Agricultural Marketing Directory for U.S.-Africa Trade

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Agricultural MarketingDirectory forU.S.-Africa Trade

Agricultural Marketing Directoryfor U.S. and Africa Trade

Mary E. LassanyiAgricultural Trade and MarketingInfonnation Center

Wayne OlsonReference Branch

National Agricultural LibraryAgricultural Research ServiceU.S. Departlnent of AgricultureBeltsville, MD

Prepared for:

U.S. Agency for International Devel0plnentBureau for AfricaOffice of Sustainable DeveloplnentWashington, D.C. 20523-0089

Publication Services provided by AMEX International, Inc.Pursuant to the following USAID contract:

Project Title: Policy, Analysis, Research, and TechnicalSupport Project

Project Number: 698-0478

Contract Number: AOT-0478-C-00-3168-00 April 1996

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l'

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

Lassanyi, Mary E.Agricultural Marketing Directory for U.S. and Africa trade.1. Produce trade-Africa. 2. Produce trade--United States.3. United States-Commerce-Africa. 4. Africa-Commerce-United States. I. Olson, Wayne K. II. Title.

HD9017.A352

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in its programs on the basis ofrace, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, and marital or familial status. (Not allprohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means forcommunication of program information (braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact the USDA Office ofCommunications at (202) 720-2791.

To file a complaint, write the Secretary of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.20250, or call (202) 720-7327 (voice) or (202) 720-1127 (TOO). USDA is an equal employment opportunityemployer.

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Contents

Part I:

+Introduction .

Recommendations

Acknowledgements .

About the Authors

Acronyms.

+ References

Select Publications

Technology Applications

+Contacts

African Regional Organizations. . . . . . . .

Developmental/Financial/Funding Institutions

International Organizations .

Research Centers.

Other Contacts . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . v

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· 116

29

32

35

39

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Part II:

+Sub-Saharan African Countries - First Tier.

+Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Angola ..Benin ....Botswana ..Cameroon .Cape Verde.Cote d'ivoireEthiopiaGabonGhana .Guinea .Kenya ..Lesotho ..MadagascarMalawi .Mali .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 53............... 57

.62

. 67

. 72

. 75

.80

.85

.89. ..94

. 98104107111115

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Mauritius ..MozambiqueNamibia. .Niger .Nigeria .Senegal .South AfricaSwazilandTanzaniaUganda ..Zaire ...Zambia ..Zimbabwe

.52

.52

..... 119

..... 123128132135140146153157162166169

...... 174

Contents

+Sub-Saharan African Trading Countries - Second Tier 180

+Introduction. . . . . . . . . 180

.... 200

... 202204206208

. .... 210212

. .... 214

Liberia .Mauritania • . . . . . . . . . . .Rwanda .Sao Tome & Principe .Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . .Somalia .Sudan. . . . . .Togo .

Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Burundi ........••.....•.... 184Central African Republic .......••• 186Chad . . . . . . . 188Congo 190Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Equatorial Guinea 194The Gambia. . ....•... 196Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

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Part IIntroduction

The African continent is richly endowed with human and natural resources, yet to a great extent, it remainsunderdeveloped. The 53 countries of Africa are divided into regional groupings: North, consisting of fivecountries; Sub-Saharan Africa comprising 48 countries that are further grouped into West, Central, East, andSouthern Africa. Africa and its human and natural resources are of growing importance to the United States, bothas a destination for U.S. agricultural exports and as a source of energy and raw material imports.

The awareness of agricultural marketing and trade benefits between the United States and Africa is rapidlygrowing in today's economy. With the United States in the lead and the countries of Africa emerging as greatpotential markets, trade between these two has become inevitable. [Arbor Acres Farm, Inc.; Borden, Inc.; CocaCola; H.J. Heinz Co.; International Flavors and Fragrances, Inc.; Kellogg, Co.; Monsanto, Co.; Nabisco Brands,Inc.; Pepsico, Inc.; and Union Camp, Corp. are some of the U.S. companies that have established branches andjoint ventures with African businesses.] However, for this two-way trade to continue thriving, business personson both continents must have access to current information that is relevant to their interests.

This one-of-a-kind reference tool, Agricultural Marketing Directory for U.S./Africa Trade, provides vital market andtrade development information. Part I contains three separate sections: Introduction, Reference and Contacts.In the Reference section, Select Publications provides suggested readings on the knowledge base oneconomic growth, free market enterprise, market opportunities, and international trade. TechnologyApplications includes information systems, such as Internet sites, that contain up-to-date news and views ofinternational trade activities. The Contacts section describes the international and regional organizations,research centers, and financial institutions that facilitate intemational trade. In Part I, a short summary, wheneverapplicable, is provided on the topics covered in the publications and on the activities of the various organizations.

Part II is divided into two groups of Sub-Saharan African countries: First and Second Tier. The First Tierrepresents the countries which conduct major trading business with the United States, while the Second Tierconducts trading business to a lesser extent. Each group has.an introductory overview. Information for eachcountry is presented in a common format, including a short economic overview, and information on exports andimports, on investment and trade barriers, and on the best prospects for U.S. investments and exports. Contactsand select publications also are included.

Many publications listed in the Agricultural Marketing Directory for U.S./Africa Trade are available in local majorpublic, special, and university libraries or international trade development centers throughout the United States,or they can be accessed electronically. For ordering or subscription information, interested individuals shouldcontact the publishers directly. Items included in the National Agricultural Library (NAL) collection are given anNAL call number; Le., NAL call no.: DT30A38. Please note: Most directories are considered reference materialswhich are unavailable on loan and must be used on the holding library's or institution's premises.

The Agricultural Marketing Directory for U.S./Africa Trade has been compiled through extensive research efforts,and various public information services resources. Further information was gathered or verified by reviewing U.S.agriCUltural and commercial attaches' country marketing plans and trade reports and through telephone contacts.Every effort has been made to ensure that the information is accurate, complete and current. However, errorsmay occur in compiling a publication of this size.

The inclusion or omission of a particular organization, publication or citation may not be construed asendorsement or disapproval and does not necessarily reflect U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) policy, nordoes it imply any form of endorsement by USDA, nor does USDA ensure the accuracy of all information in thepublication.

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• Recommendations

The exchange of goods and personnel services across country international borders can involve extra liabilities.It is therefore important to check on these items before travelling internationally or signing an agreement relativeto trade.

For information on global travel warnings, contact the U.S. Department of State, tel: 202-647-5225; FAX: 202­647-3000; or Electronic Bulletin Board System: 202-647-9225.

For information on international safety standards for aircrafts flying into and out of the United States, contact theFederal Aviation Administration (FAA) at 800-FAA-Sure (800-322-7873). These standards are set by theInternational Civil Aviation Organization. There are three types of ratings: unacceptable; conditional carriers arepermitted to fly into the U.S. with heightened surveillance, and pending corrective measures; and fully meet thestandards.

• Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation and assistance of Carol Singer, DC Reference Center,National Agricultural Library (NAL), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA);Mary Gold, Alternative Farming Systems Information Center, NAL, ARS, USDA; Rebecca Thompson, InformationCenters Branch, NAL, ARS, USDA; Jonathan Lindsay, Intern, U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureaufor Africa, Office of Sustainable Development; the Sub-Saharan Africa Branch, Economic Research Service,USDA; the Emerging Democracies Office, International Cooperation and Development, Foreign AgriculturalService, USDA; and the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce.

Special appreciation is expressed to Jerry Brown, U.S. Agency for International Development, Bureau forAfrica, Office of Sustainable Development, Private Sector, Growth and Environment Division, for fundingsupport for the Agricultural Marketing Directory for U.S.lAfrica Trade project.

• About the Authors

Mary E. Lassanyi has been the Coordinator of the Agricultural Trade and Marketing Information Center(ATMIC), at the NAL, ARS, USDA, since April 1987. In 1989-1990 she participated in the U.S. Departmentof Commerce Science and Technology Fellowship Program. During that time, Ms. Lassanyi was assignedto the Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Technology, International Policy and Planning Unit. Sheis the editor of Vignettes (ATMIC's newsletter) and has developed several publications, such as the Directoryof Export and Trade Assistance.

Prior to NAL, Ms. Lassanyi had overseas tours in Europe and in the Far East. She has Masters' degreesin International Relations and in Library Science from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA.

Wayne Olson has been a Reference Librarian at the NAL, ARS, USDA, since July 1987. Prior to NAL, heserved on active duty in the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Army as a pharmacy technician for over eight years.He had tours of duty in West Germany and England. Currently, Mr. Olson is a Captain in the U.S. Air ForceReserve serving as a Health Service Administrator at Bolling Air Force Base in Washington, DC. Mr. Olsonhas a Master's degree in Library Science from the University of Iowa in Iowa City, IA and a Master's degreein International Relations from Troy State University in Troy, AL. While at NAL, Mr. Olson has completeda retrospective bibliography on the GATT and agriculture, and a historical bibliography on the beginningsof the chemurgy movement (industrial uses of agricultural products) in the 1930s.

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Acronyms

ACMS African Center for Monetary Studies ECOWAS Economic Community of WestAfrican States

ACP African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

AFDB African Development Bank FZ Franc Zone(Banque Africaine de

General Agreement on Tariffs andDeveloppement) GATTTrade

ARCT African Regional Center forTechnology IBRD International Bank for

Reconstruction and DevelopmentBDEAC Central African States Development

Bank ICARDA International Center for Agricultural(Banque de Developpment des Etats Research in Dry Areasde "Afrique Centrale)

ICC International Chamber of CommerceCEAO West African Economic Community

(Communaute Economique de l'Afrique ICRAF International Center for Research inde l'Ouest) Agroforestry

CEEAC Economic Community of Central IDA International DevelopmentAfrican States Association(Communaute Economique de l'AfriqueCentrale) IFAD International Fund for Agricultural

Customs Cooperation CouncilDevelopment

CCCIFDC International Fertilizer Development

CEMAICMEA Center-Africa DivisionComecon Council for Mutual Economic

Assistance IGADD Inter-govemmental Authority on Droughtand Development

CGIAR Consultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research IITA International Institute of Tropical

AgricultureCMA Common Monetary Area

ILCA International Livestock Center forCOMESA Common Market for East and Africa

Southern AfricaILRAD International Laboratory for

EADB East African Development Bank Research on Animal Diseases

ECA Economic Commission for Africa IMF International Monetary Fund

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IMO International Maritime Organization

10C Indian Ocean Commission

150 International Organization forStandardization

15TA International Seed TestingAssociation

OAU Organization of African Unity

OPEC Organization of Petroleum ExportingCountries

PTA Preferential Trading Area for Eastand Southern Africa

5ACU Southern African Customs Union

5ADC Southern African DevelopmentCommunity

UDEAC Central African Customs andEconomic Union(Union Douaniere et Economique de('Afrique Centrale)

UNClAD United Nation-SConference on Tradeand Development

UNDP United Nations DevelopmentProgram

UNIDO United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization

WADS West African Development Bank

WIPO World Intellectual PropertyOrganization

WMO World Meteorological Organization

WTO World Tourism Organization

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Directories/Guides/Handbooks

Africa-North America BusinessRegister

Setcon Group internationalPO Box 264, Station PToronto, Ontario M5S 2S8CanadaTel: 416-532-5427FAX: 416-532-5427Publication date: 1994

Includes basic financial, trade anddemography data; businessassociations; key ministries; ports;trade shows and exhibits withinAfrica, Canada and USA; also liststrade opportunities.

Africa South of the Sahara 1995Europa Publications Ltd.18 Bedford SquareLondon, WCrB 3JN, EnglandFrequency: annualNAL call no.: DT30A37

Contains separate chapters oneach African country's historical,social, and economic trends; factsand figures; lists regional, tradeorganizations and key addresses.

African Banking DirectorySiFiDAPO Box 310CH-1225 Chene-BourgGeneva, SwitzerlandTel: 348-60-00FAX: 348-21-61Frequency: annual

Contains information on almost allof the public and private financialinstitutions in Africa.

African Buyers GuideAfrican Business PublicationsLtd.PO Box 2821Cresta 2118, South AfricaTel: 27-11-886-8484Frequency: 3 per year

Covers business and economics;industrial and trade directories.

Select Publications

African Development IndicatorsThe World BankPO Box 7247-8619Philadelphia, PA 19170-8619Tel: 202-473-1155FAX: 202-676-0581Publication date: 1995

Presents data on 53 Africancountries, most of which data coverthe period 1980-1993. It providesdata for more than 300 indicators ofdevelopment, including social,financial, economic, agricultural,and environmental indicators;grouped in chapters by subjectarea.

African Development ReportAfrican Development BankBP 1386Abidjan 01, Ivory CoastTel: 225-20-44-44Frequency: annual

Covers recent economicdevelopments in Africa; provides in­depth analysis of developmentpolicy issues of major importance toAfrica and updated statisticalinformation on the Africaneconomies.

African Trade Directory:Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia,Gabon, Ghana,Kenya,~aurffiu~

~orocco, Nigeria, Zimbabwe.United Nations EconomicCommission for Africa (UNECA)Trade and DevelopmentFinance DivisionPO Box 3001Addis Ababa, EthiopiaPublication date: 1989

Covers trade regulations, chambersof commerce and exporters; givesinformation on importers except forEthiopia, Gabon, Mauritius andMorocco.

African Trade Directory: ~a/awi,

Tanzania and Zambia

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United Nations EconomicCommission for Africa (UNECA)Trade and DevelopmentFinance DivisionPO Box 3001Addis Ababa, EthiopiaPublication date: 1987

Covers Malawi exporters; Tanzaniaand Zambia importers. Includesinformation on trade regulations.

American Banker's FactbookFinancial SourcebooksBox 313Naperville, IL 60566Tel: 708-561-2161Frequency: annual

A comprehensive guide to bankingin the U.S. and the world.

American Export Register 1995Thomas Publishing Co.International DivisionFive Penn PlazaNew York, NY 10001Tel: 212-629-1130FAX: 212-629-1140Frequency: annual [in 2volumes]NAL call-no.: HF3010A6

Includes alphabetical andnumerical listing of products andservices; company profiles;business and information services;and international transportationservices.

American Spice Trade Assn.:~embershipRoster

American Spice Trade Assn.,Inc.580 Sylvan Ave.PO Box 1267Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632Tel: 201-568-2163FAX: 201-568-7318Publication date: 1990

Lists members of the Association inthe USA and also international

members with activities andproducts.

Annuaire des Exportateurs deCafes Africains

Interafrican Coffee OrganizationBPV210Abidjan, Ivory CoastTel: 216131Frequency: biennial

A directory of African coffeeexporters

Beverage Marketing DirectoryBeverage Marketing2670 Commercial Ave.Mingo Junction, OH 43938Tel: 1-800-332-6222Publication date: 1991

Gives a review ofthe U.S. beveragemarket; information on wholesalers,distributors'and trade associations;includes a buyer's guide; alsocovers Canadian firms and tradeassociations.

Coffee International DirectoryInternational Trade PublicationsLtd.Queensway House2 QueenswayRedhill Surrey RH11QSEnglandTel: +44 (0) 1737768611FAX: +44 (0) 1737761989Publication date: 1995NAL call no.: HD9199AIC64

Covers coffee and coffee extractsworld trade. Includes associations,exporters, brokers; shipping andstorage; services; machinery; andbrand names.

Cotton InternationalWilliam Spencer, editorMeister Publication8001 Centerview PkwySte.212Cordova, TN 38018Tel: 901-756-8822FAX: 901-756-8879Publication date: 1993NAL call no.: 72.8C82141

Lists key firms serving the worldcotton industry, includingassociations; banks and commoditybrokers; consultants; co-operatives;cotton exchanges; cotton insurance;

cotton agents, exporters, andmerchants; freight forwarders; ginmachinery and supplies;government organizations; oil millsmachinery and supplies; ports;statistical reporting service; textilemachinery and supplies; textilemanufacturers; transportation linesand agents; and warehouses.

Croner's Reference Book forWorld Traders

Croner Publications, Inc.211-03 Jamaica Ave.Queens VillageNew York, NY 11428Tel: 718-776-0979Frequency: annual

Provides comprehensiveinformation on international tradeand market research for importers,exporters, service firms, bankers,financiers, and commodity dealers.Volume 1 covers the U.S.; volumes2 and 3 cover foreign countries.Includes a chapter on the basicrules of exporting.

Custom House GuideTerry Moran-Lever, editorK-3 Directory Corp.10 Lake Dr.Hightstown, NJ 08520Tel: 1-800-547-8753FAX: 609-371-7879Frequency: annual

A guide to import documentation.Contains U.S. tariff schedules;customs regulations; tradeagreements; duty rates; and theInternal Revenue Codes. Listsprincipal U.S. ports with customsfacilities, including customs officials;port authorities; chamber ofcommerce; other organizations andagencies; ports of entry; shippingcompanies and other tradeservices.

Directory ofAmerican FirmsOperating in Foreign Countries

World Trade Academy PressPublicationUniworld Business Publications,Inc.50 E 42nd St.New York, NY 10017Tel: 212-697-4999FAX: 212-649-4001Publication date: 1994

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Lists 2,600 U.S. corporations andtheir 19,000 affiliates in 127countries. Volume 1 lists inalphabetical order U.S. companieswhich have operations overseas.Volumes 2 and 3 contain listings bycountry from "Algeria to Zimbabwe"of the U.S. companies' foreignoperations; each alphabeticalcountry listing includes the name ofthe U.S. parent company, itsaddress, telephone number andprincipal product or service; and thename and address of subsidiary oraffiliate in that country.

Directory of Development andTraining Institutes in Africa

Council for the Development ofEconomic and Social Researchin Africa [CODESRIAIBP 3304Dakar, SenegalTel: 23-02-11Frequency: annual

Covers business, economics, andtrade; international developmentand assistance.

Directory of Importers of SpicesSpice Board, Ministry ofCommerceK.C. Ave.St. Vincent Cross Rd.PO Box 1909, Ernakulam NorthCochin 682018, IndiaPublication date: 1988

Covers world spices trade; includesindex of firms by specific productname and by country; and analphabetical list of firms withdetailed products.

Directory of Main Exporters andImporters of Food Products inAfrica

Association of African TradePromotion OrganizationsPO Box 23Tanger, MoroccoPublication date: 1989

Provides information on 116importers/exporters in 47 Africancountries; alphabetical productindex by country; and alphabeticallist of firms with activities andproducts.

Directory of United StatesExporters 1995

The Journal of Commerce, Inc.Two World Trade Center27th FloorNew York, NY 10048Tel: 212-837-7000 or1-800-222-0356, ext. 6027Frequency: annualNAL call no.: HF3011 D63

Includes alphabetical company list­ings; alphabetical product and stateindexes; American consulates andembassies abroad; banks;company listings by state;Commerce Department exporting;foreign consulates and embassiesin the U.S.; foreign trade zones;mode of transport; standardindustrial classification code index;TEU and metric tonnageclassifications; trade commissions;and world ports.

Directory of United StatesImporters 1995

The Journal of Commerce, Inc.Two World Trade Center27th FloorNew York, NY 10048Tel: 212-837-7000 or1-800-222-0356, ext. 6027Frequency: annualNAL call no.: HF3012D46

Includes alphabetical companylistings; alphabetical product andstate indexes; American consulatesand embassies abroad; banks;company listings by state; customsinformation importing; foreignconsulates and embassies in theU.S.; foreign trade zones; mode oftransport; standard industrialclassification code index; TEU andmetric tonnage classifications; tradecommissions; and world ports.

Exporters' EncyclopaediaJoseph Douress, editorDun's Marketing ServicesDun & Bradstreet Corp.Three Sylvan WayParsippany, NJ 07054Tel: 201-605-6492 or1-800-526-0651FAX: 201-605-6920Frequency: annualNAL call no.: HF53D9

Analyzes over 220 export marketswith information on countries;communications data; traderegulations; documentation;marketing data; transportation; andbusiness travel. Includes a list ofU.S. and foreign governmentagencies; international tradeassociations, and firms specializingin international business and traderesearch; U.S. ports; U.S. foreigntrade zones; world trade centers;covers about 180 countries.

Food and Agricultural ExportDirectory

Foreign Agricultural ServiceU.S. Department of AgricultureWashington, DC 20250

Order from:National Technical InformationService, U.S. Department ofCommerceSpringfield, VA 22161Tel: 703-487-4650Frequency: annualNAL call no.: 1Ag84M nO.15091994

Provides up-to-date listings and briefdescriptions of federal and stateagencies; trade associations; U.S.agricultural representatives abroad;and other organizations that offeradvice and services in exportingagricultural and food products.

Food Processing 1995 Guide andDirectory Issue

H. Russell Ritchie, editorPutman Publishing Co.301 EErie St.Chicago, IL 60611Tel: 312-644-2020FAX: 312-644-7870Frequency: annualNAL call no.: 389.8F738

Lists government agencies;calendar of events; nationalassociations; builders; plant sites;food laboratories and services;custom contracts and specialservices; packaging contractors.Also lists ingredients reference file;equipment and supplies referencefile.

Foreign Agriculture 1992Foreign Agricultural ServiceU.S. Department of Agriculture

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Room 4638-S14th St. and IndependenceAve., SWWashington, DC 20250-1000Publication date: 1992NAL call no.: aHD9001.F6

A short and concise guide to foreignagriculture. Country profiles arepresented on 90 countries,including Cote d'ivoire, Egypt,Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal,Sierra Leone, South Mica, andZimbabwe. Each profile provideskey information data on thecountry's agricultural production,policies and trade.

Guide to Importers' DirectoriesInternational Trade CenterUNCTAD/GATT, TradeInformation ServiceTrade Documentation Center,Palais des Nations1211 Geneva 10, SwitzerlandTel: 022 7300111Publication date: 1991NAL call no.: HF54.S9G841991

Provides exporters and exportpromotion bodies in developingcountries with information onavailable published directoriesincluding a number of on-linedatabases that contain data onimporting firms.

A Guide to the U.S. GeneralizedSystem of Preferences

Office of the U.S. TradeRepresentative600 17th St., NWWashington, DC 20506Tel: 202-395-3230FAX: 202-395-3911Publication date: 1991NAL call no.: HF1756G841991

Covers U.S. tariff preferences.

Harpers Wine and Spirit AnnualP. V. Straker, editorHarper Trade Journals Ltd.Harling House47-51 Great Suffolk St.London SE1 OBS, EnglandTel: 0171 261 1604FAX: 0171 633 0281Frequency: annualNAL call no.: HD9350.3.H3

Provides information on the wineand spirit trade overseas. Listsbrands, services, trade agenciesand associations and advertisers.

Import and Export Business GuideEntrepreneur, Inc.2392 Morse Ave.PO Box 19787Irvine, CA 92713-9437Tel: 714-261-2933 or1-800-421-2300Frequency: annual

Contains step-by-step instructionson how to start an import/exportbusiness. Contains information onoverseas collections, letters ofcredit; government assistance;choosing freight forwarders andcustoms brokers; selecting andexport arrangement. Also containsa sample letter to generatecontacts.

International Directory ofImporters

Interdata1741 Kekamek NWPoulsbo, WA 98370Tel: 360-779-1511Frequency: annual

A nine-volume series that coversover 100,000 importers in majorcountries throughout the world.Lists importing firms and majorwholesalers in Africa, Europe, theMiddle East, Central and SouthAmerica, North America, and theAsia-Pacific region.

The International Directory ofImporters: Africa

Interdata1741 Kekamek NWPoulsbo, WA 98370Tel: 360-779-1511Publication date: 1994-95

Covers 40 countries. Providesinformation on importing firms inAfrica, from Algeria to Zimbabwe;contains detailed companyinformation as well as acomprehensive commodity index.

The International Directory ofImporters: North America

Interdat1741 Kekamek NWPoulsbo, WA 98370

Tel: 360-779-1511Publication date: 1992NAL call no.: HF3211157

Provides information on U.S. andCanadian importing firms andselected major wholesalers. Listsfirms by product in alphabeticalorder; and alphabetical list of firmswith products imported.

Investing, Licensing and TradingConditions Abroad. Europe­Middle East-Africa

Economist Intelligence Unit111 W 57th 5t.New York, NY 10019Tel: 212-554-0600Frequency: base volume and bi­monthly updates

Contains information on corporatetax rules; exchange and pricecontrols; trade and licensingrestrictions; labor conditions andinvestment rules.

Legal Aspects of Doing Businessin Africa. Volume 4: InternationalBusiness Series

Dennis Campbell, editorKluwer Law InternationalLibresso Distribution Center7400 GA Deventer, NetherlandsTel: 31-70-3081500Frequency: base volume plusannual updates

Provides up-to-date references tolaws and regulations of countries inSub-Saharan Africa; including taxand labor laws; regulationsgoverning investment, imports, andthe-expatriation of profits.

The 1995 Seed Trade BuyersGuide

Scranton GilletteCommunications, Inc.380 E Northwest HighwayDes Plaines, IL 60016-2282Tel: 708-298-6622FAX: 708-390-0408Frequency: annualNAL call no.: 61.8Se52

Includes federal and state seed lawindex; federal law on importations;Canadian seed law; internationalseed law and association contacts;alphabetical company guide; seedmarketers; seed products,

4

equipment and services;advertising index.

Official Export GuideTerry Moran-Lever, editorK-3 Directory Corp.10 Lake Dr.Hightstown, NJ 08520Tel: 1-800-547-8753FAX: 609-371-7879Frequency: annual

and

An in-depth guide on how to export:Includes country profiles of everycountry in the world, arrangedalphabetically. The U.S. countryprofile also includes key U.S. ~?rts

of export; best export opportunities;trade regulations for the country;trade agreements; restrictedimports; tariff structure and dutyrates; marking and labelingrequirements and intellectualproperty protection. Other topicsincluded are: Entry data;documentation; marketing andsales channels; trade finance;investment; key contacts; schedule8; export administration regUlations;shipping information; informationsources and service directories; andregulations about transportation ofhazardous materials.

Oils and Fats InternationalDirectory

International Trade PublicationsQueensway House, 2QueenswayRedhill, Surrey RH1.1QS,EnglandPublication date: 1990

Provides information on world oilsand fats trade by country; and analphabetical list of firms withproducts imported. Also i~c1~des

information on associations,refiners, agents, exporters,merchants, and services.

Polk World Bank Directory1994/1995

R. L. Polk & CompanyPublishers2001 Elm Hill PikeNashville, TN 37210-3848Tel: 615-889-3350FAX: 615-885-3081Frequency: annualNAL call no.: HG1536A1P61

Contains in-depth information onknown banks and branches andspecial services they provide in Af­rica Asia, Australia, Canada,Caribbean area, Central America,Chilean Antarctica, Europe, Mexico,New Zealand, South America, andSouth Pacific Islands; and a sectionofthe 1000 largest U.S. banks.

Assn. SADCC Industrial ReviewAfrica South PublicationsPO Box 7020

Harare, ZimbabweFrequency: annual

The business guide to the SouthernAfrican Development CoordinationConference [SADCC] region.Covers business and economics;international development andassistance; and trade.

SADC Trade DirectoryBraby'sPO Box 1426Pinetown 3600, South AfricaTel: 27-31-7017021Frequency: annual

Covers business, economics andtrade.

Seafood International DirectoryAGB Heighway Ltd.Cloister Court22-26 Farringdon LaneLondon EC1 R 3AU, EnglandPublication date: 1990

Provides information on world fishand fishery products trade. List offirms by fish varieties with conditionof products traded and nature ofactivities; also gives tradeassociations worldwide involved inthe sector.

Sugar y Azucar Yearbook 1994Richard B. Miller, editorRuspam Communications452 Hudson TerraceEnglewood Cliffs, NJ 07632Tel: 201-871-9200FAX: 201-871-9639Frequency: annualNAL call no.: 65.8SU324

Covers the sugar industry of NorthAmerica, South America, Africa,Asia and Southeast Asia, India,Pakistan and Australia. Listsoperating factories; sugarassociations; sugar researchstations; and directory of canesugar refineries.

5

Survey of Economic and SocialConditions in Africa

United Nations PublicationsRoom DC2-853, Dept. 051DNew York, NY 10017Tel: 212-963-8302 or1-800-253-9646FAX: 212-963-3489Publication date: 1992

Offers information on theinternational economic situation of25 African countries; the economictrends in developing Africa; externalsectors of African economies; fiscaland monetary policies; developmentsin production; transport;communications; tourism; popUlationgrowth; education; and public health.Also includes extensive tables withcomprehensive figures and footnotes.

Thomas Food Industry RegisterDianne Johansson-Adams,editorThomas Publishing Co.One Penn PlazaNew York, NY 10119Tel: 212-290-7341Frequency: annualNAL call no.: HD9321.3T51995

A three-volume set; covers the entireNorth American grocery industry:distribution; sales; products; services;trade associations and events.

Tobacco International Buyers'Guide and Directory 1995

Frank Bocchino, editorTobacco International130 W 42nd St., Ste. 2200New York, NY 10036Tel: 212-391-2060FAX: 212-827-0945Publication Date: 1995NAL call no.: 286.89T552

Includes information on supplies,services, and product listings;international directory includescountry listing, associations, leafdealers and processors, importersand exporters.

UKER's International Tea andCoffee Directory and BuyersGuide

UKER's Directory and BuyersGuideTea and Coffee Trade Journal

130 W 42nd St., Ste. 2200New York, NY 10036FAX: 212-827-0945Frequency: annualNAL call no.: HD9195A1U51994

Covers world tea and coffee trade;alphabetical list of firms by countryand by product; also covers agents,associations, brokers, packers,suppliers of equipment, machineryand services; gives a glossary ofcoffee and tea terms.

Who's Who International in theEgg and Poultry IndustriesBuyers Guide Issue 1994-95

David Martin, editorWatt Publishing Co.122 S Wesley Ave.Mt. Morris, IL 61054-1497Tel: 815-734-4171FAX: 815-734-4201Publication date: 1994NAL call no.: 47.8P8698

Covers egg and poultry production,processing and marketingworldwide; contains product index;addresses of suppliers; buyersguide; poultry breeding guide;hatchery guide; and advertisers'index.

World Business DirectoryMeghan A. O'Meara, KimberleyA. Peterson, editorsGale Research Inc.835 Penobscot Bldg.Detroit, MI 48266-4094Tel: 313-961-2242Publication date: 1992NAL call no.: HF54U5W667

A four-volume internationaldirectory containing detailedinformation on more than 100,000businesses involved in internationaltrade. Volumes 1, 2, and 3 providecompany information in geographicarrangement; volume 4 organizescompanies in three indexes:product index -arranged byHarmonized System codes;industry index based oncompany's principal businessactivities; and alphabetic index.

World Chamber of CommerceDirectory

World Chamber of CommerceDirectoryPO Box 1029Loveland, CO 80539Tel: 303-663-3231FAX: 303-663-6187Publication date: annual

Lists U.S. chambers of commerce;state boards of tourism; conventionand visitors bureaus; economicdevelopment organizations;Canadian chambers of commerce;American chambers of commerceabroad; foreign tourist informationbureaus; foreign chambers ofcommerce in the U.S.; foreignchambers of commerce; and U.S.government information.

World Directory of Fish ImportersINFOPECHEPO Box 1747Abidjan, Cote d'ivoirePublication date: 1989

The directory was prepared by theFood and Agriculture Organization(FAD) fish marketing informationnetwork; includes an alphabeticalproduct index, and alphabetical listof firms by product and by country.

World Directory of TradePromotion Organizations Andother Foreign Trade Bodies

International Trade CentreUNCTAD/GATT, TradeInformation ServiceTrade Documentation Centre,Palais des Nations1211 Geneva 10, SwitzerlandTel: 022 7300111Publication date: 1993NAL call no.: HF54W67 1993

A directory of trade promotionorganizations and other nationalbodies involved in internationaltrade. Includes foreign tradeministries; trade promotionorganizations; import promotionoffices; chambers of commerce inprincipal trading areas, overseasterritories and/or federations ofchambers of commerce; tradeassociations; and in a separatechapter selected regional,interregional organizations.

6

The World Factbook 1994Central Intelligence AgencyOffice of Public and AgencyInformationU.S. Government Printing OfficeSuperintendent of DocumentsPO Box 371954Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954Tel: 202-783-3238Publication date: 1995NAL call no.: G1N31

Contains facts and statistics on thegovernment, people, economy andgeography of more than 150countries.

World Tobacco DirectoryR. Buob, editorInternational Trade PublicationsArgus Press Group, Ltd.Oueensway House, 2OueenswayRedhill, Surrey RH1 10S,EnglandFrequency: annualNAL call no.: HD9133C6 1995

The directory is divided into threemain sections: Part I - countrylisting of trade associations;manufacturers; dealers and brokersin leaf tobacco; importers andexporters; and tobacco productsimport, export and distribution. Part\I - international brand index. Part III- allied industries of tobacco;machinery; manufacturing supplies;services and miscellaneous.

AgExpolter MagazineU.S. Department of AgricultureForeign Agricultural ServiceWashington, DC 20250

Contains information on overseasmarkets; buying trends; trade policydevelopments; country briefs;

Covers the agricultural and primaryfood-processing industries inEnglish-speaking nations in Africa.

African Technology ForumAfrican Technology ForumMIT BranchPO Box 171Cambridge, MA 02139-0339Tel: 617-225-0339FAX: 617-225-0339Frequency: four issues per year

Contains information on scienceand technology developments as itaffects the African continent.

African Farming and FoodProcessing[Formerly: West African Farmingand Food Processing]

jonquil L. Phelan, editorAlain Charles Publishing, Ltd.Alain Charles House27 Wilfred St.London SW1 E 6PR, EnglandTel: 01 71 834-7676Frequency: bi-monthlyNAL call no.: S347W4

Gideon Pinsler Omolu, editorEND A PublicationsBox 3370Dakar, SenegalTel: 224229Frequency: quarterly

Addresses problems ofenvironment and development inAfrica.

Order from:National Technical InformationService, U.S. Department ofCommerceSpringfield, VA 22161Tel: 703-487-4650Frequency: monthlyNAL call no.: aHD1401A7

Focuses on African trade andinvestment; profiles significantinstitutions working with Africa.

Covers Pan-African coverage ofbusiness; country briefings andadvertisements on Africancountries; and information aboutcompanies doing business in Africa.

Covers news and trends affectingblack businesses in South Africaand surrounding countries; worldeconomic and political issues; andexport matters.

African BusinessAnver Versi, editorI.C. Publications Ltd.7 Coldbath SquareLondon EC1 R 4LQ, EnglandTel: 01 71 713-7711Frequency. monthly

Contains economic anddevelopment trends in Africa;special features on upcomingevents; special developmentprojects and new developmentliterature.

African Business[Formerly: African Business &Chamber of Commerce Review]

African Business PublicationsLtd.PO Box 2821Cresta 2118, South AfricaTel: 27-11-886-8484Frequency: bi-monthly

Africa RecoveryUnited NationsAfrica RecoveryRoom S-3362New York, NY 10017Tel: 212-963-6898FAX: 212-486-8792Frequency: 4 issues per year

African Environment:Environmental Studies andRegional Planning Bulletin[Supersedes: Environment inAfrica]

• Business! Marketing! Trade Journals

AD B News Tel: 202-789-2600African Development Bank FAX: 202-583-5519Information and Public Relations Frequency: monthlyDivisionBP 1387Abidjan 01, Ivory CoastFrequency: monthly

Covers banking and finance;business and economics.

Provides articles on economic andcommercial matters; businessupdates by country; tenderopportunities; trade and foreignexchange statistics.

AED[Africa Economic Digest]

Media InternationalPO Box 25683Washington, DC 20007Tel: and FAX: 202-338-4440Frequency: 26 issues per year

African Economic DigestEddie Momoh, editorConcord Press of Nigeria26-32 Whistler St.London N5 1NJ, EnglandTel: 071 359-5335Frequency: weekly

Includes news articles, analysis andforecast of economic trends in the50 member countries of theOrganization of African Unity;market reports; and lists ofbusiness opportunities by country.

Africa Investment MonitorAfrica Investment MonitorPO Box 25683Washington, DC 20007Tel: and FAX: 202-338-4440Frequency: 24 issues per year

Features currency exchange rates;African debt prices; and nationalstatistics. Includes U.S.-Africanbusiness trends; investments;company profiles; loans; andprojects throughout Africa.

Africa Investment UpdateAfrica Investment PromotionPartnership1400 35th St., SEWashington, DC 20020

7

Offers information on services and........ resources available to--U1e exporting

trade.

marketing news; overseaspromotional activities; and exportservices.

