AHIS125 midterm study guide

8/13/2019 AHIS125 midterm study guide

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WEEK 1

Prehistoric

Mohenjodaro

Stamp seal

Painted potteryJade

Jade: nephrites (amphibole with a microstructure of randomly-oriented bundles of felted and twisted fiber)

- fibers tightly packed , no clear structure

not jadite, nephrite paler

Jade-making techniques and socials implications

abrading, grinding, magnification

abundance in natural resources, human labor

"expensive" materials in tombs

As Kings: defense, food production priority, if surplus in natural resources -> do anything else

(Inda --> burn dead body, preserve body- with social stratification objects)natural being and human (both features), political leader, or god?

iconography

Jade disk, plaque, thin and small

jade axe with wood handle

tube: circle and square

Week 2

Yinlast of the shang capitals c.1300-1050, cradle of early china

Material Manifestations

capital yin was a major cult centerpalace/ancestral temples and tombs

Ancestral worship

Fu HaoTomb of FuHao

Located in Anyang, henen, 1200BCE

concort of King Wu Ding

once sent with 3000 men to battle

Piece-mold bronze castingpiece-mold casting, time consuming, accident, not efficient, new mold every time

typology and decor

vessel for food and drinks

Shang: partying for the living and the dead

raised pattern juxtapose against blood

Ding: food vessels, round and square

Jue: drink elevated, Zun: combination of animal motifs


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decorative motifs: animal like Zoomophoric, real anime, humanBronze Vessels

pitcher with lid

square caudron

~70% copper, rest tin, 5%lead, some zinc

build a kiln to melt and mix metal (build on pattery technology)

requires good road and people coordinate

lots of people involved, cars sturdy

sophisticated

TaotieTaotie: ubiquitous, meaning? combination of animal features

SanxingduiSanXingDui

located in Guanghan County, near Chengdu4 major sacrifice pit

Shang marks the beginning of (dynastic?) China

Yangshao, Shannxi, dominted middle of China

Yellow River and Yangtz River

Liangzhu, Zhejiang (Shanghai), ready access to ocean, agreeable weather, network of trade

- rich soil, delta, abundance of crops

- Site of Yaoshan, Jade,

- 3000bCE, sophisticated culture of making jade

- Cemetary; 3 layers of soil, pound dirt vigoriously to make "stone"- foundation to structure

many layers--> prepared carefully

12 holes distributed unevenly: upper row, jade axes, tubes, burried men

lower row, neckness and spinning wheel, buried women

reflect hiarchy, preserved in afterlife, projection of this life will carry over

recurring theme; trace to neolithic time

Bro nze age - the Three DynastyXia, Shang, Zhou

Xia, no script

1200BCE, contempory written record, writing system

Late shang at Anyang

Xia does not concrete historical evidence.... not globally accepted

The Shang State3 main capitals

Shang defeated Xia, Xia became vessels

Patrilineal hierarchy, delegate - give brothers land and they build feudal system

Oracle Bone inscriptions

material; ox scapula (shoulder blade), turtle plastron/Shell


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use it with medicinal purposes

5000 characters 3000 deciphered

made for specific purpose, communicate with some being, pass message

giving birth to a child...

concerns: good harvest? weather? what kind of ritual appropriate for ancester?

Shang Royal cult

King chief diviner in the state

Cosmological hierachy

Di/ Shang Di, high gold or dynastic progenitor

nature spirit and remote ancestors

recent ancestors

king

human subject

shang notions of life, afterlife and cosmo

Mandate of Heaven

Zhou ritual reform

Warring States

Marquis Yi of ZengMarquis Double coffins

- Symbolic compartmented

Site plan, Marquis can travel freely in tomb

Real people sacrifice

LacquerLac, Sap of trees native to south China (warmer, humid weather)

Production techniques and social implication

- Boil first to separate varnish

- Apply purified lac (mixed with pigment) to surfaces

- Laborious process

- Elaborate handle

Lacquer ware and bronzes share same characteristic

Juxtaposition between black and red

First Emperor of Qin

Unification of China under Qin

- previously Warring States period (450-221BCE)

