This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
ผลของไคโตซานตอลกษณะทางการเกษตร การตอบสนองทาง
สรรวทยาและผลผลตของขาวภายใตสภาพขาดน า Agronomic Characteristic and Physiological Responses of Rice
(Oryza sativa L.) after Chitosan Application under Drought Stress Condition
สรปผลการทดลองท 2 54 สรปผลการทดลองท 3 55 เอกสารอางอง 56 ภาคผนวก 62 Out put จากโครงการวจย 65 Studies on appropriate chitosan type and optimum concentration on rice seed storability.
66
Effects of chitosan application before being subjected to drought on physiological changes and yield potential of rice (Oryza sativa L.).
Study on chitosan types and their appropriate concentrations on rice seed storage
Chitosan is a bio-polymers derived from natural substances. It can be used to stimulate germination percentage and plant growth. This study aimed to investigate the type and concentration of chitosan to extend rice seed storability. The experimental design was CRD with 4 replications and 8 treatments, i.e control (no soaking), seed soaked in water, oilgomeric chitosan at 50,100 and 150 ppm , polymeric chitosan at 50,100 and 150 ppm and conducted in seed laboratory Department of Plant Science, Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Agro-industry, Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnabhumi, during October 2010 to July 2011. Rice seeds were soaked in water and various concentrations of chitosan solution for 3 hours and then dried to be 10 ± 2 % moisture content and stored at room temperature. All treatments were sampled every two months for seed testing. The results revealed that application of chitosan at various concentration rates and different types did not significantly affect seed moisture content and root length of rice seedlings whereas seed electrical conductivity showed significant difference through storage periods. Germination percentage and seedling shoot length had significant difference after 2, 6 and 8 months after storage but no significant difference at 4 and 10 months after storage. In regard to seed viability, it found that at 6 months after storage significantly affected seed viability whereas at 2, 4, 8 and 10 months after storage did not influence seed viability. In terms of seed germination index, no significant difference was found at 2 months of storage but significantly differed at 4, 6, 8 and 10 months after storage.
Effects of chitosan application before being subjected to drought on physiological changes and yield potential of rice (Oryza sativa L.).
Drought stress is one of the serious problems limiting yield potential in rice production. This work aimed to investigate the effective method of chitosan application for maintaining growth and yield potential under drought stress. Complete randomized design (CRD) with four application methods (treatments) including Tr1.no chitosan application, Tr2.seed soaking before planting, Tr3. foliar spray before subjecting to drought and Tr4.seed soaking before planting + foliar spray later before subjecting to drought, was performed with five replications and conducted in an open-ended outdoor greenhouse of Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnnabhumi, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya province from October 2012 to February 2013. The results indicated that various methods of chitosan application
สวพ.
มทร.สวรรณภ
ม
4
significantly affected leaf greenness, seed numbers per panicle and grain yield of rice plants while plant height, dry weight and some yield components (tiller numbers/plant, panicle number/plant,1000-grain weight) were not significantly improved by chitosan application. In regard with physiological changes, it was found that proline content, soluble sugar content and nitrate reductase activity were not significantly affected by various methods of chitosan application. Nevertheless, the best trend to maintain growth and yield potential of rice plants under drought stress was mostly detected from seed soaking before planting followed by foliar spray later.
Effect of Chitosan Spraying on Rice Yield Potential under Drought Stress
at Various Growth Stages
Chitosan, natural biopolymer, can be applied to trigger immune system in many
plant species under abiotic stress. The objectives of this project were to 1) study chitosan effect on rice yield potential under drought stress condition and 2) determine rice growth stage that was most susceptible to drought resulted in yield loss. The experimental design was split plot in randomized complete block with five replications. Main plot was five drought periods, i.e. drought at seedling, tillering, panicle initiation and heading stage and no drought and subplot was two types of foliar application, i.e. chitosan spraying and no chitosan spraying. It was conducted at an opened greenhouse of Rajamangala University of Technology Suvarnnabhumi, during June to October 2012. The results indicated that drought stress at different growth stages showed statistically significant differences on leaf greenness, dry matter accumulation, grain yield, tiller number per plant and harvest index, however, it tended that drought stress at vegetative stage (seedling and tillering stage) had more negative effects on morphological agronomic characteristics (plant height, leaf greenness, dry matter, tiller number per plant) than at reproductive stage, whereas grain yield and translocation of assimilates (harvest index) were negatively affected from drought stress at reproductive stage (panicle initiation and heading stage). Foliar application of chitosan did not significantly affect all characteristics under drought stress in all rice growth stages. Interaction between rice growth stage and chitosan application did not significantly influenced all characteristics under drought stress.