A.I.D. Procurement InformationBulletin

Office of Small andDisadvantaged BusinessesAgency for InternationalDevelopmentWashington, DC 20523Tel: 703-875-1551Frequency: occasional (freeservice)

Announces goods and servicestenders for A.I.D.-financed projectsworldwide; features productdescriptions, quotation regulations,addresses, and deadlines.[Interested U.S. firms need to fill outdatabase application to receiveannouncements.]

Business AmericaU.S. Department of CommerceInternational TradeAdministrationWashington, DC 20230Order from: U.S.GovernmentPrinting OfficeSuperintent.reJit of DocumentsBox 317954Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954Tel: 202-482-2867Frequency: monthlyNAL call no.: HF105C62

Covers international trade leads;marketing advice; export tips;conferences; exhibits, and tradeshows.

.. The CourierThe Courier200 Rue de la Loi, 5th Floor1049 Brussels, BelgiumTel: 322235-11-11Frequency: 6 issues per year

Contains country updates andarticles on selected developmentissues; offers operational summaryof European-Union financedprojects.

The Department of State Dispatch[Incorporates U.S. Department ofState, Bulletin]

U.S. Department of StateBureau of Public AffairsWashington, DC 20250

Order from:U.S. Government Printing OfficeSuperintendent of DocumentsWashington, DC 20402Tel: 202-512-0132Frequency: monthly

Provides short articles on treaties;trade agreements; arms control;economics; environment; narcotics;human rights; terrorism; traveladvisory; United Nations andregional news reports includingAfrica, Asia, Europe, Middle East,Pacific and Western Hemisphere.

Development BusinessUnited Nations, DevelopmentBusinessG.C. PO Box 5850New York, NY 10163-5850Tel: 212-963-1515FAX: 212-963-1381Frequency: 24 issues per year

Provides project and bidannouncements for the WorldBank, Africa Development Bank,and the United NationsDevelopment Program. Featuresarticles on general developmentprograms, notices of contactawards, and advertisement.

The ExporterTrade Data Reports, Inc.6 W 37th St.New York, NY 10018Tel: 212-563-2772FAX: 212-563-2798Frequency: monthly

FATUS[Foreign Agricultural Trade of theUnited States]

U.S. Department of AgricultureEconomic Research Service1301 New York Ave., NWWashington, DC 20005-4788Tel: 202-219-4060FAX: 202-219-0308Frequency: bi-monthlyNAL call no.: A286.9Ag8

Contains quality and value of U.S.farm exports and imports, and pricetrends.

Fertilizer InternationalM. Evans, editorBritish Sulphur Publishing31 Mount PleasantLondon WC1X OAD, EnglandTel: 01 71 837-5600frequency: monthlyNAL call no.: HD9483A1F38

Includes news on markets, trade,companies; statistical data in trends,productions and exports; and shortarticles of interest to world fertilizerindustry.

Financial Executive's CountryRisk Alert

Hand P. Belcsak, editorS. J. Rundt and Associates, Inc.130 E 63rd 81.New York, NY 10021Tel: 212-838-0141Frequency: 3 issues per year

Provides surveys and forecastinformation on international tradeand currency matters, with specificrisk evaluations for all countries.

Financing Foreign Operations.Global Edition

Tom Ehrbar, editorEconomist Intelligence Unit111 W 57th 8t.New York, NY 10019Tel: 212-554-0600Frequency: base volume withmonthly updates

Contains information on financialconditions in 47 countries; local fi­nancial environments; exchangecontrols; funding sources; financialmarkets; and trade credit facilities.

Food Distributors Magazine: FDMFDM c/o NFDN, Inc.PO Box 796Bristol, RI 02809Tel: 401-253-0433Frequency: monthlyNAL call no.: HD9000.1 F662

Contains short articles on newtrends in U.S. food industry;marketing; profiles of foodmanufacturers; shipping; U.S.Department of Agriculture andFood and Drug Administration[FDA] food policies. Septemberissue has Annual Directory for theFood Industry.

8

Food Packaging and LabelingNewsletterStanley Sacharow, editor

Food and Nutrition Press, Inc.2 Corporate Dr., Box 374Trumbull, CT 06611Tel: 203-261-8587Frequency: monthlyNAL call no.: TP374F2

IncJudes information oD_lbe latesttrends; emerging markets; andlegislation in food packaging andlabeling.

Global Trade[Also called: Global Trade andTransportation]

North American Publishing Co.410 N Broad St.Philadelphia, PA 19108Tel: 215-238-5300FAX: 215-238-5457Frequency: monthlyNAL call no.: HF1A54

Contains information on shippingand related services; governmentregulations for importers, exporters,brokers and forwarders; customsand trade law; and internationalfinance.

Global Trade TalkU.S. Government Printing OfficeSuperintendent of DocumentsBox 371954Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954Frequency: bi-monthly

Focuses on pertinent and timelyissues concerning internationaltrade and the role of the U.S.Customs Service in facilitating itwhile enforcing U.S. trade law.

International Trade Alert[Formerly: Import Alert]

Liz Stern, editorAmerican Association ofExporters and Importers11 W 42nd St.New York, NY 10036Tel: 212-944-2230FAX: 212-382-2606Frequency: weekly

Covers government and tradeissues as they affect importers and

exporters; international trade; andU.S. Customs regulations.

International Trade MonthlyAmerican Association ofExporters and Importers11 W 42nd St.New York, NY 10036Tel: 212-944-2230FAX: 212-382-2606Frequency: monthly

Focuses on issues anddevelopments in international trade;legislative updates; reports oncompanies involved in internationaltrade.

International Trade ReporterExport Reference Manual

Deanne E. Neuman, editorThe Bureau of National Affairs,Inc.9453 Key West Ave.Rockville, MD 20850Tel: 202-452-4200FAX: 202-452-7583Frequency: weekly [looseleaf]

Comprehensive resource forforeign import regulations; U.S.export controls; and relatedrequirements for preparing U.S.exports for shipment abroad.

Investment Legislation ReviewShockley &Associates1900 L St., NW, Ste. 500Washington, DC 20036Tel: 202-659-3310FAX: 202-466-9042Frequency: quarterly

Provides information on significantlegal developments in Africa andthe Caribbean pertaining toinvestment.

Journal of CommerceJournal of Commerce110 Wall St.New York, NY 10005Tel: 212-837-7000FAX: 212-837-7035Frequency: daily [newspaper]

Oriented to the U.S. market, buteach issue covers a variety ofglobal trade and investment issues.Each edition also featuresannouncements of exports leads,

9

collected by the U.S. Department ofAgriculture and U.S. Department ofCommerce sources.

Journal of World TradeJacques Werner, editorWerner Publishing Co., Ltd.5 place de la FusterieCH-1211 Geneva 11,SwitzerlandTel: 022-310-3422

____ £requency: bi..monthly

Focuses on intellectual propertyprotection; multilateral as well asregional or bilateral tradenegotiations.

The North American New ProductReport

Robert Galbraith, editorGalbraith Associates, Inc.Box 985Valley Forge, PA 19482Tel: 610-935-3944Frequency: semimonthly

Describes new consumer packagedgoods introduced in the U.S. andCanada, covering both food andnonfood categories.

PTA BusinessBusiness Publicity andMarketing Ltd.PO Box 74258Nairobi, KenyaFrequency: monthly

Features business developmentsand trends in the Preferential TradeArea [PTA] member nations;announces tender opportunities.

Pulp and PaperMiller Freeman Publications600 Harrison St.San Francisco, CA 94107Frequency: monthly exceptJune and November when semi­monthlyNAL call no.: 302.8P11

Contains news and statistical dataon U.S. and international markets;market summaries on NorthAmerican lumber sold ininternational markets; governmentregulations.

Seed WorldScranton GilletteCommunication380 E Northwest HighwayDes Plaines, IL 60016Tel: 708-298-6622Frequency: monthlyNAL call no.: 61.8SE52

Contains articles on the latestdevelopments in the production andmarketing of crop, vegetable, andfruit seed; industry announcements;legislative updates; internationalactivities.

Showcase USATim Chauran, editorBobit Publishing Co.2512 Artesia Blvd.Redondo Beach, CA 90278­3210Tel: 310-376-8788Frequency: quarterly

Covers international export marketsfor U.S. products and services.

SouthSouth Publications230 Park Ave., Ste. 932New York, NY 10169Tel: 212-682-8714FAX: 212-697-8280Frequency: monthly

Provides country and sectorupdates for commercial, economic,political, and social issues in thedeveloping world. African reportsand advertisements featureprominently in each issue.

Southern Africa ReportRaymond Louw, editorSouthern Africa Report Assn.PO Box 261579; Excome 2023Johannesburg, South AfricaTel: 27-11-646-8790FAX: 27-11-646-2596Frequency: 50 issues per year

Covers current affairs; economicdevelopments; finance andbusiness; labor and media inSouthern Africa region withparticular emphasis on SouthAfrica.

Technology Management Action[Formerly: Technology TransferAction]

Norman Lynn, editor

Technology News Center6810 Butler Valley Rd.Korbel, CA 95550Tel: 707-668-4027Frequency: monthly

Covers topics in engineering;research; finance; trade andproductivity.

Trade & CultureThomas D. Boettcher, editorKey Communications Corp.7127 Hartford Rd.Baltimore, MD 21234Tel: 301-426-2906Frequency: quarterly

Geared to executives of small tomid-size firms that producecompetitive products of services;includes trade zones and tradefunctions.

Trade Policy ReviewGeneral Agreement on Tariffsand Trade [GATT]Centre William RappardRue de Lausanne 1541211 Geneva 21, SwitzerlandFrequency: irregular

Contains comprehensive tradepolicy analysis prepared by thecountry under review and the GATTsecretariat.

Washington Report on Africa[Formerly: African Business andTrade]

Welt Publishing Co.1413 K St., NW, Ste. 1400Washington, DC 20005Tel: 202-371-0555Frequency: semi-monthly[looseleaf]

Covers news; economic andlegislative developments affectingAfrica.

Washington Tariff & Trade LetterSamuel M. Gilston, editorGilston Communications GroupBox 467Washington, DC 20044Tel: 301-570-4544Frequency: 50 issues per year

Information on trends affecting widerange of industries and products;

10

trade statistics; international tradenegotiations.

World Policy JournalJames Chase, editorWorld Policy Institute65 Fifth Ave., Ste. 413New York, NY 10003-3003Tel: 212-229-5808Frequency: quarterly

Covers international affairs,including global security issues;trade and economic policy;environmental concerns anddevelopment in Africa, Asia,Europe, and Latin America.

• Reports

The Adding-Up Problem:Strategies for Primary CommodityExports in Sub-Saharan Africa

T. Akiyama and D.F. LarsonWorld Bank. Policy ResearchWorking Papers. No. WPS1245.World BankPO Box 7247-8619Philadelphia. PA 19170-8619Tel: 202-473-1155FAX: 202-676-0581]Publication date: 1993

Africa Agri-Technologies Marketin Africa

Emmanuel MorrisonForeign Commercial ServiceU.S. Embassy AbidjanAbidjan, Cote D'lvoirePublication date: September1993.[Accessible through the NationalTrade Data Bank system; itemnumber 111096435]

Africa and the Middle East.International Agriculture andTrade Reports, No. WRS 94-3.Stacey Rosen and Linda Scott,economic editorsU.S. Department of AgricultureEconomic Research ServiceWashington, DC 20005

Order from:ERS-NASS341 Victory Dr.Herndon, VA 22070Tel: 1-800-999-6779 [U.S. andCanada only]Tel: 1-703-834-0125 [for otherareas]Publication date: July 1994NAL call no.: aHD2116S58

Africa Trade Trends with U. S.U.S. Department of CommerceInternational TradeAdministrationWashington, DC 20230Publication date: March 1994.[Accessible through the NationalTrade Data Bank system; itemnumber 111094136]

African Economic Reform: theExternal Dimension

Carol Lancaster

Institute for InternationalEconomics11 Dupont Circle, NWWashington, DC 20036-1207Tel: 202-328-9000 or1-800-229-ECONFAX: 202-328-5432Publication date: 1991NAL call no.: HJ8826L361991

Development of Rural FinancialMarkets in Sub-Saharan Africa

S. ThillairajahThe World Bank, Discussionpapers no. 219The World BankPO Box 7247-8619Philadelphia, PA 19170-8619Tel: 202-473-1155FAX: 202-676-0581Publication date: 1994.

The Economist Intelligence UnitCountry Reports and CountryProfiles

Economist Intelligence UnitBusiness InternationalThe Economist Bldg.111 W 57th St.New York, NY 10019Tel: 212-460-0600FAX: 212-995-8837Frequency: quarterly; andannually

The country reports provideinformation on a country-by-countrybasis for the entire world. AllAfrican countries are covered. Thequarterly reports discuss business,economic and political trends,trade, trade agreements, andprovide statistical updates. Theannual country profile providesbackground and historicalinformation.

[Available at the DC ReferenceCenter of the National AgriculturalLibrary, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, 1052 South AgricultureBldg., Washington, DC 20250; tel:202-720-3434. This is a referencematerial; reports must be used onthe premises.]

Fermented Fish in Africa. A Studyon Processing, Marketing andConsumption

11

Food and AgricultureOrganization [FAO]Fishery Industries DivisionFAO-Fisheries Technical paperno. 329Via delle Terme Di Caracalla1-00100 Rome, ItalyPublication date: 1992

Foreign Agricultural SeNice, U.S.Department ofAgriculture,Commodity/Trade Reports

The publications listed belowpresent information on U.S. andworld production, supply anddemand, summary of currenttrade statistics; the latest tradepolicy and marketingdevelopments; and trade formany different commodities.The following seventeen FASCommodity Trade Reports areavailable via subscription from:

National Technical InformationServiceU.S. Department of CommerceSpringfield. VA 22161Tel: 703-487-4630

• Agricultural Trade HighlightsMonthly report provides anoverview of U.S. agriculturalexports. Each issue contains asummary of current tradestatistics and the latest tradepolicy and marketingdevelopments, along with in­depth analyses of country mar­kets and specific consumer foodproduct exports. NAL call no.:aHD9001 A3?

• Cotton, World Markets andTradeMonthly report provides statisticsand other information on U.S.and world production, supplyand demand. and trade forcotton. It also covers cropconditions, the latest trade policydevelopments, and exportmarket information. NAL callno.: aHD90?O.1 W6?

• Dairy, Livestock, and POUltryProducts: U. S. Trade andProspects

Monthly report provides U.S.trade information and analysesof the trade of dairy, livestock,and poultry products. NAL callno.: aHD9275 A1F6

• Dairy Monthly ImportsMonthly report of imports ofcheese and other quota dairyprodUcts SUbject to licensing, aswell as imports under the quotanot subject to licensing. NALcall no.: aHD9275 A1 F665

• Dairy; World Markets andTradeSemi-annual publicationprovides information on U.S.and world production, use andtrade of dairy products, tradepolicy developments, and exportmarket information.

• Grain, World Markets andTradeMonthly publication includesinformation on U.S. and worldproduction, supply and demand,and trade for a variety of grains.Also covers crop estimates, thelatest trade policydevelopments, and exportmarket information. NAL call no.:aHD9030.1 G753

• Livestock and Poultry: WorldMarkets and TradeSemi-annual report providesinformation on U.S. and worldproduction, use and trade oflivestock and poultry products,trade policy developments, andexport market information.

• Monthly Summary of ExportCredit Guarantee ProgramActivityMonthly summary report showsfiscal year commitment figuresfor the Commodity CreditCorporation's Export CreditGuarantee Program [GSM-102]and Intermediate CreditGuarantee Program [GSM-103]activities.

• Oi/seeds, World Markets andTradeMonthly publication provides da­ta and analyses on U.S. andworld production, supply, use,and trade of a variety of oilseedsand products. It also coversproduction estimates and the

latest trade policy, commodityprices, and export marketinformation. NAL call no.:aHD9490 A2U5

• Sugar, Worid Markets andTradePublished biannually; providesinformation on the worldproduction and supply anddemand situation for sugar.Includes in-depth specialcountry features. November'sissue also presents the honeysituation and outlook in selectedcountries. NAL call no.:aHD9119 A1W67

• Tobacco, World Markets andTradeMonthly report providesinformation on U.S. and worldproduction, supply and demand,and trade for tobacco. Alsocovers crop estimates, the latesttrade policy developments, andexport market information. TheMarch issue contains completeU.S. tobacco trade data for thepreceding calendar year. NALcall no.: aHD9130.4 W67

• Tropical Products, WorldMarkets and TradeIssued four times a year and willreplace the Coffee, Cocoa, Tea,Spice, and Essential Oi/circulars. The April editioil willfeature the world cocoa beansituation and U.S. spice andessential oil trade. The Juneedition will focus on world coffeeand tea production and trade.The October edition will bedevoted mostly to cocoa, andthe December edition willfeature the world coffeesituation. NAL call no.:aHD9195.A1W67

• U.S. Export SalesWeekly report is based on reportssubmitted by private exporters.Outstanding export sales asreported and compiled with otherdata give a snapshot view of thecurrent contracting scene. Allcountries with outstanding salesor accumulated exports areincluded for each class ofwheat, all wheat, wheatproducts, corn, soybeans,soybean cake and meal,American pima cotton, all

12

upland cotton, whole cattlehides, and wet blues. NAL callno.: aHF1009.5 A3U5

• U.S. Planting Seed TradeQuarteriy reporr- providesinformation on U.S. trade forplanting seeds. Also covers thelatest trade policy developmentsand export market information.NAL call no.: aHD9019 S43U7

• Wood Products InternationalTrade and Foreign MarketsQuarterly report providesinformation on the production,trade, supply and demandsituation in countries around theworld for wood products.Highlights the latest trade policydevelopments, export statisticsand market information. TheApril 1995 report covers theannual statistical trade issue ofwood products trade and foreignmarkets. NAL call no.:aHD9750.1 F64

• World Agricultural ProductionMonthly report providesinformation on U.S. and worldproduction of major agriculturalproducts, including crop,livestock, and forestry estimates;weather and production briefs;and special articles of interest tothe trade. NAL call no.: aHD1421US

• World Horticultural Trade andU.S. Export OpportunitiesMonthly publication provides in­formation on the world situationand outlook for horticulturalproducts. It covers exportcompetition, foreign marketimport potential, and exportopportunities for U.S.horticultural products. Thepublication also discusses tradepolicy developments that affectU.S. export potential. NAL callno.: HD9000.1 W675

National Trade Estimate Report onForeign Trade Barriers, 1995

Office of the U.S. TradeRepresentative600 17th St., NWWashington, DC 20506Tel: 202-395-3230Publication date: annualNAL call no.: HF1455U552

Surveys significant foreign barriersto United States exports. Preparedin accordance with the Trade Act of1974, as amended.

The Spice Market in the UnitedStates: Recent Development andProspects.

Commercial Agricultural Division.Agriculture Infonriation Bulletin no.709Peter Buzzanell, et al.U.S. Department of AgricultureEconomic Research ServiceWashington, DC 20005

Order from:ERS-NASS341 Victory Dr.Herndon, VA 22070Tel: 1-800-999-6779 [U.S. andCanada only]Tel: 1-703-834-0125 [other areas]Publication date: JUly 1995.

13

• Statistics

Agricultural StatisticsU.S. Department of AgricultureNational Agricultural StatisticalServiceWashington, DC 20005

Order from:ERS-NASS341 Victory Dr.Herndon, VA 22070Tel: 1-800-999-6779 (U.S. andCanada only]Tel: 1-703-834-0125 (other areas]Frequency: annualNAL call no.: 1Ag84YasA comprehensive statisticalpublication, containing current andhistorical data.

The Commodity Yearbook 1994Ann Ingles, editorKnight-Ridder FinancialJohn Wiley and Sons, Inc.One Wiley Dr.Somerset, NJ 08875Tel: 1-800-225-5945Frequency: annual with quarterlyupdatesNAL call no.: HF1041C56 1994

Covers agriculture statistics;universal commodity priceanalyses; cash market descriptionfor monthly charts; futures volumehighlights U.S. and worldwide.

Direction of Trade StatisticsJohn B. McLenaghan, editorInternational Monetary FundPublications Services700 19th St., NW, Ste. C-100Washington, DC 20431Tel: 202-623-7430Frequency: quarterlyNAL call no.: HG3881155

Provides data on the country andarea distribution of countries'exports and imports as reported bythemselves or by their partners.

FA 0 Fertilizer YearbookFood and Agriculture Organizationofthe UNBasic Unit, Statistics DivisionUNIPUB4611-F Assembly Dr.Lanham, MD 20706-4391Tel: 301-459-7666Frequency: annualNAL call no.: HD9483F6

Contains statistical data relating tobasic fertilizer products forcountries and territories of theworld. The yearbook includes dataseries on production, trade,consumption and prices offertilizers.

FA 0 Fisheries Series[Incorporates Yearbook ofFisheryStatistics]

Food and AgricUlture Organizationof the UNBasic Unit, Statistics DivisionUNIPUB4611-F Assembly Dr.Lanham, MD 20706-4391Tel: 301-459-7666Frequency: irregularNAL call no.: SHIF24

Provides statistical data onproduction and foreign trade offishery commodities for all countriesand territories of the world; includesdata series on quantity of production­processed and preserved fisheryproducts and on quantity and valueof imports and export of fisheryproducts; also gives statistics forconsumption of fish and fisheryproducts; the value of worldcatches and their disposition.

FA 0 Production YearbookFood and Agriculture Organizationof the UNBasic Unit, Statistics DivisionUNIPUB4611-F Assembly Dr.Lanham, MD 20706-4391Tel: 301-459-7666Frequency: annualNAL call no.: 251Y3

Provides statistical information onarea and production of major cropsand on livestock numbers andproducts. Includes estimates madeby FAO where no official or semi­official figures were available fromthe countries themselves.

FA 0 Yearbook, TradeFood and Agriculture Organizationof the UNBasic Unit, Statistical DivisionUNIPUB4611-F Assembly Dr.Lanham, MD 20706-4391Tel: 301-459-7666Frequency: annual

14

NAL call no.: HD9000.4T7

Contains statistical data on basicagricultural products and relatedinformation for all countries andterritories in the world; includes dataseries on imports and exports ofagricultural-PIDducts in terms ofquantity and value; also givesindices that highlight continentaland global trends in volume, priceand value of international trade infood and agricultural products.

Fisheries of the United States(Formerly: Fishery Statistics of theUnited States]

U.S. National Marine FisheriesServiceNational Oceanic andAtmospheric AdministrationU.S. Government Printing OfficeSuperintendent of DocumentsBox 371954Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954Tel: 301-713-2328Frequency: annualCovers statistical data for U.S. fish­ery industry.

Foreign Trade Statistics for AfricaUnited NationsPublishing Service, Room CD-2­853New York, NY 10017Tel: 212-963-8302 or1-800-253-9646FAX: 212-963-3489Publication date: 1993NAL call no.: IMP930716459

Provides statistical data on imporUexport trade in the African region;tables show overall trade, tradebetween countries, intra-regionaltrade, and major specific products.

Foreign Trade Statistics of Africa.Series A: Direction of Trade

United Nations EconomicCommission for AfricaPO Box 3001Addis Ababa, EthiopiaFrequency: irregular

Presents statistical data fornorthern, southern, central,western, and eastern Africa.

Foreign Trade Statistics ofAfrica.Series C: Summary Tables

United Nations EconomicCommission for AfricaPO Box 3001Addis Ababa, EthiopiaFrequency: irregular

Presents statistical summaries forforeign trades for northern,southern, central, western, andeastern Africa.

Handbook ofInternational Tradeand Development Statistics-UnitedNations

Juergen Richtering, editorUnited Nations Conference onTrade and DevelopmentUnited Nations Publications,Room DC2-853New York, NY 10017Tel: 212-963-8302 or1-800-253-9646FAX: 212-963-3489Frequency: annualNAL call no.: HF1016U54

Analyzes world trade anddevelopment through statisticaldata. Includes data on worldfinancial transactions andindebtedness to foreign countries.

International Sugar OrganizationMarket Report and Press Summary

International Sugar Organization1 Canada Square, Canary WharfLondon E14 5AA, EnglandTel: 0171-513-1144Frequency: monthly

Updates statistical reports andcovers the world sugar market.

International Trade StatisticsYearbook

United Nations Statistical OfficeUnited Nations Publications,Room DC2-853New York, NY 10017Tel: 212-963-8302 or1-800-253-9646FAX: 212-963-3489Frequency: annual pn twovolumes]NAL call no.: HF91U473 1993two volumes

Covers commodity and internationaltrade; trade statistics.

Statistical Abstract of the UnitedStates 1994

U.S. Bureau of the Census

,-I

Data User Services DivisionNational Technical InformationService5285 Port Royal Rd.Springfield, VA 22161Tel: 301-457-4100NAL call no.: HA202S8

Contains an extensive collection ofthe latest vital statistics and industrytrends and an important summaryof statistics on the social, political,and economic organization of theU.S.

UNCTAD Commodity YearbookUnited Nations Conference onTrade and DevelopmentUnited Nations Publications,Room DC2-853New York, NY 10017Tel: 212-9638302 or1-800-253-9646FAX: 212-963-3489Frequency: annualNAL call no.: HF1040Y42

Provides disaggregated data at theworld, regional and country levelsfor trade and consumption inselected agricultural primarycommodities; minerals, ores andmetals.

United Nations Statistical YearbookUnited Nations Publications,Room DC2-853New York, NY 10017Tel: 212-963-3802 or1-800-253-9646FAX: 212-963-3489Frequency: annualNAL call no.: 250UN32

Provides a comprehensivecompilation of currently availableinternational statistics for allcountries and areas in the world.

World Agriculture Trends andIndicators, 1970-1991. StatisticalBulletin no. 861

U.S. Department of AgricultureEconomic Research ServiceWashington, DC 20005

Order from:ERS-NASS341 Victory Dr.Herndon, VA 22070Tel: 1-800-999-6779 [U.S. andCanada only]Tel: 1-703-834-0125 [other areas]

15

Publication date: November 1993NAL call no.: 1Ag84St no.861

The tables in this bulletin provideaggregate economic andagricultural growth, performance,production, and trade indicators forthe world, 14 geographic regions,the European Union, CentralEurope, and for 141 countries. Theindicators cover such topics aspopulation; macroeconomicindicators; food consumption;factors of production; commodityproduction; trade; and efficiency ofresource use.

World Debt TablesThe World Bank1818 H Sf., NWWashington, DC 20433Tel: 202-473-2939Frequency: annual withsupplementsNAL call no.: HJ8899W66

Covers data on the external debt of109 developing countries.

World Economic FactbookEuromonitor87-88 Turnmill Sf.London EC1M 5QU, EnglandTel: 0171-251-8024Frequency: irregular

Supplies demographic and politicalinformation on 200 countriesworldwide.

Yearbook ofForest ProductFood and Agriculture Organizationof the UNUNIPUB4611-F Assembly Dr.Lanham, MD 20706-4391Tel: 301-459-7666Frequency: annualNAL call no.: HD9750AY4

Provides statistical data on basicforest products for all countries andterritories of the world; containsseries of annual data on the volumeof production and the volume andvalue of trade in forest products;also includes tables showingdirection of trade and average unitvalues of trade for certain products.

Technology Applications

• Databases/Electronic Online Systems

For information regarding thesedatabases and servicesavailable, please contact theonline service provider.Addresses for online serviceproviders are listed at the end ofthis section.

ABIJINFORM - August 1971 todate.Producer: UMI/DATA Courier,Louisville, KYCoverage: Business economics,international news, specificproduct and industry information,also includes full text of hundredsof articles.Online seNice: DIALOG FILE 15

AGRA EUROPE ONLINE - 1986to date.Producer: Agra Europe (London)Ltd., EnglandCoverage: Covers theagricultural industry including allaspects of European and worldtrade in food and agriculturalcommodities.Online seNice: Agra Europe(London) Ltd.

AGRICOLA - 1970 to date.Producer: National AgriculturalLibrary, Agricultural ResearchService, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Beltsville, MDCoverage: Worldwide journalliterature and monographs onagriculture and related topics andon food science and nutrition.Online seNice: DIALOG-FILE110,1970-1978, and FILE 10,1979 to date; CDROM/SilverPlatter; Knowledge Index; DIMI

AGRIS INTERNATIONAL(International InformationSystem for the AgriculturalScience and Technology)­1975 to date.Producer: National AgriculturalLibrary, Agricultural Research

Service, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Beltsville, MDCoverage: Focuses on manyagricultural topics includingeconomics, development,administration and legislation,rural sociology, etc. Itcorresponds in part to Agrlndex,a monthly publication of the Foodand Agriculture Organization ofthe United Nations.Online seNice: DIALOG (File203; only non-U.S. documents);CD ROM/Silver Platter; DIMDI;ESA-IRS (File 29); InternationalAtomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

AGTRADE - 1986 to date.Producer: Special ProgramsDivision, U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Washington, DCCoverage: A wide variety ofinformation on internationalagricultural trade. AGTRADE canbe accessed by modem onpersonal computers and oncommunicating word processors.Users must obtain an accountwith USDA's contractor.Online seNice: USDA ONLINE

ALF (Agricultural Library For­um) - current.Producer: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Agricultural ResearchService, National AgriculturalLibrary.Coverage: ALF is an electronicbulletin board system accessibleby computer through a modem. Itis open to all persons interestedin agricultural information issues,including agricultural trade andmarketing. Among other items, itincludes the Annual MarketingPlan (AMP) Reports, Food MarketReports, and Annual AgriculturalSituation Reports provided by theForeign Agricultural Service,USDA; the full text of Vignettes,the Agricultural Trade andMarketing Information Center's

16

newsletter; and full text of recentQuick Bibliograhies (OB), SpecialReference Briefs (SRB), andother NAL pUblications.

ALF can be accessed 24 hoursper day, 7 days per week using acomputer terminal, modem, andcommunications software (e.g.,Crosstalk). Set yourcommunications softwareparameters as follows: Baudrate: up to 14.4K; 8 data bits; noparity; full duplex; emulation:none, ASCII or TTY. Thetelephone numbers are: 301­504-6510,301-504-6511,301­504-5496,301-504-5497.

Internet access to ALF isavailable by telnet tofedworld.gov (or 192.239.92.3).Register on FedWorld; go toUtilities (U), select Gateway (0command), then Federal bulletinboard systems (another D).Select ALF from the Federal BBSmenu.

AMERICAN BANKER ­November 1981 to date.Producer: American Banker­Bond Buyer, New York, NYCoverage: Local, regional, andinternational finance services,international trade, governmentregulations, general economicoverviews.Online seNice: DIALOG - FILE625

CRIS/USDA - current.Producer: Cooperative StateResearch, Education, andExtension Service, U.S.

CENDATA - current.Producer: U.S. Bureau of theCensus, Washington, DCCoverage: Statistical data fromcensuses and surveys, pressreleases, and productinformation. SUbject coveredinclude agriculture, business,industry, construction andhousing, trade, government andinternational affairs,manufacturing, population,industry data, and more.Online seNice: DIALOG FILE580

Department of Agriculture, • Telnet: connect toBeltsville, MD. usda.mannlib.comell.edu. LogCoverage: Provides access to in as "usda" (no passwordinformation on new, ongoing, and needed) to reach the gopherrecently completed projects offederal and state supported • FTP: connect toresearch in agriculture, food and usda.mannlib.comell.edu. Lognutrition, forestry, and related in as "anonymous" with yourfields. ID name or e-mail address asOnline seNice: DIALOG - FILE the password. Change the60, CD-ROM/Silver Platter directory with the command:

cd usdaD&B INTERNATIONAL DUN'S For assistance call Oya Rieger atMARKET IDENTIFIERS - 607-255-2199; E-mail her atcurrent. [email protected]; or write in careProducer: Dun's Marketing of the Albert R. Mann Library,

.. GOFFEELINE - t973 tct date. Servtces, Parsippany, NJ Cornell University, Ithaca, NYProducer: International Coffee Coverage: Directory listings, 14853-4301.Organization, London, England sales volume and marketing data,Coverage: Worldwide literature and references to parent EIU: BUSINESS INTERNA-on all aspects of the production, companies for over 500,000 non TIONAL - January 1989 totrade and consumption of coffee. U.S. companies. present.Languages: English, French, Online seNice: DIALOG FILE Producer: The EconomistPortuguese, and Spanish. 518 Intelligence Unit (EIU), New York,Online seNice: DIALOG FILE NY164 ECONOMIC RESEARCH Coverage: Business information

SERVICE (ERS) - current. on 57+ countries in a variety ofCORPORATE AFFILIATIONS - Producer: Economic Research formats, including weeklycurrent. Service, U.S. Department of newsletters, monthly currencyProducer: National Register Agriculture, Washington, DC reports and regUlatory monitors,Publishing Co., a Reed Coverage: Economic Research and quarterly country profiles.Reference PUblishing Co., New Service (ERS), National Online seNice: DIALOG FILEProvidence, NJ Agricultural Statistical Service 627Coverage: Business profiles and (NASS), World Agriculturalcorporate linkage for 100,000 Outlook Board (WAOB) reports, ENCYCLOPEDIA OFcompanies worldwide. such as crop estimates and ASSOCIATIONS - current.Online seNice: DIALOG FILE economic forecasts. Producer: Gale Research Inc.,513 Online seNice: Albert R. Mann, Detroit, MI

Agricultural Library of Cornell Coverage: Information onCORPORATE INTELLIGENCE - University-Internet system. several thousand tradecurrent. For access to the system, use associations, professionalProducer: Information Access one of the following methods: societies, labor unions, and otherCo., Foster City, CA groups and organizations,Coverage: Contains current • Gopher: connect to the USDA inclUding the scope and purposeaaaress,-nnanoial,and marketing· -E-conomicsaRd Statistios . ·-oftheorganization, list ofinformation on 150,000 private System at: publications, location, date ofand public U.S. companies and usda.mannlib.comell.edu port conference.nearly 30,000 non-U.S. 70 Online seNice: DIALOG FILEcompanies. These companies 114; CDROM/Silver Platter; alsomay be American or non-U.S. available on diskette andparent companies with U.S.- magnetic tape.based divisions or subsidiaries.Online seNice: DIALOG FILE THE EXPORTER - May 1983 to479 date.

Producer: Trade Data Reports,Inc., New York, NYCoverage: Contains variousaspects of exporting from theU.S., such as markets, tariff andnon-tariff barriers, political and

17

foreign currency exchange risk,world trade, and U.S. trade policy.Online seNice: NewsNet, Inc. ­subscription required.

F&S Index - 1980 to date.Producer: Information AccessCo., Foster City, CACoverage: Worldwide company,product, and industry information.Online seNice: DIALOG FILE 18

FOODS ADLIBRA -1974 todate.Producer: General Mills, FoodsAdlibra Publications, Minneapolis,MN.Coverage: Information on all newfood products introduced since1974, every section of foodindustry including retailers,processors, brokers, equipment,suppliers, gourmet foodimporters, general company andfood association news.Online seNice: DIALOG FILE 79

FOMAD - Food MarketAwareness Database - 1981 todate.Producer: Leatherhead FoodResearch Assn., Surrey, EnglandCoverage: Internationalcoverage of imports and exports,including information onmarketing in the food andbeverage industry.Online seNice: LeatherheadFood Research Association(LFRA), subscription required.

FOREIGN TRADE AND ECONABSTRACTS -1974 to date.Producer: Netherlands ForeignTrade Agency, The Hague, TheNetherlandsCoverage: World economicliterature and statistics onindustries and markets.Online seNice: BELINDIS(ECAB); DataStar (IEAB); RijksComputer Centrum (EVDA).

NATIONAL TRADE DATABANKon CD ROM (NTDB) - current.Producer: U.S. Department ofCommerce, Washington, DCCoverage: NTDB contains dataon U.S. imports and exports;

Government sponsored marketresearch by country and product;names and addresses ofimporters in foreign countries;foreign interest & exchange rates- stock price indexes; foreignlabor costs and rates; import andexport price indexes; worldagricultural production, supplyand distribution for majorcommodities; foreign directinvestment; "how-to" manualsand export regulations.Online seNice: NationalTechnical Information Service orU.S. Department of Commerce,Office of Business Analysis(Reference NTIS #PB90-591740).

OPPORTUNITIES FOR EXPORT- current.Producer: Intercom InformationResources, Austin, TXCoverage: Provides weeklyreports on the latest trade leadsavailable to American companiesin more than 120 foreigncountries.Online service: NewsNet, Inc.­subscription required.

PIERS EXPORTS (U.S.Ports} ­June 1989 to present.Producer: Journal of Commerce,Inc., Knight-Ridder, Inc., NewYork, NYCoverage: All maritimemovements into and out of U.S.and Puerto Rico. Includes names,city and state of U.S. exporters,product description, packaging,cargo weight in pounds; U.S. andoverseas ports names and code,overseas country name andcode, date of departure from U.S.port.Online seNice: DIALOG FILES571,572.

