AIM: HOW AND WHY DID FASCISM RISE IN ITALY? Do Now: What are some of the struggles that people faced in rebuilding their lives at the end of World War.

AIM: HOW AND WHY DID FASCISM RISE IN ITALY?

Do Now: What are some of the struggles that people faced in rebuilding their lives at the end of World

War I?

People clearing up rubble after WWI.

Unit Essential Question: What political and economic challenges did the Western world face in the 1920s and the 1930s, and how did various countries react to these challenges?

ITALY AFTER WWI…

•Economic chaos•Political corruption•Trade declined taxes rose•government split into factions•*Britain & France promised Italy parts of Austro-Hungarian land, but became part of new Yugoslavia• betrayed, loss of hope•Inspired by Russian Revolution•Workers went on strike•Peasants seized land

March on Rome, 1922: Mussolini rallied in Naples. Out of fear, King Victor Emmanuel III legally made him Prime Minister of Italy.

FASCISM ITALY, 1914 • Mussolini “Il Duce”• Extreme nationalism• Anti-democracy “weakness”, • Anti-socialism, communism,

pacifism, free-expression• Existed only in Italy• survival of the fittest• Black Shirts: Italian national guard• “The Young Fascists”• Aggressive, centralized authoritarian government• Glorifies state’s politics, destructive to basic

human rights• Created a totalitarian state: one party

dictatorship regulating every aspect of a citizen’s life

Fascisti!

“Believe. Obey.Fight!”

History’s Most Notorious Friendship

BENITO MUSSOLINI – HERO OR VILLAIN?

BBC DOCUMENTARY

AIM: HOW DID STALIN TRANSFORM THE SOVIET UNION INTO A TOTALITARIAN STATE?

DO NOW: WHY DOES COMMUNISM FAIL?

DEFINE AND IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING (TRY AND DO WITHOUT NOTES FIRST)

Bolsheviks V. LeninN.E.P.

Stalin preserved Lenin’s body in the Red Square until 1989 to show that he would carry out the goals of the revolution.

TOTALITARIANISM UNDER JOSEPH STALIN

A) Totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union (Russia) 1) He established a Command (or Communist) economy- This is an economic system where the government (instead of individuals) owns businesses, makes business decisions, and sets prices.

2) Five-Year Plans- Stalin tried to modernize (update) the industry (factories) and agriculture (farms) of the Soviet Union by setting economic goals every five years.

3) Collectivization- Stalin took over the individual farms that people owned and forced people to live on large government farms (called collective farms) that were owned by the government.

STALIN’S FORCED COLLECTIVIZATIONPeasants & kulaks (wealthy farmers) had to stay on state owned farms or collectives

Peasants killed the animals, destroyed tools, burned crops

1929 “de-kulakization”: secret police killed thousands and sent others to the Gulag, brutal labor camps

“liquidate the kulaks as a class”

1932 Terror Famine after further resistance, gov. took grain for production, leaving peasants to starve

FORCED FAMINE IN UKRAINE (HOLODOMOR) 1932-1933

Video Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wIhixcUEq50

The Great Purge: 1934, Stalin and secret police cracked down on Old Bolsheviks, activists, army heroes, industrial managers, writers, ordinary citizens. ~ 4 million people recorded Tortured former communist leaders & their families to confess all kinds of crimes

PROPAGANDA, CENSORSHIP, SOCIALIST REALISM, ATHEISM, RUSSIFICATION: ATTEMPTS TO CONTROL THOUGHT

STALIN’S SPEECH

Link to video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8IGbjPqFFvA

“All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others”

BENEFITS & DRAWBACKS

“UNCLE JOEY”

SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY

Comintern (1919, Lenin): Stalin used this policy to spread anti-capitalist feeling

The U.S. would call this the “Red Scare”

AIM: HOW DID HITLER AND THE NAZI PARTY ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENT IN GERMANY?

DO NOW: While watching the video clip, write down everything you notice. After watching, please write down at least two questions.

Link to Video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIZP-jtnWRM

THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC’S RISE AND FALL• At close of World War I, Germany

tottered on the brink of chaos.– Created: Weimar Republic led

by a chancellor• Culture flourishes under

Weimar Republic• Problems

– Political problems: too many parties

– Runaway inflation: example Ruhr Valley (France)

– Great Depression

ADOLF HITLER• Born 1889 in Austria

– Develops fanatical anti-Semitism early on

– Fought with German army during WWI

– 1919: joins National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi’s)• Despises Weimar Republic

THE NAZI PARTY’S RISE TO POWER• Hitler’s Manifesto: 1923

– Mein Kampf (my struggle)– Wrote while imprisoned– Becomes basic book of Nazi goals and

ideology• Reflects Hitler’s obsessions:

– Extreme nationalism, racism & anti-Semitism

– Germans were “master race”• As Hitler is released, Nazi numbers rise,

unemployment hits high =Hitler is appealing

THE THIRD REICH CONTROLS GERMANY

• Hitler & Nazi’s moved to build a new Germany: plays on nationalism by recalling past glories– Creation of the Third Reich

• Germany becomes a totalitarian state

• Gestapo: secret police force• Nuremberg Laws: deprived Jews

of German citizenship and placed severe restrictions on them

• Nazi Youth• Purify German culture

Kristallnacht “Night of the Broken Glass”

AUTHORITARIAN RULE IN EASTERN EUROPE• Most new nations in

Eastern Europe slid from democratic to authoritarian rule– Europe is still

feeling the effects from WWI

HITLER EXHIBITION EXPLORES A WIDER CIRCLE OF GUILT

• Questions | For discussion and reading comprehension:• What does it mean that the exhibition is “intentionally prosaic”? Why was it designed

that way?• What is the message of the exhibition? Is this a new way for you to think about Hitler

and pre-World War II Germany?• Why does the curator of the exhibition think that Germans today need to hear this

particular story about Hitler and the Germans who supported him? Do you think the message of this exhibition could be valuable for people in your community? Why or why not?

• Why does Hans-Ulrich Thamer believe that extremists need to be isolated from society? Do you agree? Why or why not?

• Klaus Peter Triebel says, “Our teachers in the past were integrated in that system.” What system is he talking about? What role does education play in how we remember history? Why does it matter how teachers tell the story of Hitler?

WHO IS TO BLAME? ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION

Here are two quotes from

“Hitler did not corral the Germans as much as the Germans elevated Hitler”

the article we just read.

“The Germans were the first victims of Hitler”

QUIZ

1. Define Totalitarianism.2. Fill in the table:

3. What do all three dictators use/have in common under a Totalitarian state?4. Why were Mussolini and Hitler able to take over their nations so easily?5. How was Stalin and the USSR different?

DICTATOR NAME

POLITICAL PARTY

GERMANYITALYSOVIET UNION