AICAS de La Argentina

© 2009 BirdLife InternationalJuan de Dios Martínez Mera N35-76 y Av. PortugalCasilla 17-17-717Quito, Ecuador.Tel: +593 2 2277059Fax: +593 2 2469838

[email protected]

BirdLife International is a UK-registered charity No. 1042125ISBN: 978-9942-9959-0-2

Recommended citation: DEVENISH, C., DÍAZ FERNÁNDEZ, D. F., CLAY, R. P., DAVIDSON, I. & YÉPEZ ZABALA, I. EDS. (2009) Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites for

biodiversity conservation. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 16).

To cite this chapter: COCONIER, E. G. & DI GIACOMO, A. S. (2009) Argentina. Pp 59 – 70 in C. Devenish, D. F. Díaz Fernández, R. P. Clay, I. Davidson & I. Yépez Zabala Eds. Important Bird Areas Americas - Priority sites for biodiversity conservation. Quito, Ecuador: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 16).

The purpose of the information contained in this book is to support conservation initiatives in the Americas, for which it may be reproduced. Using this information for

commercial purposes is not permitted. If part or all of this information is used or included in any other publication, BirdLife International must be cited as copyright holder.

Those who provided illustrations or photographs in this book have copyright over them and these are not permitted to be reproduced separately to the texts accompanying

them.

The presentation of material in this book and the geographical designations employed do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BirdLife International concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Membership of BirdLife International does not imply any opinion or position with respect to sovereignty issues on the part of BirdLife International Partner organizations.

Graphic design: Alejandro Miranda Baldares ([email protected])Translations: Christian Devenish, Ítala Yépez Zabala & Amiro Pérez-LerouxMaps: David F. Díaz Fernández, Ítala Yépez Zabala & Christian DevenishEdition of Spanish language country chapters: Ítala Yépez Zabala, Carlos Huertas Sánchez & David F. Díaz Fernández Graphic design volunteer (Spanish language country chapters): Adriana Valencia Tapia

This publication and all country/territory chapters in their native languages are available for download at www.birdlife.org/

AMERICAS

59

The Republic of Argentina1, located in the Southern Cone of South America, has a continental area of 2.8 million km2.It is the second largest country in South America after Brazil, and the eighth largest in the world. It is bounded by Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, by Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and by Chile to the west and south.

Argentina is a democratic republic with a federal system of 23 provinces and an autonomous city (Buenos Aires). Provincesare subdivided into departments or partidos, which in turn, are divided into municipalities. The last national census in 2001 returned 36,260,130 inhabitants whereas an estimate for 2007 projected a total population of 40,927,301.

Argentina is a melting pot of different cultures, both native as well as immigrant. The majority of the population

is the only nation in South America with a positive immigration rate. There are also 24 indigenous groups living in Argentina, making up less than 1% of the population. These communities are distributed throughout all ecore-gions, but in small groups and concentrated in indigenous reserves.

Population density in Argentina is low, currently at 14 inhabitants/km2. The majority of the population live in the large provincial capitals in the center of the country, such as Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Santa Fe, reaching a popula-tion density of 14,000 people/km2 in the city of Buenos Aires. Conversely, the province of Santa Cruz has less than 1 person/km2.

Despite its low population density and huge continental area, Argentina is facing a worrying situation with regard to loss and lack of protection of natural environments, and consequent biodiversity extinction. The current rate of deforestation stands at 25,000 ha/year, resulting from the increased amount of land converted to agricultural use. The situation is also favored by the current political and economic climate, both at global and national level. Seventy percent of the current deforested area corresponds to the Chaco Seco region, in a phenomenon known in Argentina as pampeanización, or the conversion of Chaco to a pampas-type land cover. For example, the area sown with transgenic soya grew from as little as 3% in the 1970s to 40% of the total crop area in 2003, covering 14 million ha. With regard to other types of land use, the area given over to cattle ranching has decreased, but exotic tree plantations have doubled.

Given its size and orientation along the length of the continent, Argentina has a considerable range of climates and lati-tudes, resulting in a diverse geography. To the east, the Atlantic coast runs 4725 km through temperate and cold climates. To the west, the 5500 km-long chain of the Andes covers a wealth of different ecosystems, including humid and temperate forests, deserts, glaciers, grasslands and steppes. The Gran Chaco, the second largest forest system in South America after the Amazon, is located in the north and center of the country. The largest and most continuous remnant of In-terior Atlantic Forest is found in the northeastern extreme of the country in Misiones province. This ecosystem has almost disappeared from the neighboring countries of Para-guay and Brazil. In the south, the scrub steppes of Patagonia cover 450,000 km2 of practically uninhabited land, a similar situation to the Puna region and other Andean enclaves. The Pampas region is another important biome, a formerly exten-sive grassland covering 500,000 km2. However, conversion of natural grasslands to crops and other types of agriculture has been ongoing since colonization started at the begin-ning of the last century.

