Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org ISSN 2224- 3186 (Pae r! ISSN 222 "-#$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.13' 2#13 " Agronomic Traits and Physiology of Maize at Various Levels of Water Application a)atiningsih *u+ali 1' 2, S..Sitoul 1'3 Su/arto 1'4 0h.Sri u/iastuti 1'" 1.octoral Prograon griculture' acult) of griculture' 5niersit) of rawi7a)a' alang' ast Jaa' In/onesia 2.eartent of grotechnolog)' acult) of griculture' State 5niersit) of *orontalo' *orontalo' In/onesia 3.eartent of griculture' acult) of griculture' 5niersit) of rawi7a)a' alang' ast Jaa' In/onesia 4.eartent of Soil Science' acult) of griculture' 5niersit) of r awi7a)a' alang' ast Jaa' In/onesia ".eartent of grotechnolog)' acult) of griculture' State 5niersit) of Sura9arta' Solo' In/onesia , -ail of the correson/ing author: ha)atiningsih63;)ahoo.coAbstract ai<e cultiation in *orontalo Regenc) is coonl) /one in /r) lan/' an/ this has a/e water as the ain liiting factor for the e=cellent growth of the lant' as the lant often e=eriences water stress. 0his stu/) was con/ucte/ to e=aine the agrono) traits an/ h)siolog) of h)+ri/ an/ coosite ai<e on arious water alication leels. 0he stu/) was /one using a Slit Plot esign in each with three reetitions. 0he ain lots were for four /ifferent leels of water alication: without water (# !' once water alication (1 !' twice water alication (2 !' an/ three-tie water alication (3 !. 0he su+-lots were for the ai<e arieties' which consiste/ of two leels nael) h)+ri/ ai<e ariet) isi-2 (& 1 ! an/ coosite ai<e ariet) isa (& 2 !. 0he results of the stu/) show that three-tie water alication has hele/ increasing the height of the lants' the /r) weight of the lants' as well as the /r) weight of grains. Plants without water sul) showe/ a /ecrease in the /r) weight of the grains as uch as 36> coare/ to the lants with three-tie water alication. 0hree-tie water alication etho/ on isi-2 ariet) showe/ the highest result an/ no water alication on isa ariet) showe/ the lowest result. ?ater stress has cause/ ro/uction of isa ariet) 22> lower than isi-2 ariet). 0he h)siolog) anal)ses show that @% 2 intercellular on isa ariet) is higher than isi-2 ariet)' )et the rate of hotos)nthesis' transiration' an/ water efficienc) on +oth isa an/ isi-2 ariet) are not /ifferent. Key wordswater alication' ariet)' hotos)nthesis !" #ntroduction 0he goernent of *orontalo roince through their agroolitan ai<e-ase/ Plan has esta+lishe/ the rograaiing at ro/ucing one illion tons of ai<e (9nown as rosta tan7ung!' )et the target of that one illion has not +een achiee/ uto these /a)s. eanwhile' the /ean/ of ai<e has 9et increasing' +oth the /oestic /ean/ an/ the international /ean/. *orontalo Regenc) as the ilot ro7ect area of ai<e cultiation in *orontalo Proince owns AA'"AA ha of /r) lan/ otential for ai<e cultiation an/ aro=iatel) 3$'133 ha of the lan/ hae not +een cultiate/ (non)ous' 2#11!. ai<e cultiation in *orontalo is usuall) /one in rain- fe/ /r) lan/' an/ is neer /one in wet lan/Ban/ as such' the ro+leof lac9 water sul) ersists. rought is /efine/ as insufficient aount of water sul) causing the /ecrease in lant ro/uction (atta' 2#13! or gas +etween the aount of water sul) an/ the aount of water nee/e/ +) the lants (lu' 2#11!. rought is an a+iotic stress which nee/s such great attention in faring (Jaleel et al.2##$' @a<ares et al.' 2#11! an/ is consi/ere/ as a significant enironental factor affecting the growth an/ ro/uction of lants (Craer /an o)er' 1$$"D rcoer/e et al., 2#11!. rought' in a//ition' has also