PIERS IMPORTS (U.S. Ports) ­June 1989 to present.Producer: Journal of Commerce,Inc., Knight-Ridder, Inc., NewYork, NYCoverage: Identification of newsources of supply for imports,monitoring supply for imports,monitoring imports of prOducts,identification of potential tradepartner. Includes names and

18

location of overseas shipper;name city and state of U.S.consignee; product description;standardized commoditydescription, packaging and more.Online seNice: DIALOG FILES573,574.

PTS PROMPT - 1972 to date.Producer: Predicasts, Cleveland,OHCoverage: Broad, internationalcoverage of companies,prOducts, markets, and appliedtechnologies for all industries.Online seNice: DIALOG FILE 16.

SPAAR Information System(SIS) Database - 1985 topresent.[Special Program for AfricanAgriCUltural Research]Producers: InternationalDevelopment Research Center,UNESCO, the World Bank.Coverage: A computer-baseddocumentation and reportingsystem for completed, ongoingand future agricultural researchprograms, projects, networks andsmall grants in Africa.Online seNices: The SPAARSecretariat, the World Bank;available on AGRISEARCHCD/ROM, Silver Platter.

TRADE AND INDUSTRY INDEX- 1981 to date.Producer: Information AccessCo., Forster City, CACoverage: Current andcomprehensive coverage ofmajor trade journals and industryrelated periodicals. Coversbusiness and trade information,forestry and paper prOducts,agriculture, banking, and more.Online services: BRS; DIALOGFILE 148

• Online Service Providers

BELINDISBelgian Ministry of EconomicAffairsRue J.A.de Mot 301040 Brussels, BelgiumTel: 32(2)2336111FAX: 32(2)23046-19

BRS Information TechnologiesA Division of Maxwell Online, Inc.8000 Westpark Dr.McLean, VA 22102Tel: 703-442-0900 or1-800-289-4277FAX: 703-893-4632

CDROMSilver Platter Information, Inc.100 River Ridge Dr.Norwood, MA 02062-5026Tel: 617-769-2599 or1-800-343-0064FAX: 617-769-8763

DataStarD-S Marketing, Ltd.Plaza Ste., 114 Jermyn St.London SW 1Y 6HJ, UnitedKingdomTel: 44(71)930-7646 or1-800-221-7754 (in U.S.)FAX: 44(71)930-2581

DIALOG/Knight-RidderInformation, Inc.2440 EI Camino RealMountain View, CA 94040Tel: 415-254-7000 (mainswitchboard)Customer service tel: 415-254­8800; 215-241-0131FAX: 415-254-7070

DIMDIWeisshausstrasse 27Postfach 4205805000 Cologne 41GermanyTel: 49(221)47241FAX: 49(221)411-429

EIU - Economist IntelligenceUnit215 Park Ave., SNew York, NY 10003Tel: 1-800-938-4685FAX: 212-995-8837

ESA-IRSVia Galileo Galilei00044 FrascatiItalyTel: 39(6)941801FAX: 39(6)94180361

Economic Research ServiceU.S. Department of Agriculture1301 New York Ave., NWWashington, DC 20005-4789Tel: 202-219-0012FAX: 202-219-0308

International Atomic EnergyVienna International CentrePO Box 100, Wagramerstrasse 51400 ViennaAustriaTel: 43(1)23602789FAX: 43(1)234564

Leatherhead Food ResearchAssn. (LFRA)Randafls Rd., LeatherheadSurrey KT22 7RY, EnglandTel: 44(372)376761FAX: 44(372)386228

NewsNet, Inc.945 Haverford Rd.Bryn Mawr, PA 19010Tel: 215-527-8030 or1-800-345-1301FAX: 215-527-0338

National Technical InformationService (NTIS)U.S. Department of CommerceOffice of Product Management,F3005285 Port Royal Rd.Springfield, VA 22161Tel: 703-487-4929 or703-487-4630FAX: 703-321-8199

Rijks Computer Centrum (ReC)Fauststraat 17323 BA Aperdoorn, theNetherlandsTel: 31 (55)778822FAX: 31(55)215960

USDA-ARS-NALNational Agricultural LibraryPublic Services DivisionRoom 100

19

ATTN: ALF10301 Baltimore Blvd.Beltsville, MD 20705-2351Tel (ALF Sysops): 301-504-5204or 301-504-6908

The World BankDeputy Executive SecretaryThe SPAAR Secretariat1818 H St., NWWashington, DC 20433Tel: 202-473-9000FAX: 202-676-0007

• Internet Access:

Africa Information Service Net (AlA).

http://csf.colorado.edu/ipe/africa.html

gopher csf.Colorado.EDUStep 1: International Political EconomylStep 2: Geographic_ArchivelStep 3: AfricalStep 4: Africa Information Service Net (AIA)I

For more information, contact:Stephanie WellsInternet address: [email protected]

Horn of Africa Bulletin.

http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Newsletters/menu_HAF_Main.html

For more information, contact:Life & Peace InstituteS-75170 Uppsala, SwedenTelephone: 46-18-16-95-00Internet address: [email protected]

Nations of the Commonwealth.

http://www.tbc.gov.bc.ca/cwgames/country/nations.html

For more information, contact:[email protected]

U.S. Agency for International Development. Congressional Presentations FY96.

gopher gaia.info.usaid.govStep 1: Regional/Country FocuslStep 2: Africal

U.S. Agency for International Development. Greater Horn Information Exchange.

http://www.info.usaid.gov/HORN/

For more information, contact:[email protected]

U.S. CentraJJntelligence Agency. CIA World Factbook 1994 or 1995.

http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/95fact/

http://www.ph.kcl.ac.ukllocal/world.html

http://www.econ.uni-hamburg.de/ciawfb/

gopher umslvma.umsl.eduStep 1: The LibrarylStep 2: Government InformationlStep 3: CIA World Factbooks from i 992-Presenii

20

Step 4: The World Factbook 1994!

gopher hoshLcic.sfu.caStep 1: David See-Chai Lam Centre for International Communication!Step 2: 1994 CIA World Fact Book!Step 3: Africa!

For more information, contact:Central Intelligence AgencyAttn.: Office of Public and Agency InformationWashington, DC 20505Telephone: 703-351-2053

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service. FAS Attache Country Reports.

http://www.usda.gov!fas!fas-programs-services-resources!

For more information, contact:The Reports OfficeForeign Agricultural ServiceU.S. Department of AgricultureRoom 607814th and Independence Ave., SWWashington, DC 2025-0Telephone: 202-720-6135Internet address: [email protected]

U.S. Department of Agriculture. Foreign Agricultural Service. U.S. Exports of Agricultural, Fish andPoultry Products.

http://151.121.3.140!fas!bico!

For more information, contact:Ernest CarterTrade and Economic Analysis DivisionForeign Agricultural ServiceU.S. Department of Agriculture.14th and Independence Ave., SWWashington, DC 20250Telephone: 202-720-2922Internet address: [email protected]

U.S. Department of State. AgWorld International Ag Situation Reports.

gopher una.hh.lib.umich.eduStep 1: ebb!Step 2: AgWorld International Ag Situation Reports!

For more information, contact:Bureau of Public AffairsDepartment of StateWashington, DC 20520Telephone: 202-647-6575

U.S. Department of State. Background Notes.

gopher dosfan.lib.uic.eduStep 1: Publications and Major Reports!Step 2: Background Notes!

gopher umslvma.umsl.edu

21

step 1: The Library!Step 2: SUbject Area Resources!Step 3: Business, Economics, Marketing!Step 4: International Economic Information Sources!Step 5: Background Notes - Department of State Country Information!

For more information, contact:Peter KnechtOffice of Public CommunicationDepartment of StateWashington, DC 20520Telephone: 202-647-6575

U.S. Department of State. Country Commercial Guides.

gopher dosfan.lib.uic.eduStep 1: Business Affairs!Step 2: Country Commercial Guides!

For more information, contact:Bureau of Public AffairsDepartment of StateWashington, DC 20520Telephone: 202-647-6575

U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices.

gopher dosfan.lib.uic.eduStep 1: Publications and Major Reports!Step 2: Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices!

gopher umslvma.umsl.edusten 1: The Librarv!Step 2: Government Information!Step 3: Country Reports - Economic Policy & Trade Practices!

For more information, contact:Jeff DonaldTelephone: 202-647-0079

U.S. Department of State. Foreign Annual Marketing Plans.

gopher caticsuf.csufresno.eduStep 1: Agricultural Information (including ATIS)!Step 2: International Agricultural Trade Information Service (ATIS)!Step 3: Foreign Annual Marketing Plans!Step 4: Africa!

For more information, contact:Bureau of Public AffairsDepartment of StateWashington, DC 20520Telephone: 202-647-6575

U.S. Department of State. International Market Insight Reports.

gopher una.hh.lib.umich.eduStep 1: ebb!Step 2: International Market Insight (IMI) reports!

22

For more information, contact:Bureau of Public AffairsDepartment of stateWashington, DC 20520Telephone: 202-647-6575

U.S. Department of State. Travel Information.Includes both Travel Advisories and Consular Information Sheets.

http://www.crd.com/travel/usstate/ta-Iist.htm

http://www.stolaf.edu/networkltravel-advisories.html

gopher gopher.stolaf.eduStep 1: Internet ResourceslStep 2: US-State-Department-Travel-AdvisorieslStep 3: Current Advisoriesl

ftp ftp.stolaf.educd pub/travel-advisories/advisories

e-mail to [email protected] receive a list of available files, message should read:

cd pub/travel-advisories/advisoriesIs

For more information, contact:Department of StateBureau of Consular AffairsPublic Affairs and Policy CoordinationRoom 5807Washington, DC 20520Telephone: 202-647-0257

U.S. International Trade Administration. International Business Practices Guide.

gopher umslva.umsl.eduStep 1: The LibrarylStep 2: Government InformationlStep 3: International Business Practices Guide NTDBIStep 4: Region 5: Sub-Saharan Africa!

For more information, contact:Trade Information CenterTelephone: 800-USA-TRAD

U.S. International Trade Administration. Overseas Business Reports.

gopher umslvma.umsl.eduStep 1: The LibrarylStep 2: Government InformationlStep 3: Overseas Business Reportsl

For more information, contact:Trade Information CenterTelephone: 800-USA-TRAD

World Bank. Economic and Sector Reports. (abstracts only)

23

gopher gopher.worldbank.orgStep 1: Public Information CenterlStep 2: Economic and Sector ReportslStep 3: Listing of Abstractsl

• Internet Access (African Countries):

Angola

Cameroon

Cape Verde

Ethiopia

Ghana

Angola Home Page

http://www.umich.edu/-jasse/angola/angola.html

For more information, contact:David Ricardo JasseInternet address: [email protected]

Home Page of the Republic of Cameroon

http://scitsc.wlv.ac.ukl-cm9032/Cameroon.htmI

For more information, contact:Michael T. FosongInternet address: [email protected]

Republic of Cape Verde Home Page (Unofficial)

http://www.umassd.edu/SpecialPrograms/caboverde/capeverdean.html

For more information, contact:Richard Leary609 Union S1.New Bedford, MA 02740Telephone: 401-841-4581Internet address: [email protected]

EconTalk: A Column on Ethiopian Economy

http://truman.cs.missouri.edu/berhanu.html

For more information, contact:Berhanu [email protected]

Ghana

http://www.uta.fi/-csfraw/ghana.html

For more information, contact:[email protected]

or Francis AkotoInternet address: [email protected]

24

South Africa

Ghana Drum

http://www.clark.netlpub/kboahene/gdrum.html

For more information, contact:Kwadwo [email protected]

Ghana Review

http://www.uta.fi/-csfraw/ghanalgh_gr.html

For more information, contact:Kofi Adusei-Poku4501 South 31 st St. #203Arlington, VA 22206-2145Telephone: 703-671-2145Internet address: [email protected]

Ghana - The Land of Gold

http://acorn.educ.nottingham.ac.ukl/SchEd/pages/eb/welcome.html

For more information, contact:·Ebenezer DotserWiawso Training CollegeP.O. Box 94Sefwi - Wiawso, Ghana

Mail & Guardian

http://www.mg.co.za/mg/

For more information, contact:[email protected]

Network Information Services

http://www.nis.za/

For more information, contact:[email protected]

News Briefings from the ANC

http://minerva.cis.yale.edu/-jadwatlanc/

For more information, contact:Omar C. JadwatInternet address: [email protected]

25

Uganda

Zambia

Republic of South Africa

http://www.tmn.com/community/hewitt/africa.html

For more information, contact:Embassy of South Africa3051 Massachusetts Ave., NWWashington, DC 20008Telephone: 202-232-4400Internet address: South [email protected]

South African Futures Exchange (SAFEX)

http://www.safex.co.za/

For more information, contact:Jannetta [email protected]

Virtual Africa

http://africa.com/

For more information, contact:[email protected]

World Wide Marketeers

http://aztec.co.za/wwmarket/

For more information, contact:[email protected]

Uganda Home Page

http://www.crl.coml-lagonyklug.html

Uganda

http://150.252.25.26/Uganda/crane.html

For more information, contact:Edward [email protected]

[email protected]

The Post

http://www.zamnet.zm/zamnet/post.html

For more information, contact:[email protected]

26

U.S. Information Service. Washington Line.

http://www.zamnet.zm/zamnettusis.html

For more information, contact:U.S. Information ServiceP.o. Box 32053Lusaka, ZambiaTelephone: 260-1-227-993 or 260-1-227-994Internet address: [email protected]

Zamnet National Gopher

gopher gopher.zamnet.zm

For more information, contact:ZAMNET Communication Systems Ltd.Box 32379Lusaka, ZambiaTelephone: 260-1-290358Internet address: [email protected]

Zambian National WWW Server

http://www.zamnettzm/

For more information, contact:ZAMNET Communication Systems Ltd.Box 32379Lusaka, ZambiaTelephone: 260-1-290358Internet address: [email protected]

27

Zimbabwe

ZNN - Zambian News Network

hUp:llhUp1.brunel.ac.uk:8080/-cs93akpl

For more information, contact:Ashish PatelInternet address: [email protected]

Zimbabwe Homepage

hUp:IIWWN.zimweb.com

For more information, contact:[email protected]

ZimTrade

hUp:IIWWN.unicc.org/untpdc/incubator/zwe/tphar/welcome.html

For more information, contact:[email protected]

28

African Regional Organizations

African Feed ResourcesResearch Network (AFRNE7J

clo International LivestockCentre for AfricaPOB46847Nairobi, KenyaTel: 2-632013FAX: 2-25774

Established in 1991, via merger ofthree African livestock fodderresearch networks; AFRNET'spurpose is to assist farmers infinding effective ways to feed theirlivestock.

African Groundnut CouncilTrade Fair ComplexBadagry Expressway KM 15POB 3025Lagos, NigeriaTel & FAX: 1-880982

Founded in 1964; membersinclude: The Gambia, Mali, Niger,Nigeria, Senegal, and Sudan. TheCouncil advises producing countrieson marketing policies.

African NGOS EnvironmentNetwork (ANEN)

POB 53844Nairobi, KenyaTel: 2-28138FAX: 3-35108

Established in 1982. Membersconsist of regional non­governmental organizations andgrassroots community developmentgroup in 47 African countries.ANEN cooperates with Africangovernments, United Nationsagencies, research institutions, andother international organizationsundertaking environmentalproblems for sustainabledevelopment in Africa. Maintainsan information network to link thework of various disciplines,institutions, and developmentworkers in arid and semi-aridregions.

African Oil Palm DevelopmentAssociation (AFOPDA)

15 BP 341

Abidjan 15, Cote d'ivoireTel: 2-51518Established in 1985. Membersinclude: Benin, Cameroon, Coted'ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria,Togo, and Zaire. Its goal is toincrease production of andinvestment in palm oil.

African Regional Organization forStandardization (ARSO)

POB 57363Nairobi, KenyaTel: 2-330882 or 2-22451FAX: 2-218792E-mail:[email protected].

Founded in 1977, ARSO is anAfrican intergovernmentalorganization. Members include:Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Coted'ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya,Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius,Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan,Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda,Zaire, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.Promotes standardization, qualitycontrol, certification and metrologyin the African region; coordinatesparticipation in internationalstandardization.

African Timber OrganizationBP 1077Libreville, GabonTel: 7-32928FAX: 7-34030

Founded in 1977. Membersinclude: Angola, Cameroon,Central African Republic, Congo,Cote d'ivoire, Equatorial Guinea,Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria,Sao Tome and Principe, Tanzania,and Zaire. Established to enablemembers to study and coordinateways of ensuring the optimumutilization and conservation of theirforests.

Association ofAfrican TradePromotion Organizations (AATPO)

Pavillion International, BP 23Tangier, MoroccoTel: 41687

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Established in 1974 under theauspices of the EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA) andthe Organization of African Unity(OAU). Promotes regular tradecontact between African states;assists in the harmonization ofcommercial policies in order topromote intra-African trade.

Central African Customs andEconomic Union (UDEAC)

BP 969Bangui, Central African RepublicTel: 236-610922

Established in 1964; concerned withresearch; promotes theestablishment of a Central AfricanCommon Market. Membersinclude: Cameroon, Central AfricanRepublic, Chad, Congo, EquatorialGuinea, and Gabon.

Centre on Integrated RuralDevelopment for Africa(CIRDAfrica)

POB 6115Arusha, TanzaniaTel: 51-2576FAX: 51-8532

Established in 1979, membersinclude 17 African countries.Promotes integrated ruraldevelopment through a network ofnational institutions.

Common Market for Eastern andSouthern Africa (COMESA)

POB 30051Lusaka, ZambiaTel: 1-229725FAX: 1-225107

Successor organization to theregional Preferential Trading Area(PTA). Established in 1994;members include: Angola, Burundi,Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia,Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar,Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique,Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles,Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland,Tanzania, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia,and Zimbabwe.

Economic Community of CentralAfrican States (CEEAC)

BP 2112Libreville, GabonTel: 241-733547 or 241-733677

Established in 1983; promoteseconomic cooperation .amongBurundi, Cameroon, Central AfricanRepublic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea,Gabon, Republic of Congo,Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe,and Zaire. Works to easemovement of people and goodswithin the region; promotescooperation between memberstates by abolishing traderestrictions; encouragesestablishment of common customstariffs.

Economic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS)

Secretariat Bldg.Asokoro, Abuja, NigeriaTel: 9-523-1858

The Treaty of Lagos, establishingECOWAS, was signed in May 1975by 15 states. Promotes trade, co­operation and self-reliance in WestAfrica. A revised ECOWAS treatywas signed in July 1993, designedto accelerate economic integrationand to increase politicalcooperation. Members include:Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde,Cote d'ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia,Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria,Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo.

Inter-African Coffee Organization(lACO)

BP V210Abidjan, Cote d'ivoireTel: 21-61-31

Established in 1960. Membersinclude: Angola, Benin, Burundi,Cameroon, Central AfricanRepublic, Congo, Cote d'ivoire,Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon,Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia,Madagascar, Malawi, Nigeria,Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Tanzania,Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, andZimbabwe. Member countriesaccount for 97% of African coffeeexports. Every two years, IACO

publishes the Directory of AfricanExporters.

Intergovernmental Authority onDrought and Development(lGADD)

BP 2653DjiboutiTel: 354-050FAX: 356-994

Established in 1986 with six EastAfrican members: Djibouti, Ethiopia,Kenya, Somalia, Sudan andUganda. Its objective is tocoordinate and channel funding intothe key regional issues of drought,desertification and agriculturaldevelopment.

Organization ofAfrican Unity(OAU)

POB 3243Addis Ababa, EthiopiaTel: 1-517700FAX: 1-513036

Founded in 1963 to promote unityand solidarity among African states.Members include the independentAfrican states except Morocco. TheOAU is committed to the creation ofan African Economic Community(AEC). In June 1991, at the 27thsummit of heads of states, the AECtreaty was signed outlining stepsthat included the removal of tariffand non-tariff barriers to trade; theestablishment of a continent-widecustoms union by 2004; and theestablishment of an AfricanCommon Market (ACM), with acentral bank and single currency bythe year 2031.

Preferential Trading Area for Eastand Southern Africa (PTA)

Lottie House, Cairo Rd.POB 30051Lusaka, ZambiaTel: 1-229725FAX: 1-225107

The PTA was established in 1981,members include: Angola, Burundi,Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia,Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar,Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique,Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles,Somalia, Sudan, Swaziland,Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia andZimbabwe. Its aim is to liberalize

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trade, encourage cooperation inindustry, agriculture, transport andcommunications, and to create of aregional common market by theyear 2000.

Southern African Customs Union(SACU)

No permanent headquarters

Founded in 1969. Membersinclude: Botswana, Lesotho,Namibia, Swaziland, and SouthAfrica. The customs union isadministered by South Africa.SACU provides common pool ofcustoms, excise and sales duties,according to the relative volume oftrade and production in eachcountry; goods are traded within theunion free of duty and quotas,subject to certain protectivemeasures for less developedmembers.

Southern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC)

SADC BuildingPrivate Bag 0095Gaborone, BotswanaTel: 31-351-863FAX: 31-372-848

In July 1979, the first SouthernAfrican Development CoordinationConference (SADCC) was held atArusha, Tanzania, its goal toharmonize development plans andto reduce the region's economicdependence on South Africa. InAugust 1992, a treaty establishingthe Southern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC) which replacedthe SADCC was signed by the 10member countries of the SADCC.The treaty focuses on promotingeconomic integration towards a fullydeveloped common market;respect for the rule of law andhuman rights; and strengthenedregional solidarity, peace andsecurity. Members include:Angola, Botswana, Lesotho,Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia,South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania,Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

West Africa Rice DevelopmentAssociation (WARDA)

LBDI Bldg., Ashmun St.POB 1019Monrovia, Liberia

Tel: 221466

Founded in 1970. Anintergovernmental association of 16West African countries: Benin,Burkina-Faso, Chad, Cote d'ivoire,The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali,Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal,Sierra Leone, and Togo. WARDA'sprimary aim is to increase riceproduction in West Africa, to ensurethe controlled introduction of puredisease-free seed of new ricevarieties for its research programsand for the region. WARDA servesas the sole importer and distributorof seed from outside West Africathrough its Seed Storage andProcessing Laboratory, Located atthe University of Liberia's College ofAgriculture in Fendall.

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Developmental/Financial/Funding Institutions

The Africa Growth Fund (AFG)1850 K St., NW, Ste. 309Washington, DC 20006Tel: 202-293-1860FAX: 202-872-1521

The Africa Growth Fund is designedto provide equity capital in start-up,expanding, or rehabilitatingproductive private enterprises in anyof the 40 Sub-Saharan Africancountries. Partnership consists of10 limited partners, all U.S.corporate investors.

African Center for MonetaryStudies

15 blvd. Franklin RooseveltBP 1791Dakar, SenegalTel: 2-33821FAX: 2-37760

The Center is an internationalinstitution, established in 1978, andsupported by the Association ofAfrican Central Banks. Its goal is topromote the economicdevelopment of Africa through abetter understanding of bankingand monetary policies.

African Development Bank (ADB)African Development BankGroupBP 1387Abidjan 01, Cote d'ivoireTel: 20-44-44FAX: 22-78-39

Established in 1963, began----operations in 1966. ADB lends

funds and provides technicalassistance to its 51 membercountries in Africa for developmentprojects and economic adjustmentprograms. There are also 25 non­African members; the United Statesis a member. The AfricanDevelopment Group consist of theAfrica Development Fund, theNigeria Trust Fund (which provideconcessionary loans), and theAfrican Development Bank itself.

African Export-Import Bank(Afreximbank)

World Trade CentreCorniche el-NilCairo, Egypt

Founded in 1993, it aims toincrease the volume of Africanexports and to expand intra-Africantrade by financing exporters andimporters directly and indirectlythrough trade finance institutions.

Arab Bank for EconomicDevelopment in Africa (BADEA)

Tahrir SquarePOB 11642Cairo, EgyptTel: 2-750511FAX: 2-740331

Established in 1973 by most of themembers of the League of ArabStates. Provides economicdevelopment assistance to all themembers of the Organization ofAfrican Unity (OAU) that do notbelong to the Arab League.Provides assistance to specificinfrastructure projects, agriculture,and industrial development.

Association ofAfrican CentralBanks (AACB)

15 blvd. F. RooseveltBP 1791Dakar, SenegalTel: 23-38-21FAX: 23-77-60Established in 1968, promotes co­operation among monetary,banking and financial institutions inAfrica. Members: 36 Africancentral banks, representing 47countries.

Association ofAfrica DevelopmentFinance Institutions (AADFI)

c/o African Development BankBP 1387Abidjan 01, Cote d'ivoireTel: 20-44-44FAX: 22-78-39

Founded in 1975, the associationpromotes cooperation among thedevelopment banks of the region in

matters relating to developmentideas, project design and financing.Members: 81 institutions in 53African and non-African countries.

East African Development Bank(EADB)

4 Nile Ave.PO Box 7128Kampala, UgandaTel: 41-230021FAX: 41-259763

Established in 1967;representatives of Kenya, Tanzania,and Uganda. Encourages thedevelopment of member states byextending financial assistance;provides consulting andpromotional service; also offerscomputerized services.

Eastern and Southern AfricanTrade and Development Bank(PTA Bank)

BP 1750Bujumbura, BurundiTel: 22-5432FAX: 22-4983

Established in 1986, finances PTAprojects and trade related activities.

Export-Import Bank of the UnitedStates (Eximbank)

Marketing and ProgramDevelopment Division811 Vermont Ave., NWWashington, DC 20571Tel: 202-566-8990; 1-800-424­5201 (Business AdvisoryHotline)FAX: 202-566-7524

Founded in 1934. An independentU.S. Government agency thatassists in the financing of U.S.exports; en'ables U.S. exporters tocompete fairly in overseas marketson the basis of price, performance,delivery and services; does notcompete with commercial financing.

Foreign Credit InsuranceAssociation (FCIA)

40 Rector St., 11th FloorNew York, NY 10006Tel: 212-306-5000

FAX: 212-513-4704

Founded in 1962, insurescompanies against the risks ofnonpayment by buyers forcommercial and/or politicalreasons. It operates in cooperationwith, and as an agent of, the Export­Import Bank of the United States(Eximbank).

International Bank forReconstruction and Development(lBRD)

1818 H St., NWWashington, DC 20433'fet: 202-477-1234FAX: 202-477-6391

Established in 1945. Membergovernments of the InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF). Assists thereconstruction and productivegrowth of Third World nations byfacilitating the investment of capitalin development projects andactivities. Works in conjunction withthe International DevelopmentAssociation (IDA) and theInternational Finance Corporation(IFC) to carry out policies andstrategies of the World Bank.

International DevelopmentAssociation (IDA)

1818 H St., NWWashington, DC 20433Tel: 202-477-1234FAX: 202-477-6391

Began operations in 1960; affiliatedto the International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD). IDA advances capital to thepoorer developing membercountries on more flexible termsthan those offered by the IBRD.

International Finance Corporation(lFC)

1850 I St., NWWashington, DC 20433Tel: 202-477-1234FAX: 202-676-0365

Founded in 1956 as a member ofthe World Bank Group. Works toimprove the economies ofunderdeveloped countries bypromoting private sector growth;proVides venture capital forenterprises that develop localmarkets.

International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD)

Via del Serafico 1071-00142 Rome, ItalyTel: 6-54591FAX: 6-5043463

Established in 1976. Providesfinancial assistance for agriCUlturaldevelopment programs intended tointroduce, expand, or improve foodproduction systems and to strengthenagricultural policies and institutions inmember nations. Projects focus onthose who often do not benefit fromother development programmes.

International Monetary Fund (lMF)700 19th St., NWWashington, DC 20431Tel: 202-623-7000FAX: 202-623-4661

Established in 1945. The objectivesof IMF are to: facilitate monetarycooperation through consultationand collaboration among membernations; assist in the balancedexpansion of trade and thuscontribute to the internationaldevelopment and prosperity ofnations; maintain stability inmonetary exchange arrangements;participate in establishing amultilateral system of paymentsbetween member nations and ineliminating exchange restrictionsthat hamper trade.

Islamic Development Bank (/DB)POB 5925Jeddah 21432, Saudi ArabiaTel: 2-636-1400FAX: 2-636-6871

Founded in 1975. Its aim is toencourage the economic and socialdevelopment of member countriesand Muslim communities worldwidein accordance with Islamic law.Provides financial and technicalassistance to members; offersequity and interest-free loans forinfrastructure projects; promotesforeign trade between members.

Participating African countries are:Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso,Cameroon, Chad, Comoros,Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, the Gambia,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lybia, Mali,

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Mauritania, Morocco, Niger,Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia,Sudan, and Uganda.

Multi/aterallnvestment GuaranteeAgency (MIGA)

1818 H St., NWWashington, DC 20433Tel: 202-477-1234FAX: 202-477-6391

Founded in 1988 as an affiliate ofthe World Bank. Its authority is tostimulate the flow of foreign directinvestment to, and among,developing member countries,through the mitigation of politicalrisk in the form of investmentinsurance.

OPEC Fund for InternationalDevelopment

POB 995Vienna, AustriaTel: 1-51-56-40FAX: 1-513-92-38Established in 1976 by OPECmember countries. Africanmembers include: Burkina Faso,Burundi, Cape Verde, Chad,Comoros, Guinea, Lesotho, Mali,Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger,and Tanzania. The OPEC Fund'sobjective is to reinforce financialcooperation between OPECmember countries and otherdeveloping countries through theprovision of financial support; toassist developing countries in theireconomic and social development;finance technical assistance andresearch through grants.

Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC)

1100 New York Ave., NWWashington, DC 20527Tel: 202-336-8404; 202-336­8799 (information)Tel: 202-336-8680; 800-424­6742 (investment assistance)FAX: 202-408-9859

OPIC promotes economic growth inless developed countries byencouraging U.S. privateinvestment in those nations. Thereare 40 eligible African countries thathave entered into agreements withthe United States so as to benefitfrom OPIC's programs. OPICprovides assistance through

political risk insurance, direct loans,and loan guarantees.

Societe Internationale FinancierePour les Investissements et IeDeveloppement en Afrique(S/FIDA)

22 rue Francois-PerreardBP 3101225 Chene-Bourg/Geneve,SwitzerlandTel: 22-3486000FAX: 22-3482161

Founded in 1970; promotes theestablishment and growth ofproductive enterprises in Africa;finances industrial projects;organizes organized loans, projectidentification and development; andexport finance. Shareholdersinclude: the African DevelopmentBank (ADB), International FinanceCorporation (IFC), and financial,industrial, commercial institutions inAsia and Australia, the Caribbean,Europe and North America.

Union Africaine des BanquesPour Ie Developpment

BP 2045Cotonou, BeninTel: 30-15-00FAX: 30-02-84

Established in 1962; promotesdevelopment through exchanges,training and cooperation by regionalbanks. Members include nationalor central banks of 12 countries.

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)

One United Nations PlazaNew York, NY 10017Tel: 212-906-5000FAX: 212-826-2057

Established in 1965 by the UNGeneral Assembly to help thedeveloping nations to increase thewealth-producing capabilities oftheir natural and human resources.Offices of UNDP representativesare located in 47 African south ofthe Sahara countries. UNDP is thecentral coordinating arm of theUnited Nations (UN) system fordevelopment assistance. Itprovides financial and technicalassistance to agriculture, industry,education, energy, transport, com-

munications, public administration,health, and housing projects.

U. S. Department ofAgriculture(USDA)

14th St., and IndependenceAve., SWWashington, DC 20250-1000Tel: 202-720-4216 (CommodityCredit Corporation Program/CCC GSM 102 & 103)202-720-9059 (ExportEnhancement Program/EEP)202-720-5521 (MarketPromotion Program/MPP)202-720-4274 (PL 480/Food forPeace ProgramlTities 1&111)

The U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA) provides a variety ofservices to assist in financing U.S.exports of agricultural commodities.

U. S. Small BusinessAdministration (SBA)

409 3rd St., SWWashington, DC 20416Tel: 202-205-6657 (BusinessDevelopment)FAX: 202-205-7230Tel: 202-205-6490 (FinancialAssistance)

···F/0C202-205-7519

The Small Business Administrationassists small U.S. companies incounseling, loans, and loanguarantees. Services provided are:financial assistance that includesdirect loans and loan guarantees;and business developmentassistance that includes individualcounseling, courses, conferences,workshops on business planning,finance, management, andmarketing.

U. S. Trade and DevelopmentAgency (TDA)

State Annex 16, Room 309Washington, DC 20523-1602Tel: 703-875-4357 (Africa,Middle East Programs)FAX: 703-875-7447

The Trade and DevelopmentAgency (formerly the Trade andDevelopment Program), wasestablished in 1980, as acomponent organization of the

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International DevelopmentCooperation Agency.

TDA's mandate is to promoteeconomic development in, andsimultaneously export U.S. goodsand services to, developing andmiddle-income countries. Servicesprovided are: African public sectorgrant financing; development banktrust funds; training and otheractivities.

The World Bank (WB)(International Bank forReconstruction and Development)

Africa Division1818 H St., NWWashington, DC 20433Tel: 202-473-4000or 473-4629 (information)FAX: 202-473-7917

Stimulates public and privateforeign investment in the countriesof Sub-Saharan Africa throughloans, loan guarantees, andtechnical assistance. Financesprograms that concentrate on ruraland urban development, economicdevelopment projects in agriculture,environmental protection,education, improving water andsewage facilities, public health andother areas.

International Organizations

African, Caribbean and PacificGroup of States (ACP)

451 ave. Georges HenriB-1200 Brussels, BelgiumTel: 2-7339600FAX: 2-7355573

Established in 1975. Promotes thedevelopment of closer trade,economic, and cultural relationsamong member states and amongdeveloping countries.

Association of Coffee ProducingCountries

clo Brazilian Embassy32 Green St.London W1Y 4AT, EnglandTel: 71-499-0877FAX: 71-493-4790

Founded in 1993. Coordinatespolicies of coffee production andthe efforts of producer countries tosecure a stable situation in theworld coffee market. Membersconsist of 28 African, Asian andLatin American countries.

Cocoa Producers' AlliancePOB 1718Western House, 8-10 Broad St.Lagos, NigeriaTel: 1-2635506FAX: 1-2635684

Founded in 1962. Membersinclude: Brazil, Cameroon, Coted'ivoire, Dominican Republic,Ecuador, Gabon, The Ghana,Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, SaoTome and Principe, Togo, andTrinidad and Tobago. Promotesconsumption; exchanges scientificand technical information.

Consultative Group onInternational AgriculturalResearch (CGIAR)

818 H St., NW, Room N-5049Washington, DC 20433Tel: 202-473-8913

Established in 1971; sponsored bythe Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAa) of the UnitedNations, the World Bank, and theUnited Nations Development

Program (UNDP). It was organizedto bring together countries, publicand private institutions, internationaland regional organizations, andrepresentatives from developingcountries in support of a network ofinternational agricultural researchcenters and programs. CGIAR'smain objective is to increase thequantity and improve the quality offood production in developingcountries.

Desert Locust ControlOrganization for Eastern Africa

POB 30223Nairobi, KenyaTel: 2-501704FAX: 2-505137

Established in 1962; promotes mosteffective control of desert locust inthe region; assists member states inthe monitoring and extermination ofother migratory pests.

East Africa Association (EAA)Sir John Lyon House5 High Timber St.Upper Thames St.London EC4V 3PA, EnglandTel: 71-2485721FAX: 71-2485916

Founded in 1964. Membersinclude companies from Australia,Belgium, Denmark, France,Germany, Japan, Netherlands,Switzerland, the United Kingdomand the United States with businessinterest in Kenya, Madagascar,Mauritius, Seychelles, Tanzania,and Uganda. Interests includeagriculture, banking, engineering,insurance, manufacturing,petroleum, publishing, shipping andtransportation.

Federation ofAfrican Chambers ofCommerce

clo Economic Commission forAfrica (ECA)POB 3001Addis Ababa, EthiopiaTel: 1-517200FAX: 1-514416

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The Franc ZoneDirection Generale des ServicesEtrangers[Service de la Zone Franc]Banque de France39 Rue Croix-des-Petits­ChampsBP 140-01Paris Cedex 01, FranceTel: 1-42-92-31-26FAX: 1-42-92-39-88

Established in 1972/1973. Thezone governs the credit, exchangeand monetary relations betweenFrance and groups of countrieswhose currencies are linked withthe French franc at a fixed rate ofexchange and who agree to holdtheir reserves mainly in the form ofFrench francs. The maincharacteristics of the Franc Zoneare freedom to transfer fundsthroughout the zone, convertibilityof the different currencies and fixedexchange rates. Members include:Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon,Central African Republic, Chad,Comoros, Congo, Cote d'lvoire,Equatorial Guinea, FrenchRepublic, Gabon, Mali, Niger,Senegal, and Togo.

