Aguadé_verbs Reflecting Classical Arabic Form IV Patterns in Moroccan Dialects

UNIVERSITY OF BUCHAREST

CENTER FOR ARAB STUDIES

ROMANO-ARABICA

New Series

No 12

55 Years of Arab Studies in Romania

EDITURA UNIVERSITII DIN BUCURETI

2012

Editors: George Grigore

Laura Sitaru

Advisory Board:

Ramzi Baalbaki (Beirut)

Michael G. Carter (Sidney)

Jean-Patrick Guillaume (Paris)

Giuliano Mion (Pescara)

Luminia Munteanu (Bucharest)

Stephan Prochzka (Vienna)

Andr Roman (Lyon)

John O. Voll (Washington D.C.)

Cover Designer and Technical Editor Gabriel Biun

Published by:

Center for Arab Studies

Pitar Mo Street no 11, Sector 1, 010451 Bucharest, Romania http://araba.lls.unibuc.ro/

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E-mail: [email protected]

Internet: www.editura.unibuc.ro

ISSN 1582-6953

CONTENTS

Jordi Aguad, Verbs Reflecting Classical Arabic Form IV Patterns in Moroccan

Dialects...

7

Iulia Anamaria Alexandru, Some Aspects of Negation in The Lebanese Series 'Ajyl.. 17 Andrei A. Avram, On the Functions of fi in The Verbal System of Arabic Pidgin.. 35

Gabriel Biun, Politeness in The Spoken Arabic of Baghdad. A Pragmatic Approach 59

Andra Ramona Dodi, Limitations of Automatic Translations: Google Translate.. 71 Yehudit Dror, Classification of The Independent Personal Pronoun in The Qurn.. 83 Ioana Feodorov, Ifran / Firan: What Language Was Paul of Aleppo Referring to in His Travel Notes?...............................................................................................

105

George Grigore, Quelques graphmes latines polyfonctionnels qui notent les

consonnes du parler arabe de Siirt dans une collection de proverbes.

117

Jairo Guerrero, Zanka Flow: Rap en rabe marroqu..... 125 Pierre Larcher, Un cas de tratologie drivationnelle en arabe ? Le verbe istakna 159 Giuliano Mion, La Zabbbiyya de Abd ar-Ramn al-Kf. Un pome obscne de lpoque du protectorat en Tunisie...

169

Luminia Munteanu, Topographie sacre et lgitimation symbolique dans lhagiographie de Hac Bekta Vel...

187

Georgiana Nicoarea, Cultural Interactions in The Graffiti Subculture of The Arab

World. Between Globalization and Cosmopolitanism..

205

Corina Postolache, Some Considerations on The Translation of The Term of

Address ustd in Naguib Mahfouzs Novels

215

Ruzana Pskhu, The Problem of Sufi Arabic Texts Translation.. 225 Laura Sitaru, Stereotypes About Islam and Media Commentators Discourse After 9/11. 235 Grete Tartler, Sounds and Silence in Ibn Sns Rasil al-mariqiyya 261 Irina Vainovski-Mihai, Cross-Cultural Awareness and Readability: Teaching

Mawsim al-hijra il al-aml

267

Book reviews

A Festschrift for Nadia Anghelescu, edited by Andrei A. Avram, Anca Foceneanu, and George Grigore. Bucharest: Editura Universitii din Bucureti, 2011, pp. 576. (Daniela Rodica Firnescu).........................................................................................

277

Laura Sitaru, Gndirea politic arab. Concepte-cheie ntre tradiie i inovaie (Arab Political Thought. Key concepts between tradition and innovation). Iai: Polirom, 2009, pp. 320. (George Grigore)..

285

7

VERBS REFLECTING CLASSICAL ARABIC FORM IV PATTERNS IN

MOROCCAN DIALECTS

Jordi Aguad

University of Cdiz

Abstract. The causative/factitive verbal form IV in Classical Arabic is semantically not clearly defined and often redundant with the meaning of the form II. For this reason, almost all modern

Arabic dialects have replaced it with form II, a shift stimulated by vocalic changes. From a

diachronic point of view there are many verbs in North-African dialects in which we can easily

recognize verbs of former IV form. This article gives a list of such verbs in Moroccan Arabic

dialects. Verbs are divided into two different groups. The first group is comprised of those whose

causative/factitive meaning clearly indicate their origin from a former IV form. The second group

is exclusively comprised of verb doublets reflecting ancient I and IV forms and, for this reason,

shows semantic as well as morphological opposition.

