Ahmed El Antary - PMP Part 2 - 5th Ed - General

Project Management ProfessionalPMP Exam Preparation CoursePrepared By: Eng. Ahmed El Antary, PPM, MSPM

Engineering & Management Technologies [email protected]– www.enmatecs.com

Project Life Cycle and OrganizationChapter 2

PMBOK 5 th Ed

Ahmed El Antary: [email protected]

The Course Leader

� Ahmed El Antary, PPM, MSPM� Engineering and Management Consultant� Certified Professional Project Manager (PPM), WCU, USA � PhD Learner with concentration on Project Managemen t - PhD-BA

program. NorthCenteral University, AZ, USA � Master of Science in Project Management, Colorado T echnical University,

Colorado Springs, CO, USAB. Sc. Civil Engineering, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt� B. Sc. Civil Engineering, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

� Project Management Certificate & PMP Preparation Co urse, WCU, USA � Business Management Certificate GL, CTU, CO, USA� Change Management Certificate GL, CTU, CO, USA� Project Management Certificate GL, CTU, CO, USA� Team Member of the Construction Extension Project f or the PMBOK 3rd

Ed. By (PMI) and (ANSI)� Certified Green Buildings Expert (GBE)� Certified LEED Expert (CLE)� Certified Sustainable Development Expert (SDE)� Certified Building Information Modeling Expert (BIM E)

Organizational Influences on Project Management

� An organization’s culture, style, and structure influence how its projects are performed.

� The organization’s level of project management maturity and its project management systems can also influence the project. the project.

� When a project involves external entities such as those that are part of a joint venture or partnering agreement, the project will be influenced by more than one organization.

� The following sections describe organizational characteristics, factors, and assets within an enterprise that are likely to influence the project.

Organizational Cultures and Styles

� Organizational culture is shaped by the common experiences of members of the organization. Common experiences include, but are not limited to:

� • Shared visions, mission, values, beliefs, and expectations;� • Regulations, policies, methods, and procedures;� • Regulations, policies, methods, and procedures;� • Motivation and reward systems;� • Risk tolerance;� • View of leadership, hierarchy, and authority relationships;� • Code of conduct, work ethic, and work hours; and� • Operating environments.

Influence of Organizational Structures on Projects

Organizational structures & Project Manager

� Many organizational structures include strategic, middle management, and operational levels. The project manager may interact with all three levels depending on factors such as:

� Strategic importance of the project,� Capacity of stakeholders to exert influence on the

project,� Degree of project management maturity,� Project management systems, and� Organizational communications.

Organizational structures & Project Characteristics

� This interaction determines project characteristics such as:

� Project manager’s level of authority,� Resource availability and management,� Resource availability and management,� Entity controlling the project budget,� Project manager’s role, and� Project team composition.

Organizational Process Assets

� Organizational process assets include any or all process related assets, from any or all of the organizations involved in the project that can be used to influence the project’s success.

� These process assets may include formal and informal � These process assets may include formal and informal plans, polices, procedures, guidelines, lessons learned, historical information, completed schedules, risk data, and earned value data.

� Organizational process assets may be grouped into two categories:

� 1. Processes and Procedures� 2. Corporate Knowledge Base

Processes and Procedures

� The organization’s processes and procedures for conducting project work include, but are not limited to:

� Initiating and Planning:� Guidelines and criteria

Specific organizational standards such as policies (human � Specific organizational standards such as policies (human resources policies and project management policies), product and project life cycles, and quality policies and procedures (process audits, checklists, and standardized process definitions for use in the organization)

� Templates (risk register, work breakdown structure, project schedule network diagram, and contract templates).

Processes and Procedures

� Executing, Monitoring and Controlling:� Change control procedures� Financial controls procedures� Issue and defect management procedures� Issue and defect management procedures� Organizational communication requirements� Procedures for prioritizing, approving, and issuing

work authorizations;� Risk control procedures,� Standardized guidelines, work instructions,

proposal evaluation criteria, and performance measurement criteria.

Processes and Procedures

� Closing:� Project closure guidelines or requirements

(lessons learned, final project audits, project evaluations, product validations, and evaluations, product validations, and acceptance criteria).