General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade (GATT)

Centre William Rappard154, rue de LausanneCH-1211 Geneva 21,SwitzerlandTel: 22-7395111FAX: 22-7314206

Founded in 1947, a multilateraltrade organization that encouragesthe expansion of world trade andthe solution of trade problems byproviding a framework of rules anda forum for negotiations on thereduction of tariffs and otherbarriers to trade.

Group of Seven for EuropeanPrivate Sector Cooperation withAfrica, the Caribbean, and thePacific (ACP)

119 ave. General EisenhowerB-1030 Brussels, Belgium

Tel: 2-2154907FAX: 2-2154147Established in 1973. Consists ofEuropean associations concernedwith agriculture, banking,commerce, industry and investmentin Africa, the Caribbean, and Pacificregions.

Indian Ocean Commission (I0C)Q4, Ave Sir GUy Forget. BP 7Quatre Bornes, MauritiusTel: 425-9564FAX: 425-1209

Established in 1992. Thecommission's main aim is topromote regional cooperation andinter-island trade; and to establishmaritime transport and shippingservices. Also concerned with tuna­fishing development; protection andmanagement of environmentalresources; strengthening ofmeteorological services; and thedevelopment of tourism in theIndian Ocean. Members consist of:Comoros, France, Madagascar,Mauritius and Seychelles.

Inter-African Bureau for AnimalResources (IBAR)

POB 30786Nairobi, KenyaTel: 2-338544

Founded in 1951; members consistof countries belonging to theOrganization of African Unity(OAU); aims to control widespreadanimal diseases; seeksimprovement in animal health andproduction in Africa.

International Association of ChainStores

61 quai d'Orsay75007 Paris, FranceTel: 1-47054843FAX: 1-45515983

Founded in 1953, members include500 companies in 38 countries.Serves as an international centerfor companies of the food trade andthe food industry; professionalassociation of major food retailingchains and their suppliers.

International Centre for TropicalAgriculture (CIAT)

Apdo Aereo 6713Cali, Colombia, South America

Tel: 57-24450-000FAX: 57-24450-273

Established in 1967. Concernedwith alleviating hunger and povertyin tropical developing countries.Focuses on using new technologiesin agriculture research; onproduction problems ofthe tropics,concentrating on field beans,cassava, rice and tropical pastures.

International Chamber ofCommerce (ICC)

38 Cours Albert 1er75008 Paris. FranceTel: 1-49532828FAX: 1-49532942

Founded in 1919 to promote freetrade and private enterprise;provides practical services andrepresents business interests atgovernmental andintergovernmental levels.

International Group of NationalAssociations of Manufacturers ofAgrochemical Products

79A ave Albert Lancaster1180 Brussels, BelgiumTel: 2-375-6860

Established in 1967. Focuses onthe rational use of chemicals inagriculture; the harmonization ofnational and internationallegislation; respect for industrialproperty rights; encouragesresearch on chemical residues andtoxicology.

International Tea PromotionAssociation

POB 20064, Tea Board ofKenyaNairobi, KenyaTel: 2-220241FAX: 2-331650

Founded in 1979. Membersinclude Bangladesh, Indonesia,Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius.Mozambique. Tanzania, andUganda. These eight countriesaccount for about 35% of worldexports of black tea.

The Lome ConventionACP Secretariat, ACP House451 ave Georges Henri1200 Brussels. Belgium

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Tel: 2-733-96-00FAX: 2-735-55-73

The Lome Convention is a tradeand aid agreement signed by theEuropean Community (EC) andAfrican, Caribbean and Pacific(ACP) states. At the present, allSub-Saharan African countries aremembers, with the exception ofSouth Africa. The agreementguarantees duty-free entry to theEuropean Union (EU) (formerly, theEuropean Community) for somecommodities produced by the ACPstates.

Organisation for EconomicCooperation and Development(OECD)

2 rue Andre PascalF-75775 Paris Cedex 16, FranceTel: 1-45248200FAX: 1-45248500

Founded in 1961; supersedesOrganisation for EuropeanEconomic Cooperation. founded in1948. Stimulates economiccooperation between membercountries; expands world trade; andcoordinates aid for less developedareas of the world.

Organisation of the PetroleumExporting Countries (OPEC)

Obere-Donaustrasse 93A-1020 Vienna, AustriaTel: 1-211120FAX: 1-264320

OPEC's principal aims are thecoordination and unification of thepetroleum policies of membercountries and the determination ofthe best means for safeguardingtheir individual and collectiveinterests.

Pan-African Union of Science andTechnology

POB 2339Brazzaville, CongoTel: 8-32265FAX: 8-32185

Established in 1987 to promote theuse of science and technology infurthering the development ofAfrica.

Permanent Interstate Committeefor Drought Control in the Sahel(CILSS)

BP 7049Ouagadougou, Burkina FasoTel: 226-306757FAX: 226-307247Established in 1973, membersinclude representatives of Africancountries in the Sahel that areaffected by devastating droughts.The goals of the organization is tocombat the drought anddesertification in the Sahel throughlong term strategies.

United Nations (UN) SpecializedAgencies:

• Food and AgricultureOrganisation of the UN (FAO)Viale delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, ItalyTel: 6-52251FAX: 6-5225-5155

Established in 1945, in Quebec,Canada. The Organisation aimsto alleviate malnutrition andhunge~ and seNes as acoordinating agency fordevelopment programmes in thewhole range of food andagriculture, including forestry andfisheries. FAO assistsdeveloping countries to promoteeducational and training facilitiesand the creation of appropriateinstitutions.

• International LaborOrganisation (ILO)4 route des Morillons1211 Geneva 22, SwitzerlandTel: 22-7996111FAX: 22-7988685

Founded in 1919, to work forsocial justice as a basis forlasting peace. ILO's mandate isto promote decent livingstandards, satisfactory conditionsof work and pay, and adequateemployment opportunities.Regional office for Africa islocated in Abidjan, Cote d'ivoire.

• International MaritimeOrganization (lMO)4 Albert EmbankmentLondon, SE1 7SR, EnglandTel: 71-735-7611FAX: 71-587-3210

Began operations in 1959 as aspecialized agency of the UnitedNations to facilitate cooperationamong governments ontechnical matters affectinginternational shipping.

• International Organization forStandardization (ISO)1 rue de VarembeCase Postale 56CH-1211 Geneva 20,SwitzerlandTel: 22-7490111FAX: 22-7333430

Founded in 1947. Develops andpublishes international standardsto facilitate exchange of goodsand seNices; fosters mutualcooperation in intellectual,scientific, technologicaleconomic efforts. Affiliated withthe American National StandardsInstitute.

• InternationalTelecommunication Union(lTU)Place des Nations1211 Geneva 20, SwitzerlandTel: 22-7305111FAX: 22-7337256

In 1947 became a specializedagency of the United Nations. Itencourages world cooperation inthe use of telecommunications;promotes technical developmentand ~armonizes national policiesin the field.

• United Nations Conference onTrade and Development(UNCTAD)Palais des Nations1211 Geneva 10, SwitzerlandTel: 22-9071234FAX: 22-9070057

Established in 1964. Its mainfunction is to promoteinternational trade, particularlythat of developing countries.

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• United Nations EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA)Africa Hall, PO B 3001Addis Ababa, EthiopiaTel: 1-517200FAX: 1-514416

Seeks to facilitate socioeconomicdevelopment in Africa and tostrengthen economic relationsamong African nations and withother countries of the world.Operates field activities throughthe Multinational Programmingand Operational Centers.

• United Nations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP)POB 30552Nairobi, KenyaTel: 2-230800FAX: 2-226890

Established in 1972, focuses oninternational cooperation in areasrelating to the humanenvironment.

• United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization(UNIDO)PCB 3001400 Vienna, AustriaTel: 1-211310FAX: 1-232156

Began operations in 1967,assists in the industrialization ofdeveloping countries throughdirect assistance of national andinternational resources.

• World Intellectual PropertyOrganisation (WIPO)34 chemin des Colombettes1211 Geneva 20, SwitzerlandTel: 022-7309111FAX: 022-733542

Established in 1970, it became aspecialized agency of the UnitedNations in 1974. Promotes theprotection of intellectual propertythroughout the world throughcooperation among states and,where appropriate, with otherinternational organisations.

World MeteorologicalOrganization (WMO)

CP 230041 ave Giuseppe Motta1211 Geneva, SwitzerlandTel: 22-7308111FAX: 22-7342326

Began its activities in 1951, seekingto improve the exchange of weatherinformation and its applications.Regional office for Africa is locatedin Bujumbura, Burundi.

World Export Processing ZonesAssociation (WEPZA)

POB 986Flagstaff, AZ 86002Tel: 602-779-0052FAX: 602-774-8589

Founded in 1978. Fostersinformation exchange andrepresents members' interestsbefore international bodies.Provides computerized service,including information on world trademanufactured goods fromdeveloping countries to NorthAmerica, Europe, and Japan.

World Tourism Organization (WTO)Calle Capitan Haya 42E-28020 Madrid, SpainTel: 1-5710628FAX: 1-5713733

Established in 1975. Promotestourism and its contribution toeconomic development,international understanding, peaceand prosperity.

World Trade Centers Association(WTCA)

One World Trade CenterNew York, NY 10048Tel: 212-432-2626FAX: 212-488-0064

Founded in 1968. Promotes tradethrough the establishment of worldtrade centers, including educationfacilities, information services andexhibition facilities; operates anelectronic trading andcommunication system WorldTrade Center Network.

38

African:

African Regional Center forTechnology (ARC7)

BP 2435, Immeuble Fahd BenAbdelAzizAve. Djily MbayeDakar, SenegalTel: 2-37712FAX: 2-37713E-mail:[email protected]

Established in 1977; sponsored bythe United Nations EconomicCommission for Africa and theOrganization of African Unity.Promotes the use of technology indevelopment projects; assists in theformulation of technology policiesas an integral part of scientific,technological, and socioeconomicdevelopment planning; promotesthe dissemination of technology andtechnological information.

Association for the AdvancementofAgricultural Science in Africa(AAASA)

POB 30087Addis Ababa, EthiopiaTel: 1-443536

Founded in 1968; promotes thedevelopment and application ofagricultural sciences and theexchange of ideas.

Council for the Development ofEconomic and Social Research inAfrica (CODESRIA)

BP 3304Dakar, SenegalTel: 2-30211FAX: 2-41289

CODESRIA is a pan-Africannongovernmental organization;area of research interest includesall aspects of economic and socialdevelopment in Africa.

Desert Locust ControlOrganization for Eastern Africa

POB 4255Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Research Centers

Tel: 1-611475FAX: 1-611648Established in 1962. Membercou.ntr!es include: Djibouti,Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, SudanTanzania, and Uganda. Operates ~pest research laboratory to studyand test alternative chemicals forcontrol of locusts and othermigratory pests, including the tsetsefly; also studies control of grain­eating birds.

International Red Locust ControlOrganization for Central andSouthern Africa

POB 240252 and 72751Ndola, ZambiaTel: 2-612433FAX: 2-614285E-mail: [email protected]

Founded in 1971. Center conductsa research and developmentprogram aimed at improvingmethodologies and developingtechniques for locust survey andcontrol; also conducts assessmentsof the environmental impact ofmonitoring pest control techniques.

International:

FAO Research DevelopmentCenter

Food and AgricultureOrganizationVia delle Terme di Caracalla00100 Rome, ItalyTel: 6-57973955FAX: 6-57973152

Established in 1973; the Centerconducts studies on agriculturalresea~ch ~ystems policy, planning,organization, management·implementation and technologytransfer capabilities of developingcountries.

International Crops ResearchInstitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics(ICRISA7)

Patancheru 502 324Andhra Pradesh, IndiaTel: 40-596161

39

FAX: 40-241239

Founded in 1972; ICRISAT is oneof 18 research centers supportedby the Consultative Group onInternational Agricultural Research.Its main objective is to improve thequantity and reliability of foodproduction in the semi-arid tropicsby improving both the cultivatedvarieties of major food crops andthe management of soils and water.

African affiliates consist of:Sahelian Center; West AfricaSorghum Improvement Program,Kano, Nigeria, and Bamako, Mali;Eastern Africa Regional Cerealsand Legumes Program.

International Center forAgricultural Research in the DryAreas (ICARDA)

POB 5466Aleppo, SyriaTel: 21-213433FAX: 21-213490

Founded in 1977; ICARDA is one of17 research centers supported bythe Consultative Group onInternational Agricultural Research.The Center's primary objective is toincrease agricultural production indeveloping countries, includingimprovement of barley, lentils,.andfaba beans on a world wide scale.

International Centre for Researchin Agroforestry (ICRAF)

ICRAF House, United NationsAve.POB 30677Nairobi, KenyaTel: 2-521450FAX: 2-521001E-mail: [email protected]

Established in 1977; it is a non­profit international organization.Promotes, coordinates, andsupports research and training inthe field of agroforestry; maintainsan agroforestry literature database,and a multipurpose trees database.

International Center for TropicalAgriculture (CIA7)

ApartaGa-Aereo 67-13Cali, ColombiaTel: 2-4450000FAX: 2-4450273E-mail: [email protected]

Founded in 1967; CIAT is one of 18research centers supported by theConsultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research. The Centeris both a Germplasm DevelopmentCenter and an Ecoregional Center;maintains specialized researchunits on geographical informationsystems, biotechnology, virology,acid soils, and genetic resources.

International FertilizerDevelopment Center (/FDC)

PO Box 2040Muscle Shoals, AL 35662, USATel: 205-381-6600

Founded in 1974; its main goal is toalleviate world hunger by increasingagricultural production in the tropicsand subtropics throughdevelopment of improved fertilizerand fertilizer use. Maintainslaboratories and greenhouses,pilot-scale fertilizer manufacturingplants, and training centers. IFDC­divisions are located in Africa andAsia.

International Food PolicyResearch Institute (IFPRI)

1200 17th St., NWWashington, DC 20036, USATel: 202-862-5600FAX: 202-467-4439E-mail: [email protected]

Founded in 1975; it is one of 18research centers supported by theConsultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research. The Instituteanalyzes alternative national andinternational strategies forimproving the food situation of low­income countries and peoples ofthe world. Research activities focuson increasing sustainable foodproduction and improving nutritionin developing countries whilemaintaining a natural resourcebase.

International Institute of TropicalAgriculture (/ITA)

Oyo Rd., Private Mail Bag 5320Ibadan Oyo, NigeriaTel: 2-2412626FAX: 2-2412221E-mail: [email protected]

Established in 1967; the Institute isa non-profit corporation financedthrough a cooperative arrangementbetween the Ford and RockefellerFoundations, and the governmentof Nigeria. UTA is one of 13research centers supported by theConsultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research. Its objectiveis to increase yields and improvethe quality of food crops in thehumid and subhumid tropics withemphasis on development of high­yielding and insect- and disease­resistant plants. The Institute hasglobal responsibility for research oncowpeas and yams; and regionalresponsibilities within tropical andsubtropical Africa for cassava,maize, soybeans, plantains andcooking bananas.

International Livestock ResearchInstitute (/LRI)(Former name: InternationalLivestock Center for Africa)

POB 5689Addis Ababa, EthiopiaTel: 1-613215FAX: 1-611892E-mail: [email protected]

Founded in 1994; ILRI is one of 18centers supported by theConsultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research. The Institutefocuses on development anddemonstration of improved livestockproduction systems and functions toenhance nutrition and well-being inlow-income people; and onprevention of major animaldiseases.

International Rice ResearchInstitute (/RRI)

POB 933Manila 1099, PhilippinesTel: 2-884869FAX: 2-8178470

Founded in 1960; the Institute is anonprofit international agriculturalresearch center founded by theFord and Rockefeller Foundationsand supported by the Consultative

40

Group on International AgriCUlturalResearch. IRRI focuses onbiological, physical, and socialaspect of rice production, onincreasing production efficiency andsustainability in all rice-growingenvironment.

International Seed TestingAssociation (/STA)

POB 412 SecretariatCH-8046 Zurich, SwitzerlandTel: 1-3713133FAX: 1-3713427

Established in 1924; ISTA is anintergovernmental organization witha worldwide membership. It'sprimary objective is to develop,adopt, and publish standardprocedures for sampling and testingseeds; to promote uniformapplication of these procedures forevaluation of seeds moving ininternational trade; promotesresearch in all areas of seedscience and technology.

International SeNice for NationalAgricultural Research (ISNAR)

Postbus 933752509 AJ The Hague,NetherlandsTel: 70-3496100FAX: 70-3819677

Founded in 1980; an independent,nonprofit agency supported by theConsultative Group on InternationalAgricultural Research. ISNARassists developing countries instrengthening their nationalagricultural research system; helpsgovernments identify researchneeds, priorities and plan researchstrategies.

IRI Research InstitutePO Box 1276169 Greenwich Ave.Stamford, CT 06902Tel: 203-327-5985FAX: 203-359-1595

Founded in 1950; IRI is anindependent, nonprofit, internationalresearch and developmentorganization. Research activitiesinclude international agriculture andincrease in crop and livestockproduction in developing countriesworldwide.

Technical Centre for Agriculturaland Rural Cooperation (CTA)

Postbus 380NL-6700 AJ Wageningen,NetherlandsTel: 83-8060400FAX: 83-8030152

Established in 1983 under theConvention of Lome by the African,Caribbean, and Pacific states andthe European Union. Providesaccess to scientific and technicalinformation in the area ofagricultural and rural development.Activities include agricultural andlivestock production; desertification;pest and disease control; foodstorage; forestry and fisheries; andrelations with financial institutions.

United States:

The Agricultural ExperimentStations/Research Centers listedbelow are located on U.S. StateUniversities and/or Land-GrantColleges.

Please contact the AgriculturalExperiment Stations/ResearchCenters directly for information ontheir respective agricultural andinternational research activities.

AlabamaAgricultural Experiment Station

308 Sanford HallAuburn UniversityAuburn University, AL 36849­5403Tel: 205-844-2237FAX: 205-5511E-mail:[email protected]

AlaskaAgricultural and ForestryExperimentStaffon,SchoolofAgriculture and Land ResourcesManagement

172 Arctic Health ResearchBuildingUniversity of Alaska FairbanksPO Box 757140Tel: 907-474-7083FAX: 907-474-6567E-mail:[email protected]

American SamoaAgricultural Experiment Station

American Samoa CommunityCollegePOB 2609Pago Pago, American Samoa96799-2609Tel: 684-639-9155FAX: 684-699-2605

ArizonaAgricultural Experiment Stations

University of ArizonaTucson, AZ 85721Tel: 602-621-3859FAX: 602-621-7196E-mail: [email protected]

ArkansasAgricultural Experiment Station

University of ArkansasFayetteville, AR 72701Tel: 501-575-4446FAX: 501-575-7273E-mail: [email protected]

CaliforniaAgricultural and NaturalResources Programs

DANR - Northern RegionUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CA 95616Tel: 916-757-8621FAX: 916-757-8817E-mail: [email protected]

Agricultural and NaturalResources Programs

DANR - North Central RegionUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CA 95616Tel: 916-757-8615FAX: 916-757-8866E-mail: [email protected]

41

Agricultural and NaturalResources Programs

Kearney Agricultural Center9240 South Riverbend Ave.Parlier, CA 93648Tel: 209-891-2511FAX: 209-891-2513E-mail:[email protected]

Agriculture and NaturalResources Programs

Cooperative ExtensionUniversity of CaliforniaRiverside, CA 92521Tel: 909-787-3321FAX: 909-787-4675E-mail:[email protected]

ColoradoAgricultural Experiment Station

Colorado State UniversityRoom 16, AdministrationFort Collins, CO 80523Tel: 303-491-5371FAX: 303-491-7396E-mail:[email protected]

ConnecticutAgricultural Experiment Station

PO Box 1106123 Huntington S1.New Haven, CT 06504Tel: 203-789-7214FAX: 203-789-7232E-mail: [email protected]

DelawareAgricultural Experiment Station

Delaware State CollegeDover, DE 19901Tel: 302-739-4929FAX: 302-739-4997E-mail: [email protected]

FloridaInstitute ofFood and AgriculturalScience

Agricultural Experiment Station1022 McCarty HallPO Box 110200University of FloridaGainesville, FL 32611-0200Tel: 904-392-1784FAX: 904-392-4965E-mail:[email protected]

GeorgiaAgricultural Experiment Station

107 Conner HallUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, GA 30602-7503Tel: 706-542-2151FAX: 706-542-1119E-mail: [email protected]

GuamAgricultural Experiment Station

College of Agriculture and LifeSciencesUniversity of Guam, UOGStationiviangiiao, Guam---s0913Tel: 671-734-3113FAX: 671-735-6842E-mail: cals­[email protected]

HawaiiAgricultural Experiment Station

College of Tropical Agricultureand Human ResourcesUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa3050 Maile Way, Room 202Honolulu, HI 96822Tel: 808-956-8234FAX: 808-956-9105E-mail:[email protected]

IdahoAgricultural Experiment Station

University of IdahoMoscow, ID 83844-2337Tel: 208-885-7173FAX: 208-885-6654E-mail: [email protected]

IllinoisAgricultural Experiment Station

211 Mumford HallUniversity of Illinois1301 West Gregory DriveUrbana, IL 61801Tel: 217-333-0240FAX: 217-333-5816E-mail: [email protected]

IndianaAgricultural Research Programs

1140 AGADPurdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN 47907-1140Tel: 317-494-8362FAX: 317-494-0808E-mail: [email protected]

IowaAgriculture and Home EconomicsExperiment Statio(l

Iowa State UniversityAmes,IA 50011Tel: 515-294-2518FAX: 515-294-6800E-mail: [email protected]

KansasAgricultural Experiment Station

113 Waters HallKansas State UniversityManhattan,KS 66506Tel: 913-532-6147FAX: 913-532-6563E-mail:[email protected]

KentuckyAgricultural Experiment Station

University of KentuckyLexington, KY 40546-0091Tel: 606-323-3333FAX: 606-323-2885E-mail: [email protected]

LouisianaAgricultural Experiment Station

Louisiana State UniversityAgricultural CenterPO Box 25055Baton Rouge, LA 70894-5055Tel: 504-388-4181FAX: 504-388-6032E-mail:[email protected]

MaineAgricultural and ForestExperiment Station

University of MaineOrono, ME 04469-5782Tel: 207-581-3202FAX: 207-581-3207E-mail:[email protected]

MarylandAgricultural Experiment Station

University of Maryland1104 Symons HallCollege Park, MD 20742Tel: 301-445-8070FAX: 301-445-8072E-mail: [email protected]

MassachusettsAgricultural Experiment Station

University of Massachusetts

42

Amherst, MA 01003Tel: 413-545-2771FAX: 413-545-1242E-mail:[email protected]

MichiganMichigan Agricultural ExperimentStation

Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI 48824-1039Tel: 517-355-0123FAX: 517-353-5406E-mail: [email protected]

MinnesotaAgricUltural Experiment Station

University of Minnesota220 Coffey Hall1420 Eckles Ave.St. Paul, MN 55108Tel: 612-625-4211FAX: 612-625-0286E-mail:[email protected]

MississippiAgricUltural and ForestryExperiment Station

Mississippi State UniversityP.O. Drawer ESMississippi State, MS 39762Tel: 601-325-3005FAX: 601-325-8726E-mail:[email protected]

MissouriAgricUltural Experiment Station

University of MissouriColumbia, MO 65211Tel: 314-882-3846FAX: 314-882-0388E-mail:agdn0731 @umcvmb.missouri.edu

MontanaAgricUltural Experiment Station

Montana State UniversityBozeman, MT 59717-0002Tel: 406-994-3681FAX: 406-994-6579E-mail:[email protected]

NebraskaAgricUltural Experiment Station

University of Nebraska

207 Ag HallLincoln, NE 68583-0704Tel: 402-472-2045FAX: 402-472-9071E-mail:[email protected]

NevadaAgricultural ExperimentStation1221

University of Nevada, RenoReno, NV 89557-0107Tel: 702-784-1614FAX: 702-784-6604E-mail: [email protected]

New HampshireAgricultural Experiment Station

University of New HampshireDurham, NH 03824Tel: 603-862-1450FAX: 603-862-1585

New JerseyAgricultural Experiment Station

Rutgers University, CookCollegePO Box 231New Brunswick, NJ 08903E-mail:[email protected]

New MexicoAgricultural Experiment Station

New Mexico State UniversityPO Box 3BFLas Cruces, NM 88003Tet:505-646-3125FAX: 505-646-5975E-mail: [email protected]

New YorkAgricultural Experiment Station

Cornell University245 Roberts HallIthaca, NY 14853Tel: 607-255-2554FAX: 607-255-9499E-mail: [email protected]

Agricultural Experiment StationState StationGeneva, NY 14456Tel: 315-787-2211FAX: 315-787-2276E-mail:[email protected]

North CarolinaNorth Carolina AgriculturalResearch SeNice

North Carolina State UniversityBox 7643Raleigh, NC 27695-7643Tel: 919-515-2717FAX: 919-515-7745E-mail:[email protected]

North DakotaAgricultural Experiment Station

North Dakota State UniversityState University Station, Box5435Fargo, ND 58105Tel: 701-237-7655FAX: 701-237-8520E-mail: exp­[email protected]

OhioOhio Agricultural Research andDevelopmentCenter

Ohio State University2120 Fyffe Rd.Columbus,OH 43210Tel: 614-292-3897FAX: 614-292-3263

Ohio Agricultural Research andDevelopmentCenter

Ohio State University1680 Madison Ave.Wooster, OH 44691Tel: 216-263-3703FAX: 216-263-3688

OklahomaAgricultural Experiment Station

139 Agricultural HallOklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK 74078-0500Tel: 405-744-5398FAX: 405-744-5339E-mail: [email protected]

OregonAgricultural Experiment Station

Oregon State UniversityStrand Agriculture Hall 138Corvallis, OR 97331-2201Tel: 503-737-2331FAX: 503-737-3178E-mail: [email protected]

43

PennsylvaniaAgricultural Experiment Station

217 Agricultural AdministrationBldg.Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA 16802-2600Tel: 814-865-5410FAX: 814-863-7905E-mail:[email protected]

Puerto RicoCollege ofAgricultural Sciences

University of Puerto RicoMayaguez CampusMayaguez, PR 00681-5000Tel: 809-833-3486FAX: 809-832-4220E-mail: j­[email protected]

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico AgriculturalExperiment Station

PO Box 21360Rio Piedras, PR 00928Tel: 809-265-3850FAX: 809-832-4220

Rhode IslandAgricultural Experiment Station

University of Rhode IslandKingston, RI 02881Tel: 401-792-2474FAX: 401-792-4017E-mail: [email protected]

South CarolinaAgricultural Experiment Station

Clemson UniversityClemson, SC 29634-0351Tel: 803-656-3140FAX: 803-656-3779E-mail:[email protected]

South DakotaAgricultural Experiment Srntion

South Dakota State UniversityBox 2207Brookings, SD 57007-0291Tel: 605-688-4149FAX: 605-688-6065E-mail: [email protected]

TennesseeAgricultural Experiment Srntion

University of TennesseePO Box 1071Knoxville, TN 37901-1071

Tel: 615-974-7121FAX: 615-974-6479E-mail:[email protected]

TexasAgricultural Experiment Station

The Texas A&M UniversitySystemSystems Administration Bldg.College Station, TX 77843-2142Tel: 409-845-3713FAX: 409-845-9938E-mail:[email protected]

UtahAgricultural Experiment Station

Utah State UniversityLogan, UT 84322-4810Tel: 801-750-2282FAX: 801-750-3321E-mail: [email protected]

VermontAgricultural Experiment Station

College of Agriculture and LifeSciencesUniversity of Vermont601 Main St.Burlington, VT 05401-3439Tel: 802-656-2980FAX: 802-656-8642E-mail: [email protected]

VirginiaAgricultural Experiment Station

College of Agriculture and LifeSciences104 Hutcheson HallVirginia Polytechnic Institute andState UniversityBlacksburg, VA 24061-0402Tel: 703-231-6336FAX: 703-231-4163E-mail: [email protected]

Virgin IslandsAgricultural Experiment Station

University of the Virgin IslandsRR #2-10,000Kingshill, St. Croix, USVI 00850Tel: 809-778-0246FAX: 809-778-6570

WashingtonAgricultural Research Center

Washington State UniversityPullman, WA 99164-6240

Tel: 509-335-4563FAX: 509-335-6751E-mail:[email protected]

West VirginiaThe West Virginia Agricultural andForestry Experiment Station

West Virginia UniversityPO Box 6108Morgantown, WV 26506-6108Tel: 304-293-2395FAX: 304-293-3740E-mail:[email protected]

WisconsinAgricultural Experiment Station

College of Agricultural and LifeSciencesUniversity of Wisconsin140 Ag Hall1450 Linden DriveMadison, WI 53706Tel: 608-262-4930FAX: 608-262-4556E-mail:[email protected]

WyomingAgricultural Experiment Station

University of WyomingUniversity Station, Box 3354Laramie, WY 82071Tel: 307-766-3667FAX: 307-766-3379E-mail: [email protected]

44

Agencies, and Private andPublic Organizations,Facilitating InternationalAgricultural Trade and/or Tradewith Africa:

African-American Institute1625 Massachusetts Ave., NW,Ste.400Washington, DC 20036Tel: 202-667-5636

African Development Foundation1400 Eye St., NW, 10th FloorWashington, DC 20005Tel: 202-673-3916FAX: 202-673-3810

Africare440 R St., NWWashington, DC 20001Tel: 202-462-3614FAX: 202-387-1034

Agricultural CooperativeDevelopment International (ACDI)

50 F St., NW, Ste. 900Washington, DC 20001Tel: 202-638-4661FAX: 202-626-8726

Agri-Energy Roundtable (AER)2550 M St., NW, Ste. 275Washington, DC 20037Tel: 202-887-0528FAX: 202-887-9178

American African AffairsAssociation

1001 Connecticut Ave., NW,Ste. 1135Washington, DC 20036Tel: 202-223-5110

The Citizens Network for ForeignAffairs, Inc. (CNFA)

1111 19th St., NW, Ste,. 900Washington, DC 20036Tel: 202-296-3920FAX: 202-296-3948

Export-Import Bank of the UnitedStates

Marketing and Small BusinessOffice

Other Contacts

811 Vermont Ave., NWWashington, DC 20571Tel: 202-566-8873FAX: 202-377-7871

International Co-OperativeAlliance (ICA)

15, rte. des MorillonsCH-1218 Grand-Saconnex,SwitzerlandTel: 22-7984121FAX: 22-7984122[Encourages the development ofcooperatives in developingcountries]

International Monetary FundExternal Relations Department700 19th St., NWWashington, DC 20431Tel: 202-623-7062FAX: 202-623-6582

International TradeDevelopment Centers forAgriculture (ITDC's)

The ITDC's are located on U.S.land-grant colleges anduniversities. They provideprograms and services to farmersand agribusinesses to enhanceexports of agricultural and forestrycommodities and relatedproducts.

Center for Agricultural ExportExecutive Development

College of Agriculture300 Bradley HallUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY 40506-0058Tel: 606-257-7265FAX: 606-258-1026

Center for InternationalDevelopment

Oklahoma State UniversityStillwater, OK 74078-0390Tel: 405-744-7693FAX: 405-744-8973

45

Center for International Trade inForest Products (CINTRAFOR)

College of Forest ResourcesAR-10University of WashingtonSeattle, WA 98195Tel: 206-543-8684FAX: 206-685-0790

International AgricUltural Tradeand Policy Center

1157 McCarty HallUniversity of FloridaGainesville, FL 32611Tel: 904-392-5063FAX: 904-392-8634

International Marketing Programfor AgricUltural Commodities andTrade (IMPACT)

123 HulbertWashington State UniversityPullman, WA 99164-6214Tel: 509-335-6653FAX: 509-335-3958

International Trade DevelopmentCenter

Box 5183Northern Crops InstituteNorth Dakota State UniversityFargo, NO 58105Tel: 701-237-7736FAX: 701-237-7235

Mid-America World Trade Center350 W. DouglasWichita, KS 67202Tel: 316-262-3232FAX: 316-262-3585

Midwest Agribusiness TradeResearch and Information Center(MATRIC)

Heady HallIowa State UniversityAmes, IA 50011-1070Tel: 515-294-1183FAX: 515-294-6336

Northern New England ProductDevelopment and MarketingCenter

201 Alumni HallUniversity of Maine

Orono, ME 04469Tel: 207-581-1502FAX: 207-581-1517

Red River Trade Corridor, Inc.208 Selvig HallUniversity of MinnesotaCrookston, MN 56716Tel: 218-281-8459FAX: 218-281-8050

Texas Agricultural MarketResearch Center

301 Ag. Bldg. - TAMUCollege Station, TX 77843-2124Tel: 409-845-5911FAX: 409-845-6378

University of Maryland AgriculturalTrade Policy Center

Department of Agricultural andResource EconomicsCollege Park, MD 20742Tel: 301-405-1264FAX: 301-314-9091

Western International TradeDevelopment Center (WITDC)

1200 N.W. Front Ave., Ste. 330Portland, OR 97209-2880Tel: 503-725-5951FAX: 503-295-2735

Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development

Information Center2001 L St., NW, Ste. 700Washington, DC 20036Tel: 202-785-6323FAX: 202-785-0350

Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation

1100 New York Ave., NWWashington, DC 20527Tel: 202-336-8400FAX: 202-408-9859

State Regional Trade Groups(SRTG's)

The SRTG's promote the exportsof food and other agriculturalproducts worldwide.