Table 1.2 Effect of chitosan on germination percentage of rice seed after storage at various time periods.
Seed soaking ( in)
Germination percentage (%) Months after storage (month)
2 4 6 8 10 Control (no soaking) 75.5 b 70.8 72.5 c 74.5 a 66.5 Water 74.5 c 71.3 71.3 c 64.5 c 59.8 Oligomeric chitosan at 50 ppm 76.3 b 78.3 67.5 d 61.5 cd 58.3 Oligomeric chitosan at 100 ppm 79.0 a 78 77.0 b 68.8 b 65.5 Oligomeric chitosan at 150 ppm 72.5 c 69.8 77.3 b 70.8 b 59.8 Polymeric chitosan at 50 ppm 80.8 a 77.5 82.0 a 60.3 d 58.3 Polymeric chitosan at 100 ppm 69.3 d 71.0 77.8 b 59.5 d 59.3 Polymeric chitosan at 150 ppm 68.8 d 70 71.0 c 60.0 d 62.0 CV (%)
7.12
7.53
7.7
8.0
8.3
Figure 1.2 Effect of chitosan on germination percentage of rice seed after storage at various time periods.
Table 1.4 Effect of chitosan on shoot length of rice seedlings after storage at various time periods. Seed soaking ( in)
Shoot length of rice seedlings (cm) Months after storage (month)
2 4 6 8 10 Control (no soaking) 10.3 d 10.6 10.6 de 10.5 d 10.9 Water 9.9 d 10.6 10.7 d 10.5 d 10.9 Oligomeric chitosan at 50 ppm 10.0 d 10.5 10.4 e 10.9 c 11.1 Oligomeric chitosan at 100 ppm 10.7 c 10.6 10.9 cd 10.8 c 12.3 Oligomeric chitosan at 150 ppm 10.9 bc 10.5 11.0 bc 11.2 b 10.9 Polymeric chitosan at 50 ppm 11.2 ab 10.5 11.3 a 11.3 ab 11.2 Polymeric chitosan at 100 ppm 11.1 ab 10.8 11.1 ab 11.5 a 11.2 Polymeric chitosan at 150 ppm 11.3 a 11.1 11.3 a 11.6 a 11.0 CV (%)
4.67
4.05
2.84
2.59
6.41
Figure 1.4 Effect of chitosan on shoot length of rice seedlings after storage at various time periods.
Table 1.6 Effect of chitosan on electrical conductivity (EC) of rice seed after storage at various time periods. Seed soaking ( in)
Electro conductivity value (µS/cm/g.seed) Months after storage (month)
2 4 6 8 10 Control (no soaking) 10.5 a 9.5 a 9.3 a 7.7 a 7.8 a Water 5.9 b 7.1 b 5.3 c 6.0 b 5.9 b Oligomeric chitosan at 50 ppm 5.5 cd 6.6 c 5.5 bc 4.6 d 5.6 bc Oligomeric chitosan at 100 ppm 5.6 bcd 5.8 e 5.9 b 5.2 c 5.8 bc Oligomeric chitosan at 150 ppm 5.6 bcd 5.8 e 5.7 bc 5.3 c 5.5 c Polymeric chitosan at 50 ppm 5.8 bc 6.4 cd 5.6 bc 4.7 d 4.6 de Polymeric chitosan at 100 ppm 5.4 d 6.2 d 5.8 b 5.5 c 4.4 e Polymeric chitosan at 150 ppm
5.9 b 6.4 cd 5.6 bc 4.7 d 4.8 d
CV (%) 7.23 5.86 10.25 8.48 8.62
Figure 1.6 Effect of chitosan on electrical conductivity (EC) of rice seed after storag at various time periods.