long +ecoe the ost crucial ro+lehaering the growth an/ ro/uctiit) leels of lan/ ecos)stelants in an) arts of the glo+e eseciall) in ari/ an/ sei-ari/ areas (Eu' et al,2#1#!. ?ater stress affects h)siological' +iocheical' an/ orhological actiities of the lants' which finall) results in hin/rance in their growth an/ /eeloent. Plants reson/ Fuic9l) to water leel changes +) a/ating their orhological' h)siological' cellular' an/ olecular rocesses in arallel (@a<ares et al.' 2#11!. oreoer' water stress is er) harful for lants since it can /ecrease their ro/uction an/ threaten their e=istence in the nature (@a<ares et al.,2#11D Jaleel et al.2##$!. 0he effects of water stress /een/ on the hases of the stress (Raesh an/ aha/easwa)' 2###!. 0he accurac) of water sul) an/ alication in accor/ance with the rate of growth of ai<e is crucial. 0he erio/s of ai<e growth reFuire suita+le water sul) leel. 0 he gro wth hases consist of in itial gro wth hase (aroun/ 1"-2" /a)s!' egetatie hase (2"-4# /a)s!' flowering hase (1"-2" /a)s!' grain filling hase (3"-4" /a)s!' an/ aturit) hase (1#-2" /a)s! (%' 2##1!. ai<e is relatiel) tolerant to shortage of water /uring egetatie hase (hase 1! an/ aturit) hase (hase 4!' +ut is so ulnera+le to water shortage /uring flowering hase an/ grain filling hase. ?ater shortage /uring the egetatie hase (hase 1! a/ aturit) hase (hase 4! /oes not +ring so uch effect to ro/uctiit) leel (%' 2##1!. raatic /ecrease in ro/uctiit) a) haen
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8/13/2019 Agronomic Traits aAnd Physiology of of Maize
1. octoral Progra on griculture' acult) of griculture' 5niersit) of rawi7a)a' alang' ast Jaa'
In/onesia
2. eartent of grotechnolog)' acult) of griculture' State 5niersit) of *orontalo' *orontalo' In/onesia
3. eartent of griculture' acult) of griculture' 5niersit) of rawi7a)a' alang' ast Jaa' In/onesia
4. eartent of Soil Science' acult) of griculture' 5niersit) of rawi7a)a' alang' ast Jaa' In/onesia
". eartent of grotechnolog)' acult) of griculture' State 5niersit) of Sura9arta' Solo' In/onesia
, -ail of the correson/ing author: ha)atiningsih63;)ahoo.co
Abstract
ai<e cultiation in *orontalo Regenc) is coonl) /one in /r) lan/' an/ this has a/e water as the ain
liiting factor for the e=cellent growth of the lant' as the lant often e=eriences water stress. 0his stu/) was
con/ucte/ to e=aine the agrono) traits an/ h)siolog) of h)+ri/ an/ coosite ai<e on arious water
alication leels. 0he stu/) was /one using a Slit Plot esign in each with three reetitions. 0he ain lotswere for four /ifferent leels of water alication: without water ( #!' once water alication (1!' twice water
alication (2!' an/ three-tie water alication (3!. 0he su+-lots were for the ai<e arieties' which
consiste/ of two leels nael) h)+ri/ ai<e ariet) isi-2 (&1! an/ coosite ai<e ariet) isa (&2!. 0he
results of the stu/) show that three-tie water alication has hele/ increasing the height of the lants' the /r)
weight of the lants' as well as the /r) weight of grains. Plants without water sul) showe/ a /ecrease in the
/r) weight of the grains as uch as 36> coare/ to the lants with three-tie water alication. 0hree-tie
water alication etho/ on isi-2 ariet) showe/ the highest result an/ no water alication on isa ariet)showe/ the lowest result. ?ater stress has cause/ ro/uction of isa ariet) 22> lower than isi-2 ariet).
0he h)siolog) anal)ses show that @%2 intercellular on isa ariet) is higher than isi-2 ariet)' )et the rate
of hotos)nthesis' transiration' an/ water efficienc) on +oth isa an/ isi-2 ariet) are not /ifferent.