Eastern U.S. Agricultural andFood Export Council, Inc.(EUS&FEC)

214 Senate Ave., Ste. 600Camp Hill, PA 17011Tel: 717-731-6017FAX: 717-731-6019

Mid-America International Agri­Trade Council (MIATCO)

400 West Erie St., Ste. 100Chicago, IL 60201Tel: 312-944-3030FAX: 312-944-1144

Southern United States TradeAssociation (SUSTA)

World Trade Center, Ste. 15402 Canal St.New Orleans, LA 70130-1408Tel: 504-568-5986FAX: 504-568-6010

Western U. S. Agricultural TradeAssociation (WUSATA)

13101 N.E. Highway 99, Ste.200Vancouver, WA 98686-2786Tel: 206-574-2627FAX: 206-574-7083

TransAfrica1744 R St., NWWashington, DC 20009-2410Tel: 202-797-2301FAX: 202-797-2382

21st Century Africa, Inc.818 18th St., NWWashington, DC 20006Tel: 202-659-6473

U.S. Federal GovernmentAgencies

Office of the United States TradeRepresentative

Office of the Assistant U.S.Trade Representative forLatin America, the Caribbeanand AfricaWinder Building600 17th St., NW, Room 521Washington, DC 20506Tel: 202-395-6135FAX: 202-395-3911

46

U.S. Agricultural ExportDevelopment Council

1225 Eye St., NW, Ste. 500Washington, DC 20005Tel: 202-682-4737FAX: 202-682-4707

U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA) Agencies

AgExport Services DivisionForeign Agricultural ServicelUSDAAgBox 1052, Room 4939-SWashington, DC 20250-1000Tel: 202-690-0207FAX: 202-690-4374[Provides information services tohelp expand and promoteagricultural exports]

AgExport Services DivisionForeign Agricultural ServicelUSDAAgBox 1052Washington, DC 20250-1052Tel: 202-720-7103FAX: 202-690-4373[Provides information on tariff ratesand import quotas]

Agricultural Marketing Service/USDA

Dairy Certification ServiceDairy DivisionPO Box 96456Washington, DC 20090-6456Tel: 202-720-3171FAX: 202-720-2643

Agricultural Marketing SeNice/USDA

Fruits and VegetablesCertification ServiceFresh Products BranchFruit and Vegetable DivisionPO Box 96456Washington, DC 20090-6456Tel: 202-720-5870FAX: 202-720-0393

Agricultural Marketing Service/USDA

Fruits and VegetablesCertification ServiceProcessed Products BranchFruit and Vegetable DivisionPO Box 96456Washington, DC 20090-6456Tel: 202-720-4693FAX: 202-690-1527

Agricultural Marketing Service/USDA

Meat Grading and CertificationBranchLivestock and Seed DivisionPO Box 96456Washington, DC 20090-6456Tel: 202-720-1113FAX: 202-690-4119

Agricultural Marketing Service/USDA

Poultry Grading BranchPoultry DivisionPO Box 96456Washington, DC 20090-6456Tel: 202-720-3271FAX: 202-690-3165

Agricultural MarketingService/USDA

International TransportationBranchTransportation and MarketingDivision14th St., and IndependenceAve., SWRoom 1217 South AgricultureBldg.Washington, DC 20250Tel: 202-690-1304FAX: 202-690-1340

Agricultural Research Service/USDA

Information DivisionRoom 307, Bldg 005 BARC­WestBeltsville, MD 20705Tel: 301-504-6264FAX: 301-504-5726[The Agricultural Research Service(ARS) works to improve farmproduction, processing andmarketing]

Animal and Plant HealthInspection ServicelUSDA

Export Certification Unit4700 River Rd., Unit 139Riverdale, MD 20737Tel: 301-734-8537FAX: 301-734-5786[Provides information on foreignimport requirements for freshvegetables, and on obtainingphytosanitary certificates]

Animal and Plant HealthInspection Service/USDA

Veterinary ServicesNational Center for Import andExport4700 River Rd., Unit 38Riverdale, MD 20737Tel: 301-734-3294FAX: 301-734-6402[Provides information on foreignimport requirements for livestockand animal products]

Commodity Credit Corporation(CCC)IUSDA

Area Manager,Asia/Africa/Middle East14th St., and IndependenceAve., SWRoom 4514 South AgricultureBldg.Washington, DC 20250Tel: 202-720-4216FAX: 202-690-0251

Economic Research Service/USDA

Sub-Saharan Africa Branch,Room 6341301 New York Ave., NWWashington, DC 20005-4788Tel: 202-219-0652

Economic Research Service/USDA

Food Aid, Room 6341301 New York Ave., NWWashington, DC 20005-4788Tel: 202-219-0652

Emerging Democracies Office/USDA

AgBox 1031Washington, DC 20250-1032Tel: 202-720-0368FAX: 202-690-4369

47

Food Safety and InspectionService/USDA

International ProgramsExport Coordination Division14th St., and IndependenceAve., SWRoom 0114 South AgricultureBldg.Washington, DC 20250Tel: 202-501-6022FAX: 202-501-6929[Provides foreign importrequirements for meat and poultry]

Foreign Agricultural Service/USDA

Food Safety and TechnicalServices14th St., and IndependenceAve., SWRoom 5545 So. Ag. BldgWashington, DC 20250-1000Tel: 202-720-1301FAX: 202-690-0677

Foreign Agricultural Service/USDA

International Cooperation andDevelopmentFood Industries Division14th St., and IndependenceAve., SWWashington, DC 20250-1000Tel: 202-690-2981FAX: 2020-690-3982

International Trade Policy/USDAAsia, Africa and Eastern EuropeDivisionOffice of the Director, Room5509 South Agriculture Bldg.14th St., and IndependenceAve., SWWashington, DC 20250-1000Tel: 202-720-1289FAX: 202-720-0069

u.s. Department of Commerce(USDOC) Agencies

U. S. and Foreign CommercialService/USDOC

Export Counseling14th St., and Constitution Ave.,NWRoom 7424Washington, DC 20230Tel: 202-482-0543FAX: 202-482-4473

Trade Information Center/USDOC14th St., and Constitution Ave.,NWRoom HCHB-7424Washington, DC 20230Tel: 800-USA-TRADE (1-800­872-8723)FAX: 202-482-4473TDD: 800-833-8723

[The Department of Commerce isresponsible for programs involvingagricultural machinery/equipment,fertilizer, veterinary supplies, andother noncommodity items]

U.S. Department of State

U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment (A. I. D.)

Department of State Building,Africa Bureau2201 CSt., NW, Room 6936Washington, DC 20523-0073Tel: 202-647-9232FAX: 202-647-7621

u.s. Agency for InternationalDevelopment (A. I. D.)

Bureau for Africa, Office ofSustainable Development1111 North 19th St., Ste. 210Rosslyn, VA 22209Tel: 703-235-3832FAX: 703-235-5423

u. S. Department of StateCentral African AffairsMain State Bldg., Room 4246Washington, DC 20520-2902Tel: 202-647-2080FAX: 202-647-1726

u. S. Department of StateEast African AffairsMain State Bldg., Room 5240Washington, DC 20520Tel: 202-647-9742FAX: 202-647-0810

u. S. Department of StateSouthern African AffairsMain State Bldg., Room 4238Washington, DC 20520Tel: 202-647-9836FAX: 202-647-5007

u.s. Department of StateWest African AffairsMain State Bldg., Room 4250Tel: 202-647-3406FAX: 202-647-4855

u.S. Department of Treasury

U.S. Department of the TreasuryBureau ofAlcohol, Tobacco, andFirearmsAlcohol Import/Export Branch650 Massachusetts Ave., NW,Room 5400Washington, DC 20226Tel: 202-927-8110FAX: 202-927-8605

U.S. Department of the TreasuryU.S. Customs ServicePublic Affairs OfficeU.S. Department of the Treasury1301 Constitution Ave., NWWashington, DC 20229Tel: 202-927-1770FAX: 202-927-1393

u.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency

Public Affairs Office401 M St., SWWashington, DC 20460Tel: 202-260-4454FAX: 202-260-0130

u.S. Export Assistance Centers

U. S. Export Assistance CenterWorld Trade Center401 East Pratt St., Ste. 2432Baltimore, MD 21202Tel: 410-962-4539FAX: 410-962-4529

U. S. Export Assistance CenterXerox Center55 West Monroe St., Ste 2440Chicago, IL 60603Tel: 312-353-8040FAX: 312-353-8098

u. S. Export CenterOne World Trade CenterSte.1670Long Beach, CA 90831Tel: 310-980-4550

48

FAX: 310-980-4561

U.S. Export Assistance CenterTrade Port Bldg., 6th Floor5600 Northwest 36th St.Miami, FL 33166Tel: 305-526-7425FAX: 305-526-7434

u.S. Information AgencyAfrican Affairs301 4th St., SW, Ste. 716Washington, DC 20547Tel: 202-619-4894FAX: 202-619-5925

u.S. Peace CorpsOffice of Africa OperationsExplanade Bldg., Room 75181990 K St., NWWashington, DC 20526Tel: 202-606-3180FAX: 202-606-3110

u.S. Small BusinessAdministration

Office of International Trade409 3rd St., SW, Room 600Washington, DC 20416Tel: 202-205-6720 (from withinWashington, DC)800-827-5722FAX: 202-205-7272

u.S. Trade and DevelopmentProgram

State Annex 16, Room 309Washington, DC 20523Tel: 703-875-4357FAX: 703-875-4009

Volunteers in OverseasCooperative Assistance (VOCA)

50 F St., NW, Ste. 1075Washington, DC 20001Tel: 202-383-4961800-929-VQCAFAX: 202-782-7204

Washington Office on Africa110 Maryland Ave., NEWashington, DC 20002Tel: 202-546-7961FAX: 202-546-1545E-mail: [email protected]

World Council of Credit Unions5810 Mineral Point Rd.PO Box 2982Madison, WI 53701Tel: 608-231-7130FAX: 608-238-8020

The World BankInformation and Public Affairs1818 H St., NW, Room T-8025Washington, DC 20433Tel: 202-473-1782FAX: 202-676-0578

49

Part II

+Sub-Saharan African Countries - First Tier. . .. 52

+'ntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . 53Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..•.•••. 57Botswana. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 62Cameroon .•.....•.•...•...•• 67Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • • • 72Cote d'ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Ethiopia ................•... 80Gabon .................•..• 85Ghana 89Guinea . . . . . . . . . . • . •........ 94Kenya 98Lesotho. . . . . 104Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 107Malawi 111Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Mauritius . • • • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Mozambique 123Namibia. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128Niger • • • • • • • • . . . . 132Nigeria • . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Senegal • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . 140South Africa . • . • . . . . 146Swaziland 153Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Uganda 162Zaire ...............•.•.•. 166Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . 169Zimbabwe 174

+Sub-Saharan African Trading Countries - Second Tier 180

+'ntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

· 200· 202· 204

206208210212214

Liberia .Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . .Rwanda .Sao Tome & Principe .Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Somalia. . . . . . . . . . ....Sudan. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Togo .

Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Burundi. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . 184Central African Republic ........•• 186Chad " 188Congo •.•...........•..... 190Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Equatorial Guinea " 194The Gambia .•.•....... 196Guinea-Bissau 198

50

Part IIIntroduction

Sub-Saharan Africa represents one of the continent's most favorable economic prospects for significant growthand development. Trade plays an essential role in the economies of Sub-Saharan African countries. The regiondepends on imports of food, energy, and the capital inputs that complement domestic products. Exports are themajor source of financing imports. For this two-way-trade to flourish, African countries are recognizing theimportance of creating an economic climate conducive to investment and growth. Governments in a number ofAfrican countries have lifted exchange controls, privatized parastatals, eliminated subsidies, ended price controlsand established realistic exchange rates.

The United States is committed to a partnership with Africa. Recently, the Clinton Administration released acomprehensive report on a new U.S. trade and development policy for Africa. The policy includes specificrecommendations for strengthening U.S.-African commercial relations.

Part II of the Directory divides Sub-Saharan countries into two groups, First and Second Tier. The First Tierrepresents the countries which conduct major trading business with the United States, while the Second Tierconducts trading business to a lesser extent. An introductory overview is provided for each group of countries.Specific information for each country is presented in a common format, including a short economic overview,imports and exports, investment and trade barriers, and the best prospects for U. S. investments and exports.Contacts and selected publications are also included. .

The inclusion or omission of a particular organization, publication or citation may not be construed asendorsement or disapproval and does not necessarily reflect U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) policy, nordoes it imply any form of endorsement by USDA, nor does USDA ensure the accuracy of all information in thepUblication.

51

Sub-Saharan African Countries - First Tier

AngolaBeninBotswanaCameroonCape VerdeCote d'ivoireEthiopia

GabonGhanaGuineaKenyaLesothoMadagascarMalawi

MaliMauritiusMozambiqueNamibiaNigerNigeriaSenegal

South AfricaSwazilandTanzaniaUgandaZaireZambiaZimbabwe

Introduction

There are a growing number of factors making Africa an attractive market for investors and exporters. Most Sub­Saharan African countries are seriously engaged in political reforms, privatization of state-controlled businesses,trade liberalization, and economic structural adjustment. In recent years, African Governments have increasinglytumed to privatization of domestic markets and trade liberalization. More than 30 African countries are seriouslyengaged ineconomicrefmm, laying the foundation for solid medium- and long-term grO\vth.

Changes are particularly strong in the area of im/estment climate. Several African countries have establishedone-stop centers to assist the foreign investor. Besides liberalizing their foreign investment codes, many Africancountries have also signed agreements enabling the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) to operatein their respective countries.

According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. exports to Sub-Saharan Africa expanded 12% in 1992 to$5.4 billion. Led by corn and wheat, food grains registered the biggest increases (due in large measure to adevastating drought in Eastern and Southern Africa). Overal.!, agricultural sales accounted for 20% of total U.S.shipments to Africa, double the portion of a year earlier. Strong sales also were registered for industrialchemicals, farm machinery, computers, and telecommunications equipment.

Computer literacy is spreading in Africa as information-age professionals enter the ranks of management in thegovernment and private sectors. Aside from the traditional markets of South Africa and Zimbabwe, computershipments are made to practically every country in Africa.

International collaboration in technology and agricultural development has increased. The Agricultural ResearchService of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is in the process of increasing cooperation with South Africa. Areasof collaboration include: supporting small-scale black farmer operations; the wild flower industry; ornamental plantresearch; dairying; and goat-farm productivity. Other cooperative projects include: developing natural productswith U.S. Agency for International Development assistance, developing small businesses with BusinessDevelopment Committee assistance, developing sustainable agriCUltural products, developing medicinal productsout of forest products, and increasing the development and exportation of horticultural produce.

Collaborative and cooperative projects, benefit not only businesses, cooperatives and farmers in Sub-SaharanAfrica, but also enhance U.S. technology, research, and commercial development. Opportunities for investorsand exporters should continue to increase as collaborative and cooperative projects provide appropriatetechnology and beneficial research results for the development of the rich natural and agricultural resources ofSub Saharan Africa.

Large-scale infrastructure projects, health care delivery and training, utility management, customs enforcement,and education are funded and supported by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the AfricanDevelopment Bank and Fund, and the European Investment Bank under the Lome Convention. Besides theincreased potential for investment opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa, the many ongoing and forthcomingmultilaterally-funded projects offer exporters opportunities for supplying equipment, machinery, appropriatetechnology, and conSUltancy services.

In Part II of the Directory, information on exports and imports, on investment and trade barriers, and on the bestprospects for U.S. investments and exports is also included.

52

Angola

Economy: and improve the investment Internationalclimate. However, open Agreements:

The Republic of Angola is hostilities continue againstone of Africa's richest the government, preventing Party to: Law of the Sea;countries in terms of natural much progress. signed, but not ratified:resources. With gold,

Exports:Biodiversity; Climate

diamonds, iron ore and oil Change.deposits, exotic woods and avaried climate, combined Exports consisted of $3 Port of Entry:with ample arable land, billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.).Angola's development Main export commodities The principal commercialpotential is considerable. include: mineral fuels,

diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish harbors are Lobito, Luanda,

Currently, oil production is and fish prOducts, timber, Namibe, and Cabinda.

key to the economy, and cotton. Principal exportU.S. Exports to Angola:contributing over 60% to markets are the United

GDP and accounting for States, Belgium, Brazil,U.S. 1994 exports to Angola90% of exports. There is France, Germany,

some industrial activity in Netherlands, Portugal, were worth $197 millionfood and fish processing. United Kingdom, and the (f.a.s. value). Principal

Commonwealth of exports to Angola include:80-90% of the population Independent States. oil field equipment, miningcurrently relies on agriculture equipment, chemicals,to survive, but this activity Imports: aircraft, and food.accounts for less than 15%of the GDP. Main cash crops Imports consisted of $1.6 Angolan Exports to theare coffee (robusta), sisal, billion (f.o.b., 1993 est.). U.S.:maize, cotton, cane, manioc, Imported commoditiesbananas, and sugar. include: machinery and Angola's 1994 exports to theSubsistence crops include electrical equipment, food, U.S. amounted to $2.1 billioncassava, corn, vegetables, vehicles and spare parts, (customs value). Crude andplantain, and livestock. textiles and clothing, refined petroleum productsThere is not currently medicines, and substantial accounted for almost all ofenough food to meet military equipment. Principal Angolan exports to the U.S.demand, and food sources of imports are theimports/aid are required. United States, P9rtugal, the Investment/TradeIn 1989, Angola was

Commonwealth of Activities:Independent States, Cuba,admitted to the IMF and and Brazil.began implementing an IMF External currencyEconomic and Financial Economic Aid

transactions are, by law,Restructuring program. authorized by the NationalSince 1991, the government Assistance: Bank of Angola/Bancohas formally been moving

U.S. commitment, includingNational de Angola (NBA)

away from a state planned and the commercial banks.economy to a free market Ex-1m (FY70-89), $265 Foreign exchangesystem. In 1993, the U.S. million; Western (non-U.S.) transactions are effectedofficially recognized the countries, aDA and OaF through the NBA's commer-present government of bilateral commitments (1970- cial department, the BancoAngola. 89), $1,105 billion; de Poupanca e Credito

Communist countries (1970- (BPC) and the Banco doEfforts continue to 89), $1.3 billion; net official Comercio e Industria (BCI).reprivatize many agricultural disbursements (1985-89), The commercial banks areand service operations, $750 miilion. authorized to deal in foreignrehabilitate infrastructure exchange at the floating

exchange rate; the NBA

53

uses floating rate foreign become a member of the trade potential (see contactsexchange only in its Common Market of Eastern listing).dealings with financial and Southern Africainstitutions. (COMESA). Investment/Trade

A large portion of Angolan Food/Health/SafetyBarriers:

imports and exports is Regulations: Angola is struggling withhandled by state-ownedcompanies. Imports of plants, plant

many problems. Theprotracted civil war has

Almost all imports require products, items containing resulted in devastation to all

licensing, with limits placed plant products, seeds, aspects of domestic,

by the import plan and animals, and animal commercial and economic

subject to availability ofproducts into Angola require life. Only the oil sector,

foreign exchange. Import phytosanitary certificates. managed jointly with foreign

licenses are carefully Special requirements:oil companies, remains

considered and are valid forprosperous.

180 days with the option of Imports of used clothing

an additional 180 day require a fumigation The USAID Development

renewal. certificate. Containers of Assistance Program wassterilized, powdered, and suspended in 1993 and

Pharmaceutical imports must condensed milk are required terminated in 1994 due to

be pre-registered with the to be labeled with directions security conditions. It

Angolan Ministry of Health.in Portuguese (in addition to continuesthe general requirement for humanitarian/emergency

Customs authority falls weight and country of origin relief efforts.

under the jurisdiction of the labelling).

Director National das Please refer to Part I, OtherIn accordance with the

Alfandegas, DirecaoBicesse Peace Accords and

National das Alfandegas. Contacts for information on the International Traffic inthe following: Food Safety Arms RegUlations, the U.S.

• Customs duties are both and Inspection Service, prohibits transfer of U.S.-

ad valorem (based on Export Coordination Division' origin lethal material to all

c.Lf. value) and specific Fo~eign Agricultural Service,' parties in Angola. In

(assessed on the basis of Office of Food Safety and accordance with a UN

weight). Technical Services; or resolution, the U.S. supports,Animal and Plant Health through executive order, an

• There are additional Inspection Service (APHIS). embargo prohibiting sale of

taxes for some lUxuryFree/Foreign Trade

all military-related equipment

items, e.g. tobacco,and petroleum to the Armed

automobiles, and Zones/Export Forces for the Liberation of

cameras. Processing Zones:Angola (UNITA) or to anydestination in Angola other

• Preferential treatment is A free trade zone is locatedthan officially designated

extended to imports from at Lobito.points of entry.

Portugal and Portugueseterritories. Investment/Trade

The Angolan government iscommitted to restructuring its

Angola is a member of the Assistance: state controlled economy

Southern Africainto a free market system.

Development Community Contact the U.S. Embassy in Recent foreign trade and

(SADC) (SADC Regional Luanda for current investment revisions, and

Business Council, 165, information on investment the 1994 Economic and

Pilane Rd., Private Bag 132, and trade with Angola. The Social Program have been

Gaborone, Botswana. Tel: Country Desk Officer for favorably received, but few

267-31-353-944; FAX: 267- Angola at the U.S. reforms of any kind have

31-353-933). Department of Commerce in been implemented as ofWashington, DC can also 1995.

In 1993, Angola also joined provide current informationwith twenty other countries to on Angola's investment and

54

Best U.S. and Agriculture Organization Instituto de Investigacao

Export/Investment (FAO); General Agreement Veterinaria (Institute foron Tariffs and Trade (GATT); Veterinary Research), CP 7,

Prospects: International Bank for Huambo. Tel: 2693Reconstruction and

Because of the nearly Development (IBRD); Luanda Port Authority,complete absence of non-oil International Development Servicos de Portos,domestic production in Association (IDA); Caminhos de Ferro eAngola, there is a market for International Fund for Transportes, Luanda. Tel:imported food and other Agricultural Development 2-70061; Telex: 3224consumer products. (IFAD); International Mone-However, this market is tary Fund (IMF); Non-Aligned Ministry of Finance, Avda 4tempered by, among other Movement (NAM); United de Fevereiro, Luanda. Tel:things, mass unemployment, Nations Conference on 2-344-628; Telex: 3363hyperinflation, price controls, Trade and Developmentand lack of consumer funds. (UNCTAD); United Nations Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Industrial Development Avda Commandante Jika,In 1994, the U.S. Organization (UNIDO); World Luanda. Telex: 3127Department of Agriculture Customs Organization;(USDA) made $8 million in World Health Organization Ministry of Information, POagricultural export loan (WHO); World Intellectual Box 1240, Luanda. Tel:guarantees available to Property Organization 233376Angola for purchasing U.S. (WIPO); Worldagricultural products. The Meteorological Organization Ministry of Trade andOverseas Private Investment (WMO); World Trade Tourism, Largo Kinaxixi 14,Corporation (OPIC) currently Organization (WTO) Luanda. Tel: 2-344-525;makes funds available in Telex: 3282Angola through a 1994 List of Contacts:Investment Incentive Port of Lobito Authority, POAgreement. Off-coast (The international telephone Box 16, Lobito. Tel: 3159;fisheries have been access code is 011, and the Telex: 8239recipients of several recent Angola country access codeinternational development is 244.) United Nations Developmentloans. Programme, Rua Major Kan-

Membership in:Angola: hangulo 197, BP 910,

Luanda. Tel: 2-371-700 orAgency for Cooperation and 2-371-712; Telex: 3368

Regional Organizations Research in Development, UNDPAN

African Development BankCP 910, Luanda. Tel: 2-390-

U.S. Embassy, Rua Hourari873; Telex: 3027(AFDB); Common Market for Boumedienne, Miramar, CPEastern and Southern Africa Associacao Comerical de 6468, Luanda. INMARSAT:(COMESA); Economic Luanda, Edificio Palacio de International Operator 873--Commission for Africa Comercio, 1* andar, CP 151-7430; Tel: 2345-481 or(ECA); Front Line African 1275, Luanda. Tel: 2-322- 346-418; Embassy FAX: 2States (FLS); Organization 453 347-884. (Consular Section:of African Unity (OAU); Casa Inglesia, 132/135 RuaSouthern Africa Centro de Investigacao Major Kanhangula, CP 6484,Development Community Cientifica Algodeira (Cotton Luanda) Pouch:(SADC); Angola adheres to Scientific Research Centre), AmEmbassy Luanda, Dept.the Fourth Lome Instituto do Algodao de of State, Washington DCConvention; observer of the Angola, Estacao 20521-2550Communaute Economique Experimental de Onga-

U.S.:des Etats de L'Afrique Zanga, CateteCentrale (CEEAC)

Instituto de Investigacao Angola Embassy andInternational Organizations Agronomica (Angolan Consulate General, 1819 L

Institute for Agronomic St. NW, Ste. 400,African, Caribbean and Research), CP 406, Huambo Washington, DC 20036.Pacific States (ACP); Food

55

Tel: 202-667-7330; FAX:202-785-1258

Angola, Country DeskOfficer, U.S. Department ofCommerce, Room 3317,14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4228

Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC), 1615 MSt., NW, Washington, DC20537

Permanent Mission of thePeople's Republic of Angolato the UN, 125 E. 73rd St.,New York, NY 10021. Tel:212-861-5787 or 5788; FAX:212-861-9295

U.S.- Angola Chamber ofCommerce, 1850 K St., NW,Ste. 390, Washington, DC20006. Tel: 202-223-0540;FAX: 202-872-1521

Select Publications:

Africa - Trade Trends withU.S. Washington, DC: U.S.Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995[Available through theNational Trade Data Bank]

Angola, a Country Study3rd ed., Thomas ColleJo,editor. Washington, DC:Federal Research Division,Library of Congress, 1991.NAL call no.: DT611.A71990

BoldAds SADC TradeDirectory (Southern Africabusiness) Harare,Zimbabwe: BoldAds (Pvt)Ltd. [published annually]

Bossard, E. "AngolanMedicinal Plants Used Alsoas Piscicides and/or Soaps."Journal ofEthno­pharmacology 40, no. 1(Sept. 1993): 1-19. NAL callno.: RS160.J6

Country Profile. Angola.London: EconomistIntelligence Unit [annualpublication] NAL call no.:HC950.A1C682

Country Report. Angola.London: EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAL call no.:HC950.A1C69

Economic Policy and TradePractices: Angola. CountryReports on Economic Policyand Trade Practices, U.S.Department of State, 1995[Available through theNational Trade Data Bank]

Hutchinson, Barbara.Famine MitigationBibliography, With SpecialEmphasis on Ethiopia,Sudan and Angola. 1st ed.Washington, DC: U.S.Agency for InternationalDevelopment, Office of U.S.Foreign Disaster Assistance,Famine Mitigation ActivitySupport Project, USDA,Office of InternationalCooperation andDevelopment, 1992. NALcall no.: Z7164.C4F35 1992

Kyle, Steven C.Development ofAngola'sAgricultural Sector. Ithaca,NY: Dept. of AgriCUltural,Resource and ManagerialEconomics, CornellUniversity, 1994. NAL callno.: HD1751.W67 no. 94-12

Pelissier, Rene, W.G.Clarence-Smith. "Angola." InAfrica South of the Sahara1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p.133-156 [annual publication]NAL call no.: DT30.A37

Serrano, V.M.B.L. and R.C.Carter. "Small ScaleIrrigation in Angola:Potential and Promise."Outlook on Agriculture (UK)20, no. 3 (1991): 175-181.NAL call no.: 10-QU8

56

World Bank. Angola: AnIntroductory EconomicReview. Washington, DC:International Bank forReconstruction andDevelopment, 1990

Benin

Party to: Biodiversity,Climate Change,Endangered Species,Environmental Modification,Nuclear Test Ban, OzoneLayer Protection; signed butnot ratified: Desertification,Law of the Sea.

External exchangetransactions areadministered by theDirectorate of Monetary andBanking Affairs/ Ministry ofFinance, in cooperation withthe Directorate of ExternalCommerce/ Ministry ofCommerce and Tourism. Allforeign monetary exchangesmust be handled byauthorized intermediaries; allforeign imports valued atmore than CFAF 500,000

Investment/TradeActivities:

u.s Exports to Benin:

U.S. exports to Benin wereworth $26 million (f.a.s.value) in 1994. Majorexported items include:used clothing and shoes,loose tobacco, wheat andwheat flour, rice, andmachinery.

Benin's exports to the U.S.were worth $10.1 million(customs value) in 1994.

Benin Exports to theU.S.:

Port of Entry:

The port of Cotonou handlesnearly all of Benin's foreign

--trade. In addition, most 01--Niger's trade, as well asportions of Nigeria's, Togo's,Burkina Faso's, Chad's, andMali's trade, passes throughCotonou.

Imports consisted of $482.3million (c.iJ., est. 1991).Imported commoditiesinclude: foodstuffs,beverages, tobacco,petroleum products,intermediate goods, capitalgoods, and light consumergoods. Principal sources ofimports are France,Thailand, Netherlands,United States, and Japan.

Economic AidAssistance:

Exports:

Imports:

Exports consisted of $328.8million (f.o.b., est. 1991).The main exportcommodities include: palmoil products, crude oil,cotton, and cocoa. Principalexport markets are France,Germany, Spain, Italy, andUnited Kingdom.

Foreign aid averaged closeto $300 million annually inthe early 1990's. Previousaid included: U.S.commitments, includingExlm (FY1970-89), $46million; Western (non-U.S.)countries, ODA and OOFbilateral commitments (1970­89), $1.3 billion; OPECbilateral aid (1979-89), $19million; Communist countries(1970-89), $101 million.

InternationalAgreements:

---- -------Senin's economic activity, ­making the country fairlydependent on economictrends in Nigeria. Many ofBenin's imports are re­exported to Nigeria.

There are small deposits ofmetals, marble andlimestone in Benin, alongwith a small offshore oil fieldthat is currently inproduction. The industrialsector contributes only about10% to the GDP andemploys less than 2% of theworkforce, mostly inconstruction-relatedactivities, and in cotton andpalm oil processing.

Since 1989, Benin's multi­party government has beencommitted to a democratic,constitutional politicalsystem and to a free marketeconomy. With World Bankand International MonetaryFund (IMF) support, Beninbegan, in 1989, a StructuralAdjustment Program thathas seen slow but steadygrowth in the economyduring recent years.

Cross-border trade withNigeria involves a significantsector, both documentedand undocumented, of

. Economy:·

With its limited resourcesand lack of a moderninfrastructure, Benin is oneof the world's leastdeveloped countries. Itseconomy is based onagricultural production, whichaccounts for about 35% ofGOP, employs 60% of thelabor force and is

....... responsible for most of the.... foreign exchang.eearnings.

Benin is self-sufficient instaple crops which includecassava, yams, maize,beans, millet, sorghum, andrice. Primary cash crops arecotton, oil palm, peanuts,and coffee. Small farmsproduce 90% of agriculturaloutput.

57

must be domiciled with anauthorized intermediarybank.

Principal banks are theBanque Central des Etats del'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO)and Banque Commercial deBenin.

Import licenses have beensuppressed for commoditiesfrom the Africa, Caribbeanand Pacific (APC) group ofcountries, and fromEuropean Union countries.Licenses are issued by theMinistry of Trade and areprocessed routinely.

All import licenses and ..specific import co~modltlesare sUbject to special taxes.Although they have beenreduced recently, special taxcategories include rice,cotton textiles, school books,and pharmaceuticals.

Import monopolies ~re

maintained for certaincommodities, includinglivestock, meat, and meatproducts.

Benin's customs regulationsare governed primarily by ~he

West African Customs Union(CEAO, member countries:Benin, Burkina Faso, CoteO'ivoire, Mali, Mauritania,Niger, and Senegal; Togohas observer status). TheCEAO is a free trade areafor agricultural products andraw materials; preferentialtrading is set up for certainindustrial goods. Based onCustoms Co·operationCouncil Nomenclature(CCCN), the Union wor~s forshared customs regulationsand tariffs with regard tooutside trading partners.

• Tariffs, amongst thelowest in Africa, are madeup of two components:customs duty and fiscalimport duty.

• Trade between CEAOmember countries isexempt from customsduties. Because theUnited States isrecognized as a tradingpartner, U.S. imports arecharged at the minimumrate. Higher rates may beapplied to certain imports.

• Many imports, includingthose from CEAOcountries, are assessedsome type of fiscal importduty of up to 20% of c.i.f.value. The rates reflectsignificant reductionsmade during the pastyear.

Benin belongs to theEconomic Community ofWest African States(ECOWAS).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Many plants, plant productsseeds, and animals aresubject to special entry .requirements andlor specialimport authorization. Plantand animal regulations areadministered by the Ministryof Public Health or theMinistry of Agriculture,depending on thecommodity.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information onthe following: Food Safetyand Inspection Service,Export Coordination Oivi~ion;

Foreign Agricultural Service,Office of Food Safety andTechnical Services; orAnimal and Plant HealthInspection Service (APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/ExportProcessing Zones:

A free trade zone for Benin'sneighboring

58

countries-Burkina Faso andNiger-exists in the port ofCotonou. An exportprocessing zone is in theplanning stage.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Center for ExternalTradel Centre Beninois duCommerce Exterieur (seecontacts listing) was createdin 1988 to promote foreigntrade. It providescommercial information,sponsors trade exhibitionsand acts as an intermediarybetween Beninese tradersand foreign partners.

Investment/TradeBarriers:

The government of Benincontinues to control severalkey commodity markets,although there are plan~ t.oprivatize 13 of the remaining32 parastatal c?mmodi~y andservice enterpnses dunng1994/95.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Expo rtli nvestmentpossibilities include .fieldequipment and servicesrelated to the followinggrowth industries: offshoreoil drilling, the touristindustry, timber, and fishingoperations.

Prospects related toagriculture includeagricultural equipment,fertilizer, modern foodprocessing and storagetechnologies, cottonprocessing equipment, andwheat flour.

Benin is committed toattracting foreign trade andinvestment. There has been

privatization of some International Bank for du General de Gaulle, BPindustries, and relaxation of Reconstruction and 31, Cotonou. Tel: 31-32-99price controls and import Development (IBRD); or 31-20-81; Telex: 5364restrictions on some International Developmentagricultural commodities. Association (IDA); Conseil National pour

International Fund for l'Exportation, Cotonou. Tel:The investment code has Agricultural Development 30-07-02; FAX: 30-00-47recently been revised (IFAD); International Mon-offering more incentives to . - -etary Fund (IMF); Non- Direction de la Rechercheforeign investors. The Aligned Movement (NAM); Agronomique, BP 884,Overseas Private Investment UN Conference on Trade Cotonou. Tel: 30-02-64Corporation (OPIC) has lent and Developmentits support to business (UNCTAD); UN Industrial Institut de Recherches surprojects in Benin through the Development Organization les Fruit et Agrumes, BPUSAID-OPIC Africa Growth (UNIDO); World Health 2043, CotonouFund. Organization (WHO); World

Intellectual Property International Institute ofIn addition to Benin's own Organization (WIPO); World Tropical Agriculture,markets and products, Benin Meteorological Organization Cotonou, Tel: 30-14-66provides easy access to (WMO); World TourismNigeria's impressive market Organization (WTO) Ministry of Finance, PO Boxpotential. 302, 963 Cotonou. Tel: 30-

Ust of Contacts: 12-47 or 30-12-49 or 30-10-Membership in: 20; FAX: 30-18-51; Telex:

(The international telephone 50095231Regional Organizations access code is 011, and the

Ministry of Foreign Affairscountry access code forAfrican Development Bank Benin is 229.) and Cooperation, PO Box(AFDB); African Intellectual 318, Cotonou. Tel: 30-04-Property Organization Benin: 00 or 30-18-70 or 30-09-29;(OAPI); African, Malagasy, FAX: 30-02-45; Telex: 5200and Mauritian Common Agency for Cooperation and 5256Organization (OCAM); West Research in Development,

Ministry of Trade, Crafts, andAfrican Customs Union BP 57, Natitingou, Atacora.(CEAO); Economic Tel: 31-16-10; Telex: 5235 Tourism, PO Box 2037,03-Commission for Africa 2985 Cotonou. Tel: 31-52-(ECA); Economic Banque Centrale des Etats 58 or 31-54-02 or 31-53-46;Community of West African de l'Afrique de l'Ouest FAX: 30-04-36; Telex: 5040States (ECOWAS); the (BCEAO), Ave. d'Ornano,

Port Autonome de Cotonou,Franc Zone (FZ), Inter- Zone Portuaire, BP 325,African Phytosanitary Cotonou. Tel: 31-24-66; PO Box 927, Cotonou. Tel:Commission (IAPSC); FAX: 31-24-65 31-28-90 or 31-52-80; Telex:Islamic Development Bank 5004(IDB); Organization of Caisse Francaise deAfrican Unity (OAU); Development (CFD), Blvd. Office National du BoisOrganization of the Islamic Jean-Paul II, BP 38, (0NAB) , BP 1238, Cotonou.Conference (01C); Union Cotonou. Tel: 31-35-80; Tel: 33-16-32; Telex: 5160Monetaire Ouest-Africaine/ FAX: 31-20-18 [Research and manufacture,West African Monetary wood products]Union (UMOA); West African Centre Beninois deDevelopment Bank (WADB); Commerce Exterieur, PO Societe de Development desBenin adheres to the Fourth Box 1254, Cotonou. Tel: Resources AnimalesLome Convention of the EU. 30-13-20/30-13-97; FAX: (SODERA) , BP 2041,

30-04-36 Cotonou [Handles allInternational Organizations marketing, import and export

Centre for Environment and of livestock, meat, and meatAfrican, Caribbean and Development in Africa, BP products, and administersPacific (ACP); Food and 7060, Cotonou provincial, district, and

Agriculture Organization communal livestock farms](FAO); General Agreement Chambre de Commerceon Tariffs and Trade (GATT); l'lndustrie du Benin, Avenue

59

Societe Nationale deCommercialisation desPrornms-Petroliers, Ave.d'Ornano, BP 245, Cotonou.Tel: 31-22-90; Telex: 5245[Imports and distributespetroleum products]

Societe National pour. - ~'!ndustrje des Corps.Gras,

BP 312, Cotonou. Tel: 33­07-01; FAX: 33-15-20;Telex: 5205 [Processesnuts and cottonseed]

Societe National pour laPromotion Agricole(SONAPRA), BP 933,Cotonou. Tel: 33-08-20;FAX: 33-19-48; Telex: 5248[Manages five cotton­ginning plants and onefertilizer plant; distributes fer­tilizers and agriculturalproducts]

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme, ZoneResidentielle, Lot III, BP 506,Cotonou. Tel: 31-30-45

United States Embassy, RueCaporal Bernard Anani, POBox 2012, Cotonou. Tel:30-06-50 or 30-05-13 or 30­17-92; FAX: 41-15-22

U.S.:

Africa Growth Fund, L.P.,1850 K St., NW, Ste. 309,Washington, DC 20006

Benin, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce,Rm. 2037, 14th St. andConstitution Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20230.Tel: 202-482-5149

Bureau Veritas, 7855 NW12th St., Ste. 218, Miami, FL33126. Tel: 305-593-7878[Provides preshipmentinspection of goods importedinto Benin]

Embassy of Benin, 2737Cathedral Ave. NW,Washington, DC 20009.