Corporate Knowledge Base

� The organizational knowledge base for storing and retrieving information includes, but is not limited to:

� Configuration management knowledge bases containing the versions and baselines of all performing organization standards, policies, procedures, and any project standards, policies, procedures, and any project documents;

� Financial databases � Historical information and lessons learned knowledge

bases� Issue and defect management databases� Process measurement databases � Project files from previous projects

Enterprise Environmental Factors

� EEFs refer to conditions, not under the control of the project team, that influence, constrain, or direct the project. EEFs are considered inputs to most planning processes, may enhance or constrain project management options, and may have a positive or negative influence on the outcome. EEFs include, but are not limited to:

� Organizational culture, structure, and governance;� Geographic distribution of facilities and resources;� Government or industry standards� Government or industry standards� Infrastructure� Existing human resources� Personnel administration� Company work authorization systems;� Marketplace conditions;� Stakeholder risk tolerances;� Political climate;� Organization’s established communications channels;� Commercial databases � Project management information system

Project Stakeholders and Governance

� A stakeholder is an individual, group, or organization who may affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision, activity, or outcome.

� Stakeholders may be actively involved in the project or have interests that may be positively or negatively affected by the performance or completion of the project.

� Different stakeholders may have competing expectations that might create conflicts within the project. Stakeholders may also exert influence over the conflicts within the project. Stakeholders may also exert influence over the project, its deliverables, and the project team in order to achieve a set of outcomes that satisfy strategic business objectives or other needs.

� Project governance—the alignment of the project with stakeholders’ need s or objectives —is critical to the successful management of stakeholder engagement and the achievement of organizational objectives.

� Project governance enables organizations to consistently manage projects and maximize the value of project outcomes and align the projects with business strategy. It provides a framework in which the project manager and sponsors can make decisions that satisfy both stakeholder needs and expectations and organizational strategic objectives or address circumstances where these may not be in alignment.

Project Stakeholders

� Stakeholders include all members of the project tea m as well as all interested entities that are internal or external to the organ ization.

� The project team identifies internal and external, positive and negative, and performing and advising stakeholders in order to determine the project requirements and the expectations of all parties involved.

� The project manager should manage the influences of these various stakeholders in relation to the project requirements to ensure a successful outcome.

� Sponsor: A sponsor is the person or group who provides resources and support for the project and is accountable for enabling success. The sponsor may be external or internal to the project manager’s organization. From initial conception through project closure, the sponsor promotes the project. This includes serving as spokesperson to higher levels of management to gather support throughout the organization and promoting the benefits the project brings. The sponsor leads the project through the initiating processes until formally authorized, and plays a significant role in the development of the initial scope and charter. For issues that are beyond the control of the project manager, the sponsor serves as an escalation path. The sponsor may also be involved in other important issues such as authorizing changes in scope, phase-end reviews, and go/no-go decisions when risks are particularly high. The sponsor also ensures a smooth transfer of the project’s deliverables into the business of the requesting organization after project closure.

Project Stakeholders “Cont.”

� Customers and users: Customers are the persons or organizations who will approve and manage the project’s product, service, or result. Users are the persons or organizations who will use the project’s product, service, or result. Customers and users may be internal or external to the performing organization and may also exist in multiple layers. For example, the customers for a new pharmaceutical product could include the doctors who prescribe it, the patients who use it and the insurers who pay for it. In some prescribe it, the patients who use it and the insurers who pay for it. In some application areas, customers and users are synonymous, while in others, customers refer to the entity acquiring the project’s product, and users refer to those who will directly utilize the project’s product.

� Sellers: Sellers, also called vendors, suppliers, or contractors, are external companies that enter into a contractual agreement to provide components or services necessary for the project.

� Business partners. Business partners are external organizations that have a special relationship with the enterprise, sometimes attained through a certification process. Business partners provide specialized expertise or fill a specified role such as installation, customization, training, or support.

Project Stakeholders “Cont.”

� Organizational groups: Organizational groups are internal stakeholders who are affected by the activities of the project team. Examples of various business elements of an organization that may be affected by the project include marketing and sales, human resources, legal, finance, operations, manufacturing, and customer service. These groups support the business environment where projects are executed, and are therefore affected by the activities of the project. These groups may provide input to requirements and activities of the project. These groups may provide input to requirements and accept deliverables necessary for a smooth transition to production or related operations.