1 BirdLife International recognizes that a dispute exists between the governments of the Argentine Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning the sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). This dispute is also recognized by the United Nations and other international organizations, and UN terminology is used throughout this publication to refer to the islands’ name.

Protected areas cover only 6.8% of Argentina’s total area, distributed in 360 sites of state, private or mixed jurisdiction. The geographic spread of

the country, given that ecoregions such as Pampas, Campos y Malezales and Espinal have less than 1% of their area legally protected. Addition-ally, it is thought that approximately 50% of protected areas in the country lack adequate implementation or control.

The National Parks Authority (APN, in Spanish), created in 1934, co-ordinates the National System of Protected Areas. The system currently

-tional categories. Other protection categories exist at regional, provincial and local level, complementing the national network, with both private

and public sites. In some provinces, legislation exists to encourage the creation of private reserves through tax exemptions for landowners.

At international level, 13 Biosphere Reserves have been designated in -

rent San Guillermo National Park with a total area of 990,000 ha. Sixteen Ramsar sites have also been declared in different regions of Argentina, from Laguna de Pozuelos in the province of Jujuy in the north, to the Reserva Costa Atlántica in Tierra del Fuego in the south. Other sites have been proposed, such as the wetland corridor, principally on the Uruguay and Paraná rivers, in the province of Corrientes.

Argentina has signed several international conventions concerning biodiversity, including the Convention on Biological Diversity, World Heritage Convention,

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Convention on Migratory Species, Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.

The Sociedad Ornitológica del Plata (later renamed Asociación Orni-tológica del Plata and today known as Aves Argentinas) was founded on 28 July 1916. It was originally based at the Natural History Museum in Bue-

beginnings, the society became a meeting place for zoologists and scholars

was also a pioneering organization in regional conservation, underlined by its mission, “to study and protect birds in Argentina and neighboring countries”. During its early years, the association amassed an important

library through donations from members and subscriptions to the world’s

dedicated to Neotropical ornithology, was initially published in October 1917 by the Sociedad Ornitológica del Plata. Today, Aves Argentinas, the BirdLife partner, is a leading NGO in bird and habitat conservation at na-

its mission which remains current to this day.

One thousand bird species inhabit the enormous diversity of ecosys-tems in Argentina’s 18 ecoregions. Nearly all Neotropical families are represented, some in great numbers, such as birds of prey, tyrant

Nine Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) and two Secondary Areas have been -

gentina, Sierras Centrales of Argentina (EBA 058) with two restricted-range species of the genus Cinclodes. The secondary area, Salinas Grandes and Ambargasta (SA 036) is also exclusive to Argentina, iden-

Xolmissalinarum) which inhabits scrubby vegetation on salt-impregnated ground. Argentine Mesopotamian grasslands (EBA 077) provides breeding grounds to the most threatened Sporophila seedeaters (En-tre Rios Seedeater; S. zelichi, Marsh Seedeater; S. palustris, Chestnut Seedeater; S. cinnamomea). The other EBAs have more species rich-ness, with 50 restricted-range species occurring within Argentina at the following EBAs, all shared with neighboring countries: Bolivian and Argentine high Andes (EBA 056), Bolivian and Argentine Yun-gas (EBA 057), Central Chile (EBA 060), Chilean temperate forests (EBA 061), Southern Patagonia (EBA 062), Atlantic forest lowlands (EBA 075) and Atlantic forest mountains (EBA 076).

Some 25 species of seabird, including penguins, albatrosses, petrels, cormorants, gulls, terns and skuas nest along the coasts of the Ar-gentine Sea and on several oceanic islands. Several other species

also come to the region to forage from different parts of the planet. Of

the approximately 90 sea-birds recorded for Argentina,

26 are globally threatened (Rabuf-fetti et al. 2006).

Regrettably, Argentina’s wealth of avifauna and spectacular natu-ral landscapes are threatened by the constant changes in land use in all ecoregions. Threatened birds of natural grasslands, such as Saffron-

cowled Blackbird ( ), Strange-tailed Tyrant (Alectrurus ri-

sora), Black-and-white Monjita (Xolmis dominicanus) and several Sporophila seed-

eaters have had their populations drastically reduced and increasingly fragmented.