Tel: 202-667-7330; FAX:202-667-6111

Honorary Consulate, Benin,9111 S. La Cienega Blvd.,Ste. 201, Inglewood, CA90301. Tel: 310-641-3688;FAX: 310-641-6980

Overseas Prota1e InvestmentCorporation (OPIC), 1615 MSt., NW, Washington, DC20537

Permanent Mission of theRepublic of Benin to theUnited Nations, 4 E. 73 St.,New York, NY 10021. Tel:212-249-6014; FAX: 212­734-4735

Corporate Council on Africa,1666 Connecticut Ave., NW,Ste. 510, Washington, DC20009. Tel: 202-667-7330;FAX: 202-667-6111

Select Publications:

Brainerd, T.R. "West AfricanSeafood Trade: AnEmpirical Analysis." FOSSWorking Paper(International Center forMarine ResourceDevelopment, Univ. ofRhode Island) no. 26(1991). NAL call no.:SH328.F47 no. 26

Brun, T.A. "The Nutritionand Health Impact of CashCropping West Africa: AHistorical Perspective."World Review of Nutritionand Diet 65 (1991): 124­162. NAL call no.: 389.1W892

Christiansen, Bernd.Efficiency of the MarketingSystem ofMaize, Illustratedwith the Example ofAtlantique Province, Benin[Vol. 14 in the series"Farming Systems andResource Economics in theTropics, 0932-6154.") Kiel,Germany:Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk,

60

1993. NAL call no.:HD9049.C8B454 1993

Church, R.J. Harrison, PierreEnglebert and EdithHodgkinson. "Benin." InAfrica South of the Sahara1995 London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 2994, p.158-174 [annual publication]NAL call no.: DT30.A37

country Profile. Togo,Benin. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[annual publication] NAL callno.: HC1015.A1Q832

country Report. Togo,Niger, Benin, Burkina.London: EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAL call no.:HC1015.A1Q83

Deren, P.H. "West AfricanCotton in the New MarketingSystem." CottonInternational 57th ed.(1990). NAL call no.: 72.8C82141

Developing AfricanAgriculture: New Initiativesfor Institutional Cooperation:Proceedings of a Workshop,28-30 July 1993, Cotonou,Benin. Mexico, D.F.:Saskawa Africa Association;Global 2000, Inc., 1994.NAL call no.:HD2120.S8D481994

Dramane, K. '''CEARO'Agricultural Policy." InAgricultural Alternatives andNutritional Self-Sufficiencyfor a Sustainable AgriculturalSystem that Respects Manand his Environment, Proc.of the IFOAM SeventhInternational ScientificConference, Ouagadougou,January 2-5, 1989 p.29-40.Witzenhausen?: Ekopan,1990. NAL call no.:5605.5.145 1989

Drechsel, P. and S. Schmall."Mineral Deficiencies and

Fertilization of CoastalReforestations in Benin,West Africa." FertilizerResearch 23, no. 3 (July1990): 125-133. NAL callno.: S631.F422

Exporter Directory ofAfricanCoffee. Abidjan, Coted'ivoire: Inter-African CoffeeOrganization [biennialpUblication]

France Afrique. Paris,Fran~ IC Publications[Annual directory of leadingcompanies in French­speaking Africa]

Menut, C., et al. "AromaticPlants from Tropical WestAfrica. II. VolatileConstituents of DanielliaOliveri (Rolfe) Hutch & Dalz.from Benin and BurkinaFaso." Journal of EssentialOil Research 6, no. 6(Nov/Dec. 1994): 647-649.NAL call no.: SB298.J66

61

Economy:

Diamonds are the mainstay ofBotswana's economy, generatingmore than 50% of the GDP inrecent years and accounting for80% of the value of total exports.Other industrial areas includecopper-nickel, coal and soda ashmining, livestock processing, andmanufacturing. Mineralproduction, including diamonds,has decisively replaced the onceimportant agricultural/livestocksector in contributing both to theGDP and to export revenue.

Botswana's arid land and poor soilhave long been home to animportant cattle raising industry.Sheep, goats, and urban poultryare also raised. The small portionof land that is irrigated producescotton, citrus fruit, and tobacco.Subsistence crops consist ofsorghum, corn, millet, peanuts,beans, cowpeas, and sunflowerseeds. Over 80% of thepopulation rely on farming,although this activity accounts foronly 3% of the GDP and 4% of ex­port revenues. Botswanaproduces only 50% of its own foodand relies heavily on food imports.

Current economic planningincludes efforts to move awayfrom total dependence on themining sector by encouragingmore diversification. Governmentat all levels is committed to anopen, free market economy thatencourages foreign participation.

In 1995, USAID formally ended itsbilateral program with Botswanabased on Botswana's"achievement of sustainablelevels of economic activity. It hasused its considerable naturalresources, and with careful,cautious development policies,has boasted one of the world'shighest growth rates over the twodecades, averaging more than 9%

Botswana

a year." (USAID CongressionalPresentation, Fiscal Year 1995,Regional Programs - Africa:Botswana)

Exports:

Exports consisted of $1.7 billion(f.o.b., 1992). The main exportcommodities include: diamonds(80% of direct exports), copper­nickel matte, meat and meatprOducts, hides and skins, andtextiles. Principal export marketsare Switzerland, United Kingdom,South African Customs Union(SACU) member countries, andthe U.S.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $1.8 billion(c.Lf., 1992). Import commoditiesinclude: machinery and electricalgoods, vehicles and transportequipment, manufactured goods,food, chemical and rubberprOducts, minerals, and fuels.Principal sources of imports areSwitzerland, SACU membercountries, United Kingdom, andthe U.S.

Economic Aid Assistance:

U.S. aid (1992), $13 million;Norway (1992), $16 million;Sweden (1992), $15.5 million;Germany (1992), $3.6 million;EC/Lome IV (1992), $3-$6 millionin grants, $28.7 million in long­term projects (1992).

International Agreements:

Party to: Climate Change;Endangered Species; Law of theSea; Nuclear Test Ban; OzoneLayer Protection; signed, but notratified: Biodiversity

Botswana has an investmentguarantee agreement with theUnited States, but is not, as yet,party to a U.S. Bilateral

62

Investment Treaty. Botswana isparty to trade agreements withZambia, Malawi, and Zimbabwe.

Port of Entry:

Botswana is a landlocked country.80% of imports arrive via SouthAfrican ports; an even higherpercent of exports leavesBotswana through South Africa.

U.s. Exports to Botswana:

U.S. exports to Botswana wereworth $22.7 million (f.a.s.) in 1994.Exports include: manufacturedgoods such as communicationsand electrical equipment, andconstruction and miningequipment. Agricultural exportsinclude cereal grains andvegetable oils.

Because most U.S. goods are re­imported into Botswana (and otherSACU countries) by way of SouthAfrica and South African dealers,direct trade statistics misrepresentthe value of U.S. goods andservices Ultimately enteringBotswana. The U.S. Embassyestimates that the total value ofU.S. goods sold in Botswana in1993 at $110 million, or 6% oftotal imports into Botswana.About 20% of importedmanufactured goods purchased inBotswana are of U.S. origin.

Botswana Exports to U.S.:

Botswana's exports to the U.S.were worth $13.7 million in 1994.Exports include: handicrafts,jewelry, clothing, and textiles.

The U.S. Generalized System ofPreference (GSP) permits duty­free entry to the U.S. of 3,500different items.

Investment/TradeActivities:

The Botswana Minister of Financeand Development Planning hasdelegated most of theiradministration of exchangecontrols to the Bank of Botswana.In turn, the Bank of Botswana hasappointed other banks asauthorized dealers has giventhem considerable powers.Botswana's liberal exchangeregulations. were further eased in1995. Also in 1995, thegovernment declared that foreigncurrency denominated accounts inBotswana (in U.S. dollars, BritishPo~nds, German Marks. or SouthAfncan Rand) are nowpermissible.

Botswana requires import permitsfor most goods imported directlyfrom countries outside SACU.Permits are handled by theDepartment of Commerce andConsumer Affairs, Ministry ofCommerce and Industry. Certaingoods, including fresh meat andsome agricultural and horticulturalproducts, require permits forimportation regardless of countryof origin.

Customs authority rests with theDirector of Customs and ExciseDepartment of Customs and 'Excise, in Gaborone.

• Botswana is a member of theSouthern African CustomsUnion (SACU). along withNamibia, Lesotho Swazilandand South Africa. ' Trade 'between SACU countries isduty-free. SACU sets commontariffs for goods coming fromnon-member countries.

• Most customs duties are advalorem. They are determinedfor all SACU member countriesunilaterally by South Africa.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports frommember countries of SACU.

• Botswana adheres to theGATT/"Customs ValuationAgreement".

• Botswana does not currentlyhave governmental regUlationsor requirements covering theuse of countertrade/barteractivities. Such transactionsare considered, however, onan individual basis.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Imports of living plants, seeds,and fresh fruit and vegetables intoBotswana require phytosanitarycertificates. In addition, an entrypermit from the South AfricaDivision of Plant Pest control~ust be obtained by the importerIn advance of shipment. A healthcertificate is required for allimported live animals.

Lard, bacon, ham, hides andskins, sausage casings, animalhair and bristles, and honey andhoney-containing products arecovered by special restrictionsadministered by the BotswanaDepartment of Agriculture.

The Ministry of Health administersspecial restrictions applying tocertain medical supplies such ashabit~forming drugs, sera,vaccines, and pathogenic drugsfor human and veterinary use.Such imports are limited to locallyregistered pharmacists.

Special permits are required toexport from Botswana thefollowing agriculture-related items:wildlife and wildlife trophies,plants, hides and skins, andagricultural products.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

63

Free/Foreign Trade.Zones/Export ProcessingZones:

Selebi-Pikwe has beendesignated an Export ProcessingZone (EZP). Foreign applicantsare welcome.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Botswana Confederation ofCommerce, Industry andManpower (BOCCIM) offers helpin finding Botswanaagents/~istributors for foreigncompanies.

As a promoter of investment, di­versification, and expansion at alllevels, the Department of Tradea~d. Investment Promotion (TIPA),Ministry of Commerce andI~~ustry offers consultancy,liaison and information services.

In addition, the CommercialSection at the U.S. Embassy canalso be of assistance (seecontacts listing).

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Trade and investment problems inBotswana are small whencompared to those of some otherAfrican countries. The countrydoes have a relatively smallmarket size, and, as in manydeveloping countries, there is anu~trained labo~ force. and highpnces for services and consumergoods.

Although Botswana has beenpressuring for lower SACUcustoms duties, rates remainexorbitant f~r certain items (up to95% on vehicles). The upcomingimplementation of GATTstipulations should lower sometariffs and open more markets toU.S. goods.

The government retainsownership of several service andcommodity enterprises. It hasbegun to privatize several of

these; however, Botswana doesreserve ownership of a smallnumber of enterprises for its owncitizens.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

There is a high regard for U.S.products and services inB~tswana. This, coupled with thewish to create direct marketingties outside of South Africandistributors, and to diversify awayfrom a diamond/mineral­dominated economy, makes forsome positive U.S. opportunities.

A Financial Assistance Policy(FAP) offers Botswana andforeign investors training grantstax holidays, capital grants for 'new employment creationinvestment in rural areas, 'foreigntrade zones, and manufacturingprojects.

The U.S. has an investmentagreement with Botswana.Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC) programs areavailable to U.S. investors inBotswana.

In the agricultural sector, corn andother cereals have always madeup a significant share of imports.Recent drought conditions inSouthern Africa may make thismarket especially important.Basic foodstuffs such asvegetable oil, sugar, butter beansand dried skim milk are also in 'demand.

Potential opportunities for tradersand investors also lie in themining industry; computersoftware and services; consulting,resource management, anddesign engineering services;telecommunications; off-shorebanking; and insurance.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations:

African Development Bank(AFDB); Organization of AfricanUnity (OAU); EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA)'Front Line African States (FLS)'Southern African Customs Union(SACU); Southern AfricanDevelopment Community (SADC);Botswana adheres to the FourthLome Convention of the EU.

International OrganizationsJTrade Associations:

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP); Food andAgriculture Organization (FAO);General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade (GATT); International Bankfor Reconstruction andDevelo~ment (IBRD);International DevelopmentAssociation (IDA); InternationalFund for Agricultural Development(IFAD); International FinanceCorporation (IFC); InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF)' Non­Aligned Movement (NAM); UNConference on Trade andDevelopment (UNCTAD)' UNIndustrial Development 'Organization (UNIDO); WorldBank; World CustomsOrganization (WCO); WorldIntellectual Property Organization(WIPO); World TradeOrganization (WTO)

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Botswanais 267.)

Botswana:

American Business Council inBotswana, c/o BotswanaDevelopment Corporation, Bag260, Gaborone. Tel: 31-351-811;FAX: 31-373-539

Bank of Botswana, Central BankPO 712, Khama Crescent ',

64

Gaborone. Tel: 31-351-911;FAX: 31-372-984; Telex: 2448

Botswana Agricultural MarketingBoard, Private Bag 0053,Gaborone. Tel: 31-351-341'FAX: 31-352-926 '

Botswana Chamber of Commerceand Industry, PO Box 1402,Gaborone. Tel: 31-300-893'FAX: 31-359-683 '

Botswana Confederation ofCommerce, Industry andManpower (BOCCIM), PO Box432, Gaborone. Tel: 31-353-459;FAX: 31-373-142

Botswana DevelopmentCorporation (BDC), Private Bag160, Gaborone. Tel: 31-351-811;FAX: 31-373-539

Botswana Livestock DevelopmentCorp. (pty) , Ltd., PO 455,Gaborone. Tel: 31-351-949'FAX: 31-357-251 '

Botswana Meat Commission(BMC), Private Bag 4, Lobatse.Tel: 33-330-321; FAX: 33-330­530 [H~ndles beef slaughter,processing, and exports]

B~tswana Technology Center,Pnvate Bag 0082, Gaborone. Tel:31-314-161; FAX: 31-374-677'Telex: 2928 '

Department of Customs andExcise, Private Bag 0041,Gaborone. Tel: 31-312-429'FAX: 31-312-455 ext. 252 '

Francistown Chamber ofCommerce and Industry, PO Box470, Francistown. Tel: 21-212­149; Telex: 2268

Ministry of Agriculture, PrivateBag 003, Gaborone. Tel: 31-350­603; FAX: 31-356-027

Ministry of Commerce andIndustry, Private Bag 004,Gaborone. Tel: 31-3601-251'FAX: 31-371-539 '

Ministry of Finance andDevelopment Planning, PrivateBag 008, Gaborone. Tel: 31-359­841; FAX: 31-304-525

Rural Industries Innovation Center(RIIC), Private Bag 11, Kanye.Tel: 34-340-392; FAX: 34-340­642

Southern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC), RegionalBusiness Council, 165 Pilane Rd.,Private Bag 132, Gaborone. Tel:31-353-944; FAX: 31-353-933;Telex: 2857

Trade and Investment PromotionDepartment (TIPA), Ministry ofCommerce and Industry, PrivateBag 00367, Gaborone. Tel: 31­351-790; FAX: 31-305-375

U.S. Embassy, PO Box 90,Gaborone. Tel: 31-353-982(Commercial Assistant, extension323); after hours, 31-356-947;FAX: 31-267-947

Veld Products Research, PO Box2020, Gaborone. Tel: 31-347­047; FAX: 31-34704

U.S.:

Botswana, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room3317, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4228

Embassy of Botswana, 3400International Dr., NW, Ste. 7M,Washington, DC 20008. Tel:202-244-4990; FAX: 202-244­4164

Permanent Mission of Botswanato the UN, 103 E. 37th St. NewYork, NY 10016. Tel: 212-889­2277 or 212-889-2331 or 212­889-2491

TPCC Trade Information Center,Washington, DC. Tel: 1-800­USA-TRADE

Select Publications:

Agricultural TechnologyImprovement Project (ATIP)(ATIP Series, RP 3-7) Gaborone,Botswana: Dept. of AgriculturalResearch, Ministry of Agriculture;Mid-America InternationalAgricultural Consortium (MIAC),1990- . NAL call no.:S542.B55A38 1990

Agricultural Statistics Gaborone,Botswana: Central StatisticsOffice, Agricultural Statistics Unit,1990- . NAL call no.: S338.B6B6

Belbase, K and R. Morgan. "FoodSecurity and Nutrition Monitoringfor Drought Relief Management:The Case of Botswana." FoodPolicy 19, no. 3 (June 1994):285-300. NAL call no.:HD9000.1.F66

Beynon, J., S. Jones, and S. Yao."Market Reform and Private Tradein Eastern and Southern Africa."Food Policy 17, no. 6 (Dec.1992): 399-408. NAL call no.:HD9000.1.F66

BoldsAds SADC Trade Directory.(southern African business)Harare, Zimbabwe: BoldAds (Pvt)Ltd. [annual publication]

Borge, Lila J. Economic Impact ofWildlife-based Tourism inNorthern Botswana. (AgriculturalEconomics Report, North DakotaAgricultural Experiment Station,no. 262) Fargo NO: Dept. ofAgricultural Economics,Agricultural Experiment Station,North Dakota State University,1990. NAL call no.: 281.9 N814Ano. 262

Botswana Business Directory.Pinetown, RepUblic of SouthAfrica: B & T DirectoriesLtd.llntratex Printing andPublishing [annual publication]

Botswana Telephone, Telex andFax Directory. Pinetown,Republic of South Africa: AC.Braby/lntratex Printing andPublishing [annual publication]

65

Braby's Commercial Directory ofSouthern Africa. Pinetown,Republic of South Africa: AC.Brabyllntratex Printing andPublishing [annual publication]

Country Commercial Guide:Botswana. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Country Profile. Botswana,Lesotho, Swaziland. London:Economist Intelligence Unit[annual publication] NAL call no.:[HC900.A1C682]

Country Report. Botswana,Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland.London: Economist IntelligenceUnit [quarterly publication] NALcall no.: HC940.A1Q83

Elifas, I. "Information Services forAgricultural Research inBotswana." Quarterly Bulletin ofthe International Association ofAgricultural InformationSpecialists 38, no. 2/3 (1993):83-85. NAL call no.: Z672.153

Food Policy and Agriculture inSouthern Africa, (Papers werepresented at the GaboroneConference, Oct. 8-11, 1991, onRegional Cooperation andIntegration) Richard Mkandawireand Khabele Matlosa, editors.Harare, Zimbabwe: SAPESBooks, 1993. NAL call no.:HD2130.Z8F66 1993

Hutcheson, A MacGregor andRichard Brown. "Botswana." InAfrica South of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa PublicationsLtd., 1994, p. 175-190 [annualpUblication] NAL call no.:DT30.A37

Kemsley, E.J., O.B. Mmolawa,and Louise-Lobisa Setshwaelo.Country Report, Botswana.(ISNAR Training Series. HumanResource Management: no. 10)Hague, Netherlands: InternationalService for Training Agricultural

Research: Southern AfricanCentre for Cooperation inAgricultural Research, 1990. NALcall no.: HF5549.A2175 no. 10

Leith, J.C. "The Static WelfareEconomics of a Small DevelopingCountry's Membership in aCustoms Union: Botswana in theSouthern Africa Customs Union."World Development 20, no. 7(July 1992): 1021-1028. NAL callno.: HC59.7.A1W6

Madissa, M.E. Production Costsfor Vegetable Crops in Botswana.Gaborone, Botswana: Ministry ofAgriculture, Dept. of AgriculturalResearch, 1993. NAL call no.:S562.B55M32 1993Martins, C. and K.J. Peters."Alternative Use of Karakul Sheepfor Pelt and Lamb Production inBotswana. III. EconomicEvaluation." Small RuminantResearch 9, no. 1 (Oct. 1992):21-26. NAL call no: SF380.152

Mokgotle, Kebabope. TheEconomics of SmallholderDairying in Botswana. (WorkingPaper, Ontario AgriculturalCollege, Dept. of AgriculturalEconomics and Business, 93/11)Guelph, Ontario: Dept. ofAgricultural Economics andBusiness, University of Guelph,1993. NAL call no.:HD1781.W67 no. 93/11

Mpho, B. "The Situation in South­ern Africa." Water Supply 12, no.

·1/2 (1994): FS13-FS16. NAL callno.: TD201.W346

Okoth, P.G. "The PreferentialTrade Area for Eastern andSouthern African States and itsEast African CommunityHeritage." Journal of East AfricanResearch and Development 20(1990): 162-185. NAL call no.:DT365.A2J6

Review ofBotswana's AgriculturalResearch System. The Hague,Netherlands: InternationalService for National AgriculturalResearch, 1990. NAL call no.:S539.5.122 no. 51

Scudder, T. The WCN Review ofthe Southern OkavangoIntegrated Water DevelopmentProject. Gland, Switzerland:International Union forConservation of Nature andNatural Resources, 1993. NALcall no.: TC519.B57183 1993

Sigwele, H.K. and D.W. NormanRural Development in Botswana:A Case Study. (Staff Paper,Kansas State University, Dept. ofAgricultural Economics, no. 94-4)Manhattan, KS: Dept. ofAgricultural Economics, KansasState University, 1993. NAL callno: HD1401.S73 no. 94-4

White, Richard. LivestockDevelopment and PastoralProduction on CommunalRangeland in Botswana.Gaborone, Botswana:. TheBotswana Society, 1993. NAL callno.: SF55.B54W43 1993

Who's Who of Southern Africa.Parkhurst, Republic of SouthAfrica: Who's Who of SouthernAfrica [annual publication]

Worman, FD., D. Norman, J.Ware-Snyder and S. Bock,editors. Farming SystemsResearch Handbook forBotswana. (AgriculturalTechnology Improvement ProjectSeries, RP 3) Gaborone,Botswana: Dept. of AgriculturalResearch, Ministry of Agriculture;Mid-American InternationalAgricultural Consortium, 1990.NAL call no.: S473.B55F37 1990

Yates, Roger, Teedzani Woto andJudge T. Tihage. Solar-poweredDesalination: A Case Study fromBotswana. (IDRC-TS Series 65e)Ottawa, Ont., Canada:International DevelopmentResearch Centre, 1990

66

Economy:

Cameroon, with its oil fields andabundant agricultural output,boasts one of the highest percapita incomes in Sub-SaharanAfrica. It has a relativelydiversified, stable and market­oriented economic base.

Agriculture is the mainstay of theeconomy, employing 70% of thework force and accounting for25% of GOP. Cash crops,primarily cocoa, coffee, timber,cotton, and rubber, are animportant part of export revenues.The country is highly self­sufficient in food production.

Oil production accounts for alarge proportion of export income,although present oil sources maybe nearing exhaustion. Naturalresources that, so far, remainunderexploited include off-shorenatural gas, bauxite andlimestone deposits, iron ore, anduranium. Light manufacturingdominates Cameroon's smallmanufacturing sector whichcontributes about 13% to GOP.

In 1989, the Cameroongovernment beganimplementation of a StructuralAdjustment Program (SAP) withhelp from the World Bank and theInternational Monetary Fund. TheSAP aims at improving thebusiness climate, and has madesome progress through newbanking policies, a revisedinvestment code, privatization ofsome government enterprises,improved agricultural efficiency,and easing of trade restrictions.

Exports

Exports consisted of $1.8 billion(f.o.b. 1991). The main exportcommodities include: petroleumproducts, lumber, cocoa beans,aluminum, coffee, and cotton.

Cameroon

Principal markets for exports areEuropean Union countries(particularly France), the UnitedStates, and African countries.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $1.2 billion(c.i.f. 1991). Imports include:machines and electricalequipment, food, consumergoods, and transport equipment.Principal sources of imports arethe European Union countries(particularly France andGermany), African countries,Japan, and the United States.

Economic Aid Assistance:

U.S. commitments, including Ex­1m (FY 1970-89), $479 million;Western (non-U.S.) countries,aDA, and OaF bilateralcommitments (1970-90), $4.75billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979­89), $29 million; Communistcountries (1970-89), $125 million.

International Agreements:

Party to: Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Endangered Species,Law of the Sea, Ozone LayerProtection, Tropical Timber 83;signed, but not ratified:Desertification, Nuclear Test BanTreaty, Tropical Timber 94.Cameroon adheres to the FourthLome Convention.

Cameroon has bilateralinvestment and/or commercialagreements with Austria, Belgium,Canada, China, Denmark, France,Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan,Russia, South Korea, Spain,Switzerland, United Kingdom, andthe United States.

Port of Entry:

Douala-Bonaberi serves asCameroon's main' port. Port areasand extensive storage areas arelinked by rail and road. Smaller

67

sea ports are located at Victoria,Kribi and LimbelTiko. There is ariver port at Garoua.

U.S. Exports to Cameroon:

U.S. 1994 exports to Cameroonwere worth $53.7 million (f.a.s.).The major exports include: wheat,flour and other grain mill prOducts,machinery and machine parts,petroleum and coal prOducts,vaccines, malt extract and corn.

Cameroon Exports to theU.S.:

Cameroon's 1994 exports to theU.S. were worth $55.2 million(customs value). Exports includemostly petroleum and petroleumproducts.

Investment/Trade Activities

Currency exchange falls under thejurisdiction of the Directorate ofEconomic Controls and ExternalFinance, Ministry of Finance. Alltransactions must go through itsintermediaries: authorized banksor the Postal Administration.

Import licenses are no longerrequired except for certaincontrolled commodities.Controlled items include fresh andfrozen meat and fish, corn, rice,wheat and wheat flour, vegetableoil, sugar, bread,pharmaceuticals, and veterinaryproducts. Licenses are availableonly to those who registerannually with the Ministry ofCommerce and Trade.

Customs authority is handled bythe Director of Customs.

• Most duties are ad valorem(c.Lf. value); imports areclassified by the HarmonizedSystem (HS).

Tariffs in the form of duties, taxes,fees and/or levies are applied toall imports. Charges arenumerous and may range from20% to 100% of value.

• The Union Douaniere etEconomique de l'AfriqueCentrale (UDEAC) to whichCameroon belongs, maintainsa four-part tariff system .applicable to all goods comingfrom outside the Union. Thesetariffs are levied in all UDEACmember countries and consistof fiscal duty (10-30%, exceptfor luxury items), customs duty(2.5-15%), turnover tax (10%),and a nationally basedcomplementary tax (5-20%).

• Cameroon applies its own setof tariffs, includingcomplementary tax,consumption tax, unloadingtax, a veterinary tax, and asanitation tax.

• Special levies apply to sugar,rice, and cooking oil.

• UDEAC countries (Cameroon,Central African Republic,Congo, Gabon, Chad andEquatorial Guinea) areprohibited from using internaltariffs that inhibit tradebetween its members.

• Barter and countertrade areregulated in Cameroon; alltransactions valued over CFA500 000 require authorizationof the Minister of Industrial andCommercial Development.

All imported textile materials mustobtain prior authorization from theMinistry of Trade and Commerce.Various medicines must haveprior approval from the Ministry ofHealth before importation.Embargoed items include fish incontainers over one kilogram inweight.

Cameroon also belongs to theEconomic Community of theStates of Central Africa (ECSCA),

which strives to create regionaleconomic integration.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Various plants and plant products(e.g., banana plants, cacaoplants, coffee plants, sugar cane,raw cotton, cotton seeds, andcotton plants), as well ascontainers holding earth orcompost, fall under UDEAC .quarantine regulations and reqUiresanitary certificates.

Used clothing must show proof ofsterilization.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

Industrial Free Zones (IFZ) forselected industries are availableto domestic and foreign investors.Set up with initial assistance fromthe Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC) and USAID,the IFZ program (part of the new1991 Investment Code) is aimedat attracting export processingindustries. For producers whoexport more than 80% of their out­put, the government offerssignificant benefits including,exoneration from all tariffs onimported goods used inproduction and a 1O-year taxholiday. Agriculture is one of theeligible sectors. (see contactslisting for the IFZ informationoffice.)

68

Investment/TradeAssistance:

As part of the new InvestmentCode introduced in 1991,Cameroon has set up a "one-stopshop" to handle all aspects of theinvestment process. This officehas contacts throughout thegovernment bureaucracy. ICMU,PO Box 15438, Douala, Tel: 42­59-46; FAX: 43-30-07.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Although Cameroon has. begun.privatization of some of Its serviceand commodity enterprises, andthe easing of price and importcontrols, it retains control ofcertain critical commodities.These include petroleumprOducts, edible oils, ~~eat flour,rice, sugar and electnclty.

Concerns about recent economicdecisions, political unrest, andhuman rights violations withinCameroon, have adverselyaffected the business climate. In1993, USAID announced plans toterminate all economic assistanceprograms there. Formal closeouttakes place in 1995.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Recent exchange rates have beenfavorable for the U.S. dollar inrelation to Cameroon currency. Inaddition, businesses in Cameroonwould like to diversify away fromFrench distributors and becomeless reliant on the EU in general.Despite stiff EU competition,these elements create a positivewindow for most U.S. tradeenterprises.

Markets for heavy machinery,lumber and farming equipment,computers, electronic equipment,and consumer non-durables, areall growth sectors for imports toCameroon.

... --AgricultuFal Gommoditieshave ledU.S. exports to Cameroon for thelast three years and shouldcontinue to be profitable. Inaddition to the current leadingexports of wheat and wheat flour,there are growing markets for riceand corn products. USDA exportfinancing programs are available.

Off-shore fishing potential(lobsters, shrimp and fish)remains relatively untapped.

A new Investment Code wasenacted in 1991. It providesmany incentives to domestic aswell as foreign investors.

··Both lumber and agricuHuralparastatal enterprises are slatedfor privatization in the future andwill provide investmentopportunities. Agriculturalcommodities, fertilizers, andtextiles are all good investmentprospects.

The Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC) offers someprograms in Cameroon.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations:

African Development Bank(AFDB); Central African StatesDevelopment Bank (BDEAC);Communaute Economique desEtats de l'Afrique Central(CEEAC); Economic Commissionfor Africa (ECA); EconomicCommunity of the States ofCentral Africa (ECSCA); the FrancZone (FZ), Islamic DevelopmentBank (IDB); Organization ofAfrican Unity (OAU); Organizationof the Islamic Conference (OIC);Union Douaniere et Economiquede l'Afrique Centrale (UDEAC).

International Organizations:

African, Caribbean and PacificStates (ACP); Food andAgriculture Organization (FAO);General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade (GATT); InternationalAgricultural Exchange Association

(IAEA); International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD); InternationalDevelopment Association (IDA);International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD); InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF); Non­Aligned Movement (NAM); UNConference on Trade andDevelopment (UNCTAD); UNIndustrial DevelopmentOrganization (UNIDO); WorldCustoms Organization (WCO);World Health Organization(WHO); World IntellectualProperty Organization (WIPO);World Meteorology Organization(WMO); World TourismOrganization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code in 011, and thecountry access code forCameroon is 237.)

Action pour un DeveloppementEquitable lntegre et Durable, BP1354, Bafoussam

African-American Institute ­Cameroon, BP 1329, Yaounde

African Insurance Organization,BP 5860, Douala. Tel: 43-20-08;FAX: 42-94-96

American Business Association,c/o Pecten Cameroon Company,BICIC Building Bonanjo, PO Box2273, Douala. Tel: 43-27-12;FAX: 43-27-23

Association for the Promotion ofAfrican Community Initiatives, BP5046, Douala. Tel: 42-12-28;FAX: 43-17-30

Banque des Etats de l'AfriqueCentrale (BEAC), BP 83,Yaounde. Tel: 23-04-88; FAX:23-33-80; Telex: 8204

Cameroon Chamber ofCommerce, Industries and Mines,PO Box 4011, Douala. Tel: 42­28-88 or 42-36-90; Telex: 5616KN

69

Cameroon Development Corp.(CAMDEV), Bota, Limbe. Tel:33-22-51; FAX: 33-26-54[Acquires and developsplantations for tropical crops;operates oil mills, banana packingstations, tea and rubber factories]

Cameroon National Centre forStudies and Experimentation inAgricultural Mechanization(CENEEMA), PO Box 1040,Yaounde. Tel: 22-32-50

Cameroon National PortsAuthority, Maritime Center, POBox 4020, Douala. Tel: 42-73-22;FAX: 42-67-97

-Genter for F€)festryResear~BP2102, Messa, Yaounde. Tel: 23­35-82

Chamber of Agriculture, LivestockProduction and Forests/ Chambred'Agriculture, de l'Elevage et desForets, PO Box 287, Parc Repi­quet, Yaounde. Tel: 22-38-85;Telex: 8243

Director of Customs, BP 4049,Douala. Tel: 42-32-02; FAX: 42­32-02; Telex: (0970) 5347

Institut de la Recherche Agro­nomique (IRA), BP 2123,Yaounde. Tel: 23-26-44 or 23­3538; Telex: 1141

Ministry of Agriculture, c/o CentralPost Office, Yaounde. Tel: 23­40-85; Telex: 8325

Ministry of Economy and Finance,c/o Central Post Office, Yaounde.Tel: 23-22-99; FAX: 23-37-17

Ministry of Industrial andCommercial Development, c/oCentral Post Office, Yaounde.Tel: 22-25-12; FAX: 22-27-04

Ministry of Livestock, Fisheriesand Animal Husbandry, c/oCentral Post Office, Yaounde.Tel: 22-33-11

N~tional Office of Industrial FreeZones (NOIFZ). Tel: 43-33-43;FAX: 43-33-17

Pan African Institute forDevelopment, PO Box 4056,Douala. Tel: 42-43-35; FAX: 42­43-35

Societe de Developpement de laHaute-Vallee du Noun (UNVDA,BP 25, N'Dop and BP 83,Bamenda [Rice, maize andsoybean cUltivation]

Societe de Developpement del'Elevage (SODECAO), BP 50,Kousseri [Cattle]

Societe de Developpement duCacao (SODECAO), BP 1651,Yaounde. Tel: 22-09-91; Telex:8574 [Development of cocoa,coffee and food crop production inCentre-Sud province]

Societe de Developpement etd'Exploitation de ProductionsAnimales(SODEPA), BP 1410,Yaounde. Tel: 22-24-28[Development of livestock andlivestock products]

Societe d'Expansion et deMondernisation de la Riziculturede Yagoua (SEMRy), BP 146,Yagoua. Tel: 29-62-13; Telex:7655 [Commercialization of riceproducts and expansion of rice­growing in areas where irrigationis possible]

Societe National d'investissementdu Cameroun, PO Box 423,Yaounde. Tel: 22-44-22; FAX:23-39-64

SYNDUSTRICAM (The NationalAssociation of Manufacturers),PO Box 673, Douala. Tel: 42-30­58

Timber Producers and Exportersof Cameroon, BP 570, Yaounde.Tel: 20-27-22; FAX: 20-27-22

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme - Cameroon, Im­meuble Stamatiades, Ave.Independence, BP 836, Yaounde.Tel: 22-50-35 or 22-41-99

United Nations Information Centre- Cameroon, Immeuble

Stamatiades, Ave. Independence,BP 836, Yaounde. Tel: 22-50-43

U.S. Consulate, 21 Avenue duGeneral de Gaulle, BP 4006,Douala. (Pouch address:Douala, Dept. of State,Washington, DC 20521-2530)Tel: 42-53-31; FAX: 42-77-90

U.S. Embassy, Rue Nachtigal, BP817, Yaounde. (Pouch address:American Embassy Yaounde,Dept. of State, Washington, DC20521-2520) Tel: 23-40-14; FAX:23-07-53; Telex: 8223 KN

The World Bank, New Bastos POBox 1128, Yaounde. Tel: 20-38­15; FAX: 21-07-22

U.S.:

Cameroon, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Deot~Commerce, HCHB3317, Washington, DC 20230.Tel: 202-482-4228

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Embassy of the Republic ofCameroon, 2349 MassachusettsAve., NW, Washington, DC20008. Tel: 202-265-8790

Honorary Consulate, Cameroon,7925 Wilmerding, Houston, TX77061. Tel: 713-744-2785

Office of the Permanent Missionof Cameroon to the UnitedNations, 22 E. 73rd St., New York,NY 10032. Tel: 212-794-2295

Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC), 1615 M St.,NW, Washington, DC 20537

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

70

Select Publications:

Benjamin, Nancy C. "Income Dis­tribution and Adjustment in anAgricultural Economy: A GeneralEquilibrium Analysis ofCameroon." Working paper(Cornell Food and Nutrition PolicyProgram) no. 41 (1993). NAL callno.: HD9018.D44W675 no. 41

Brainerd, T.R. "West AfricanSeafood Trade." FOSS WorkingPaper (International Center forMarine Resource Development,Univ. of Rhode Island) no. 26(1991). NAL call no.: SH328.F47no. 26

Brun, TA "The Nutrition andHealth Impact of Cash CroppingWest Africa: A HistoricalPerspective." World Review ofNutrition and Diet 65 (1991):124-162. NAL call no.: 389.1W892

Central Africa: A Travel SUNivalKit. Oakland, CA: Lonely PlanetPublication, Inc., 1994 [Latested.]