Keywords: Moroccan Arabic, morphology, verbs, verbal form IV, causative, factitive.

It is a well-known fact that the causative/factitive verbal pattern afala ~ yufilu (form IV) in Classical Arabic is semantically not clearly defined and often redundant with the meaning of the pattern faala ~ yufailu (form II)1. For this reason, almost all modern Arabic dialects have replaced it with form II, a shift

stimulated by vocalic changes and the loss of the phoneme //2. As regarding form IV in North-African dialects, authors frequently assert

that the pattern has completely disappeared3: this is correct from a synchronic

point of view as, in the Maghreb, forms IV have been regularly replaced by II

forms. From a diachronic point of view, however, there are many verbs in which

we can easily recognize former IV forms4.

Further below, I will give a list of such verbs in Moroccan Arabic dialects.

My data are mainly based on the entries gleaned from two dictionaries:

1 This article has been written under the auspicious of the Spanish research project FFI2011-

26782-C02-02 Dialectos y sociolectos emergentes en el Magreb occidental. In quotations from other authors I have adapted their transcriptions to my own system.

2 Brockelmann 1908: 523; Fischer / Jastrow1980: 46; Holes 1995: 113. This change is already

documented in Arabic papyri from the IX-X centuries (Hopkins 1984: 73). 3 Harrell 1962: 29, 34; GrandHenry 1972: 59 (Il nen subsiste pas de traces notables dans le

parler de Cherchell. Le fait es commun lensemble des dialectes du Maghreb); Marais 1977: 55-56; Aguad / Elyaacoubi 1995: 53.

4 Durand 1994: 66; Heath 2002: 338-339 (Heath gives a small list of such verbs).

Romano-Arabica 12 (2012), pp. 7-15 ISSN 1582-6953

8

Dictionnaire arabe franais by A. L. de Prmare (from here onwards abridged as

DAF)5 and A dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: Moroccan English by R. S. Harrell

(abridged as ME). DAF is the most comprehensive dictionary of Moroccan Arabic

dialects and is, on the whole, comprised of entries collected over decades by the

French dialectologist Georges Sraphin Colin. ME contains data gathered in the

sixties of the last century by the American dialectologist Richard Slade Harrell

and is based on the speech of educated Moroccans from the cities of Casablanca,

Rabat and Fez. Occasionally, other less comprehensive dictionaries or glossaries

are as well cited in my article.

Certainly, not all the verbs reflecting ancient forms IV are now equally as

common in Morocco; some of them occur only in a single dialect. For more

details regarding the geographic distribution of a verb, the reader can access the

DAF.

For practical reasons verbs are divided into two different groups. The first

group is comprised of those whose causative/factitive meaning clearly indicate

their origin from a former form IV.

The second group is exclusively comprised of verb doublets reflecting

ancient forms I and IV and, for this reason, show semantic as well as

morphological opposition (respectively a/u i and in the imperfective of defective and hollow verbs).

Verbal roots are in this study arranged according to the Arabic alphabet.

Group 1.

gza (ygzi)/dza (ydzi) to suffice6 < az (yuz) to suffice, to replace. h}s}a (yh }s}i) to count, to enumerate7 < h}s} (yuh}s}) to count. h}t } (yh}t }) to close in from all sides, to encircle8 < ah}t }a (yuh}t }u) to enclose, to encircle.

xbr} (yxbr}): to tell, to inform, to let know9 < axbara (yuxbiru) the I stem xabara means to try, text, to have experienced.

5 In spite of its title, it is a dictionary of Moroccan Arabic. 6 DAF 2: 187-189 (wh }d l-qd}r} lli ydzni une somme dargent qui suffise ma subsistance).