Key words water alication' ariet)' hotos)nthesis
!" #ntroduction0he goernent of *orontalo roince through their agroolitan ai<e-ase/ Plan has esta+lishe/ the
rogra aiing at ro/ucing one illion tons of ai<e (9nown as rosta tan7ung!' )et the target of that one
illion has not +een achiee/ u to these /a)s. eanwhile' the /ean/ of ai<e has 9et increasing' +oth the
/oestic /ean/ an/ the international /ean/. *orontalo Regenc) as the ilot ro7ect area of ai<e cultiation
in *orontalo Proince owns AA'"AA ha of /r) lan/ otential for ai<e cultiation an/ aro=iatel) 3$'133 ha
of the lan/ hae not +een cultiate/ (non)ous' 2#11!. ai<e cultiation in *orontalo is usuall) /one in rain-fe/ /r) lan/' an/ is neer /one in wet lan/Ban/ as such' the ro+le of lac9 water sul) ersists.
rought is /efine/ as insufficient aount of water sul) causing the /ecrease in lant ro/uction
(atta' 2#13! or gas +etween the aount of water sul) an/ the aount of water nee/e/ +) the lants (lu'
2#11!. rought is an a+iotic stress which nee/s such great attention in faring (Jaleel et al. 2##$' @a<ares et al .'
2#11! an/ is consi/ere/ as a significant enironental factor affecting the growth an/ ro/uction of lants(Craer /an o)er' 1$$"D rcoer/e et al., 2#11!. rought' in a//ition' has also long +ecoe the ost crucial
ro+le haering the growth an/ ro/uctiit) leels of lan/ ecos)ste lants in an) arts of the glo+e
eseciall) in ari/ an/ sei-ari/ areas (Eu' et al, 2#1#!.
?ater stress affects h)siological' +iocheical' an/ orhological actiities of the lants' which finall)
results in hin/rance in their growth an/ /eeloent. Plants reson/ Fuic9l) to water leel changes +) a/ating
their orhological' h)siological' cellular' an/ olecular rocesses in arallel (@a<ares et al.' 2#11!. oreoer'water stress is er) harful for lants since it can /ecrease their ro/uction an/ threaten their e=istence in the
nature (@a<ares et al., 2#11D Jaleel et al. 2##$!.
0he effects of water stress /een/ on the hases of the stress (Raesh an/ aha/easwa)' 2###!.
0he accurac) of water sul) an/ alication in accor/ance with the rate of growth of ai<e is crucial. 0he
erio/s of ai<e growth reFuire suita+le water sul) leel. 0he growth hases consist of initial growth hase
(aroun/ 1"-2" /a)s!' egetatie hase (2"-4# /a)s!' flowering hase (1"-2" /a)s!' grain filling hase (3"-4"/a)s!' an/ aturit) hase (1#-2" /a)s! (%' 2##1!. ai<e is relatiel) tolerant to shortage of water /uring
egetatie hase (hase 1! an/ aturit) hase (hase 4!' +ut is so ulnera+le to water shortage /uring flowering
Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paer! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline!
&ol.3' No.13' 2#13
6
when ai<e e=eriences water shortage eseciall) /uring flowering hase' that is the hase where tassels an/sil9s aear an/ /uring fertili<ation (hase 2!' that causes /ecreasing nu+ers of grains /ue to hin/ere/ see/
filling as the result of /esiccate/ sil9s or co+sD while water shortage /uring the see/ filling or see/ foring
(hase 3! a) cause /iinution on the si<e of grains lea/ing to low ro/uctiit) (Craer' 1$A2D %' 1$A$D
aneti an/ ?esgate' 1$$2!.ai<e e=eriences water stress /uring the flowering hase of see/ filling hase shows 3#-6#> /ecrease
in its ro/uction coare/ to noral con/ition (no water shortage!' while ai<e e=eriences water stress /uringthe flowering hase until haresting tie shows 1"-3#> /ecrease in its ro/uction coare/ to noral
con/ition (no water shortage! (an<iger et al .' 2###!. ?ater stress haening to ai<e /uring /a)s "#-6# will
cause /ecrease in ro/uctiit) as uch as A#>' an/ if the water stress haens on /a)s 6#-A#' the /ecrease in
ro/uctiit) is aro=iatel) 6#>D these all are /ue to the fact that on /a)s "#-A# ai<e un/ergoes flowering
ai<e +elongs to lants with e/iu leel of water use. ai<e nee/s "##-8## of water' /een/ingon the cliate' as to gain a=iu ro/uctiit) (Pursegloe' 1$A2D Craer' 1$A2!. 0he leels of water
alication an/ rainfall +ring such great influence to ai<e ro/uctiit). In one lanting season' ai<e nee/s
aroun/ 2-" ties of water alication (Fil' 2##A!. 0he water alication on ai<e in irrigate/ fars with
liite/ water sul) an/ rain-fe/ fars is norall) /one four ties' that is when ai<e is 1"' 3#' 4"' an/ 6#
/a)s ol/' as to increase the ro/uctiit) of the ai<e itself (unan/ar' 2#1#!.ai<e ro/uctiit) is /eterine/ +) the leel of water sul)' as well as its a+ilit) to con/uct
hotos)nthesis. ai<e +elongs to @4 categor) of lants' that is for lants haing high hotos)nthesis efficienc)
/ealing with the use of @%2' water' an/ sun light (Salis+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$"!. Sun ra/iation at 4##-A## n
waelengths hol/s such crucial role in hotos)nthesis rocess. 0he ra/iation +elongs to isi+le ra/iation or is
wi/el) 9nown as PR (hotos)nthetic actie ra/iation!(0ai< an/ Gieger' 1$$8D all an/ Rao' 1$$$!' an/
aro=iatel) A#> of PR infiltrates into the esoh)ll an/ is a+sor+e/ +) chlorolast' that is chloroh)ll an/
carotenoi/ (Harcher' 2##3!.