Clarke, John I., Pierre Englebertand Michael Chapman."Cameroon." In Africa South ofthe Sahara 1995. London:Europa Publications Ltd., 1994.p. 224-246. NAL call no.:DT30.A37

Country Profile. Cameroon,Central African Republic, Chad.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [annualpublication] NAL call no.:HC995.A1Q832

Country Report. Cameroon,Central African Republic, Chad.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAL call no.:HC995.A1Q83

Deren, P.H. "West African Cottonin the New Marketing System."Cotton International 57th ed.(1990). NAL call no.: 72.8C8214l

Exporter Directory ofAfricanCoffee. Abidjan, Cote d'ivoire:Inter-African Coffee Organization[biennial publication]

French Afrique. [Leadingcompanies in French-speakingAfrica] Paris: IC Publications[annual publication]

Hagel, Thomas. "Privatization ofthe Fertilizer Sector inCameroon." Arbeiten aus demInstitut fur Afrika-Kunde no. 84(1992). NAL call no.:HD0483.D172H33 1992 [InGerman; summary in English andFrench]

Hanisch, Rolf and Cor. Jakobeit."The World Cocoa Market."Schriften des DeutschenUbersee-Instituts Hamburgno. 5-6 (2 vols.). (1991). NALcall no.: HD9200.A42K35 1991[In German, summary in English]

Kinyuy, W.C. "Through IntegratedBiomedicallEthnomedicalPreparation and Ethnotaxomony,Effective Malaria and DiabeticTreatments Have Evolved." ActaHorticulturae no. 344 (Nov.1993): 205-214. NAL call no.: 80Ac82 [Some medicinal plants inCameroon]

Lamaty, G. et a!. "Aromatic Plantsof Tropical Central Africa. IV.Essential Oils of Eupatoriumodoratum L. from Cameroon andCongo." Journal of Essential OilResearch 4, no. 2 (Mar.lApr.1992): 101-105. NAL call no.:SB298.J66 [Many other articles inthis journal issue relate toCameroon essential oil plants]

Langham, Max R "Determinantsof Productivity in the AgriculturalSector with Implications forResearch Policy and Analysis."International Working PaperSeries IW92-4 (1992). NAL callno.: S49.157-92-4

Langham, Max R, and Joseph M.Ayissi. "Measures of TransactionCosts in the (sic) Arabica CoffeeSub-Sector in Menoua Division of

West Province, Cameroon."International Working PaperSeries IW92-7 (1992). NAL callno.: S49.157-92-7

Langham, Max R, and Joseph M.Ayissi. "Price Policy inCameroonian Coffee Subsectorwith Emphasis on ArabicaProducers' Returns VersusGovernment Revenues."International Working PaperSeries IW92-5 (1992). NAL callno.: S49.157-92-5

Lynch, Sarah G. "IncomeDistribution, Poverty, andConsumer Preferences inCameroon." Working Paper(Cornell Food and Nutrition PolicyProgram) no. 16 (1991). NAL callno.: HD9018.D44W675 no. 16

Mbiapo, F. and G. YOuovop."Regulation of Pesticides inCameroon." Journal ofToxicology and EnvironmentalHealth 39, no. 1 (May 1993): 1­10. NAL call no.: RA565.A1J6

Mekono, L.J. "IndustryDevelopment in Cameroon."Cotton International 57th ed.(1990): 214-215. NAL call no.:72.8 C82141

Santoir, Christian. Under theCacao Empire. Paris: Editions deI'ORSTOM, 1992. NAL call no.:S473.C17S26 [In French,summary in English]

Stevels, J.M.C. "TraditionalVegetables of Cameroon."Wageningen AgriculturalUniversity Papers no. 90-1(1990). NAL call no.: S539.5.A35no. 90-1 [In French; summary inEnglish]

Tambi, N.E. and B.M. Vabi."Analysis of Factors InfluencingDairy Market Involvement inBamenda, Northwest Province,Cameroon." Agribusiness 10, no.4 (JUly/Aug. 1994): 293-304.NAL call no.: HD1401.A56

Tanyi, E.N. "The Use of NineMultiple Purpose Trees in Dental

71

Hygiene." Nitrogen Fixing TreeResearch Report 8 (Aug. 1990):29. NAL call no.: QK898.N6N52

Trade Policy Review. Cameroon.Geneva: General Agreement onTariffs and Trade, 1995­[periodical publication] NAL callno.: IPS9558446

Working with Farmers InCameroon and Rwanda: NewStrategies to Improve Staple FoodCrops. Croydon, England:International Institute of TropicalAgriculture, 1992. NAL call no.:SB210.C17W671992

Cape Verde

All foreign exchange transactionsare under the control of the Bankof Cape Verde. There are noforeign exchange controlsaffecting trade.

Since 1991, the government ofCape Verde has beenimplementing a number ofeconomic and administrativereforms; these include tradeliberalization and removal of thestate monopoly in commerce,greater private sector participationin the economy, priceliberalization, and regulatory andadministrative reforms.

Trade Activities:

Cape Verde requires sanitary orhealth certificates for the

In August 1991, import tariffs werestreamlined. The previouslycumbersome system wasreplaced by 10 ad valorem ratesranging from 5% to 50%. Inaddition to these duties, importerspay a fixed 7% for generalemoluments and a consumptiontax on goods of non-priority,ranging from 5% to 20%.

90% of imports have beenliberalized. For liberalizedprOducts, the prior import licensehas been replaced by a simpledeclaration of importation.

Customs authority is carried outby the Directeur General desDouanes, Direction Generale desDouanes, Ministere des Financesin Praia (see contacts listing).Customs valuation is made inaccordance with the definition ofBrussels' Convention.Preferential treatment is extendedto imports from the EconomicCommunity of West AfricanStates (ECOWAS).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:Cape Verdean exports to the U.S.

were worth $123,399 (customsvalue) in 1994.

U.S. exports to Cape Verde wereworth $4.6 million in 1994.

Cape Verdean Exports toU.S.:

u.s. Exports to CapeVerde:

Mindelo, Praia, and Tarrafal.

Port of Entry:

US commitments, including Ex-1m$93 million (FY 1975-1990);Western (non-US) countries, aDAand OaF bilateral commitments$586 million (1970-1990); OPECbilateral aid $12 million (1979­1989); Communist countries $36million (1970-1989).

International Agreements:

Party to: EnvironmentalModification, Law of the Sea,Marine Dumping, Nuclear TestBan; signed, but not ratified:Biodiversity, Climate Change, andDesertification. Cape Verde hasbilateral investment agreementswith Austria, Germany, HollandPortugal, and Switzerland.Agreements with Italy and Russiaare now being negotiated.

Exports consisted of $4.4 million(f.ei.b 1992). Export commoditiesinclude: fish, bananas, hides, andskins. Principal market forexports are Algeria, Angola,Portugal with 40%, and theNetherlands.

Exports:

Agriculture, including forestry andfishing, contributed 24% of GOPin 1991, and employed anestimated 41 % of the labor forcein 1993. Bananas are the onlyexport crop. Other crops include:corn, beans, sweet potatoes, andcoffee. Growth potential of theagricultural sector is limited bypoor soils and barely sufficientrainfall. Fish catch provides forboth domestic consumption andsmall exports.

Industry accounts for 8% of GOP(1990 est.). Industries consist offish processing, salt mining,clothing factories, ship repair,construction materials, and foodand beverage products.

Economic reforms launched bythe democratic government inFebruary 1991 are aimed atdeveloping the private sector andattracting foreign investment todiversify the economy.

Imports:

Cape Verde is a small nation Imports consisted of $173 millionconsisting of ten islands with a (c.Lf. 1992). Imports include:poor natural resource base, foodstuffs, consumer goods,serious water shortage increased industrial products, and transportby long-term drought, and a high equipment. Principal sources ofbirth rate. The economy is imports are France, Germany, theservice-oriented, with commerce, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain,transport, amtpubiic services-- - ---- -Sweden with 33%, and thettnitedaccounting for 60% of GOP. States.About 90% of food must beimported. Economic Aid Assistance:

Economy:

72

importation of plants and plantmaterials and livestock.Phytosanitary certificates must beincluded with vegetable products,which are subject to a sanitaryinspection upon arrival in CapeVerde.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

A decree law in May 1989,created the legal basis for a freetrade zone. Entrepot activitiescan be undertaken, such as thestorage of goods without paymentof duties, with storage periodsranging up to four years.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Cape Verdean InvestmentCenter, Promex, implementsprovisions of Cape Verde'sinvestment (foreign) code andapproves all investment projects.Branches of foreign companiesmay not be established until theyare registered with the registrar ofcompanies. Joint ventures areallowed and encouraged,especially in the fishery, airline,and telecommunication sectors.

Tradellnvestment Barriers:

Due to a common language andlongstanding relations, Portugal isthe single most importantcompetitor, followed by otherEuropean countries. In recentyears, Brazil has made anoticeable effort in getting into theCape Verdean market. Lack ofaccess to commercial credit, anda small and weak domestic

market are major roadblocks todoing business.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Some of the leading tradeprospects for the U.S. include:consumer goods, port and airportproducts and services, andtelecommunications equipmentand services. Cape Verdebenefits from the loan guaranteeprogram of the Overseas PrivateInvestment Corporation (OPIC).

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), Economic Community ofWest African States (ECOWAS),Organization of African Unity(OAU), and Sahel CommitteeAgainst Drought (CILSS).

InternationalOrganizationslTrade Associations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP); CustomsCooperation Council (CCC);Economic Commission for Africa(ECA); Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO); InternationalBank for Reconstruction andDevelopment (IBRD);International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD); InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF);International MaritimeOrganization (IMO); UnitedNations Conference on Trade andDevelopment (UNCTAD); UnitedNations Industrial DevelopmentOrganization (UNIDO); WorldMeteorological Organization(WMO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for CapeVerde is 238.)

73

Cape Verde:

Associacao Comercial e Agricolade Sotavento, Guerra Mendes 23,Piso 1, PO Box 78, Praia,Santiago. Tel: 61-2991

Associacao Comercial de. Barlavento, PO Box 62, Mindelo,

Sao Vicente. Tel: 31-3118

Bank of Cape Verde, 117 avdaAmilcar Cabral, PO Box 101,Praia, Santiago. Tel: 61-5529;FAX: 61-4447

Centro de Promocao do Investi­mento e das Exportacoes(PROMEX), PO Box 89-C,Fazenda, Praia, Santiago. Tel:61-5752; FAX: 61-1442[Promotes foreign investment andexports]

Directeur General des Douanes,Direction Generale des Douanes,Ministere des Finances, PO Box98, Praia, Cape Verde. Tel: 61­3142; FAX: 61-3659

Empresa Nacional de Adminis-.. tracao dos Portos,iENAPOR),

avda Marginal, PO Box 82, Min­delo, Sao Vicente. Tel: 31-4414;FAX: 31-4661

Instituto Nacional de InvestigacaoAgraria, PO Box 115, Praia. Tel:61-1570 [National Institute forAgrarian Research]

Ministry of Finance and Planning,107 avda Amilcar Cabral, PO Box30, Praia"Santiago. Tel: 61­5696; FAX: 61-1770

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Praca10 de Maio, PO Box 60, Praia,Santiago. Tel: 61-5733; FAX:61-3952

U.S. Embassy at Praia, Rua AbilioMacedo 81, PO Box 201. Tel:61-5616; FAX: 61-1355

U.S.:

Cape Verde Desk Officer, U.S.Department of Commerce, Room3317, 14th S1. and Constitution

Ave., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4388

Consulate General, 535 BoylstonSt., 2nd Floor, Boston, MA 02116.Tel: 617-353-0014; FAX: 617­859-9798

Embassy of the Republic of CapeVerde to the United States, 3415Massachusetts Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20007. Tel:202-965-6820; FAX: 202-965­1207

Office of the Permanent Missionto the United Nations, 27 East69th St., New York, NY 10021.Tel: 212-472-0333; FAX: 212­794-1398

Select Publications:

Adams, Juanita. BackgroundNotes, Cape Verde. WashingtonDC: Bureau of Public Affairs,U.s. Department of State, 1989.6pp.

Cape Verde: CommercialOverview. Washington, DC: U.S.Depart of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Cape Verde: Economic Trendsand Outlook. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Cape Verde: Investment Climate.Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Cape Verde: Leading TradeProspects for U. S. Business.Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Available

through the National Trade DataBank]

Cape Verde: Marketing U. S.Products and Services.Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Cape Verde: Trade Regulationsand Standards. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Commerce,1995 [Available through theNational Trade Data Bank]

Cape Verde: World Factbook.Washington, DC: CentralIntelligence Agency, 1995[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank]

Country Report. Congo, SaoTome and Principe, GuineaBissau, Cape Verde, 1993-1994.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit, 1994. (quarterlypublication) NAL call no.:HC980.A1C69

Dommen, AJ. "Cape Verde." InGlobal Review ofAgriculturalPolicies. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Agriculture,Economic Research Service,1988, p. 257. NAL call no.:aHD1415.G5

Country Presentation by theGovernment of Cape Verde. NewYork, NY: United NationsConference on the LeastDeveloped Countries, 1990

Grepne, Jonathan. "Cape Verde."In Africa South of the Sahara1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 247­257 [annual pUblication] NAL callno.: DT30.A37

Mayer, Jean. "DevelopmentProblems and Prospects inPortuguese-Speaking Africa."International Labor Review 129,no. 4 (1990): 459-478

74

Shaw, Caroline S. Cape Verde.Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio,Inc., 1991 [ABC-Clio, Inc., POBox 1911, Santa Barbara, CA93116]

III Plano Nacional de Desenvol­vimento, 1992-1995. Cape VerdeIslands: Ministerio das Financase do Planeamento, 2v, 1995.153pp.

Cote d'ivoire

Economy:

Cote d'ivoire's exports to the U.S.were worth $185.4 million(customs value) in 1994. Exportsinclude: cocoa beans and cocoaproducts, coffee, and petroleumproducts.

Investment/TradeActivities:

Import licenses are required fortransactions of over CFA 25,000.An intent to import authorization isrequired for transactions worthover CFA 100,000. Bothdocuments are valid for sixmonths and may be renewed foran additional six months.

equipment, agriculturalcommodities, plastic materialsand resins, and paper andpaperboard.

Cote d'ivoire Exports to theU.S.:

Licensing is not required for tradebetween the fifteen countries ofthe Economic Community of theWest African States (ECOWAS)to which Cote d'ivoire belongs.

Customs authority rests with theDirecteur General des Douanes.Imports are classified by theHarmonized CommodityDescription and Coding System.

• Tariffs consist of two basicelements: fiscal duty andcustoms duty.

Exchange is governed by the Dir­ectorate of the Treasury of Money

----and Banking Affairs in the Ministryof Economy, Finance andPlanning. All foreign exchangetransactions, except those dealingwith France, must go through theirauthorized intermediaries:authorized banks and the PostalAdministration.

Economic Aid Assistance:

Port of Entry:

International Agreements:

Party to: Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Endangered Species,Hazardous Wastes, Law of theSea, Marine Dumping, NuclearTest Ban, Ozone LayerProtection, Ship Pollution,Tropical Timber 83; signed, butnot ratified: Desertification.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $1.6 billion(c.Lf.1990). Imports include:food, capital goods (machineryand transport equipment),consumer goods, and fuel.Principal sources of imports areFrance, other European Unioncountries, Nigeria, the UnitedStates, and Japan.

Cote d'ivoire's principal port is atAbidjan. This port is also a busytrade center for Burkina Faso,Niger, and Mali. The port hascontainer, fruit, oil and timberterminals.

There is a new port at San Pedrothat handles primarily timber andagricultural goods.

u.s. Exports to Coted'ivoire:

U.S. exports to the Cote d'ivoirewere worth $111.2 million (f.a.s.)in 1994. Principal exportsinclude: telecommunications

Agricultural production has been,and remains, central to Coted'ivoire's economy. More thantwo-thirds of Ivoirians are involvedin agriculture, which contributes33% of the GDP and produces80% of export revenue. Primarycash crops are cocoa beans,coffee, timber, bananas, palmkernels, and rubber. Subsistencecrops include corn, rice, manioc,and sweet potatoes. Imports ofbread grains and dairy productsare required to meet demand.

At 20% of GDP, Cote d'ivoire has U.S. commitments, including Ex-a substantial industrial sector 1m (FY1970-89), $356 million;compared to other African Western (non-U.S.) countries,countries. Foodstuffs, wood ODA and OOF bilateralprocessing, oil refining, textiles, __ .. col11miLm~nts Jt9!9-8_9), $5.2fertilizers, beverages, and billion.automobile assembly are theprimary industrial activities. Therehave been renewed efforts tofurther diversify the economyaway from agriculturalcommodities.

With support from theInternational Monetary Fund andthe World Bank, the governmentof Cote d'ivoire has committeditself to reforms in trade andbanking policy, and toprivatization of the economy,including sale of some of themany parastatal service andcommodity enterprises.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $2.8 billion(f.o.b. 1990). The main exportcommodities include: cocoabeans and cocoa products,coffee, timber, petroleum, cotton,bananas, pineapples, palm oil,and cotton. Principal tradingpartners are France, Germany,Netherlands, the United States,Belgium, and Spain.

75

• Most duties are ad valorembased on the BrusselsDefinition of Value. Thisassessment system may bereplaced with the CustomsValuation Code within the nextfive years.

• The West African CustomsUnion (CEAO) (members:Cote d'ivoire, Mali, Mauritania,Niger, Senegal, Burkina Faso)standardizes, to a certainextent, tariffs levied on importsfrom non-member countries.Customs duties are waivedbetween member countries.

Significant restrictions, eitherthrough embargo, special importtaxes, or special authorizations,have been placed on severalcommodities including liveanimals, meat, poultry, jute andplastic bags, distilling equipment,saccharin, and living plants orseeds.

Importation of biscuits, rice andrice products, textiles, andalcoholic beverages are subject tospecial regulations.

In addition to the CEAO andECOWAS, Cote d'ivoire belongsto the four-country memberCouncil of Entente (Benin, Nigerand Burkina Faso). All of theseorganizations strive for greaterintegration of commercial andeconomic policy betweenmembers.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Phytosanitary/health certificationapplies to imports of live plants,seed, live fish and fish products.Seeds and cereals requirefumigation certificates.

All pesticides must be registeredfor distribution or use in Coted'ivoire.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, Export

Coordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

A Foreign Trade Zone exists inAbidjan for goods destined forMali, Niger, or Burkina Faso.

InvestmenUTradeAssistance:

There are several groups thatprovide contacts and informationto foreign traders and investors.(see contacts listing)

The Cote d'ivoire InvestmentPromotion Center (CEPICI) wasset up in February, 1995 as a"one-stop shop" for informationand assistance for entrepreneursinterested in starting a businessor investing in Cote d'ivoire.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Traditional ties to France thatinclude French business practicesand technical standards, andFrench legal and financialsystems, not to mentiondependency on the Frenchlanguage, discourage non-Frenchparticipation in Cote d'ivoire.There is also some discriminationagainst U.S. cargo carriers.

Protective tariffs and pricecontrols effectively create amonopoly for domestic and CEAOproduced meat and produce.

Best U.S.ExporUlnvestmentProspects:

The climate for both foreign tradeand investment is positive. Thereis much interest in U.S.commodities.

76

Agriculture and agro-industry willremain the major sources ofgrowth in Cote d'ivoire during thenext few years. Best prospects:agricultural and irrigationequipment, forestry andwoodworking machinery, foodprocessing and packagingequipment, agricultural chemicals,smoking tobacco, rice, wheat,corn, milk, and vegetable oils.

The Cote d'ivoire government ac­tively encourages foreign invest­ment. There are many financialassistance institutions active inCote d'ivoire. Among them arethe Trade and DevelopmentProgram (TOP) of the U.S.International Cooperative andDevelopment Agency; theOverseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC); the AfricanProject Development Facility(APDF); the African InvestmentProgram of the InternationalFinance Corporation and theExport-Import Bank of the U.S.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB); West African CustomsUnion (CEAO); EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA);Economic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS);Council of Entente; the FrancZone (FZ) , African IntellectualProperty Organization (OAPI);Organization of African Unity(OAU); Economic Union of WestAfrican States (UEMOA)

International OrganizationslTrade Associations

African, Caribbean and Pacific(ACP); Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO); GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT); International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD); InternationalDevelopment Association (IDA);International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD); InternationalFinance Corporation (IFC);

International Monetary Fund(IMF); Non-Aligned Movement(NAM); UN Conference on Tradeand Development (UNCTAD); UNIndustrial DevelopmentOrganization (UNIDO); WorldCustoms Organization (WCO);World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO); WorldMeteorological Organization(WMO); World Trade Organization(WTO)

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Coted'ivoire is 225.)

Cote d'lvoire:

African Development Bank(AFDB), 01 BP 1387, Abidjan 01.Tel: 20-40-15 or 20-42-18 or 20­42-82; FAX: 33-14-34

African Oil Palm DevelopmentAssociation (AFOPDA), BP 15341, Abidjan. Tel: 25-15-18

Africa Project DevelopmentFacility (APDF), 01 BP 8669,Abidjan 01. Tel: 21-96-97; FAX:21-61-51

Agricultural Attache, Abidjan,Cote d'ivoire, USDA, U.S. ForeignAgricultural Service, Washington,DC 20250-6000; stationed at theU.S. Embassy, 5 Rue JesseOwens, 01 BP 1712, Abidjan. Tel:21-39-96; FAX: 22-32-59

American Business Club, c/oDuncan, Allen and Talmadge,Immeuble SMGL, Ave. JosephAnoma, 01 BP 3394, Abidjan 01.Tel: 32-67-66; Telex: 22435

American Chamber of Commerceof the Cote d'ivoire (AMSHAM),01 BP 3394, Abidjan 01. Tel: 21­46-16 or 216766; FAX: 22-24-37or 21-68-17

Banque Centrale des Etats del'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO),angle Blvd. Botreau Roussel etAve. Delafosse, 01 BP 1769,

Abidjan 01. Tel: 21-04-66; FAX:22-28-52

Banque Nationale pour IeDeveloppement Agricoles(BNDA), Immeuble, SMGL ­Plateau, 01 BP 2508, Abidjan 01.Tel: 32-07-57

Centre de CommerceInternational d'Abidjan (CCIA), Im­meuble CCIA (3rd floor) - Plateau,01 BP V 68, Abidjan 01. Tel: 32­30-92 or 32-39-69; FAX: 22-14-30

Centre de Promotion des fnves­tissements de Cote d'ivoire(CEPICI), CCIA Building (5thfloor) - Plateau, 01 BP V 152,Abidjan 01. Tel: 21-40-70; FAX:21-40-71

Centre pour l'Assistance et laPromotion des Entreprises Na­tionales (CAPEN), Immeuble laPyramide (8th floor) - Plateau, BPV 271, Abidjan 01. Tel: 32-01-45;Telex: 23793

Centre Technique ForestierTropical de Cote d'ivoire (CTFT) ,Cote d'ivoire Branch, 11 Ave.Jean Nermoz, 08 BP 8033,Abidjan 08. Tel: 44-28-58; FAX:21-43-68

Chambre d'Agriculture de la Coted'ivoire, 11, Avenue Lamblin ­Plateau, 01 BP 1291, Abidjan 01.Tel: 32-16-11

Chambre de Commerce et del'lndustrie de Cote d'ivoire, 6, Ave­nue Joseph Anoma - Plateau, 01BP 1399, Abidjan 01. Tel: 33-16­00 or 32-46-79; FAX: 32-39-42

Chambre d'industrie de Coted'ivoire, 11, Ave. Lamblin, 01 BP1758, Abidjan 01. Tel: 22-55-80or 32-65-34

Compagnie Ivoirienne pour IeDeveloppement des CulturesVivrieres (CIDV), 01 BP 2049,Abidjan 01. Tel: 21-00-79

Compagnie Ivoirienne pour IeDeveloppement des Textiles

77

(CIDT), BP 622, - Bouake,Abidjan. Tel: 62-32-50

Directeur General des Douanes,Direction Generale des Douanesde la Republique de Cote d'ivoire,01 BP V 25, Abidjan 01. Tel: 21­25-93; FAX: 22-05-68

Federation Nationale desIndustries de Cote d'ivoire, CCIABuilding (13th floor) - Plateau, 01BP 1340, Abidjan 01. Tel: 22-69­37; FAX: 21-72-56

Institut de Recherches du Cafe etdu Cacao (IRCC) Center, Coted'ivoire, BP 1827, Abidjan 01.Tel: 30-30-32; Telex: 23320

Institut de Recherches sur lesEnergies Nouvelles (IREN)/ NewEnergies Research Institute,University of Abidjan, BP V 34,Abidjan 01. Tel: 44-08-59; Telex:26138

Institut de Recherches sur lesFruites et Agrumes (IFRA)Mission of Cote d'ivoire, BP 1740,Abidjan 01. Tel: 32-13-09; Telex:23220 [Research on tropical fruits]

International Finance Corporation,01 BP 1850, Abidjan 01. Tel: 44­22-27 or 44-32-44; FAX: 44-16-87or 44-44-83

Ministry of Agriculture, Water andForests, Immeuble CAlSTAB ­Plateau, BP V 82, Abidjan. Tel:32-08-33

Ministry of Economy and Finance,Immeuble SCIAM (15th floor) ­Plateau, BP V 125, Abidjan. Tel:32-05-66

Ministry of Trade, ImmeubleCentre International duCommerce - Plateau, BP V 142,Abidjan. Tel: 32-48-10

Societe pour l'AssistanceTechnique pour la ModernizationAgricole de la Cote d'ivoire(SATMACI), Ave. Joseph Anoma ­Plateau, 01 BP 1565, Abidjan 01.Tel: 32-62-76

Societe pour Ie Developpementde la Motorisation de l'Agriculture(MOTORAGRI), Route d'AboboGare, 01 BP 3745, Abidjan. Tel:37-46-18

Societe pour Ie Developpementde la Production de Fruits etLegumes (SODEFEL), ImmeubleOMAIS (6th floor) - Plateau, 01BP 3032, Abidjan 01. Tel: 32-63­40

Societe pour Ie Developpementde Productions Animales(SODPRA), Immeuble lesHarmonies, Route d'Adjame, 01BP 1249, Abidjan 01. Tel: 32-13­10

Societe pour Ie Developpementdes Plantations de Canne a Sucrel'lndustrialisation et de laCommercialisation du Sucre(SODESCRE), 01 BP 2164,Abidjan 01. Tel: 32-04-79

Societe pour Ie Developpementdes Plantations Forestieres(SODEFOR), Boulevard Latrille­Cocody, 01 BP 3770, Abidjan 01.Tel: 44-44-25

Societe pour Ie Developpement etl'Exploitation de Palmier a Huile(SODEPALM), 01 BP 2049,Abidjan 01. Tel: 32-00-79

Syndicat des Petites et MoyennesEnterprises (PME), 01 BP 1396,Abidjan 01. Tel: 35-71-42

Syndicat National desCommercants de Cote d'ivoire(SYNACOCI), 01 BP 3574,Abidjan 01. Tel: 41-52-10

U.S. Embassy, 5 Rue JesseOwens, 01 BP 1712, Abidjan 01.Tel: 21-09-79 or 21-46-72; FAX:22-32-59; Telex: 23660 (includesForeign Commercial Service Post,African Development BankRepresentative, and ConsularSection) (Pouch mail: c/o U.S.Dept. of State, Washington, DC20521-2010)

The World Bank, 01 BP 1850,Abidjan 01. Tel: 44-22-27; FAX:44-16-87

U.S.:

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave, NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Cote d'ivoire, Country DeskOfficer, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,Rm. 3317, 14th and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4388

Embassy of the Republic of Coted'ivoire, 2424 MassachusettsAve., NW, Washington, DC.20008 Tel: 202-483-2400 or 202­797-0300; FAX: 202-387-6381 or202-483-8482

Economic Development Office,Cote d'ivoire, 2412Massachusetts Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20008. Tel:202-797-0300: FAX: 202-588­9558 or 202-483-8482

Ivory Coast Stabilization Fund, 1World Trade Center, Ste. 2507,New York, NY 10048. Tel: 212­466-0280; FAX: 212-466-0183

Trade and Development Program,1621 Ken St., Rm. 309, Rosslyn,VA 22209. Tel: 703-875-4357;FAX: 703-875-4009

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Alpine, Robine W.L. and JamesPickett. Agriculture, Liberalisationand Economic Growth in Ghanaand Cote d'/voire. Paris:Development Centre,Organisation for Economic

78

Cooperation and Development,1993

Armbruster, T. and K.J. Peters."Traditional Sheep and GoatProduction in Southern Coted'ivoire." Small RuminantResearch 11, no. 4 (Sept. 1993):289-304. NAL call no.:SF380.152

Bamba, D. et al. "Essential Oil ofEupatorium Odoratum." PlantMedicine 59, no. 2 (Apr. 1993):184-185. NAL call no.: 450 P697

Bourely, J. "New Developmentsin Glandless Cotton." CottonInternational 57th ed. (1990):141-143. NAL call no.: 72.8C82141

Claassen, Emil Maria, and PascalSalin. "The Impact of Stabilizationand Structural AdjustmentPolicies on the Rural Sector:Case Studies of Cole d'ivoire,Senegal, Liberia, Zambia andMorocco." FAD Economic andSocial Development Paper no. 90(1991). NAL call no.:HD1417.F64 v. 90

Colin, Jean Philippe. Conversionof a Plantation Economy: CaseStudy of the Ivory Coast. Paris:Editions de I'ORSTOM, 1990.NAL call no.: HD2142.5.C6531990 [In French, summary inEnglish]

Cote d'ivoire (Ivory Coast);Agricultural Situation; CountryProfile. Washington, DC: U.S.Dept. of Agriculture, ForeignAgriCUltural Service [Updatedmonthly; available through theNational Trade Data Bank]

Cote d'lvoire, A Country Study.3rd ed. Edited by Robert E.Handloff. (Area HandbookSeries) Washington, DC:Headquarters, Dept. of the Army:For sale by the Supt. of Docs.U.S. G.P.O., 1991. NAL call no.:DT545.22.C66 1990

Country Commercial Guide - Coted'/voire. Washington, DC: U.S.

Dept. of Commerce, InternationalTrade Administration, 1995[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank]

Country Profile. Cote d'ivoire,Mali. London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [annualpublication] NAL call no.:HC1 025.A1Q833

Country Report. Cote d'ivoire,Mali. London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAL call no.:HC1025.A1Q831

Ehui, S.K. and T.W. Hertel."Testing the Impact ofDeforestation on AggregateAgricultural Productivity."Agriculture Ecosystems andEnvironment 38, no. 3 (Feb.1992): 205-218. NAL call no.:S601.A34

Exporter Directory ofAfricanCoffee. Abidjan, Cote d'ivoire:Inter-African Coffee Organisations[biennial pUblication]

Fiege, Karin. "Farmer ExportProduction in the Ivory Coast."Arbeiten aus dem Institut furAfrika-Kunde no. 78 (1991). NALcall no. HD9199.192F54 1991 [InGerman, summary in English]

France Afrique. (leadingcompanies in French-speakingAfrica) Paris: IC Publications[annual pUblication]

Gnepa, T.J. "Statutory Marketing,Farmer Price Imbalance, andEfficient Diversification ofAgricultural Commodities Export."Journal of International Fooa andAgribusiness Marketing 5, no. 12(1993): 33-44. NAL call no.:HD9000.1.J6

Hanisch, Rolf and Cord. Jakobeit.The World Cocoa Market.Hamburg: Deutsches Ubersee­Institut, 1991. 2 v. NAL call no.:HD9200.A42K35 1991 [InGerman, summary in English]

The Ivorian Stock Exchange.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Ivory Coast's Food Market.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofAgriculture, Foreign AgriculturalService, 1995 [Available throughthe National Trade Data Bank]

Lae, Raymond. CommercialLagoon Fisheries of West Africa.Paris: ORSTOM, 1992. NAL callno.: SH315.19L33 [In French,summary in English]

Proceedings of the Seminar onthe Constraints to theDevelopment of Oil Palm in Africa:Role and Importance of aResearch and DevelopmentNetwork, 10-15 June, 1991Abidjan, Cote d'ivoire. Paris:BuroTrop, 1991. NAL call no.:HD9490.5.P343A35 1991

Rapley, J. Ivorian Capitalism:African Entrepreneurs in Coted'ivoire. London: Lynne Rienner,1993

Sahn, David E. "The Impact ofExport Crop Production onNutritional Status in Cote d'ivoire."Working Paper (Cornell Food andNutrition Policy Program) no. 2(1990). NAL call no.:HD9018.D44 no. 2

Schneider, Hartmut. Adjustmentand Equity in Cote d'ivoire. Paris:Development Centre of theOrganisation for EconomicCooperation and Development;Washington, DC: OECDPublications and InformationCentre, distributor, 1992. NALcall no.: HC1025.S351992

Williams, T.O. "Livestock PricingPolicy in Sub-Saharan Africa:Objectives, Instruments andImpact in Five Countries."Agricultural Economics 8, no. 2(Feb. 1993): 139-159. NAL callno.: HD1401.A47

79

Economy:

Ethiopia is one of the leastdeveloped countries in Africa. Itseconomy is based on subsistenceagriculture. Agriculture, includingforestry and fishing, contributed48% of GOP and employed 73%of the population in 1993. Coffee,the principal cash crop, hasgenerated 60% of export earningsin recent years. Principalsubsistence crops are: cereals(barley, maize, sorghum and teff),a number of pulses, and sugarcane. The country's secondlargest export commodity is hidesand skins, which have accountedfor about 20% of export earningsin recent years. Ethiopia has thelargest population of livestock inAfrica.

Industry, including mining,manufacturing, construction andpower, provided 14.7% GOP in1993. Industries consist of: foodprocessing, beverages, textiles,chemicals, metals processing,and cement. Ethiopia hasreserves of petroleum, althoughthese have not been exploited.There are also small deposits ofplatinum, copper, and potash. In1993, a large salt deposit in Bale,Southern Ethiopia wasdiscovered. Over 90% of large­scale industry is state-controlled.The government is consideringprivatization and divestiture ofseveral state-owned industrialplants.

Ethiopia's economy remainsdependent on foreign aid and isheavily indebted. Years ofinternal strife have left theinfrastructure of Ethiopia in greatdisrepair. With 97% of Ethiopia'sforeign exchange earningsdependent on its agriculturalsector, Ethiopia's move to freemarket policies have begun tostimulate agriculture. EthiopiaGOP growth is predicted to reach

Ethiopia

7.5% for 1995. Increasedagricultural export earnings(especially from coffee),increased tourism revenues, andcontinued strong internationalfinancial assistance bode well foreconomic recovery and thetransition to a market-ledeconomy.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $228.3million (f.o.b. 1994). Exportcommodities include: coffee,leather products, gold, petroleumproducts, and vegetables.Principal markets for exports areGermany, Japan, Saudi Arabia,France, and Italy.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $432.2million (c.Lf. 1994). Importsinclude: machinery and transportequipment, basic manufactures,chemicals and related products,fuel, and foodstuffs. Principalsources of imports are the U.S.,Germany, Italy, Saudi Arabia, andJapan.

Economic Aid Assistance:

In March 1994, member countriesof the "Paris Club" of creditorgovernments, the InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF) and theWorld Bank agreed to giveEthiopia $1.1 billion in loans andgrants for 1994/95. Of thisamount, $655.9 million was to beused for various developmentprojects.

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Biodiversity, Climate Change,Ozone Layer Protection; signedinternational agreements, but notratified: Desertification,Environmental Modification, Lawof the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban

80

Port of Entry:

Ethiopia lost direct access to theRed Sea after Eritrea gained itsindependence in 1993. Anagreement between the State ofEritrea and Ethiopia allowsEthiopian access to the ports ofAssab and Massawa on the RedSea.

u.s. Exports to Ethiopia:

Exports to Ethiopia were worth$143.1 million in 1994. Exportsinclude: agricultural equipment,and foodstuffs (especially wheat)

Ethiopian Exports to theU.S.:

Exports to the U.S. were worth$34.1 million in 1994. Arabicacoffee continues to be the largestexport to the U.S.

Investment/TradeActivities:

Transactions in foreign exchangemust be carried out throughauthorized dealers under thecontrol of the National Bank ofEthiopia.

