AGRICULTURE.pptx

AGRICULTURE

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Sustainable agriculture can be defined as the adoption of various farming and production management techniques to maximise agricultural yield.

Implementing such practices would help in Conserving natural resources Maintaining environmental balance Coping with changing human needs Therefore it is necessary to adopt sustainable

agricultural practices such as mixed farming, crop rotation, intercropping and integrated farming.

INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE Integrated agriculture implies a combination

of agriculture with other forms of culture such as

Pisciculture Aquaculture Apiculture Sericulture Poultry farming Piggery Livestock production etc

ADVANTAGES OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Achieves the integration of natural biological cycles and controls

Protects and renews soil fertility and the natural resource base

Optimizes the management and the use of farm resources.

Reduces the use of non renewable resources and purchased production inputs.

Provides an adequate and dependable form of income.

Promotes opportunity in family farming and farm communities.

ORGANIC FARMING Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on

techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control.

Organic farming uses fertilizers and pesticides but excludes or strictly limits the use of

Manufactured (synthetic) fertilizers Pesticides (which include herbicides, insecticides and

fungicides) Plant growth regulators such as hormones Livestock antibiotics Food additives Genetically modified organisms Nanomaterials

ADAVNTAGES OFORGANIC FARMING

It prevents pollution of any components of our environment.

Farm wastes are recycled. The food obtained from organic farming

are free from pesticides and toxic chemicals.

Organic farming maintains the soil health The cropping system of organic farming

keeps insects, pests and weeds under check.

IMPROVEMENT OF CROP YIELDS

Agriculture is the science and practice of farming which mainly involves

Rearing of livestock Cultivating land Rising crops Harvesting Marketing the produce.

TYPES OF CROPS Seeds Fruits Vegetables Spices Fodder crops Other crops

SEEDS CerealsInclude crops such as wheat , rice etc.They are a rich source of carbohydrate PulsesLegumes such a chick peas and peasThey are a rich source of proteins Oil seed cropsInclude groundnut, sesame and mustardThey are a rich source of fats Nuts or dry fruitsIncludes walnut, pistachios and cashewsThey are a rich source of fats and proteins

FRUITS Include apple, orange, mango, banana,

pineapple, guava etc They are a god source of Vitamins Minerals Roughage Proteins Carbohydrates Fats

VEGETABLES They are edible parts of herbaceous

plants. They are of following types Roots – carrot, radish Stems – bamboo, banana Leafy vegetables – spinach, lettuce Inflorescence vegetables – broccoli,

cauliflower Fruit vegetables – tomato, pumpkin

SPICES, FODDER ANDOTHER CROPS

Certain parts of some plants are used to enhance the palatability of food

They are known as spices. Fodder crops provide food to cattle – oat,

sorghum Other crops include cotton, tobacco and

chocolates.

CROP SEASONS Different crops require different climatic

conditions, temperature and photoperiod for their growth and maturity.

Sunlight is required for photosynthesis. Photoperiods are duration of sunlight that

influences plant in their growth, flowering, formation of storage organs, leaf fall etc.

In India there are two main seasons of crop growth.

KHARIF SEASON They are monsoon or rainy season crops The crops grow in hot and wet condition These crops are sown in the beginning of

rainy season in June and July These crops are harvested during

September and October at the end of monsoon

Examples – rice, maize, groundnut, soybean etc

RABI SEASON They are non monsoon season crops The crops grow in cold and nearly dry

conditions These crops are grown in October and

November when monsoon is retreated. These crops are harvested in March and

April before the advent of hot season Example wheat, barley, gram etc

CROP PRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

Crop production management refers to controlling the various aspects of crop production, to obtain the maximum and best yield.

It has the following three components Nutrient management Irrigation Cropping pattern

NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Nutrient management means controlling

the selection, timing and amount of nutrient supply to the crops

Inorganic elements required by plants for building their structure and maintaining their metabolic processes are known as nutrients.