0he a+ilit) of lants to con/uct hotos)nthesis can +e e=aine/ +) easuring the e=change rate of
car+on /io=i/e (@R! on cano). 0he @R alue is easure/ +ase/ on the rate of @% 2 entering the stoata.
Stoatal closure /ue to increase/ stoatal resistance as the effect of water shortage affects @RD if water stress
haens then esoh)ll resistance will increase /ue to eranent /aage in the hotos)nthetic
aaratus(*ar/ner' 2##8!. 0he rate of hotos)nthesis an/ /r) atter accuulation of lants generall) show a
linear relationshi with the water content in the lant +o/) (riffin' 2##2!.0he /ecrease in hotos)nthesis efficienc) /ue to water stress is closel) relate/ to the +iocheical
rocess an/ en<)e actiities in c)tolas' since hotos)nthesis is a h)/rol)sis rocess that reall) /een/s on
water (ar7a/i an/ ah)a' 1$88!. Stoatal closure can hin/er hotos)nthesis' an/ in the long run this can sto
the rocess since the /iffusion of@%2 fro the atoshere to the lants is o+structe/ causing a /ecrease in the
assiilate results an/ low lant weight (Salis+urr) an/ Ross 1$$"D riffin' 2##3!. ase/ on the afore-resente/ e=lanation' this stu/) was then aie/ at e=aining the agronoic traits
an/ h)siolog) of h)+ri/ ai<e ariet) isi-2 an/ coosite ai<e ariet) isa at /ifferent leels of water
alication.
$" %esearch Method
0he stu/) was con/ucte/ in ulila &illage' 0elaga Su+-istrict' *orontalo Regenc). 0his illage is locate/ 1#
asl. 0he stu/) was carrie/ out fro %cto+er 2#11 until Januar) 2#12 using a Slit Plot esign. 0he ain lots
were for four /ifferent leels of water alication: without water ( #!' once water alication (1!' twice wateralication (2!' an/ three-tie water alication (3!. 0he su+-lots were for the ai<e arieties' which
consiste/ of two leels nael) h)+ri/ ai<e ariet) isi-2 (&1! an/ coosite ai<e ariet) isa (&2!. ach
co+ination was treate/ three ties' which eans that the e=eriental grou consiste/ of 24 lots. 0he
aria+les stu/ie/ were the growth of the ai<e an/ the ro/uctiit)' which consiste/ of:
1. 0he height of ai<e (c!: easure/ fro the groun/ leel u to the ti of leaes (leaes are straightene/ u
arallel to stal9!.
2. 0he nu+er of leaes: the leaes counte/ were the green ones an/ the erfectl) oene/ ones.
3. r) weight of the lant (g!' which was ta9en fro the lant +o/) (roots' stal9s' an/ leaes without co+s or
grains! ut in the oen for 48 hours at 8## @ until the) reache/ constant weight.
4. 0he weight of /r) grains (g!
". 0he weight of 1## grains (g!
0he /ata was anal)<e/ using anal)sis of ariance (-test! with leel of significance of ">. If significant
effect aeare/ to haen on treatent or real interaction' then uncanKs ultile Range 0est (R0! with L
8/13/2019 Agronomic Traits aAnd Physiology of of Maize
Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paer! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline!