This is mainly due to increases in soya production and ex-

otic forestry plantations,

to the detriment of the last remaining natural forests, grasslands and wetlands. Coasts and wetlands have also been affected by differ-ent commercial onslaughts (large-scale rice production, exotic fish farming, diversion of waterways and urbanization). Birds, such as Hooded Grebe (Podiceps gallardoi), endemic to Argentina and only discovered in 1978, are threatened by the introduction of sal-monids in the desert lakes of the Patagonian Meseta (Imberti et al.2004). Trafficking of wild birds, persecution and hunting for sport also represent threats for another group of threatened and endemic species. For example, Entre Rios Seedeater (Sporophila zelichi) is one of the world’s rarest birds but continues to be trapped by wild-life traffickers on the Pampas. Also, the traditional winter hunt of Ashy-headed (Chloephaga poliocephala), Upland (C. picta) and Ruddy-headed Goose (C. rubidiceps) particularly threatens the last known continental population of the latter species. These birds leave Patagonia to overwinter in the recently sown wheat fields in the south of the province of Buenos Aires. Less than 1000 individu-als of Ruddy-headed Goose remain (Blanco et al. 2006). Today, this hunt has been intensified by the increase in international goose hunting tourism.

More than 40 species of shorebirds, terns, some birds of prey and songbirds come to Argentina from the northern hemisphere on their annual migration. A former migrant, Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis), is now considered extinct after more than 60 years since the last reliable record in the Pampas region. The disappearance of natural grasslands affects migratory birds, as well as agricultural in-

and 1996 when some 20,000 Swainson’s Hawks (Buteo swainsoni)were killed by improper use of an organophosphate. As well as the above migrations, a third of Argentina’s birds make seasonal move-ments, such as altitudinal migrations. One such example is the en-demic Tucuman Amazon (Amazona tucumana) which descends from the temperate montane forests of the Yungas to lowland forests on the plains during the winter. Many species, such as Chocolate-vented Tyrant ( ) and Tawny-throated Dotterel (Oreo-

), also leave Patagonia during the winter to more temperate, lower latitudes.

At the beginning of the 1980s, Claes Olrog and José María Gallardo -

tina (Resolution 144/83, Ministry of Agriculture and Stockbreeding). Subsequently, in the 1990s, three more red lists were produced: a new list of threatened vertebrates (Bertonatti & González 1993); a book containing detailed information on the threatened vertebrates of Argentina (Chebez 1994); and a list of threatened birds and mam-mals with threat categories established by a group of experts (García Fernández et al. 1997).

Last year, Aves Argentinas and the Ministry for the Environment and Sustainable Development jointly launched a list of threatened bird species (López Lanús et al. 2008) which is currently being em-ployed as a technical and government tool for bird conservation.

-nized by BirdLife International in Quito in 1997. However, it was not

from Vogelbescherming Nederlands (BirdLife in the Netherlands). -

tory of IBAs in the Pampas and Campos y Malezales ecoregions, as part of a larger project by Aves Argentinas to conserve threatened grassland birds. The objective of the latter study was to identify im-portant sites for the last known populations of Saffron-cowled Black-bird ( ), Strange-tailed Tyrant (Alectrurus risora)and Entre Rios Seedeater (Sporophila zelichi) as well as a further 15

-

ventory was completed and conservation actions and further research was immediately begun in some of the highest priority sites. As a

-tion value for globally threatened species: Cuenca del Río Aguapey (AR143) in the province of Corrientes and three in the Gualeguaychú region in the province of Entre Ríos (AR177, AR178 and AR176). All four sites were included in the Global Gap Analysis to identify unprotected areas with high numbers of threatened species, warrant-ing urgent action at global level (Rodrigues et al. 2004).

In 2002, information began to be compiled on IBAs and threatened spe-cies for the rest of the country, with almost 500 potential sites analyzed.

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2 BirdLife International recognizes that a dispute exists between the governments of the Argentine Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland concerning the sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). This dispute is also recognized by the United Nations and other international organizations.63

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68

In 2003, more than 200 experts from all over the country were asked

the global IBA criteria and compile information for each. Participants included professional ornithologists, amateur birders, scientists, park wardens, government agency staff and others interested in the program. Marine IBAs were excluded from this analysis. In 2004, work began on the IBA inventory in which more than 100 authors eventually took part. In September 2005, the resulting book was launched at the 11th Argen-tinean Ornithological Meeting, thus expressing the ornithological com-munity’s commitment to bird conservation in Argentina. The IBA inven-tory was updated in 2007, with support from SEO/BirdLife, and a basic

map was created from satellite images. The inventory is available online, as a printed book and a multimedia DVD (see Further information).