They are of two types Macronutrients Micronutrients

MACRONUTRIENTS They are required in large amounts Concentration of each macronutrient in

plants is more than 1 mg/gm of dry matter

They take part in building plant body and different protoplasmic structures.

They have no significant role in enzyme activity and electron transport

Example – N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

MICRONUTRIENTS They are required in small amounts Concentration of each micronutrient in

plants is less than 1 mg/gm of dry matter They do not take part in building plant

body and different protoplasmic structures.

They have significant role in enzyme activity and electron transport

Example – Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Cu, Mb, Cl

MANURES Manures are natural fertilizer They are bulky sources of organic matter

which supply nutrients in small quantities and organic matter in large quantities.

Manures are prepared by the decomposed animal excreta and plant waste.

Manure include farmyard manure(FYM), compost, green manures, vermicompost etc.

FARM YARD MANURE FYM is the decomposed mixture of cattle

excreta, litter and left over organic material such as roughage or fodder

These waste materials are collected on a daily basis from the cattle shed and stored in a pit for decomposition by the microorganisms

FYM contains nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous

COMPOST Compost is prepared from farm and town

refuge such as vegetable and animal refuse.

Composting is a biological process in which both aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms decompose the organic matter

It takes about 3 to 6 months for decomposition of organic refuse

It contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium monoxide

GREEN MANURE The practice of green manuring includes

growing, mulching by ploughing and mixing of green crops(eg. Cluster beans, lentil or masur) with soil to improve physical structure and soil fertility

A green manure supplies Nitrogen and Phosphorous Organic matter for improving hydration,

aeration and crumb structure of the soil It tends to provide protection against erosion

and leaching

FERTILIZERS Fertilizers provide plant nutrients,

commercially manufactured using chemicals

Fertilizers supply NPK They are good for vegetative growth thus

giving rise to healthy plants Fertilizers contain much higher amount of

nutrients in comparison to the manures and are therefore, used in small quantities

TYPES OF FERTILIZERS Nitrogenous fertilizers Phosphatic fertilizers Potassic fertilizers Complex fertilizers

BIOFERTILIZERS Organisms which enrich the soil with

nutrients are called bio fertilizers They are renewable and non pollutant

sources of plant nutrients such as nitrogen

They are not alternatives to chemical fertilizers but can play a supplementary role in supplying nutrients under specific soil conditions.

Nitrogen fixing bacterias are the main type of bio fertilizers being used in India

MYCORRHIZA Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of

certain fungi with roots of higher plants. Mycorrhiza increases water and nutrient

uptake by plants and increases growth, vigour and yield of the plants.

IRRIGATION The process of supplying water to crop

plants by means of canals, wells, reservoirs, tube wells etc, is known as irrigation.

Water management is arranging and supplying required water to crops without harming soil aeration, change of water table or causing water logging and soil salinity.

ADVANTAGES OF IRRIGATION

Crop plants are irrigates with freshwater to supply two essential elements to them, hydrogen and oxygen. Both these elements are present in water molecules and are necessary for growth and development of crop plants.

Irrigation of crop fields is necessary to provide sufficient moisture for the germination of seeds

Irrigation of crop plants is necessary for the growth and elongation of the roots of the crop plants

Irrigation is necessary to increase the number of aerial branches(called tillers) so as to get a good crop yield.

IRRIGATION SYSTEMS Some most commonly used irrigation

systems are the following : Canal system Tanks Wells River lift system River valley system Drip and sprinkler system

CANAL SYSTEM In canal system, the human made canals

receive water from one or two reservoirs or from rivers

This is usually an elaborate and extensive irrigation system

Thus, main canal is distributed into branch canals and branch canals further have distributaries or field channels

TANKS Tanks are small storage reservoirs, which

catch and store the runoff of smaller catchment areas

Small dams are built below the higher elevations of the catchment areas

In the tanks, outflows are controlled according to the availability of water.