- 7 states fighting each other

- Chinese stance on Taiwan sovereignty influenced


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Ying Zheng (259-210 BCE)

- Early years under the regency of Lu buwei (Chronicle of Spring and Autumn) forced to commit

suicide

- Legalist policy

o Human nature is capricious, you can never count on ppl virtue

o There needs to be set of law, and violation will be punished

o Han feizi, Li Si

o To be a good leader, need to hide your face, must be dictator, not democracy

o Han died in political struggle

- Qin first took over Han

- Assassination attempt by Jing ke

o Need bait to ask for a audience, defected general head

o Dagger in map end up getting stuck in column

o YingZheng sped of conquest as a result

- Gave himself a new titleShiHuangDioriginal sovereign emperor

- Ego

Centralized government

- Standardized weight, language

Great Wall of China

- Construction began in warring state period, Qin adopted

- Wall made of straw and mud, not very tall

- Restrict mobility, control own people

- Cultural policies: dont want opinion to secure power, eliminate, kill intellectuals

- Burn books of different views

Lishan mausoleum- Began 237 and left unfinished in 210, under the supervision of Li si. Prime minister

Conceptualization

- Tomb first discovered in 1974 (pit no.1); tomb proper remains unexcavated.

- Continuities and innovations

Li Si

Mingqi- Definition; replica, surrogate or substitute, often made in some inexpensive medium

- Clay soldiers instead of real people- Only for funeral purposes, not real life

- Wooden figurines from chu,th cent. BCE

ChangAn/ Xian

- Had been capital for many dynasties

- Like to separate place for living and place for the dead

Tomb is not completely excavated


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- Only salvage work, when need to build road

- Cannot afford the conservation

- Leave for time being

- Mechanical mercury river

Man-made pyramidsoil is pounded earth

- Kneeling figure

- Ceremonial hall, people living around to take care of tomb (possibly build a town around) - Like real chariots but half size

- As soon as the tomb proper is finished, workers are killed off

- Terracotta soldiers are quite far from the round of chariot

4thpitonly half done

Fairly accurate representation of real army

1. Food soldiers

2. Calvary

3. Headquarter

7000 soldiers, not all are excavatedTrenches

Soldiers slightly larger than life,

Includes actual weapon

Chariot wood burned in fire

Archer

- Outfitted with sward

- Many weapons were looted and sabotaged

Pit No.2

- 1300 soldiers and cavalry unions

Pit No.3

- Command HQhigher rank

Emperors Magic army

- Clay is preferred medium, cheaper, available, durable

- Legacy beyond this life

- Army had to be durable

- Had to be finished within a reasonable time frame

- Look real

- Made with expertise of drainage pipe makers

- Use of clay

- Not individualized portraits

- Prefabricated parts: plinth, feet, legs below garment, torso, arms, hands, head- Modular system; efficient process, create appearance of variety

- No portrait of emperor

Module

Standardization of society

Module: a set of parts that can be connected or combined to build or complete something


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Week 4

Emperor Wu of Western Han

Mawangdui

Liu ShengCult of Immortality

Confucianism

Koguryo- Koguryo: most of northern Korea, part of china

o Close ties with China

o Silla unified whole of peninsula

o Teamed up with China

- River

- Mountain along the north, protection

- Silla isolated, but also limit expansion

Chronology of Koguryo

- 37 BCE founding of states legendary?

- 313 BC defeat of chinas lelang colony

- 391-531 dominance and territorial expansion

o 427 removal of capital from Chip-an to Pyongyang

o (to expand southward to conquer rest of peninsula

- 610, 612 CE invasion of Sui china

o Disastrous for both sidessui collapsed after exhausted resources

- 668 defeated by Silla and Tang China

- Learned Chinese way of governing

Chronology of Silla

- 57 BCE founding of saro around Kyongju

o Nomadic beginning

o Progenitor was born from an egg.