&ol.3' No.13' 2#13
A
"> woul/ also +e /one to e=aine the /ifference in treatent (anafiah' 2#11!. ata anal)ses were allcon/ucte/ using icrosoft =cel rogra.
Han/ cultiation was /one a wee9 +efore lanting' the soil was cleane/ fro root renants an/ wee/s.
0hen' e=eriental lots si<e/ 3.A" = 2.2 were a/e as an) as 24 lots. ai<e was lante/ with sacing of
A" = 2# c' with /istance +etween relicates of 1 ' an/ with lot /istance of "# c. rainage was +uilt aroun/the lots with the /eth of 3# c. 0he see/s were lante/ at the /eth of " c fro the groun/ surface' an/ each
hole was lante/ with two see/s. /a) +efore lanting' the e=eriental lots were watere/ until it reache/ thesaturation oint. ?hen the see/s ha/ grown into srout' one see/ was ta9en fro each hole an/ that each hole
hel/ onl) one srout to grow.
?ater was alie/ three ties' when the lants were 1"' 3#' an/ 4" /a)s ol/ after the lanting /ate. 0he
aount of water alie/ to each lot was 41."# liter' un/er the assution that the iniu water nee/e/ +)
ai<e in is " l -1
/a)-1
.
5rea (N!' SP 36 (P!' an/ C@l (C! fertili<ers were gien when the ai<e was lante/' an/ were ut inthe lines on the right an/ left of the lots. 0he /istance +etween the lots an/ the lines of fertili<ers was aroun/
1# c' an/ the /eth of the lines was " c. 0here were si= lines for each lot. 0he aount of fertili<ers use/ was
3# 9g ha M1
N or 4.2 g urea for each line' A." 9g ha-1
P or 3 g SP-36 for each line' an/ "# 9g ha M1
or 6 g C@l for
each line.
0he see/s that faile/ to grow were su+stitute/ on /a) A after the lanting /ate. ?ee/ing was /one threeties' when the lants were 14' 28' an/ 42 /a)s ol/. @ontrol on est attac9 was a/e suita+le with the leel ofthe attac9. aresting tie cae when the co+s of the ai<e were h)siologicall) ature/' ar9e/ with the
+rown color of the co+s an/ the /r)ness' as well as the )ellow color of the leaes.
0he easureent on the hotos)nthesis rate was estiate/ with @R' transiration rate was
s)+oli<e/ as an/ intercellular @%2 was s)+oli<e/ with @i. easureent was /one using Portable
Photosyntetic System Hi-64## (Hicor Inc. Hincoln' Ne+ras9a' 5S! +ase/ on the anual of Hi-64##
Photos)intetic S)ste (non)ous' 2##A!. @R' an/ @i were all easure/ at PR #' "#' 1##' 2##' 4##' 8##'
1"## an/ 2### ol.-2.s-1. @R' an/ @i easureent was /one /uring the tasseling hase +) laina the
sales of the leaes (full) ature an/ health) leaes' leaes nu+er 3 or 4 fro the tis of the ro/s!. 0hese
leaes were clae/ on the hea/ censor of the Porta+le Photos)ntetic S)ste Hi-64##. %+seration was /one
fro 8 until 2 P. 0he /ata of @R' an/ @i was then recor/e/ in the Porta+le ata nal)<er' a art o/
the Porta+le Photos)ntetic S)ste Hi-64##. 0he relationshi o/el +etween @R' an/ @i an/ PR was
estiate/ +) using an aroach roose/ +) 0hornle) (1$A6! elo)ing icrosof =cel software. 0he /ata was resente/ in grahs' showing relationshi +etween @R an/ PR' an/ PR' an/ @i an/ PR. ll the /ata was
anal)se/ using regression anal)ses elo)ing icrosot =cel software.
&" %esults and 'iscussion
&"! Agronomic Traits 0he leels of water alication influence/ the height of the lants' the /r) weight of the lants' an/ the
weight of /rie/ grains' +ut the) /i/ not influence the nu+er of leaes as well as the weight of 1## grains. 0wo-
tie water alication or three-tie water alication resulte/ in +etter growth an/ ro/uctiit) of the lants
than one-tie water alication. No water alication cause/ lants to e=erience water stress lea/ing to low
ro/uctiit). 0he result of /ata anal)sis using R0 on the height of lants' the nu+er of leaes' the weight of
/rie/ lants without co+s' the weight of /rie/ grains' an/ the weight of 1## grains on /ifferent water alication
is resente/ in 0a+le 1.