Verb not quoted by ME. 7 DAF 3: 140; ME 248 (h}s}a bda l-nm hes already counted the sheep); DAM 78. 8 DAF 3: 273-274 (h}t}t b-l-dyn nqma une catastrophe a entour les ennemis de tous

cts); not quoted by ME and DAM. 9 ME 213 (xbr}thm bn b}b}hm a I informed them that their father has arrived, xbr}ni fuq-

gd yi let me know when hes coming); DAM 159 (xbr}u b-lli dda l-d le informaron de que maana es la fiesta del cordero).


9

drk (ydrk) to obtain, to get; to reach, to arrive at10 < adraka (yudriku) to attai, to reach

dla (ydli) to present, to offer (evidence, document)11 < adl (yudl) to deliver, adduce, present.

dm (ydm) to insert, to mix12 < admaa (yudmiu) to insert, annex, intercalate.

dr (ydr) to do, to put13 < adra (yudru) to turn, rotate, revolve; to direct, to set in motion.

rsl (yrsl) to send14 < arsala (yursilu) to send. s}b (ys}b) to find, to meet15 < as}ba (yus}bu) to attain, to reach. d}f (yd}f) to add16 < ad}}fa (yud}fu) to add. b (yb) to please, to like17 < aaba (yibu) to please, to delight. da (ydi) to contaminate, to infect18 < ad (yud) to infect. t }a (yt }i) to give19 < at} (yut }) to give. n (yn) to help, to aid20 < ana (yunu) to help, to assist. r (yr) to lend, to loan21 < ara (yuru) to lend, to loan. ya (yya) to get tired, fatigued22 < ay (yuy) to be or become tired. t (yt) to come to the aid of, to save23 < aa (yuu) to help. fqd (yfqd) to cause to lose, to deprive24 < afqada (yufqidu) to cause to lose

10 DAF 4: 264; ME 23 (l-mrd}}} dylha drkttu she reached her goal); DAM 44. 11 DAF 4: 328 (prsenter, apporter [preuve, document]). Verb not quoted by ME and DAM. 12 DAF 4: 330 mlanger, insrer. Verb not quoted by ME and DAM. 13 DAF 4: 401-402; ME 18 ( kn ka-ydr tmma? what he was doing there?); DAM 40 (

ka-ydru n-ns? qu hace la gente?). 14 DAF 5: 110 (rsl l envoyer un message qqn.); ME 127 (rslt l-brh} risla l-l-Mrb I

sent a letter to Morocco yesterday); DAM 122. 15 DAF 8: 138-139; ME 143(fayn s}bti l-ktb? where did you find the book?); TAR 2: 436-

437; DAM 137. 16 Verb quoted only by DAF 8: 227(ajouter, adjoindre, inclure) and DAM 46 (aadir,

incluir). 17 DAF 9: 25-26; ME 268 (ka-ybni nfq s}-s}bh} bkri I like to get up early in the morning);

DAM 182. 18 DAF 9: 52; ME 254. 19 DAF 9: 152-153; ME 264-265 (t}ni klu d-l-bt}t }a! give me two kilos of potatoes!);

DAM 181. 20 DAF 9: 292-293; ME 253 (nna, l l}l}h! help us, for the love of God!). 21 DAF 9: 300 (r li slhmk prte-moi ton burnous). 22 DAF 9: 323 (yt je suis fatigu); ME 266; DAM 181. 23 DAF 9: 443 (l}l }a ytna b--ta que Dieu nous aide en nous envoyant la pluie); ME 46; TAR

2: 585; DAM 60.


10

or miss.

fq (yfq) to wake up25 < afqa (yufqu) to recover, to wake up. ql (yql) to leave alone; to grant a cancellation of sale; to fire, to dismiss26 <

aqla (yuqlu) to cancel, to dismiss; to free, to release. kra (ykri) to rent27 < akr (yukr) to rent, to lease. lhm (ylhm) to inspire, to give inspiration to28 < alhama (yulhimu) to make swallow; to inspire.

mla (ymli) to dictate29 < aml (yuml) to dictate. ngs (yngs) / nds (ynds) to make unclean, to soil30 < anasa (yunisu) to soil, to pollute.

nd (ynd) to sing, to recite31 < anada (yunidi) to sing, to recite. na (yni) to build, to raise; to start32 < anaa (yuniu) to build, to start. ns}f (yns}f) to be just. to treat with justice33 < ans}afa (yuns}ifu) to be just. nfq (ynfq) to buy food or provisions, to provide34 < anfaqa (yunfiqu) to spend (money); to provide.

hlk (yhlk) to cause much harm to, to endanger, to ruin35 < ahlaka (yuhliku) to ruin, to destroy.

hml (yhml) to neglect, to give the cold shoulder to36 < ahmala (yuhmilu) to neglect, to omit, to disregard.