Table 1.7 Effect of chitosan on speed of germination of rice seed after storage at various time periods. Seed soaking ( in)
Germination index (plant/day) Months after storage (month)
2 4 6 8 10 Control (no soaking) 9.0 10.4 a 7.4 d 7.8 a 5.9 d Water 10.3 9.7 b 8.5 c 5.3 d 6.0 cd Oligomeric chitosan at 50 ppm 7.7 10.3 ab 8.5 c 4.8 d 5.0 e Oligomeric chitosan at 100 ppm 8.2 7.8 cd 8.8 bc 6.7 c 6.6 bc Oligomeric chitosan at 150 ppm 8.5 8.2 cd 9.1 b 6.5 c 6.0 d Polymeric chitosan at 50 ppm 8.0 8.5 c 9.0 b 7.9 a 7.0 b Polymeric chitosan at 100 ppm 7.9 7.5 d 9.6 a 7.4 ab 8.0 a Polymeric chitosan at 150 ppm 9.1 8.2 cd 9.2 b 6.9 bc 6.1 cd CV (%)
14.36 10.6 5.75 12.94 13.93
สวพ.
มทร.สวรรณภ
ม
31
Figure 1.7 Effect of chitosan on speed of germination of rice seed after storage at various time periods.
Table 3.1 Effects of chitosan on plant height and leaf greenness under drought stress at various rice growth stages.
Treatment Plant height
(cm) Leaf greenness (spad unit)
Drought period (M) Normal irrigation 140.938 27.825 C
Drought at seedling stage (25-30 days after planting) 137.300 32.787 B
Drought at tillering stage (45-50 days after planting) 133.750 36.237 A
Drought at panicle initiation stage (55-60 days after planting) 134.012 35.125 AB
Drought at heading stage (70-75 days after planting) 142.938 35.800 A
Application (S)
Chitosan spraying 138.130 34.525 No chitosan 137.445 32.585 Main plot X Sub plot (MxS) Normal irrigation x Chitosan spraying 136.625 27.875 Normal irrigation x No chitosan 145.250 27.775 Drought at seedling stage x Chitosan spraying 134.050 33.450 Drought at seedling stage x No chitosan 140.550 32.125 Drought at tillering stage x Chitosan spraying 136.750 37.125 Drought at tillering stage x No chitosan 130.750 35.350 Drought at panicle initiation stage x Chitosan spraying 139.800 36.925 Drought at panicle initiation stage x No chitosan 128.225 33.325 Drought at heading stage x Chitosan spraying 143.425 37.250 Drought at heading stage x No chitosan 142.450 34.350 LSD (M) 0.05 ns 2.974 LSD (S) 0.05 ns ns LSD (M x S) 0.05 ns ns CV (%) 7.72 6.85
สวพ.
มทร.สวรรณภ
ม
47
Table 3.2 Effects of chitosan on dry matter accumulation and grain yield under drought stress at various rice growth stages.
Treatment Dry matter
accumulation (g/trt)
grain yield (g/trt)
Drought period (M) Normal irrigation 935.000 ABC 408.129 A
Drought at seedling stage (25-30 days after planting) 997.500 AB 404.162 A
Drought at tillering stage (45-50 days after planting) 757.500 C 326.706 B
Drought at panicle initiation stage (55-60 days after planting) 792.500 BC 205.161 C
Drought at heading stage (70-75 days after planting) 1053.750 A 312.903 B
Application (S) Chitosan spraying 909.000 338.683
No chitosan 905.500 324.141 Main plot X Sub plot (MxS) Normal irrigation x Chitosan spraying 937.500 409.245 Normal irrigation x No chitosan 932.500 407.013 Drought at seedling stage x Chitosan spraying 1025.000 436.942 Drought at seedling stage x No chitosan 970.000 371.382 Drought at tillering stage x Chitosan spraying 765.000 339.047 Drought at tillering stage x No chitosan 750.000 314.365 Drought at panicle initiation stage x Chitosan spraying 732.500 197.533 Drought at panicle initiation stage x No chitosan 852.500 212.790 Drought at heading stage x Chitosan spraying 1085.000 310.650 Drought at heading stage x No chitosan 1022.500 315.155 LSD (M) 0.05 214.2 72.54 LSD (S) 0.05 ns ns LSD (M x S) 0.05 ns ns CV (%) 16.52 23.24
Table 3.3 Effects of chitosan on 1,000 grain weight and seed number per panicle under drought stress at various rice growth stages.