0a+le 1. 0he aerage of the height of lants' the nu+er of leaes' the weight of /rie/ lants without co+s' the
weight of /rie/ grains' an/ the weight of 1## grains on /ifferent water alication
Levels of Water
Application
(eight of
plants
)cm*
The number
of leaves+!
)in piece*
The weight of
dried plants
without cobs )g*
The weight of
dried grains
)g*
The weight
of !,, grains
)g*
No water
1 tie
2 ties
3 ties
162.6$ a
1A4.34 a
1$#."A +
1$4.41 +
13.33 a
13.83 a
13.8A a
14.#6 a
6".6A a
A3.83 a+
82.3$ +c
84."" c
$8.2# a
126.#1 +
1"#.86 c
1"2.26 c
31.A3 a
31.8" a
31.$8 a
31.$8 a
Note: figures followe/ +) sae letters on the sae colun /i/ not /iffer significantl) R0 ">
0he /ecrease on the height of lants haene/ in line with the /ecrease in the aount of water alie/.0he /ecrease in water alication fro three ties into two ties an/ finall) one tie cause/ a /ecrease in
ro/uctiit) as uch as 2>' 1#>' an/ 16>. ?ater shortage results in iaire/ cell /iision an/ elongation
8/13/2019 Agronomic Traits aAnd Physiology of of Maize
Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paer! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline!
&ol.3' No.13' 2#13
8
since the flow of water is o+structe/Bthus' water cannot run fro =)les into the growing cells (ang et al.,2##$!.?ater shortage can hin/er the growth of the lants in for of /isrution in the height of lants an/ the
wi/th of leaes' as well as the growth of the rero/uctie organs' coare/ to the noral growth of lants when
water is not liite/ (an<iger' 2##6!.
0he leels of water alication /i/ not affect the nu+er of leaes (0a+le 1!. Plants e=eriencing waterstress an/ lants haing noral sul) of water /o not show /ifference in the nu+er of leaes. 0his is in
accor/ance with the arguent +) ang et al . (1$$3! stating that ai<e un/ergoing water stress (-1# +ar! an/ai<e without water stress (-3 +ar! in their egetatie an/ rero/uctie hases in /ifferent seasons /o not show
an) significant /ifference in the nu+er of leaes +ut in the wi/th of leaes. 0he /r) weight of ai<e was
affecte/ +) the leels of water alication (0a+le 1!. ai<e with the three-tie water alication showe/ the
highest /r) weight an/ ai<e without an) water alication showe/ the lowest /r) weight. ?ater stress
/ecrease/ the /r) weight of ai<e as uch as 22> (in situation where water stress haens! coare/ to the
noral con/ition (in situation where water alication is /one three ties!. ?ater stress causes the /isclosure onstoata an/ a9es a /ecrease on a+sortion rate of @%2. ence' the rocess of hotos)nthesis is hin/ere/
+ecause of a /ecrease on assiilate results an/ causes low weight of the lants (Salis+urr) /an Ross 1$$"D
0e<ara et al .'2##2' riffin' 2##3!.
0he leels of water alication affecte/ the weight of the /rie/ grains' +ut not the weight of 1## grains.
0he /rie/ grains fro the lots with three-tie water alication or two-tie water alication were heaierthan those fro the lots with onne-tie water alication or no water alication. ?ater stress /ecrease/ theweight of /rie/ grains as uch as 36> (in situation where water stress haens!. 0his result is suorte/ +) the
fin/ings of ang et al. (1$$3! stating that water stress as uch as -8 +ar an/ -1# +ar causes /ecreasing weigth of
/rie/ grains as uch as 2#> an/ 4#>. ?ater stress can lea/ into low ro/uction since the ass)ilate
translocation or hotos)ntates of lant organs' such as see/ filling' is o+structe/ an/ influences on the lant
results (ar7a/i an/ ah)a' 1$88!.
