure 17
A section of the flight checklist
Figure 18
Air & Space Transportation - Flight Simulator ��
STUDenT AcTiViTY iii: Takeoff and Two Left Turns - pilot
• The pilot will wait until the plane has clearancefromthecontroltower.
Levelofftheplane.Iftheplanewantstodriftupordownwhenthejoy-stickiscentered,checktheelevatortrimsetting,whichisinthelowerrightofthecontrolpanelbytheradiostack.Button3onthejoysticksetsthetrimdownandbutton4onthejoystickmovesthetrimup.Adjustments may not be needed..
The copilot should have received land-ingclearancebynow.Ifyoudon’thaveland-ingclearanceyet,directthecopilottocontacttheSaltLakeTower.
STUDenT AcTiViTY Vi: pattern entry- pilot
ThecontroltoweratSLCInternationalhasinstructedyouonwhichrunwaytolandat.Findthecorrectrunwayinfigure26.Thecon-trollerhasgivenpatternentryinstructionsandmayhavestated:“Makeleftdownwindrunway34left.”Thecontrollerprefersthatyoulandon“34left”inthisscenario.Thecontrollerhasalso told the pilot which direction to enter the runwayfrom.Whenthecontrollerstated“makeleft”hewasstatingthattherunwayshouldbetoyourleftinyourdownwindlegandthattheplaneistouseleftturnstoreachtherunway.
Note:Occasionallythecontroltowermaystate:“Make straight in runway �6 left (or right)” Inthiscase,thepilotwouldflystraightinandlandtheplane.Ifthisisthescenariothatisoccurring,jumpaheadintheflightbooktothesectiononlandingtheplane.
4. Aftertheturniscompleted,itistimetoturnintothefinalapproach.TurnNorthtoflythe approach.Theheadingwillbe340(Three-four-zero)degreesfor(runways34)or350(Three- five-zero)degrees(runway35). The turn will be at a standard rateofturnof3degreesper secondandwilltakeaboutminuteto complete.Maintain6000feetuntil theairportisinview.
The nose of the plane should be over the center of therunway.Thewhitestripesarewhatthepilotwouldideallyliketoputthenosewheelon.Thepilotalsowouldmakelastminutecheckstomakesuretheplaneisflyinglevel.Thisisdonebylookingattheartificialhorizonandthebankindicator.Iftheplaneisnotlevel,makesmalladjustmentswiththejoysticktogettheplanelevelasshowninfigure32.
Oneofthelastthingsapilothastodobeforetheyland,ispullthenoseoftheplaneupintotheair.Thisiscalledthelandingflair.Ifthenoseoftheplaneisnotpulledup,yourplanemaycrashrightontherunwayifyourdescentistoosteep.Thepilothastoestimatetheactuallandingandtheflair.Thejoy-stickispulledbackslightlyjustamomentbeforethewheelshitthegroundtocompletetheflair.Itisthebackwheelsthatthepilotwantstohittherunwayfirst.Thelandingflairisillustratedinfigure33. The landing flair.
Figure 33
Flaps highlighted in yellow on the plane. The inset is the control for setting the flaps
2. Resetyourflapsto10%fortake-off.. The plane has taxied and is at the end of the runwayreadyfortakeoff.Thephotographthatisfigure36,isthedirectionyourplaneisfacingasitisgettingreadytotake-off.
OnceyoulandedatSaltLakeyouareallowedtochangetoanothertypeofsingleengineplane.Eachwillhaveit’sownfeel when in the air and somecontrolsareindifferent places in the cockpit.
Ifyouwishtoswitchplanes, hold down the “Alt”key.Amenuwillappear.Intheaircraftmenu,chooseSelect Air-craftasshowninfigure39.Chooseoneofthesingleenginetypesthatareavail-able.
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•
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Left:, A virtual Mooney Bravo flies over Interstate-15 traffic. Right: A real Mooney Bravo flies by.
Figure 38
Left: A virtual Maule Orion flying by Hill Air Force Base. Right: A real Maule Orion flies overhead. Notice the wheel out on the tail which is
why this type of plane is known as a “tail dragger” Figure 37
Left: A virtual Piper J-3 flying by Rice-Eccles stadium and the Salt Lake 2002 Olympic Cauldron Park. Right : A Piper J-3 outside it’s hanger.
Figure 36
Left: A virtual Cessna flies by Utah’s capitol building. Right: A real Cessna comes in for a landing.