Treatment 1000 grain weight (g)
Seed numbers /panicle (seed)
Drought period (M) Normal irrigation 29.639 169.938 Drought at seedling stage (25-30 days after planting) 29.586 152.300 Drought at tillering stage (45-50 days after planting) 28.130 142.638 Drought at panicle initiation stage (55-60 days after planting) 29.020 147.288 Drought at heading stage (70-75 days after planting) 28.499 152.262 Application (S)
Chitosan spraying 28.157 152.190 No chitosan 29.432 153.580 Main plot X Sub plot (MxS) Normal irrigation x Chitosan spraying 29.690 168.900 Normal irrigation x No chitosan 29.588 170.975 Drought at seedling stage x Chitosan spraying 28.628 155.400 Drought at seedling stage x No chitosan 30.545 149.200 Drought at tillering stage x Chitosan spraying 27.960 133.325 Drought at tillering stage x No chitosan 28.300 151.960 Drought at panicle initiation stage x Chitosan spraying 29.110 153.125 Drought at panicle initiation stage x No chitosan 28.930 141.450 Drought at heading stage x Chitosan spraying 27.197 150.200 Drought at heading stage x No chitosan 29.800 154.325 LSD (M) 0.05 ns ns LSD (S) 0.05 ns ns LSD (M x S) 0.05 ns ns CV (%) 6.61 15.87
และไมพบความแตกตางทางสถตของปฏกรยาสมพนธระหวางระยะการเจรญเตบโตของขาวทขาดน ากบการฉดพนไคโตซานและไมฉดพนไคโตซานตอจ านวนหนอตอตน (Table 3.4) Table 3.4 Effects of chitosan on panicle number per plant and tiller number per plant under drought stress at various rice growth stages.
Treatment Panicle numbers / plant (panicle)
Tiller numbers /plant (tiller)
Drought period (M) Normal irrigation 26.075 29.475 A
Drought at seedling stage (25-30 days after planting) 24.438 25.788 B
Drought at tillering stage (45-50 days after planting) 26.275 28.713 AB
Drought at panicle initiation stage (55-60 days after planting) 25.875 31.525 A
Drought at heading stage (70-75 days after planting) 28.537 30.525 A
Application (S) Chitosan spraying 27.180 30.590
No chitosan 25.300 27.820 Main plot X Sub plot (MxS) Normal irrigation x Chitosan spraying 27.375 31.125 Normal irrigation x No chitosan 24.775 27.825 Drought at seedling stage x Chitosan spraying 24.025 26.450 Drought at seedling stage x No chitosan 24.850 25.125 Drought at tillering stage x Chitosan spraying 26.250 28.225 Drought at tillering stage x No chitosan 26.300 29.200 Drought at panicle initiation stage x Chitosan spraying 27.925 35.325 Drought at panicle initiation stage x No chitosan 23.825 27.725 Drought at heading stage x Chitosan spraying 3.325 31.825 Drought at heading stage x No chitosan 26.750 29.225 LSD (M) 0.05 ns 3.52 LSD (S) 0.05 ns ns LSD (M x S) 0.05 ns ns CV (%) 12.95 15.35
Table 3.5 Effects of chitosan on harvest index under drought stress at various rice growth stages.
Treatment Harvest index
(%) Drought period (M) Normal irrigation 43.6 A
Drought at seedling stage (25-30 days after planting) 41.4 A
Drought at tillering stage (45-50 days after planting) 43.6 A
Drought at panicle initiation stage (55-60 days after planting) 28.3 B
Drought at heading stage (70-75 days after planting) 29.4 B
Application (S) Chitosan spraying 38.6 No chitosan 35.9 Main plot X Sub plot (MxS) Normal irrigation x Chitosan spraying 44.0 Normal irrigation x No chitosan 43.2 Drought at seedling stage x Chitosan spraying 43.0 Drought at seedling stage x No chitosan 39.8 Drought at tillering stage x Chitosan spraying 45.5 Drought at tillering stage x No chitosan 41.7 Drought at panicle initiation stage x Chitosan spraying 32.0 Drought at panicle initiation stage x No chitosan 24.5 Drought at heading stage x Chitosan spraying 28.5 Drought at heading stage x No chitosan 30.3 LSD (M) 0.05 59.6 LSD (S) 0.05 ns LSD (M x S) 0.05 ns CV (%) 18.40
ม.ย 2556. Abba, E.J. and A. Lavato. 1999. Effect of seed storage temperature and relative
humidity on maize (Zea may L.) seed viability and vigor. Seed Sci. &Technol. 27: 101-114.