� Functional managers: Functional managers are key individuals who play a management role within an administrative or functional area of the business, such as human resources, finance, accounting, or procurement. They are assigned their own permanent staff to carry out the ongoing work, and they have a clear directive to manage all tasks within their functional area of responsibility. The functional manager may provide subject matter expertise or their function may provide services to the project.

� Other stakeholders: Such as procurement entities, financial institutions, government regulators, subject matter experts, consultants, and others.

The Relationship Between Stakeholders and the Project

Project Governance

� Project governance is an oversight function that is aligned with the organization’s governance model and that encompasse s the project life cycle.

� Examples of the elements of a project governance fr amework include:� • Project success and deliverable acceptance criteria;� • Process to identify, escalate, and resolve issues that arise during the project;� • Relationship among the project team, organizational groups, and external

stakeholders;stakeholders;� • Project organization chart that identifies project roles;� • Processes and procedures for the communication of information;� • Project decision-making processes;� • Guidelines for aligning project governance and organizational strategy;� • Project life cycle approach;� • Process for stage gate or phase reviews;� • Process for review and approval for changes to budget, scope, quality, and schedule

which are beyond the authority of the project manager; and� • Process to align internal stakeholders with project process requirements.

Project Success

� The success of the project should be measured in terms of completing the project within the constraints of scope, time, cost, quality, resources, and risk as approved between the project managers and senior management.

� A test period can be part of the total project time before � A test period can be part of the total project time before handing it over to the permanent operations.

� Project success should be referred to the last baselines approved by the authorized stakeholders.

� The project manager is responsible and accountable for setting realistic and achievable boundaries for the project and to accomplish the project within the approved baselines.

Project Team

� The project team includes the project manager and the group of individuals who act together in performing the work of the project to achieve its objectives.

� Project teams include roles such as:� • Project management staff. The members of the team who perform project

management activities such as scheduling, budgeting, reporting and control, communications, risk management and administrative support. This role may communications, risk management and administrative support. This role may be performed or supported by a project management office (PMO).

� • Project staff. The members of the team who carry out the work of creating the project deliverables.

� • Supporting experts. Supporting experts perform activities required to develop or execute the project management plan. These can include such roles as contracting, financial management, logistics, legal, safety, engineering, test, or quality control.

� • User or Customer Representatives. Members of the organization who will accept the deliverables or products of the project may be assigned to act as representatives or liaisons to ensure proper coordination, advise on requirements, or validate the acceptability of the project’s results.

Project Team “Cont.”

� • Sellers:Sellers, also called vendors, suppliers, or contractors, are external

companies that enter into a contractual agreement to provide components or services necessary for the project. The project team is often assigned the responsibility to oversee the performance and acceptance of sellers’ deliverables or services. acceptance of sellers’ deliverables or services.

� • Business partner members. Members of business partners’ organizations may be assigned as

members of the project team to ensure proper coordination.� • Business partners.Business partners are also external companies, but they have a special

relationship with the enterprise, sometimes attained through a certification process. Business partners provide specialized expertise or fill a specified role such as installation, customization, training, or support.

Characteristics of the Project Life Cycle

�All the projects can be mapped to the following life cycle structure:

� Starting the project� Organizing and preparing� Organizing and preparing� Carrying out the project work� Closing the project

Characteristics of the generic life cycle

� Cost and staffing levels are low at the start, peak as the work is carried out, and drop rapidly as the project draws to close

� Stakeholder influences, risk, and uncertainty are greatest at the start of the project. These factors greatest at the start of the project. These factors decrease over the life of the project

� Ability to influence the final characteristics of the project’s product, without significantly impacting cost, is highest at the start of the project and decrease as the project processes towards completion. Cost of change and correcting errors increases as the project approaches completion

Typical Cost & Staffing Levels Across the Project Life Cycle

Project Phases

� A project phase is a collection of logically related project activities that culminates in the completion of one or more deliverables.