- 350CE rise of the kim clan (goldsmiths

- 417-458 introduction of Buddhism

- 562-668 period of conquest

Mounded tombs- 4

thcentury BCE

- Originated from china Adapted

- Above ground and below ground

- Lishan Mausoleum

- Mounded tombs in Kyongju

- Furnished tomb proper

- Wall decorated with paintings

- Koguryo model: horizontal, multi-chambered, accessible

o Family burial, doors not completely sealed


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people will see decoration, for dead and living

o Some worship of the dead in the tomb

- Silla model: wood sub-terrain structure, topped with boulders,

o stone-surround wooden chamber, inaccessiblewood rot and collapse

Nations of japan, korea did not exist yet

Commonality: built mounded tomb

- Have been claimed as multiple national heritage

Anak- Anak Tomb no.3, dated 357 CE, s. of Pyongyang

o Entrances faces south, 2 side chambers 5 chamber

o Mural painting

o Looted only paintings remain

o Plan; compare to Shandong, China proximity

- Built entirely of stone

o Body in north chambero Main meeting space in the middle,

o N. procession scene:

- Man carriage, musicians, military guard

- Procession of the dead. Tour the destination?

o W. portraits of the deceased, new fashion

- think accessibility, intended for offspring

o E. scene from domestic life, storage space?

Kitchen scene

Meet rack, large pot, storage space

Preparing food: how people ate back then the

The dead expect to be fed.. well

o Columns decorated with geometric patterns

o Ceiling has a lotus flower, symbol in Buddhism

- 4-6 center, religion practiced by the ruling elite

o Tongsu, ex-general from the state of yan, china who served under King Kogukwon 331-371

o Defected

o Reflect: on his status after or before defect

o Frontal portrait, nice black hat, official?, mustache: adult man

Fancy gown, holding a fan, seated inside tent, on raised background

Not dressed as a general, multiple layero Surrounded by male and female servants

o Hierarchical scale: more important the bigger

o Wife of tongsu, depicted on side wall

view, suggest hierarchy to men

Elaborate dress, embroidery? For women

Men have conservative


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Sign of being well-fed

- Portrait of deceased, tomb at Anping, Hebei. Only one time to represent yourself

- Corridor (...missed)

- Royal tombs outside Kyongju, Kyongsang (capital of Silla)

o Not allowed for re-entry

o Burial goods: gold works (kim clan)

Gold crown and belt queens, hwangnam tomb, 550 - CE

Gold crown tomb 5thcent.

Noth and central Asian prototypes

North Afghanistan 100BCE-100ce

Inner Mongolia

Dagger and sheath, Kyerim-no tomb no 14, 5th

cent.

From the Mediterranean

Appearance of tree, tree of life

Belief in shamanisms ,

o Ewer in the shape of a

YamatoKofun japan

- old tomb culture

- Rise of the yamato

- Between jamon period

- Osaka Kansai, nara

- People migrate to kyoshu

Haniwa- Haniwa circle of clay

o Clay cylinders and sculptures placed around a tomb mound, not burial goods

o Outer structure

o Distribution across japan Barrel with hole west

o Building model

o Horses, warriors- Tokyo the east

- Imperial tomb at Suyama ,Nara 4-5 cent CE

- Barrels? Re-arranged

- Enforce periphery

Tomb of king Nintoku

- Located near Osaka, japan, th cent. CE

- keyhole layout

- Difficult to get material, ban from imperial household,

o Non indigenous people inside?! Korean feature? OwO

PrehistoricA term that describes something from early cultures of which there are either no written

records or have writing records that have yet to be deciphered. An example of a prehistoric artwork would

be the dancing girl of Mohenjodaro.

MohenjodaroA major Indus Valley civilization located in present day Pakistan that existed from 2600-


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1900 BCE. The city was highly organized in urban planning and is well known for its Great Bath.

Historical objects of art from this area include bronze sculptures, stone sculptures, and stamp seals. An

example of art from this area would be the dancing girl of Mohenjodaro.

Stamp SealA distinctive artwork from the Indus Valley culture. It is carved from steatite, coated, and

fired. It is generally inscribed with animal imagery and legends in the Indus Valley script. An example of a

stamp seal would be the Shiva Seal from Mohenjo-daro.