Bailly, C., A. Benamar, F. Corbineau and D. Come. 1998. Free radical scavenging as affected by accelerated ageing and subsequent priming in sunflower seeds. Physiol. Plant. 104: 646-652.
Bekkara, F., M. Jay and M.R. Viricel. 1998. Distribution of phenolic compounds within seed and seedling of two Vicia faba cvs differing in their seed tannin content and study of the seed and root phenolic exudation. Plant and Soil 203: 27-36.
Bell, A., A. Habbard and J.C. Liu 1998. Effect of chitin and chitosan on the incidence and severity of Fusarium Yellows of Celery. Plant Disease. 82 : 322-328.
Bittelli, M., M. Flury, G.S. Campbell and E.J. Nichols. 2001. Reduction of transpiration through foliar application of chitosan . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 107(3) : 167-175.
Boonjung, H. and S. Fukai, 1996. Effects of soil water deficit at different growth stage on rice growth and yield under upland conditions. 2. Phenology, Biomass and yield. Field Crops Res., 48 (1) : 47-55.
Boonlertnirun, S., E. Sarobol and I. Sooksathan, 2005. Studies on chitosan concentration and frequency of foliar application on rice yield potential c.v. Suphanburi 1.pp.40-44. In proc 31th Congress on Science and Technology of Thailand, Suranaree University of Technology. Nakhon Rachasima.Thailand.
Boonlertnirun, S., C. Boonraung and R. Suvanasara. 2008. Application of chitosan in rice production. Journal of Metals,Materials and Minerals.,18: 47-52.
Bouman, B. A. M. and T.P. Toung, 2001. Field water management to save water and increase its productivity in irrigated lowland rice. Agric. Water Manage., 49 (1) : 11-30
Delouche, J.C. and C.C. Baskin. 1973. Accelerted aging techniques for predicting the relative storability of seed lots. Seed Sci. & Technol. 1: 427-452.
Duke, S.H., G. Kakefuda and T.M. Harvey. 1983. Differential leakage of intracellular substances from imbibing soybean seed. Plant Physio. 72: 919-924.
Elias, S.G. and L.O. Copeland. 1994. The effect of storage conditions on canola (Brassica napus L.) seed quality. J. Seed Technol. 18: 21-22.
Eva Guadalupe Lizarraga- Paulin , lrineo Torres- Pacheco , Ernesto Moreno – Martinez and Susana Patricia Miranda – Castro . 2011 . Chitosan application in maize ( Zea mays ) to counteract the effects of abiotic stress at seedling level. African Journal of Biotechnology., 10 (34): 6439-6446
Fabrizius, E., D.M. TeKrony, D.B. Egli, M. Rucker. 1999. Evalution of a viability model for predicting soybean seed germination during warehouse storage. Crop Sci. 39: 194-201.
Garrity, D.P. and J.C.O’ Toole, 1994. Screening rice for drought resistance at the reproductive phase. Field Crops Res., 39 (2-3) : 99-110.
Goel, A., A.K. Goel and I.S. Sheoran. 2003. Changes in oxidative stress enzymes during artificial ageing in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seeds. J. Plant Physiol. 160: 1093-1100.
Gu LiQiang ; Li ChunXiang ; Qiao YongXu; Gao FengJu; Lu Hong, 2010. Effects of exogenous Chitosan on physiological characteristics of cucumber seedlings under drought stress. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences., 23 (1): 70-73
Harrington, J.F. 1972. Seed storage and longevity, pp. 145-245. In T.T. Kozlowski (ed.). Seed Biology Academic Press, New York.
Hatice, G. and T. Ece. 2006. Changes in peroxidase activities and soluble proteins in strawberry varieties under salt-stress. Physiologiae Plantarum 28: 109-116.
Hidalgo, L., W. Argelles, C. Peniche, M. Pino de los and E. Terry. 1996. Effect chitosan in seed treatment of tomato. Revista de Protection Vegeta.11:37-39. Iriti, M., C. Giulia, V. Sara, M. Ilaria, C. Soave, G. Fico and F. Faoro, 2010. Chitosan-induced
ethylene-independent resistance does not reduce crop yield in bean. Biol. Control, 54 : 241–247.