&ariet) is also a factor /eterining the /r) weight of lants an/ the weight of the /rie/ grains' +ut it
/oes not affect the height of lants' the nu+er of leaes' an/ the weight of 1## grains (0a+le 2!. 0he /r) weight
of isi-2 ariet) was significantl) /ifferent fro the /r) weight of isa ariet)' in which the /r) weight of
isi-2 ariet) was 13> higher than the /r) weight of isa ariet). 0he sae result also alie/ to the weight
of the /rie/ grains' in which isi-2 ariet) ha/ higher weight of /rie/ grains' as uch as 26>' the weight of
/rie/ grains of isa ariet). 0his was cause/ +) genetic /ifferences +etween +oth arieties. )+ri/ ai<e isi-
2 ariet) has genetic a+ilit) to ro/uce two co+s of ai<e in a single lant ( prolific) so it a) result on higher ro/uction than isa coosite ariet) with a single co+. It resonates well with Su/7ana et al., (1$$1! stating
that generall) the +est h)+ri/ ai<e ro/uces higher results than free ollen ai<e ariet). It occurs as the
efficienc) of hotos)nthesis fro soe lants has +een increase/ through +ree/ing (Salis+urr) an/ Ross' 1$$"!.
0a+le 2. 0he aerage height of lants' nu+er of leaes' /r) weight of lants' weight of /rie/ grains' an/ weight
of 1## grains for isi-2 ariet) an/ isa ariet)
Variety
(eight of
plants
)cm*
-umber of
leaves+!
)piece*
'ry weight
without cobs
)g*
Weight of
dried grains
)g*
Weight of
!,, grains
)g*
isa
isi-2
1A8.#1 a
182.$$ a
13."2 a
14.#3 a
A1.36 a
81.86 +
111.$6 a
1"1.A# +
31.$$ a
32.#6 a
Note: figures followe/ +) sae letters on the sae colun /i/ not /iffer significantl) R0 ">
0here was an interaction +etween the leels of water alication an/ arieties as shown +) the the
height of lants' nu+er of leaes' /r) weight' weight of the /rie/ grains' an/ the weight of 1## grains (0a+le 3!.
8/13/2019 Agronomic Traits aAnd Physiology of of Maize
Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paer! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline!
&ol.3' No.13' 2#13
11
0he highest aount of /rie/ grains was for isi-2 ariet) although isa ariet) ha/ higher @i thanisi-2 ariet). 0here an) factors affecting the final ro/uct. 0he low /rie/ grains ro/uce/ a) /ue to the low
/iision of /rie/ aterials into the total aount of grains. See/ filling is also /eterine/ +) the ratio of the
original source of the lants' an/ also /een/s on the genot)e an/ enironent con/ition (ischer an/ Paler'
1$$6!.
." /onclusion1. 0hree-tie water alication on ai<e has iroe/ the height of the lants' the /r) weight of the
lants' an/ the weight of the /rie/ grains of the lantsD )et' it /oes not iroe the nu+er of leaes
an/ the weight of 1## grains. ?ater stress /ecreases the aount of /rie/ grains as uch as 36>
coare/ to the noral situation (no water stress!.
2. ifference in arieties affects the /r) weight of ai<e an/ the weight of the /rie/ grainsD )et' it /oes not
affect the height of the lants' the nu+er of leaes' an/ the weight of 1## grains. isi-2 ariet) showshigher /r) weight an/ weight of the /rie/ grains' as uch as 13> an/ 26> resectiel)' coare/ to
isa ariet).
3. Interaction of three-tie water alication on isi-2 ariet) shows the highest results on the height of
the lants' the /r) weight' an/ the weight of the /rie/ grains' whereas the lowest results were for isa
ariet) with no water alication. ?ater stress cause/ a /ecrease on the /r) weight of the lants an/ the/r) weight of the grains resectiel) as uch as 32> an/ 4#> on isi-2 ariet) an/ a /ecrease as uchas 2#> an/ 33> on isa ariet). ence there was a ariet) ten/enc) that isa ariet) was ore
tolerant than isi-2 ariet).
4. 0he h)siological traits such hotos)nthesis rate' transiration an/ the efficienc) of water usage on
isi-2 ariet) an/ isa ha/ no significant /ifference. ut in ters of @i aria+le' the @i of isa
ariet) was significantl) higher than isi-2 ariet). oweer' it /i/ not increase the results of isa
ariet).
Ac0nowledgement
0he author woul/ li9e to than9 State 5niersit) of *orontalo for the /octoral scholarshi in 5niersit)
of rawi7a)a an/ to irectorate *eneral IC0I for the scholarshi trough the PPS rogra. *ratitu/e is also
sent to all the contri+uting arties haing hele/ in the rocess of the stu/).