Painted PotteryA type of artwork characteristic of the Yangshao culture. The medium of these artworks

was fired clay which was then painted. This painted pottery was used for many things including funerary

urns. Common decorative motifs included cowrie shells and geometric designs. An example of painted

pottery would be the Painted Basin from the Yangshao culture.

JadeA hard, mineral gemstone that is either nephrite or jadeite. Jade was highly prized by the Chinese

and was commonly carved and grinded into luxury items. Jade items illustrated abundance in a societys

resources and labor. Jade also acted as a status symbol and was often buried in the tombs of noblemen.

An example of a jade artwork would be the Jade cong tube from the Liangzhu culture.

YinThe location of the Shang Dynastys last capital and present -day Anyang. Yin was the center of

Shang ritual culture and possessed the grandest tombs including the tomb of Fu Hao, the twelfth ruler Wu

Dings consort. An example of art from this area would be the Kneeling Jade Figurine from Fu HaosTomb.

Ancestral WorshipA practice characteristic of Chinese cultures in which humans, animals, or food were

sacrificed to appease the deceased. The belief behind this practice was that the dead existed as spiritual

deities who still influenced the world of the living. An example of art involved in ancestral worship would

be the Jia Vessel from the Shang Dynasty.

Fu HaoA consort of Wu Ding, the twelfth ruler of Shang, who was also a military general and high

priestess. Fu Haos tomb at Yin remains the only undisturbed royal Shang tomb and contains a treasure

trove of Shang jades and bronzes. An example of art from Fu Haos tomb would be the Kneeling Jade

Figurine.

Piece-mold bronze castingA technique popularized in the Shang and used by the Chinese to create

their bronzes. It required making an exact clay model of the bronze vessel-to-be which would create the

outer mold and then a shaved down version of the clay model to become the core of the mold. An

example of art created by this method would be the Bronze Jue Vessel from Fu Haos tomb.

TaotieA motif that commonly appears on Chinese ritual bronze vessels from the Shang and Zhou

dynasties. The motif consists of a humanoid face with eyebrows, bulging eyes, and bared teeth. Tao-tie

literally translates to gluttonous ogre mask but this term is a misnomer because the mask may represent

something else. An example of an artwork with this motif would be the Jia Vessel from the Shang

Dynasty.

SanxingduiAn area in Sichuan famous for revealing a new category of Shang bronze art life-sized

standing figures of totemic or shamanistic type. Sanxingdui might have been the capital of an ancient

kingdom known as Shu. Unlike at Anyang, Sanxingdui does not have any noticeable traces of human

sacrifices nor oracle bones. An example of an artwork from Sanxingdui would be the Bronze Standing

Figure, Pit No.2.

Mandate of HeavenThe idea that the right to rule was determined by divine favor and that the purpose

of the ruling class was to carry out the will of heaven. This concept originated to support the rule of the

Zhou rulers and their overthrow of the Shang. There is no visual example for the Mandate of Heaven.

Zhou Ritual ReformAn attempt by the Zhou Dynasty to shift away from animistic elements and

standardize ritual paraphernalia to streamline ritual practices. This had the effect of making rituals more

formal and increased the purity of the ceremony. Additionally, wine ritual vessels were eliminated


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indicating new rituals centered upon presentation of food. An example of art that followed this reform

would be the Gui Ceremonial Food Vessel of the Middle Zhou Period.

Warring StatesA period that lasted from 481-221BCE where the seven Zhou states engaged in

internecine warfare and that culminated in the Qin Unification of China. An example of art from this period

would be the Jade Bi Disk from the late Zhou Dynasty.

Marquis Yi of Zeng - A noble of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, who is famous for his intact tomb located in

Sui Xian, China. One of the notable funerary items in his tomb is his double coffin, which contains

symbolic compartments on the surface. The site plan allows the spirit of Yi to travel freely in his grave,

and the tomb shows signs of human sacrifices. An example of artwork from the tomb of Marquis Yi would

be A Set of Bronze Bells.