Islam, M.T., M.A. Salam and M. Kauser, 1994b. Effect of soil water stress at different growth stages of rice on yield components and yield. Prog. Agric., 5 (20) : 151-156
Islam, M.T., 1999. Plant water relation studies in diverse rice cultivars under Bangladesh climatic conditions. Ph.D Thesis, submitted to the Institute of Agronomy and University Agriculture Science, Viena.
Kapoor, N., A. Arya, M.A. Siddiqui, A. Amir and H. Kumar. 2010. Seed deterioration in chickpea (Cicer arieinum L.) under Accelerated Ageing. Asian J. Plant Sci. 9(3): 158-162.
Karmi, S., H. Abbaspour, J. M. Sinaki and H. Makarian, 2012. Evaluation of drought stress and foliar chitosan on biochemical characteristics of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 7: 117-122.
Krivtsov, G. G., N. A. Loskutova, N. S. Konyuknova, E. I. Khorkov, N.V. Kononenko and B. F. Vanyushine. 1996. Effect of chitosan elicitors on wheat plants. Biology Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences.23: 16-21
Mondal M.M.A., Malek M.A., Puteh A.B., Ismail M.R., Ashrafuzzaman M. and Naher L. 2012. Effect of foliar application of chitosan on growth and yield in okra. Australia Journal of Crop Science. 6: 918-921.
Pantuwan, G., M. Fukai, S. Cooper, S. Rajatasereekul and J.C. O’Toole, 2002a. Yield response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes to different types of drought under rainfed lowlands. I. Grain yield and yield components. Field Crops Res., 73 (2-3) : 169-180.
สวพ.
มทร.สวรรณภ
ม
60
Rahman, M.T., Islam, 2002. Effect of water stress at different growth stages on yield and yield contributing characters of transplanted aman rice. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 5 (2) : 169-172
Roberts, E.H. 1973. Loss of viability: Ultrastructural and physiological aspects. Seed Sci. & Technol. 1: 529-545.
Sheheta, S. A., Z.F. Fawzy and H.R. El- Ramady, 2012. Response of cucumber plants to foliar application of chitosan and yeast under greenhouse conditions. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6: 63-71.
Smirnoff, N. 1993. The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and desiccation. New Phytol. 125: 27-58.
Thobunluepop, P., E. Pawelzik and S. Verasilp 2008. The perspective effects of various seed coating substances on rice seed variety Khao Dawk Mali 105 storability I: The case study of physiological properties. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 11:2291-2299.
Wilson, D.O. and M.B. McDonald. 1986. The lipid peroxidation model of seed ageing. Seed Sci. & Technol. 14: 296-300.
Yue, D. Y., Z. Zhi Meng, Z. Yong Guo, Q. YinGe, W. XiuJuan and S. You Rong. 2001.
Effect of chitosan on physiological activities in germinating seed and seedling
leaves of maize. Journal of Habei Vocation Technical Teachers College.15: 9-
12.
Stedin, Z., T. Sarvestani, H. Pirdashti , S. Ali M. M. Sanavy and H. Balouchi . 2008. Study of water stress effects in different growth stages on yield and yield components of different rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cultivars . Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 11 (10) : 1303-1309
Lizarraga- Paulin, E. G., l. Torres- Pacheco , E. Moreno – Martinez and S. P. Miranda – Castro, 2011. Chitosan application in maize ( Zea mays ) to counteract the effects of abiotic stress at seedling level. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10: 6439-6446
สวพ.
มทร.สวรรณภ
ม
61
Zeng, D., X. Luo and R. Tu, 2012. Application of bioactive coatings based on chitosan for soybean seed protection. International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry, vol. 2012, Article ID 104565, 5 pages, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/104565.
1. Suvannasara, R. and S. Boonlertnirun. 2013. Studies on appropriate chitosan type and optimum concentration on rice seed storability. ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, 8 (3): 296-300.
2. Boonlertnirun, S., R. Suvannasara and K. Boonlertnirun 2013. Effects of chitosan application before being subjected to drought on physiological changes and yield potential of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The 4th Rajamangala University of Technology International Conference (4 th RMUTIC ), July 15-16, 2013. Bangkok, Thailand.