Argentina now has a total of 266 IBAs (Table 1, Figure 1), however, 52% are not protected. Of the 117 threatened and Near Threatened birds present in Argentina, populations of 87 are covered by the IBA network. A further seven species are dealt with in a separate chapter on Falkland Islands (Malvinas). The remaining 23 species are not continental species or are considered extinct in Argentina. IBAs covera total area of 31,818,741 ha, representing 10.4% of the country’s land area.

69

Data sourcesNational IBA Directory: - CD-ROM (Di Giacomo et al. 2007)- Updated online version: http://www.avesargentinas.org.ar/cs/conservacion/aicasNational Parks Authority: http://www.parquesnacionales.gov.ar/

Contact informationAdrián Di Giacomo ([email protected])

Gustavo Marino ([email protected])Director of Conservation

Aves Argentinas-Asociación Ornitológica del Plata / BirdLife International in ArgentinaMatheu 1246/8 (C1249AAB)Buenos Aires, ArgentinaTel. +54 11 49437216/9www.avesargentinas.org.ar

interested local birding groups and clubs for making it possible to implement the program throughout Argentina.

The next stage in the IBA program in Argentina is to obtain formal rec-ognition of the IBA concept (and consequently the site network) on the part of government authorities and landowners. The latter is particularly important, given that 90% of land in Argentina is privately owned.

Further challenges to steer the program’s future direction include strengthening existing protected sites; encouraging the creation of new protected areas at unprotected sites; and motivating landowners to pro-duce and conserve simultaneously, especially in the most fragile and valuable regions.

Additionally, Aves Argentinas is encouraging the use of information

and digital delimitation, by government agencies, NGOs and the pri-vate sector as a tool for environmental management and biodiversity protection strategies. In order to further this purpose, a massive pub-licity campaign has been implemented through the distribution of the printed IBA Directory, DVDs and the IBA web site. A permanent pre-sentation of the program has also been implemented in educational, academic and government spheres, as well as with businesses and landowners interested in conservation. Thus, the IBA program is pro-viding quality information to the nation, provinces and municipalities, to strengthen protected area systems, organize ecotourism circuits and support spatial planning in some regions.

Governments, private and state companies can also use IBAs to guide de-

deciding where to place roads, railways, ports, electricity cables and wind farms as well as in granting deforestation licenses and establishing hunt-ing seasons, etc. Projects taking into account the location of IBAs within environmental impact assessments, both in preliminary studies and during

implementation without causing negative impacts, will have an additional conservation value and will garner greater respect from society.

Marine IBAs represent another proximate challenge for the IBA pro-gram. Aves Argentinas has recently initiated a process to identify areas at sea, with the participation of different interested actors, including NGOs, academia and governments.

Biodiversity conservation depends to a great extent on people’s capacity to implement successful initiatives at local level, not only through the creation of protected areas but also through sustainable productive activities. Eco-tourism, as opposed to mass tourism, provides a feasible strategy to gener-ate income, promoting conservation of natural and cultural resources.

Aves Argentinas is encouraging ecotourism in IBAs through a joint project with the Ministry of Tourism, in implementing activities and pro-

bird conservation. Projects related to ecotourism in IBAs are being imple-mented in two regions: in three IBAs in the east of Formosa, through an IUCN Netherlands funded development project with local communities, and an ecotourism circuit in the south of Entre Ríos province connecting six IBAs. The project aims to strengthen these areas through visits, cre-ate awareness of their value and implement monitoring and management activities.

BERTONATTI, C. & GONZÁLEZ, F. (1993) Lista de Vertebrados en Peligro de Extinción. Argentina: Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina. (Boletín Técnico Nº 8).

BLANCO, D. E., MATUS, R., BLANK, O., DE LA BALZE, V.M. & ZALBA, S.M. (2006) The Ruddy-headed Goose (Chloephaga rubidicepsperspective. Pp 195-196 in: G.C. Boere, C.A. Galbraith & D.A. Stroud (eds.)Waterbirds around the world e

CHEBEZ, J. C. (1994) Los Que Se Van: Especies Argentinas En Peligro. BuenosAires, Argentina: Editorial Albatros.

COCONIER, E. G., ED (2007) Las aves silvestres de Acambuco, Provincia de Salta, Argentina. Relevamientos de un AICA prioritaria de la Selva Pedemontana.Buenos Aires, Argentina: Aves Argentinas/Asociación Ornitológica del Plata (Temas de Naturaleza y Conservación 6).

DI GIACOMO, A. G. & S. F. KRAPOVICKAS, EDS (2005) Historia natural y paisaje de la Reserva El Bagual, provincia de Formosa, Argentina. Inventario de la

.Buenos Aires, Argentina: Aves Argentinas/Asociación Ornitológica del Plata (Temas de Naturaleza y Conservación 4).

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