24 DAF 10: 130-132 (faire perdre; manquer qqn.); TAR 2: 602. ME (37) quotes only fqd to

lose (< faqada, form I). 25 DAF 10: 198; ME 32. TAR 2: 615-616 (ce verb est la forme IVe classique qui, ayant

perdu lalif hamz initial, est devenu en tout point une Ire forme dialectale avec les drivs et composs correspondants cette premire forme); DAM 51.

26 DAF 10: 485; ME 108 (qlh mn l-mns}b dylu they dismissed him from his position); TAR 2: 683 DAM 85.

27 DAF 10: 571; ME 64 (l-brh} kra dk d}}}-d }}}r l-xy yesterday he rented that house to my brother).

28 DAF 11: 93; ME 70 (r}bbi lhmu h}tta dz mn hd -h God gave him the inspiration to come this way).

29 DAF 11: 253; ME 81 (i l}l }h yxllk mli lyya hd l-qt }a please dictate this excerpt to me).

30 DAF 11: 317 (polluer, salir); ME 101 (quotes only ngs). Regarding the shift > d/g in Moroccan Arabic cf. Cantineau 1960: 61; Heath 2002: 136-138; Aguad 2003: 70 and 84.

31 DAF 11: 363; ME 104. 32 DAF 11: 370; ME 104 (transcribes n, with final hamza); TAR 2: 773. 33 DAF 11: 381 (hd l-h}km ka-yns{f bn n-ns ce chef est equitable envers les gens). 34 DAF 11: 431; ME 100 (nhr} s-sbt ka-nnfqu l-l-sb kml on Saturdays we buy food for

the whole week); DAM 109. 35 DAF 12: 72-73; ME 54 (hlk r}s}u to put oneself in a dangerous situation); DAM 67. 36 DAF 12: 83; ME 54; DAM 67.


11

Group 2.

h}ma (yh }ma) to get very warm or very hot

< h}amiya (yah }m) to be or become hot.

h}ma (yh }mi) to heat, to make hot37 < ah}m (yuh }m) to make hot, heat.

h}ya (yh }ya) to live, to come back to life (as from a grave illness)

< h}ayiya (yah }y) to live.

h}ya (yh }yi) to bring back to life, to revive, to resurrect38

< ah}y (yuh }y) to lend life, to endow with life.

xt }a (yxt }a) to miss (a target); to make a mistake, to err

< xat }ia (yaxt }au) to be mistaken; to commit an error, make a mistake; to

sin.

xt }a (yxt }i) to not speak to, ignore; xt }a f- to swear or curse at39

< axt }aa (yuxt }iu) to commit a in error, be at fault (f in); to be wrong (f about, in).

xfa (yxfa) to disappear, to be gone (somewhere)

< xafiya (yaxf) to be hidden, be concealed.

xfa (yxfi) to hide to conceal (as information)40

< axf (yuxf) to hide, conceal.

xla (yxla) to empty, to become empty

< xal (yaxl) to be empty, to be vacant.

xla (yxli) to empty41 < axl (yuxl) to empty, to vacate.

r }d}}}a (yr}d }}}a) to accept, to be satisfied with

< rad}}}iya (yard}}}) to be satisfied, to be content.

37 DAF 3: 239-240 (h}mw l- h}mmm on a allum la chaufferie du hammam); ME 244; DAM

76. 38 DAF 3: 299-300 (hd -i ka-yh}yi l-qlbceci ravigote), ME 250; DAM 79. 39 DAF 4: 96-97; ME 221; DAM 164. 40 DAF 4: 117; ME 214-215; DAM 162. 41 DAF 4: 139-140 (l-wba xlt l-bld la peste a dpeupl la ville); ME 215; TAR 2: 248-249;

DAM 162.