Areyouareaboutoninformationoverload?Arealpilothasevenmorethingstobeawareofbeforetheytakeoff.Theflightcrewisgoingtoplotacourseonamapanddeterminedistanceandfuelneeds.Thecrewwillgothroughapreflightchecklisttomakesureeverythingisworkingandthatcontrolsaresetappropriately.Withthisactivity,thesimulatorhasdonemanyoftheseactionsforyousojustrelaxandfollowalong. Thepilotandcopilotshouldspendamomentandlookatthepreflightchecklistoncetheprogramloads.The pilot should now push button#7 onthejoystick.Thiswillbringupthepilot’skneeboard as displayedinfigure17.Letslookatthechecklist.The copilot needs to takethemouseandclickontheiconlabeledchecklistthisiscircledinfigure17.Dragthekneeboarddownandtotherightbygrabbinganddraggingasshowninfigure18.
Youmayrefertofigure18tofindthecorrectspotinthechecklist.Lookthroughthelistandseeifyoucanfindtheinstrumentsyouaresupposedtobecheckinginthechecklist.Holdthemouseovertheinstrumentforamomentandapop-upscreenwillinformyouwhattheinstrumentiscalledifyoudonotalreadyknow. Asboththepilotandcopilotlookatthechecklist,theywillnothavetoactuallyperformtheproceduresonthisvirtualplaneastheprogramloadswiththecontrolsalreadysetfortakeoff.Scrollonthroughthechecklist.Anotherpartofthekneeboardyoumayhavetorefertoasyouareflyingisthe“key”icon.Itlistsallthekeyboardshortcutsfortheprogram.Thepilotshouldpushbutton#7onthejoystickuntilthekneeboarddisappears. The copilot should now push the“P”keyonthekeyboard.
Thisactivityisgoingtoassumethatthereisapilotandacopilot.The pilot is going to use the controls on the joystick to control the movements of the plane.The copilot in this lesson will use the keyboard to do all communication with the Control Tower and has all navigation responsibilities.Thetwoofyouwillhavetoworkasateamtobesuccessful.Usethe“P”pausekeywhenneeded.Theflightplanhasbeenfiled,nowyouneedtoreviewitinFigure19inyourownindividualpages.Thepilotreadsfrompage12andtheCopilotstartsonpage22.
The KneeboardFigure 17
A section of the flight checklist
Figure 18
Air & Space Transportation - Flight Simulator 2�
STUDenT AcTiViTY iii:Takeoff - copilot
• The pilot will wait for the co-pilot receiveclearancefromthetower.
• Thepilotwilltesttheheadingautopilotbymovingthejoystick Adjustmentstotheheadingcanbemadebyusingtheheadingbugas long as the heading autopilot is on. Asthemousecursorrollsovertheheadingbug,itwilldisplaytheheadingasitdoesinfigure24.Thecopilotcanclickontherightsideoftheheadingbugtoadjusttheheadingrightortotheleftoftheheadingbugtoadjusttheheadingtotheleft.Indoingthisprocedure,theredpointerontheheadingindicatorwillmoveandtheplanewillchangecourse.
• Thepilotmaydirectthecopilottosetthealtitudeautopilot. Usetheupbuttonto(orclicktotherightorleftofthe numbersasintheheadingbug)settheautopilottothe correct altitude first ascircledinfigure25.Holdthecursor over the up or down button on the autopilot and push the leftmousebuttontochangethealtitude.Thenclickonthe “ALT”buttonwhichislitinfigure25toshowthatitis on.Theautopilotwilltaketheplanetothataltitudeand maintainit.
STUDenT AcTiViTY Xi:Taxiing & Alternative Activities- copilot
The pilot lands the plane and theplanewillmovedowntherunway.Duringthistime,TheaircontrollerwillnotifythatyouarebeinghandedovertoSaltLakeGround.Thisnextpartisextraanddoesnothavetobedone.ItwillallowyoutoflyoverSaltLakeCityorotherareasandtotryotherplanes.
On the left, a virtual Cessna flies by Utah’s capitol building. On the right a real Cessna comes in for a landing.
Copilot’s Figure 39
On the left, a virtual Piper J-3 flying by Rice-Eccles stadium and the Salt Lake 2002 Olympic Cauldron Park. On the right, a Piper J-3 outside it’s hanger.
Copilot’s Figure 40
On the left, a virtual Mooney Bravo flies over Interstate-15. On the right, a real Mooney Bravo flies by.
Copilot’s Figure 42
On the left, a virtual Maule Orion flying by Hill Air Force Base. On the right, A real Maule Orion is known as a “tail dragger” because of it’s tail wheel.