Lacquer: A clear and polished coating on vessels that is made of extracted sap from Lac trees. The

process is laborious due to the need to apply multiple coatings and thus the finished lacquer products

were generally luxury items. The most famous example of lacquer was Marquis Double Coffins during the

Zhou period.

First Emperor of Qin: A man named Ying Zheng who unified China after the Warring States period. He

erected a centralized government,imposed a Legalist policy upon his empire, standardized weight and

currency, and built the Great Wall. He was buried in the Lishan Mausoleum which was famous for its clayMingqi army.

Lishan Mausoleum: A mounded tomb in Xian where the First Emperor of Qin is buried. Construction of

the tomb began in 237 BCE but was left unfinished in 210 BCE. The tomb contains a large terracotta

army meant to serve the Emperor in the afterlife. An example of artwork from the tomb would be the

Archer from Pit no. 1.

Li Si: A prime minister of the first emperor of Qin who supervised the construction of the Lishan

Mausoleum and also assisted in Qin Shi Huang Dis enforcement of Legalist policies.

Mingqi: Situation where cheaper substitutes are used in place of valuable sacrifices and offerings for

funerary purposes. Mingqi served as symbolic representations of the object they resembled and were

thought to be able to follow the deceased into the afterlife. The terracotta soldiers of the Lishan

Mausoleum are an example of Mingqi to replace real human sacrifices.

Module: A set of parts that can be connected or combined to build or complete something; an idea first

popularized in the Qin dynasty during which the society was rapidly standardized. The fact that terracotta

soldiers found in Lishan Mausoleum are made separately (hands, armors, faces etc) and then assembled

is a good illustration of this concept.

Emperor Wu of Western Han: The Seventh Han Emperor who ruled from 140-87BCE and was an avid

promoter of Confucianism. Han Wu Di eventually overthrew the Korean state of Choson and incorporated

Korea into the Chinese Empire.

Mawangdui: A Western Han tomb located in Changsha, China. It is a modestly-sized vertical tomb that

housed Lady Dai and her immediate family along with many artifacts. One example of the artifacts

present is the Painted banner, silk from Mawangdui Tomb No. 1

Liu Sheng: Chinese prince in the Western Han dynasty whose tomb was located at Mancheng. LiuShengs tomb contained a treasure trove of Han metalwork. An example of artwork from his tomb would

be the Jade Burial Suit.

Cult of Immortality: An enduring preoccupation with eternal life and the means to achieve them

characteristic of the Han Dynasty. Taoism became deeply intertwined with this cult and practices such as

embalming and ingesting jade or mercury rose during this period.

Confucianism: A philosophy dating to the late Zhou period that emphasized political and familial

relationships, a code of ethics, and regulation of government. This belief system was created by


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Confucius and attempted to offer remedies to the social breakdown of the Warring States period.

Koguryo: One of the Three Kingdoms of Korea and located around the northern Korean peninsula from

37BCE-668CE. A visual example of Koguryo culture would be the Anak Tomb no.3 located in Anak.

Mounded Tombs: A special tomb structure in which the tomb is made by building a pyramidal mound of

earth over the burial.This type of burial is shared by the Chinese, Korean and Japanese cultures. An

example of a mounded tomb is the Lishan Mausoleum in Xian.

Anak: An old Korean province in present-day Pyongyang. It is most known for Anak Tomb no.3, dated

357 CE, which was a chamber tomb of the Koguryo culture.

Yamato: The name points to the line of rulers who ruled during the Kofun and Asuka period in the Nara

region in Japan. The Kofun period is known for the mounded tombs built during this era and most tombs

were built for the Yamato family. Emperor Nintoku, for whom was built a key-shaped mound tomb, was a

part of the Yamato family.

Haniwa: Clay cylinders and sculptures placed around the periphery of a Japanese tomb mound during

the Kofun period to reinforce the boundary of the site. They are not burial goods, but can sometimes

represent animal spirits, important ancestors, or guardians of the tomb site. Haniwa tended to be

executed quickly and with less attention to detail. An example of haniwa would be the Haniwa: Warrior in

Armor from the Kofun Period of Japan.