12

r }d}}}a (yr}d }}}i) to satisfy, to content42 < ad}}} (yrd }}}) to satisfy, to please.

r }wa (yr }wa) to be or get watered or irrigated

< rawiya (yarw) to be irrigated.

r }wa (yr }wi) to water, to irrigate; to recite43

< arw (yurw) to give to drink, to water; to tell, to relate44.

qa (yqa) to get tired, to become fatigued; to take the trouble, to bother

< aqiya (yaq) to be unhappy, to have trouble.

qa (yqi) to tire, to fatigue; to cause some trouble or bother45

< aq (yq) to make unhappy.

s}fa (ys}fa) to be or become clear, limpid

< s}af (yas}f) to be or to become clear, limpid.

s}fa (ys}fi) to make clear46 < as}f (yus}f) to filter, to clarify.

d}}}wa (yd }}}wa) to shine

< d}}}a (yad}}}u) to shine.

d}}}wa (yd }}}wi) to light, to illuminate47 < ad}}}a (yud}}}u) to light, to illuminate.

t }fa (yt}fa) to go out (light, fire)

< t }afia (yat }fau) to go out (light).

t }fa (yt }fi) to put out, to stifle (fire), to switch off, to turn off (light)48

< at }}faa (yut}fiu) to switch off (light).

fa (yfu) to pardon, to give a pardon to

< af (yaf) to forgive.

fa (yfi) to protect, to save, to < af (yuf) to heal, protect, save. 42 DAF 5: 132-135; ME 124 (l}l }h yr}d}}}i lk may God bless you); DAM 119. 43 DAF 5: 252-253; ME 129. 44

In this case r}wa (yr}wi) could reflect as well Classical Arabic raw (yarw) to bring water, to give to drink.

45 DAF 7: 143; ME 156. 46 DAF 8: 80; according to DAF, s}fa (ys}fi) is used only in poetry. 47 DAF 8: 220-221. ME (31) quotes only d}}}wa (yd}}}wi). 48 DAF 8: 310; ME 196 (nsti ma-t}fti- d}}}-d }}}w you forgot to turn out the light); DAM 152.


13

release, to let go (from job,

responsability )49

ma (yma) to be or become blind

< amiya (yam) to be blind.

ma (ymi) to blind, to render blind50

< am (yum) to blind, to render blind.

d (yd) to return, to come back

< da (yadu) to return, to come back.

d (yd) to bring back, to return51 < ada (yudu) to cause to return, to bring back.

na (yna) to be rich, wealthy

< aniya (yan) to be rich.

na (yni) to make rich, to make wealthy52

< an (yuni) to make rich.

fta (yfta) to become tender (foot)

< fatiya (yaft) to be youthful, young.

fta (yfti) to dictate, to give a fatw53 < aft (yuft) to give a fatw. fna (yfna) to come to an end, to perish

< faniya (yafn) to perish, to pass away.

fna (yfni) to destroy, to exterminate54 < afn (yufn) to annihilate, to destroy. qm (yqm) to get up, to arise

< qma (yaqmu) to get up, to stand up.

qm (yqm) to prepare (tea), to furnish55

< aqma (yuqmu) to set up, to make rise, to start.

la (yla) to talk, to babble (baby); to chirp

< laiya (yala) and la (yal) to talk nonsense.

49 DAF 9: 164; ME 255. fa yfu is one of the few Moroccan verbs with imperfect in u. 50

DAF 9: 249-250; ME 259; DAM 179. 51 DAF 9: 274-275 ramener, faire revenir. 52 DAF 9: 431 fournir les moyens de se passer de, suffire (qqn), rendre riche, enrichir. 53 DAF 10: 22-23; ME 40. 54 DAF 10: 172; ME 36-37. 55 DAF 10: 462-463, 489; ME 109; TAR 2: 675-676; DAM 113.


14

la (yli) to invalidate, to abolish, to do away56

< al (yul) to abolish, to do away.

lqa (ylqa) to find, to meet

< laqiya (yalq) to encounter, to meet.

lqa (ylqi) to throw57 < alq (yulq) to throw. md}}}a (ymd}}}a) to be sharp; to get lost

< mad}}} (yamd}}}) to be sharp; to go

away. md}}}a (ymd}}}i) to sign; to get lost58 < amd }}} (ymd }}}) to spend, to pass; to

undersign, to sign.

mla (ymla) to be or become filled, full

< malia (yamlau) to be full.

mla (ymli) to fill59 < amlaa (yumliu) to fill. hn (yhn) to be easy; to be or become despicable

< hna (yahnu) to be easy; to be despicable.

hn (yhn) to despise, to have a low opinion of60

< ahna (yuhnu) to despise.