Otherwise it causes an uneven distribution of water .

WELLS Wells are constructed wherever

exploitable ground water is present. Wells are of two types Dug wells Tube wells

RIVER LIFT SYSTEM River lift system is more useful in those

areas where canal flow is insufficient or irregular due to inadequate water release

In this system, water is directly drawn from the rivers for supplement irrigation

RIVER VALLEY SYSTEM Certain parts of the country such as

Karnataka and Kerala which lie along the Western Ghats, use water that is discharged into the steep and narrow riverine valleys, during the rainy season

DRIP AND SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Overhead pipes for spraying water and sprinkler system save a lot of water and are more natural

They however, require a pumping system These methods are very common in USA,

Britain, Europe and parts of India

WATER AUGMENTATION Water availability for irrigation can be

assured by augmenting ground water It is carried out by following two methods Rain water harvesting Water shed management

CROPPING PATTERNS These are models of raising crops which

help in obtaining maximum benefit from the same piece of land, reduce risk of crop failure, disease and infestation

Three common types of cropping patterns are

Mixed cropping Intercropping Crop rotation

MIXED CROPPING Mixed farming is the practice of growing

of two or more crops simultaneously in the same piece of land

The basic objective in mixed cropping is to minimise the risk and insure against the crop failure due to abnormal weather conditions

Maize and Urad Cotton and Moong bean

INTERCROPPING Intercropping is a practice of growing two

or more crops simultaneously in a same field in definite row patterns with the objective of increasing productivity per unit area

The practice of intercropping is adopted by small farmers and where farmers have least access to irrigation.

Intercropping is an improved of mixed cropping

CROP ROTATION Crop rotation is the practice of growing of different

crops on a piece of land in preplanned succession. Depending upon the duration crop rotation may be

of the following types: One year rotation (maize – mustard) Two year rotation (maize – mustard – sugarcane – fenugreek) Three year rotation (rice – wheat – moong – mustard – sugarcane –

berseem)

GREEN REVOLUTION The bumper increase in the yield of food

grains(especially the wheat crop) as during the 1970s, is often termed green revolution

The 1970 Nobel Laureate, American scientist Dr. N. E. Borlaug was the person behind triple dwarf Mexican wheat varieties

Their colour was changed to Indian liking through gamma irradiation (by M. S. Swaminathan, Father of Green Revolution in India

CROP VARIETY IMPROVEMENT The art of recognising valuable traits and

incorporating them into future generationis very important in plant breeding

Need for higher crop yield Higher yield Improved Biotic and abiotic resistance Changes in maturity duration Photo insensitivity and thermo insensitivity Desirable agronomic traits Wider adaptability

INTRODUCTION This refers to transportation of crop

plants from the place of their cultivation to the place where they were never grown earlier

Thus, the process of introducing new plants from their growing place to their new region is called acclimatization

It is a quick method to bring about improvement with minimum effort and cost.

SELECTION This process involves selection of the

most the desirable offspring of a variety of plant for controlled propagation

Selection favours the survival and further propagation of some plants having more desirable characters than others.

HYBRIDISATION The crossing between genetically

dissimilar plants to produce a new kind(hybrid) is called hybridisation.

Crossing may be between two different varieties, between two different species of the same genus and between different genera

This method incorporates the desired characteristics of both parents in one variety.

MUTATION BREEDING Mutations are sudden inheritable

variations They are produced at random through

gamma irradiation and a number of other physical and chemical agents called mutagens

Triple dwarf Mexican varieties of wheat were developed by N. E. Borlaug (1963) through incorporation mutations by selective hybridization

DNA RECOMBINANT TECHNOLOGY

This technology refers transfer of genes from one organism to another so as to modify the latter

They are called genetically modified organisms

Bt cotton is a genetically modified crop which carries bacterial genes that protect plants with insects

Bt stands for bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis

THANK YOU