1. City of Mohenjodaro, Harappan or Indus Valleycivilization, Indic,2600-1900 BCE. Lee pl. 1

2. Dancing girl, copper, Harappan or Indus Valley civilization, Indic, 2600-1900 BCE. Lee pl. 5

3. Yogi, square stamp seal, steatite, Harappan or Indus Valleycivilization, Indic,2600-1900 BCE.Lee pl. 7


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4. Painted basin, Banpo,Shaanxi, Yangshao culture, China, c. 4000 BCE. Lee pl. 10

5. Black stem cup, Donghaiyu, Shandong, Longshan culture, China, c. 3000-2000 BCE

6. Jade cong tube, Yaoshan,Zhejiang, Liangzhu culture, China, c. 3000 BCE. Lee pl. 12

1. Plan of Fu Hao 's tomb, Anyang, Henan, Shang dynasty, China, c. 1200 BCE.

2. Kneeling figurine, jade, Fu Hao s tomb, Anyang, Henan, Shang dynasty, China, c. 1200 BCE.Lee pl.

23

3. Bronze jue vessel, Fu Hao s tomb, Anyang, Henan, Shang dynasty, China, c. 1200 BCE.


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4. Bronze owl-shaped zun vessel, Fu Hao s tomb, Anyang, Henan, Shang dynasty, China, c. 1200 BCE.

5. Bronze square ding vessel, Fu Hao s tomb, Anyang, Henan, Shang dynasty, China, c. 1200 BCE.

6. Bronze standing figure, Pit no. 2 of Sanxingdui, Sichuan, China, 1200-1050 BCE. Lee pl. 41.

1. Bronzepanvessel, Zhuangbo Hoard no. 1, Fufeng, Shaanxi province, 10 th-9thcenturies BCE, Western Zhou

dynasty, China.

2. Bronze tiger, Freer Gallery of Art, WashingtonD.C., 10th century BCE, Western Zhou dynasty, China. Leefig. 46-

47.


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3.Reconstructed model of Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, Sui County, Hubei, China, 433 BCE.

4. set of bronze bells, Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng,Sui County, Hubei, China, 433 BCE. Lee fig.

52.

5. Bronzezun-panvessel, Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, Sui County, Hubei, China, 433 BCE

6.Plan of Lishan Mausoleum for First Emperor of Qin, Lintong, Shaanxi, 237-210 BCE, Qin dynasty, Ch


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7. Overview of the underground army in Pit no. 1, Lishan Mausoleum, Lintong, Shaanxi, late 3rd

century BCE, Qin dynasty, China. Lee fig. 71.

8.Archer from Pit no. 1, Lishan Mausoleum, Lintong, Shaanxi, late 3rd century BCE, Qin dynasty, China

9. Different facial types for members of the underground army, Lishan Mausoleum, Lintong, Shaanxi, late

3rd century BCE, Qin dynasty, China.

10.Bronze chariots discovered west of tumulus, Lishan Mausoleum, Lintong, Shaanxi, late 3rd century

BCE, Qin dynasty, China. Lee fig. 73.


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6.Burial suit, jade pieces and goldthread, Tomb of Liu Sheng, Mancheng, Hebei, China, c. 113

BCE

7.Incense burner, Tomb of Liu Sheng, Mancheng, Hebei,China, c. 113 BCE. Lee fig. 91.

8.Plan of Anak Tomb no. 3, Pyongyang, Hwanghae Namdo, North Korea, dated 357, Koguryo

Kingdom

9. Portrait of Tongsu (Dong Shou), painted mural, west side chamber in Anak Tomb no. 3,Pyongyang, Hwanghae Namdo, North Korea, dated 357, Koguryo Kingdom

10. Scenes of kitchen, painted mural, east side chamber in Anak Tomb no. 3, Pyongyang,

Hwanghae Namdo, North Korea, dated 357, Koguryo Kingdom

11. Warrior, earthenware, Kofun period, Japan, 3rd

-6th

centuries CE. Lee fig. 103.

AHIS125 midterm study guide

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