As a final remark, I would like to underline that all verbs quoted here

belong to the traditional Moroccan vocabulary. Interviews with educated speakers

clearly show that the increasing influence of modern written Arabic in Moroccan

dialects has no influence as regarding the number of form IV verbs: not a single

example quoted by my informants could be identified as a contemporary

borrowing.

Bibliography

Aguad, Jordi. 2003. Estudio descriptivo y comparativo de los fonemas del rabe dialectal marroqu. Estudios de dialectologa norteafricana y andalus, 3.

Aguad, Jordi / Benyahia, Laila. 2005. Diccionario de rabe marroqu. rabe marroqu-espaol /

56

DAF 11: 60-62; for la (yla) to babble, to chirp DAF gives also the variant la yli. ME (70) mentions only la (yli) to babble, to chirp.

57 DAF 11: 73-74; ME 71 (quotes only lqa, ylqa to find); TAR 2: 746-747. 58 DAF 11: 219-220; ME 78. 59 DAF 11: 237. 60 DAF 12: 106-107; ME 52 (quotes only hn, yhn to despise).


15

espaol-rabe marroqu. Cdiz: Quorum Editores.

Aguad, Jordi / Elyaacoubi, Mohammad. El dialecto rabe de Skra (Marruecos). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas.

Brockelmann, Carl. 1908. Grundri der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen.

Band 1: Laut- und Formenlehre. Berlin: Verlag von Reuther & Reichard.

Brunot, Louis. 1952. Textes arabes de Rabat. 2, Glossaire. Paris: Librairie Orientaliste Paul

Geuthner. Cantineau, Jean. 1960. Cours de phontique arabe. Paris: Librairie C. Klinsieck.

DAF = see de Prmare 1993-1999.

DAM = see Aguad / Benyahia 2005.

De Prmare, Alfred Louis. 1993-1999. Dictionnaire arabe franais. tabli sur la base de fichiers,

ouvrages, enqutes, tudes et documents divers par A. L. de Prmare et collaborateurs.

12 vols. Paris: ditions lHarmattan. Durand, Olivier. 1994. Profilo di arabo marocchino. Variet urbane centro-meridionali. Roma:

Universit degli Studi La Sapienza. Fischer, Wolfdietrich / Jastrow, Otto (eds.). 1980. Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte. Mit

Beitrgen von P. Behnstedt, H. Grotzfeld, B. Ingham, A. Sabuni, P. Schaebert, H.-R-

Singer, L. Tsotskhadze und M. Woidich. Bearbeitet und herausgegeben von Wolfdietrich

Fischer und Otto Jastrow. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. GrandHenry, Jacques. 1972. Le parler arabe de Cherchell (Algrie). Louvain-la-Neuve: Institut

Orientaliste.

Harrell, Richard Slade. 1962. A short reference grammar of Moroccan Arabic. Washington:

Georgetown University Press.

Harrell, Richard Slade. 1966. A dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: Moroccan English. Washington:

Georgetown University Press.

Heath, Jeffrey. 2002. Jewish and Muslim dialects of Moroccan Arabic. London, New York:

Routledge Curzon.

Holes, Clive. 1995. Modern Arabic. Structures, functions and varieties. London, New York:

Longman.

Hopkins, Simon. 1984. Studies in the Grammar of early Arabic. Based upon papyri datable to before 300 A.H / 912 A.D. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Marais, Philippe. 1954. Le parler arabe de Djidjelli (Nord constantinois, Algrie). Paris:

Librairie dAmrique et dOrient Adrien Maisonneuve. Marais, Philippe. 1977. Esquisse grammaticale de larabe maghrbin. Paris: Librairie

dAmrique et dOrient Adrien Maisonneuve. ME = see Harrell 1966.

TAR = see Brunot 1952.


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Aguadé_verbs Reflecting Classical Arabic Form IV Patterns in Moroccan Dialects

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