� A phase may emphasize processes from a particular Project Management Process Group, but it is likely that Project Management Process Group, but it is likely that most or all processes will be executed in some form in each phase.

� Project phases typically are completed sequentially, but can overlap in some project situations.

� The high level nature of project phases makes them an element of the project life cycle

� A project phase is not a Project Management Process Group

Project Phases “cont.”

� All project phase have the following similar characteristics:

� The close of a phase ends with some form of transfer or handoff of the work product produced as the phase deliverable. This phase end represents a natural point to deliverable. This phase end represents a natural point to reassess the effort underway and to change or terminate the project if necessary. These points are referred to as phase exit, milestones, phase gates, decision gates, stage gates, or kill point.

� The work has a distinct focus that differs from any other phase

� The primary deliverable or objective of the phase requires an extra degree of control to achieve success

Phase-to-Phase Relationships

� There are two basic types of phase-to-phase relatio nships:

� A sequential relationship: A phase can only start once the previous phase is complete. The step-by-step nature of this approach reduces uncertainty, but may eliminate options for uncertainty, but may eliminate options for reducing the schedule.

� An overlapping relationship: The phase starts prior to completion the previous one. This can be applied as an example of the schedule compression technique called fast tracking. Overlapping phases may increase risk and can result in rework.

Types of Life Cycles

� Predictive Life Cycles: � Predictive life cycles (also known as fully plan-driven) are ones in

which the project scope, and the time and cost required to deliver that scope, are determined as early in the project life cycle as practically possible.

� Predictive life cycles are generally preferred when the product � Predictive life cycles are generally preferred when the product to be delivered is well understood, there is a subs tantial base of industry practice, or where a product is required t o be delivered in full to have value to stakeholder groups.

� Even projects with predictive life cycles may use the concept of rolling wave planning, where a more general, high-level plan is available and more detailed planning is executed for appropriate time windows, as new work activities are approaching and resources are to be assigned.

Types of Life Cycles “Cont.”

� Iterative and Incremental Life Cycles:� Iterative and incremental life cycles are ones that project phases (also called iterations)

intentionally repeat one or more project activities as the project team’s understanding of the product increases. Iterations develop the product through a series of repeated cycles, while increments successively add to the functionality of the product. These life cycles develop the product both iteratively and incrementally.

� Iterative and incremental projects may proceed in phases, and the iterations � Iterative and incremental projects may proceed in phases, and the iterations themselves will be performed in a sequential or overlapping fashion. During an iteration, activities from all Project Management Process Groups will be performed.

� In most iterative life cycles, a high-level vision will be developed for the overall undertaking, but the detailed scope is elaborated one iteration at a time. Often the planning for the next iteration is carried out as work progresses on the current iteration’s scope and deliverables.

� Iterative and incremental life cycles are generally preferred when an organization needs to manage changing objectives and scope, to r educe the complexity of a project, or when the partial delivery of a product is beneficial and provides value for one or more stakeholder groups without impact t o the final deliverable or set of deliverables. Large and complex projects are fre quently executed in an iterative fashion to reduce risk by allowing the te am to incorporate feedback and lessons learned between iterations.

Types of Life Cycles “Cont.”

� Adaptive Life Cycles:� Adaptive life cycles (also known as change-driven or agile methods) are

intended to respond to high levels of change and ongoing stakeholder involvement. Adaptive methods are also iterative and incremental, but differ in that iterations are very rapid (usually with a duration of 2 to 4 weeks) and are fixed in time and cost. Adaptive projects generally perform several processes in each iteration, although early iterations may concentrate more processes in each iteration, although early iterations may concentrate more on planning activities.

� The overall scope of the project will be decomposed into a set of requirements and work to be performed, sometimes referred to as a product backlog. At the beginning of an iteration, the team will work to determine how many of the highest priority items on the backlog list can be delivered within the next iteration. At the end of each iteration, the product should be ready for review by the customer.

� Adaptive methods are generally preferred when deali ng with a rapidly changing environment, when requirements and scope a re difficult to define in advance, and when it is possible to defin e small incremental improvements that will deliver value to stakeholder s.

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Resources

� Project Management Institute. (2013). A guide to the project management body of knowledge (5th ed.). Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.