All imports require a license. TheMinister of Trade has authority toprohibit, restrict or regulateimports and exports.

Foreign exchange permits arerequired for all imports.

Ethiopia requires all imports to berouted through Ethiopian nationalsregistered with the government asofficial import or distributionagents. The U.S. Embassymaintains a list of experiencedlocal representatives.

Customs authority is carried outby the Director, Customs Authorityin Addis Ababa.

• Most customs duties are advalorem.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theCommon Market for Easternand Southern Africa(COMESA).

• Countertrade/barter ispracticed; however, Ethiopiahas no laws governingcountertrade/barter. Thisactivity comes under theauthority of the Minister ofTrade.

Ethiopia requires all importers andexporters to be registered with theMinistry of Trade and have a validForeign Trade License.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

There are special regulations onthe importation and sale oflivestock and animal products andfoodstuffs into Ethiopia.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

There are no free trade zones inEthiopia. A transit zone ismaintained by Djibouti in the portof Djibouti.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Investment Office of Ethiopiais responsible for coordinatingnew investment from foreign anddomestic sources. In 1992, thetransitional administration made

considerable cuts in customstariffs and in the sales tax onimported goods, and issued a newinvestment code which opens allsectors (with the exception oflarge-scale energy projects,transport and financial services)to foreign investors. TheCommercial Section of the U.S.Embassy can provide informationand advice on trade andinvestment in Ethiopia.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Ethiopia requires trading licensesfor all exporters and importers. Inaddition, foreign exchangepermits are required for allimports. There continues to be achronic shortage of foreignexchange.

The infrastructure of Ethiopia hassuffered from years of lack ofmaintenance and investment.The poor quality infrastructure,although the target of severalrecent multilateral projects,continues to be an obstacle toinvestment and trade.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

The best prospects for U.S.exports to Ethiopia include:agricultural commodities (cereals,cotton, seeds), agriculturalequipment, agricultural chemicals,veterinary drugs and supplies,industrial chemicals, highway andbuilding construction materials,water treatment plants andchemicals, power generationequipment, pharmaceuticals,medical equipment,communications equipment, andconsultancy services (inagricultural development,industrial management, and inmineral, oil, and gas explorationand development).

The Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC) makesinsurance available for potentialU.S. investors in Ethiopia. Also,loans and guarantees for exports

81

to Ethiopia are available from theU.S. Export-Import Bank(Eximbank).

Ethiopia's poor infrastructure isthe target of several multilateraldonor projects. Opportunities mayexist for U.S. exporters to provideequipment, machinery, andconsultancy services forinfrastructure projects in Ethiopia.The Commercial Section of theU.S. Embassy in Addis Ababa canprovide information on current andforthcoming internationally-fundedprojects in Ethiopia.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), Economic Commissionfor Africa (ECA), Common Marketfor Eastern and Southern Africa(COMESA), the Organization ofAfrican Unity (OAU); and adheresto the fourth Lome Convention ofthe EU.

International OrganizationslTrade Associations

African Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), Food andAgriculture Organization (FAO),International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), UN Conference on Tradeand Development (UNCTAD),World Customs Organization(WCO), World IntellectualProperty Organization (WIPO),World Trade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Ethiopiais 251.)

Ethiopia:

Addis Ababa Chamber ofCommerce, PO Box 2458, Addis

Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel: 1-518055;FAX: 1-511479

Addis Resources DevelopmentPLC (ARDCO), PO Box 4360, Tel:1-518385; FAX: 1-517877

African-American Institute(Ethiopia), PO Box 2177, AddisAbaba, Ethiopia

Agricultural and IndustrialDevelopment Bank, Joseph BrozTito St., PO Box 1900, AddisAbaba, Ethiopia. Tel: 1-511188;FAX: 1-511606 [Providesdevelopment finance for industryand agriculture, technical adviceand assistance in projectevaluation]

Agri-Service Ethiopia, PO Box2460, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel:1-164811; FAX: 1-652280[Agricultural developmentorganization supportingprograms/projects in farming andirrigation]

Coffee and Tea Authority, PO Box3222, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel:1-518088; FAX: 1-517933

D.M. Business Enterprise, POBox 4043, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Tel: 1-183505; FAX: 1-551276[Country market research firm.]

Desert Locust ControlOrganization for Eastern Africa,PO Box 4255, Addis Ababa,Ethiopia. Tel: 1-611475; FAX: 1­611648

Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce,Mexico Square, PO Box 517,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel: 1­518240; FAX: 1-517699

Ethiopian Import and ExportCorporation (ETIMEX), PO Box2313 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel:1-511112; FAX: 1-515411

Ministry of Agriculture, PO Box63247, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Tel: 1-518507; FAX: 1-513042

Ministry of External EconomicCooperation, PO Box 2428, Addis

Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel: 1-118703;FAX: 1-517988

Ministry of Finance, PO Box 1905,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel: 1­552400; FAX: 1-551355

Ministry of Industry, PO Box 704,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel: 1­518025; FAX: 1-515411

Ministry of Natural ResourcesDevelopment and EnvironmentalProtection, PO Box 1034, AddisAbaba, Ethiopia. Tel: 1-513906;FAX: 1-513042

Ministry of Planning andEconomic Development, PO Box1037, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel:1-552800; FAX: 1-553844

Ministry of Trade, PO Box 2559,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Tel: 1­511066; FAX: 1-514288

National Bank of Ethiopia, POBox 5550, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Tel: 1- 517430; FAX: 1-514588

Trade & Development ServicesInternational (TDSI), PO Box22508, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Tel: 1-510100; FAX: 1-514800[Country market research firm]

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (Ethiopia), PO Box5580, Africa Hall, Old ECA Bldg.,4th Floor, Menelik II Ave., AddisAbaba, Ethiopia. Tel: 1-5511025;FAX: 1-514599

U.S. Embassy, Entoto St., POBox 1014, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Tel: 1-550666/550399; FAX: 1­552191/550174. CommercialSpecialist--Tel: 1-551944

U.S. Ethiopia Trade & EconomicCouncil, PO Box 9438, AddisAbaba, Ethiopia. Tel: 1­510168/150040; FAX: 1-510200

U.S.:

Country Officer for Ethiopia andEritrea, Office of East AfricanAffairs (AF/E), Dept. of State,Washington, DC 20520. Tel:

82

202-647-8852; FAX: 202-647­0810

Embassy of Ethiopia, 2134Kalorama Rd., NW, Washington,DC 20008. Tel: 202-234-2281/2282; FAX: 202-328-7950

Ethiopia, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room2037, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4564

SGS Government Services, 42Broadway, New York, NY 10004.Tel: 212-482-8700 [Pre-shipmentinspection agent for goodsdestined for Ethiopia]

U.S.-Africa-Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440. Fax: 212-680­0990

U.S.-Ethiopia Trade andEconomic Council, 222 WestOntario St., #502, Chicago, IL60610-3695. Tel: 312-787-2716;FAX: 312-787-2680

Select Publications:

Agonafir, Y. "Economics ofHorticultural Production inEthiopia." Acta Horticulturae 270(May 1991): 15-19. NAL call no.:80 Ac82

Agrawal, P.K. and W.W. Mariam."Seed Supply System in Ethiopia."Plant Varieties and Seeds 8, no.1 (1995): 1-7. NAL call no.:SB4.P532

Aquaculture Sector in Ethiopia:Review and Analysis. AddisAbaba: [Economic Commissionfor Africa], 1991 [FAO AccessionNo.: XF93:323437; available onmicrofiche]

Assefa, A. "PhosphateExploration in Ethiopia." FertilizerResearch 30, no. 2/3 (Dec.1991): 155-163. NAL call no.:S631.F422

Bekele, T. "Fertilizer Use InEthiopia." Fertilizer Focus 11, no.9 (1994): 3. NAL call no.:HD9483.A1F47

Bell, J. "Leaner, Meaner EastAfrican Coffees." Tea and CoffeeTrade Journal 166, no. 9 (1994):42,44-49

Blaak, G. Proposals for IndustrialCrop Diversification in EthiopiaCovering Oil Palm, Rubber andEssential Oil Crops. Report On aVisit to Ethiopia, 15-26 February1990. Rome: Food andAgriculture Organization, 1990(FAO Accession No.:XF94:333199; available onmicrofiche]

Country Commercial Guide:Ethiopia. Washington, DC: U.S.Dept. of Commerce, InternationalTrade Administration, 1995[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank}

Country Profile: Ethiopia,Somalia, Djibouti, 1994-95.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit, 1994 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:HC840.A1C682

Country Report: Ethiopia,Somalia, Djibouti. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit(quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC840.A1C69

Dawit, Abebe and Hagos Estifan­os. "Plants as a Primary Sourceof Drugs in the Traditional HealthPractices of Ethiopia." In PlantGenetic Resources of Ethiopia.Edited by J.M.M. Engels, J.G.Hawkes and Melaku Worede.Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1991, p. 101­113. NAL call no.: QK981.5.P42

Debrah, Siegfried and BerhanuAnteneh. "Dairy Marketing inEthiopia: Markets of First Saleand Producers' MarketingPatterns." ILCA Research Reportno. 19. Addis Ababa:International Livestock Centre for

Africa, 1991. NAL call no.:SF55.A3145 nO.19

Demissew, S. "A Description ofSome Essential Oil BearingPlants in Ethiopia and TheirIndigenous Uses." Journal ofEssential Oil Research 5, no. 5(Sept/Oct 1993): 465-479. NALcall no.: SB298.J66

Desta, B. "Ethiopian TraditionalHerbal Drugs. II. AntimicrobialActivity of 63 Medicinal Plants."Journal of Ethnopharmacology 39,no. 2 (June 1993): 129-136.NAL call no.: RS160.J6

Goettsch, E. "TraditionalAromatic and Perfume Plants inCentral Ethiopia." In PlantGenetic Resources ofEthiopia.Edited by J.M.M. Engels, J.G.Hawkes and Melaku Worede.Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1991, p. 114­122. NAL call no.: QK981.5.P42

Griffin, K. The Economy ofEthiopia. New York: St. Martin'sPress, 1992

Hints to Exporters: Ethiopia,Somalia and Djibouti. London:Euromonitor, 1986

Jackson, T.H., Sisay Agegnehuand P. Bruncko. A PracticalGuide to Horticulture in Ethiopia.Addis Ababa: Ministry of StateFarms Development Department,1992 [Available from:Information Services, IAR, POBox 2003, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.FAX: 1-611222}

Last, G.C., Patrick Gilkes andJames Pickett. "Ethiopia." InAfrica South of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa PublicationsLtd., 1994 [annual publication]NAL call no.: DT30.A37

Letchamo, W. and H. Storck."Spices, Aromatic and MedicinalPlants Trade in Eastern Ethiopia."Acta Horticulturae 270 (May1991): 247-253. NAL call no.: 80Ac82

83

Mariam, B.G. "Economics of theEthiopian Coffee Industry." ActaHorliculturae 270 (May 1991): 57­66. NAL call no.: 80 Ac82

O'Connor, C.B. "RuralSmallholder Milk Production andUtilisation and the Future for DairyDevelopment in Ethiopia." InDairy Marketing in Sub-SaharanAfrica. Edited by R.F. Brokkenand S. Seyoum. Addis Ababa:International Livestock Centre forAfrica, 1992, p. 123-130. NAL callno.: HD9275.A3572D351992

Ofcansky, Thomas P. and LaVerleBennette Berry. Ethiopia, ACountry Study. 4th ed.Washington, DC: FederalResearch Division, Library ofCongress, 1993. NAL call no.:DT373.E83 1993

Oilseeds Research andDevelopment in Ethiopia. AddisAbaba: Institute of AgriculturalResearch, 1992.

Pickett, James. EconomicDevelopment in Ethiopia:Agriculture, The Market, and TheState. Paris: DevelopmentCentre of the Organisation forEconomic Co-operation andDevelopment, 1991. NAL call no.:HC845.P43 1991

Sisay, Kibret. "Cutflower Industryin Ethiopia." In HorticultureResearch and Development inEthiopia: Proceedings of theSecond National HorticulturalWorkshop ofEthiopia. AddisAbeba: IAR, 1994, p. 325-335

Sustainable AgriculturalDevelopment in Ethiopia:Hearing Before the JointEconomic Committee, Congressofthe U.S., One Hundred FirstCongress, Second Session,February 27, 1990. Washington,DC: U.S. Government PrintingOffice, 1990. NAL call no.:KF27.E2 1990

Wolde, B. "Horticulture MarketingSystems in Ethiopia." Acta

Horticulturae 270 (May 1991): 21­31. NAL call no.: 80 Ac82

Worede, M. "Ethiopia: AGenebank Working WithFarmers." In Growing Diversity:Genetic Resources and LocalFood Security. Edited by DavidCooper, Renee Vellve and HenkHobbelink. London: IntermediateTechnology Publications, 1992, p.78-92. NAL call no.:SB123.3.G761992

Zelleke, A. and S. Gebre-Mariam."Role of Research for HorticulturalDevelopment in Ethiopia." ActaHorticulturae 270 (May 1991):189-196. NAL call no.: 80 Ac82

84

Economy:

Until the discovery of. offshore oilin the late 1960's, the economy ofGabon was dominated by thetimber and manganese industries.Oil is now the overwhelmingcommercial sector of theeconomy, producing almost 90%of export earnings and 50% ofGOP. Timber production isundergoing renewed growth, andnow ranks as Gabon's thirdlargest industry.

Gabon is heavily forested; only1% of the land is used foragricultural production.Agriculture contributes 9% of GDPand employs over 60% of thework force. Cash crops are palmoil, cocoa, coffee, and refinedsugar. Production of rubber andan increased output of refinedsugar are being encouraged.Gabon is far from self sufficient infood production, importing almost90% of its needs.

With help from the InternationalMonetary Fund and the WorldBank, the government hasparticipated in structuraladjustment' programs. Theseprograms have been working toreform investment and tradepolicies, improve bankingpractices, emphasize privatecommercialization, and diversifyaway from dependence on oilproduction. A new budget lawpassed in June, 1994,incorporates many new standardsand practices relating to financialactivities.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $2.3 billion(f.o.b. 1992 est.). The mainexport commodities include:crude oil (80%), timber,manganese, and uranium.Principal trading partners are

Gabon

France, the United States,Germany, and Japan.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $702 million(c.Lf. 1992 est.). Imports include:foodstuffs, chemical products,petroleum products, constructionmaterials, manufactures, andmachinery. Principal sources ofimports are France, Africancountries, the United States, andJapan.

Economic Aid Assistance:

Total economic and developmentaid to Gabon averages between$35-$50 million annually. Francehas traditionally supplied abouttwo-thirds of Gabon's foreign aideach year. U.S. commitments,including Ex-1m (FY 1970-90), $68million; Western (non-U.S.)countries, ODA and OOF bilateralcommitments (1979-90), $2.342billion; Communist countries(1970-89); $27 million.

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Marine Dumping, Nuclear TestBan, Ozone Layer Protection,Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber83, Wetlands; signed, but notratified: Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Law of the Sea, TropicalTimber 94; Gabon adheres to theFourth Lome' Convention.

Port of Entry:

Gabon's two modern ports are atOwendo and Port Gentil. Locatedsouth of Libreville, Port Gentilhandles about 85% of traffic (byvolume), primarily lumber and oil.It also has cold storage for fish.

85

U.S. Exports to Gabon:

U.S. exports to Gabon were worth$40.2 million (f.a.s.) in 1994.Exports were primarily machinery,services and supplies related tooil production and miningactivities.

Gabon Exports to the U.S.:

Gabon's exports to the U.S. wereworth $1.2 billion (customs value)in 1994. Exports were made upalmost exclusively of crude oil.

Investment/TradeActivities:

Currency exchange isadministered by the Minister ofFinance, Budget, andParticipations. All foreignexchange must be done throughauthorized channels, Le.,approved banks and the PostalAdministration.

Import licenses are required forimports from countries outside theCentral African Customs andEconomic Union/Union Douanaireet Economique de l'AfriqueCentrale (UDEAC members:Cameroon, Central AfricanRepublic, Congo, Gabon, Chadand Equatorial Guinea) valued atmore than CFA 500,000.Licenses are valid for six monthswith the possibility of extension.They are available from theDirectorate of External Trade ofthe Ministry of Commerce andIndustry.

Customs authority is handled bythe Directeur General desDouanes et Droits Indirects,Ministere des Finances, deBUdget et des Participations.Most duties are ad valorembased, c.Lf. value stipulated onthe bill of lading.

Tariffs in the form of duties, taxes,fees, and/or levies are applied toall imports.

• The UDEAC maintains a four­part tariff system applicable toall goods coming from outsidethe Union. These tariffs arelevied in all UDEAC membercountries and do not, withrecent revisions, exceed acombined rate of 70%.

• UDEAC countries are givenpreferential treatment in thesense that members areprohibited from using internaltariffs that inhibit tradebetween them.

• Gabon also belongs to theEconomic Community of theStates of Central Africa(ECSCA) and extendspreferential treatment to fellowmembers.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Various plants and plant products(e.g .• banana plants, cacaoplants, coffee plants, sugar cane,raw cotton, cotton seeds and cot­ton plants). as well as containersholding earth or compost, fallunder UDEAC quarantineregulations and require sanitarycertificates.

The importation of animalproducts requires a customsdeclaration, import license, andthe original health certificate.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service. ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

Gabon has no free trade zone atthis time, but is consideringimplementing one.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

Several organizations offer help toforeign investors, including theCommercial Section at the U.S.Embassy (see contacts listing).

Investment/Trade Barriers:

French dominance of Gabon'simports (50%). the local privatesector, and financial resources,discourage U.S. commercialinvolvement. In addition, there isa limited infrastructure in Gabon,relatively high import tariffs, and asmall consumer market.

Recent immigration policy hasforced many expatriate andforeign workers out of Gabon,thus shrinking an already small,trained labor force.

The government controls manycommodities (including wheat andrice) through price controls, importrestrictions, and maintenance ofseveral parastatal enterprises.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Because Gabon's economy sostrongly centers on petroleumproduction. the best businessprospects relate to this industry.Mining and telecommunicationsare also growth sectors.

U.S. consumer goods are wellregarded. This, coupled with thefact that Gabon now imports 90%of its foodstuffs. may providefuture markets for U.S. goods.Another potential market sector isthe timber industry, which is

86

growing again after several yearsof low productivity.

The government activelyencourages foreign investment.Even though there are somepreferential policies favoringGabon nationals, many ofGabon's industries are controlledby foreign companies.

There is great potential in thetimber, fishing, and agriculturesectors, potential that is beingencouraged, in varying degrees,through investment incentives.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB); Communaute Economicdes Etats de l'Afrique Central(CEEAC); Economic Commissionfor Africa; the Franc Zone (FZ).Islamic Development Bank (IDB);Organization of African Unity(OAU); Central African Customsand Economic Union (UDEAC)

International Organizations!Trade Associations

African, Caribbean and Pacific(ACP); Food and AgricultureOrganization (FAO); GeneralAgreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT); International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD); InternationalDevelopment Association (IDA);International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD); InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF); Non­Aligned Movement (NAM);Organization of PetroleumExporting Countries (OPEC);United Nations (UN); UNConference on Trade andDevelopment (UNCTAD); UNIndustrial DevelopmentOrganization (UNIDO); WorldIntellectual Property Organization(WIPO); World MeteorologicalOrganization (WMO); World TradeOrganization (WTO)

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Gabon is241.)

Gabon:

Banque des Etats de l'AfriqueCentrale (BEAC), BP 112,Libreville. Tel: 76-13-52; FAX:74-45-63

Centre Gabonaise de CommerceExterieur, BP 3906, Libreville.Tel: 74-69-76 or 74-69-74

Chambre Commerce du Gabon,PO Box 527, Port Gentil

Chambre de Commerce,d'Agriculture, d'industrie, et desMines du Gabon, BP 2234,Libreville. Tel: 72-20-64; FAX:74-64-77

Commerce et Developpement, BP2142, Libreville. Tel: 76-06-73;Telex: 5214 [State-ownedimporter and distributor of foodproducts and capital goods]

Directeur General des DouanesIndirects, Ministre des Finances,du Budget et des Participations.BP 40, Libreville. Tel: 76-16-20;FAX: 76-16-20

Direction de la Statistique et desEtudes Economiques, BP 2081,Libreville [Publishes variousstatistical reports]

Institute for Research inAgronomy and Forestry (IRAF),BP 2246, Libreville. Tel: 73-25­32

Ministry of Agriculture, Livestockand Rural Development, BP 551,Libreville. Tel: 76-29-43; Telex:5587

Ministry of Commerce, Industry,and Scientific Research, BP 3906,Libreville. Tel: 76-30-55; Telex:5347

Ministry of Finance, Budget andParticipations, BP 165, Libreville.Tel: 72-12-10; FAX: 76-59-74

Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Cooperation, and FrancophoneAffairs, BP 2245, Libreville. Tel:76-22-70; Telex: 5255

Ministry of Planning, the Economyand Territorial Administration,Libreville. Tel: 72-14-32; FAX:74-88-17

Societe de Developpement del'Agriculture au Gabon (AGRO­GABON), BP 2248, Libreville.Tel: 76-40-82; FAX: 76-44-72

Sonapresse, BP 213, Libreville[Publishes the Annuaire Nationalde la RepubliqueGabonaise/National Year Book]

Syndicat des Importateurs Expor­tateurs du Gabon (SIMPEX), BP1743, Libreville

Technical Center for TropicalForestry, Gabon Branch, BP 149,Libreville

u.S. Embassy, Boulevard de laMer, BP 4000, Libreville. Tel: 76­20-03; FAX: 74-55-07 [Includes aCommercial Section]

u.s.:

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Embassy of the Gabon Republic,2034 20th St., NW, Washington,DC 20009. Tel: 202-797-1000;FAX: 202-332-0668

Gabon, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. Of Commerce, Rm.3317, 14th and Constitution Ave.,NW, Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-4228

Permanent Mission of Gabon tothe United Nations, 18 East 41 stSt., Sixth Floor, New York, NY

87

10017. Tel: 212-686-9720; FAX:212-689-5759

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

Select Publications:

Akendengue, G. and A. M. Louis."Medicinal Plants Used by theMasango People in Gabon."Journal ofEthnopharmacology41, no. 3 (Feb. 1994): 193-200.NAL call no.: RS160.J6

Annuaire National de laRepublique Gabonaise.Libreville, Gabon: Sonapresse.[annual pUblication]

Brainerd, T.R. "West AfricanSeafood Trade: An EmpiricalAnalysis." FOSS Working Paper(International Center for MarineResource Development, Univ. ofRhode Island) no. 26 (1991). NALcall no.: SH328.F47 no. 26

Brunck, Francois, FrancoisGrison, and Henri-Felix Maitre.Gabon Wood. Nogent-sur Marne,France: Centre TechniqueForestier Tropical, Dep. duCIRAD, 1990. NAL call no.:SD397.A82B78

Bulletin Mensuel de Statistique.Libreville, Gabon: Direction de laStatistique et des EtudesEconomiques [monthlypublication]

Country Commercial Guide:Gabon. Washington, DC: U.S.Dept. of Commerce, InternationalTrade Administration, 1995[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank]

Country Profile. Gabon,Equatorial Guinea. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[annual publication] NAL call no.:HC975.A1C68

Country Report. Gabon,Equatorial Guinea. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit

[quarterly pUblication] NAL callno.: HC975.A1C69

France Afrique. [Leadingcompanies in French-speakingAfrica] Paris: IC Publications[annual publication]

Gabon - Forestry Industry Profile.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

"Gabon Provides Niche Market forValue-Added Foods." AgExporter(USDA, Foreign AgricultureService) 4, no. 12 (Dec. 1992):13. NAL call no.: aHD1401.A7

Hilling, David, Pierre Englebert,and Janet E. Lewis. In AfricanSouth of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa, 1994. NAL Callno.: DT30.A37 1994

Menue, C., J.M. Bessiere, C.E.Mve-Mba, and J.P. Affane­Nguema. "Aromatic Plants ofTropical Central Africa. VI. TheEssential Oil of Artabotryslastourvillensis Pel!. from Gabon."Journal of Essential Oil Research4, no. 3 (May/June 1992): 305­307. NAL call no.: SB298.J66

88

Economy:

Ghana's economy is dependent,to a large extent, on the revenuesgained from the export of gold,cocoa and cocoa products, timberand forest products. Agriculture,including forestry and fishing,contributed 50% of the GDP andemployed about 55% of thepopulation in 1993. The principalcash crop is cocoa, whichaccounted for 40% of exportearnings in 1992. Other cashcrops include: coffee, peanuts,bananas, oil palm, coconuts,limes, kola nuts, and shea nuts.Food crops include cassava,yams, cocoayams, corn, and rice.Ghana's export of raw timber isbeing replaced by the export offinished and partially finishedforestry products. Directly orindirectly, agriculture, includingforestry and fishing, supportsalmost 80% of the population.

Industry, including mining,manufacturing, construction andpower provided about 16% of theGDP in 1993. Ghana has largemineral deposits of gold, industrialdiamonds, bauxite, manganese.In 1994, Ghana's governmentdivested itself of 25% of itscontrolling interest in"the AshantiGoldfields Corporation. Thegovernment of Ghana has madeprogress on the privatization ofseveral pUblic corporations in thelast two years. Food processing,aluminum production, lightmanufacturing (mostly basicconsumer goods), and finishedand semi-finished wood productsare the major areas ofmanufacturing and industrialconcentration.

Ghana's economy remainsdependent on the revenuesgenerated by the export of cocoa,gold, and timber. Since 1983,Ghana has worked with the WorldBank and the InternationalMonetary Fund to restructure its

Ghana

economy. Ghana has madeprogress in relaxing governmenteconomic controls, privatizingstate corporations, and improvingthe investment climate. Ghanawill continue to need outsideassistance and investment todevelop its resources to theirfullest potential.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $1.227 billion(f.o.b. 1994). The main exportcommodities include: cocoabeans and products, gold, timber,tuna, bauxite, and aluminum.Principal markets for exports areGermany, the U.S., the UnitedKingdom, Japan, and theNetherlands.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $1.724 billion(c.Lf. 1994). Imports include:petroleum, machinery andtransport equipment, basicmanufactures, chemicals andrelated products, and foodstuffs.Principal sources of imports arethe United Kingdom, the U.S.,Germany, and Japan.

Economic Aid Assistance:

From the mid-1980's through theearly 1990's, Ghana has averagedabout $600 million a year in aidassistance. The World Bank, theInternational Monetary Fund,Germany, and, more recently, theUnited States, have been thesources of most of the aid anddevelopment assistance.

International Agreements:

Party to: Biodiversity,Endangered Species, Law of theSea, Environmental Modification,Ozone Layer Protection, NuclearTest Ban, Ship Pollution,Wetlands, Tropical Timber; signedinternational agreements, but not

89

ratified: Climate Change, MarineLife Conservation, Desertification.

Ghana has bilateral investmentagreements with the UnitedKingdom, Northern Ireland, theRepublic of China, Romania,Denmark, and Switzerland.

Port of Entry:

Ghana's chief ports of Tema andTakoradi, both with deep artificialharbors on the Gulf of Guinea,have undergone rehabilitation inrecent years. On Lake Volta, theworld's largest artificial lake,Ghana is developing new ports aspart of an inland waterwaynetwork.

U.S. Exports to Ghana:

U.S. exports to Ghana were worth$124.5 million in 1994. The majoragricultural exports include:wheat, rice, and cotton.

Ghanaian Exports to U.S.:

Ghana's exports to the U.S. wereworth $198.5 million in 1994.Exports to the U.S. include:cocoa, aluminum, and bauxite.

Trade Activities:

Transactions by the private sectorin foreign exchange may beapproved and completed withoutreference to Ghana's central bank(Bank of Ghana).

Ghana abolished all importlicensing requirements in 1989.

Customs authority is carried outby the Commissioner of CustomsExcise and Preventive Service(see contacts listing) in Accra:

• Customs duties are 15% onc.iJ. for basic raw materials,25% c.iJ. value on consumergoods, and 30% c.iJ. value onluxury goods.

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank .(AFDB), Economic Community ofWest African States (ECOWAS),English-Speakin~ AfricanRegional Industnal PropertyOrganization (ESA~IPO), .Organization of Afncan Unity(OAU); and adheres to the fourthLome Convention of the EC.

International OrganizationslTrade Associations

African Caribbean, and PacificCountri~s (ACP), EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),Food and AgricUlture Organization(FAO) , International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), World Bank, WorldCustoms Organization (WCO) ,World Intellectual Property

used clothing, construction.equipment, industrial chemIcals,light commercial trucks/vans,computers and peripherals,mining industry e~U1~ment, .cosmetics and tOlletnes, and aIrconditioning and refrigerationequipment.

For U.S. agricultural exporters thetop prospects are wheat, rice, .frozen beef/chicken/turkey, ediblefats and oils, cotton, andpackaged foods. In addition,agricultural tractors, fo~dprocessing and packagingequipment, animal feeds and pre­mixes, and forestry andwoodworking equipment havepotential markets in Ghana's agro­industrial sector.

Ghana has received PL 480(Food for Peace) rice imports fromthe U.S. Also, the U.S. Dept. ofAgriculture's Foreign AgriculturalService implemented a G~~-102

program in 1994 for $25 mIllion forthe purchase of rice, wheat, cornand vegetable oil for Ghana.Membership in:

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

The Overseas Private InvestmentCorp. (OPIC) is active in Ghana,providing insurance coverage forU.S. investors. Also, the U.S.Export-Import Bank provides gen­eral financing for short andmedium term credit arrangements.

Some of the leading tradeprospects forthe U.S. include:

In 1989, Ghana removed allimport licensing requireme.nts ..Ghana, however, does malntal.n aban on the import of the followingitems: beer and stout, cigarettes,cement pipes, roofing sheets, andasbestos. Many of the state­controlled import monopolieshave been abolished orprivatized. However, some state­controlled entities continue toimport some commodities, mostnotably wheat and cooking oil.

Ghana revised its investmentcode in 1994, in an effort toimprove the investment climateand to make Ghana morecompetitive as an investmentlocation. Among the taxincentives enacted were generous"tax holidays" for investors inagriculture and real estate.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Ghana Investment Center(see contacts listing) implementsprovisions of Ghana's investment(foreign) code ~nd approv~s allinvestment proJects. Foreigninvestment is actively encouragedby the Ghanaian government.Ghana also maintains a Tradeand Investment Center in NewYork City (see contacts listing).The Commercial Section of theU.S. Embassy in Accra can.provide advice and i~for~atlon oninvesting in and trading wIth

. Ghana.The following items req~lre

oermits prior to exportation from Tradellnvestment Barriers:Ghana: agricultural produce,game and wildlife, tin:ber .products, precious minerals, liveplants, and kente cloth.

• Countertrade is notencouraged by the Bank ofGhana. However, the Ghanagovernment has conductedcountertrade with EastEuropean countries and Cubain the past.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS).

• Agricultural equipment andmachinery are imported duty­free.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Ghana requires sa~itary or.healthcertificates for the Importation ofplants live animals, meat, poultry(including eggs), liquor, and usedclothing.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Se~i~e: Export .Coordination DIVIsion; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices' or Animal and PlantHealth In'spection Service

............. (APHI$}..

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

A free zone has been opened inTema, Ghana's main deep waterport. Investors in the fr~e zonereceive several tax and Importduty concessions. In addition,many of the commercial banks ofGhana own bonded warehouses.

90

Organization (WIPO), WorldTrade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Ghana is233.)

Ghana:

Agricultural Development Bank,Cedi House, Liberia Rd., PO Box4191, Accra, Ghana. Tel: 21­662950/662972; FAX: 21-229620

Agricultural Research Station,University of Ghana, PO Box 43,Kade, Accra. Tel: 21-74660;FAX: 21-2556

Animal Research Inst., PO Box20, Achimota, Ghana. Tel:777631

Assn. of Ghana Industries, TradeFair Center, PO Box 8624, Accra­North, Ghana. Tel: 21-777283/75311; FAX: 21-773143

Bank of Ghana, High St., PO Box2674, Accra, Ghana. Tel: 21­666902/666921; FAX: 21-662996

Center for Development Studies,PO Box 01, University of CapeCoast, Cape Coast, Ghana. Tel:2982

Cocoa Research Inst. of Ghana,Private Mail Bag, InternationalAirport, Accra, Ghana. Tel: 22213097; FAX: 2221 3527

Commissioner of Customs,Excise and Preventive Service,PO Box 68, Accra, Ghana. Tel:21-666941/662123; FAX: 21­666845; Telex: (094) 2001

Council for Scientific andIndustrial Research, PO Box M32, Accra, Ghana. Tel: 21­77651; FAX: 21-777655

Crops Research Inst., PO Box3785, Kumasi, Ghana. Tel: 51-6221- - - - .

Food Production Corp., PO Box1853, Accra, Ghana

Food Research Inst., PO Box M20, Accra, Ghana. Tel: 21­777330

Forestry Research Inst. of Ghana,PO Box 63 UST, Kumasi, Ghana.Tel: 51-3510; FAX: 51-3510

Ghana Assn. of Women Entrepre­neurs, PO Box 760, Accra,Ghana. Tel: 21-222459; FAX:21-228398

Ghana Cocoa Marketing Board,Cocoa House, Liberty Ave., POBox 933, Accra, Ghana [Controlsexport of cocoa, coffee, sheanuts]

Ghana Export Promotion Council,Republic House, Tudu Rd., POBox M146, Accra, Ghana. Tel:21-228813/228620; FAX: 21­668263; Telex: 2289 EXPORTGH

Ghana Food Distribution Corp.,PO Box 4245, Accra, Ghana. Tel:21-228428

Ghana International Trade FairAuthority, PO Box 111, Trade FairCenter, Accra, Ghana. Tel: 21­775311/776611; FAX: 21-772012[5th Ghana International TradeFair scheduled for March 1-11,1996]

Ghana Investment PromotionCentre, Central Ministerial Area,PO Box M193, Accra, Ghana.Tel: 21-665125; FAX: 21­663801; Telex: 2229 INVEST GH[Registers investment projects]

Ghana Manufacturers Assn., POBox 8624, Accra-North, Ghana

Ghana National Chamber ofCommerce, 65 Kojo Thompson,PO Box 2325, Accra, Ghana. Tel:21-662427; FAX: 21-662210;Telex: 2687 GNCC GH

Ghana National Trading Corp.,PO Box 67, Accra, Ghana. Tel:21-664871

91

Ghana Standards Board, PO BoxM245, Accra, Ghana. Tel: 21­776231/662606; FAX: 21-776092[Issues standards for food anddrugs]

Ghana Supply Commission, POBox M35, Accra, Ghana [Officialpurchasing agency for thegovernment of Ghana]

Grain and Legumes DevelopmentBoard, PO Box 4000, Kumasi,Ghana. Tel: 51-4231

Ghana Supply Commission, POBox M35, Accra, Ghana

Ministry of Finance and EconomicPlanning, PO Box M40, Accra,Ghana. Tel: 21-665421; Telex:2132

Ministry of Trade and Industry,Ministries St., PO Box M47,Accra, Ghana. Tel: 21-663327/665421; FAX: 21-668263; Telex:2105 MINTRTADE GH

National Investment Bank, POBox 3726, Accra, Ghana

Oil Palm Research Inst., PO Box74,Kade, Ghana

State Fishing Corp., PO Box 211,Tema, Ghana. Tel: 221-6177;FAX: 221-2336177

Technoserve, PO Box 135, 3rdAdiembra Rd., East Cantonment,Accra, Ghana. Tel: 21-772789/773873; FAX: 21-772789[Promotes rural developmentprograms in Ghana]

Timber Export DevelopmentBoard, PO Box 515, Takoradi,Ghana. Tel: 31-29216

United Nations Information Centre- Ghana, PO Box 2339, Accra,Ghana. Tel: 21-666851/665511;FAX: 21-665578

U.S. Embassy, CommercialSection, Ring Road East, PO Box194, Accra. Tel: 21-7753481775349; FAX: 21-776008; Telex:2579 EMBUSA GH

u.s.:

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Embassy of the Republic ofGhana, 3512 International Dr.,NW, Washington, DC 20008.Tel: 202-686-4520/4500; FAX:202-686-4527

Ghana, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room2037, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-5149

Ghana Trade and InvestmentOffice, 19 East 47th St., NewYork, NY 10022. Tel: 212-832­1300; FAX: 212-751-6743

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Abbiw, Daniel K. Useful Plants ofGhana: West African Uses ofWild and Cultivated Plants. Kew,England: IntermediateTechnology Publications Ltd.,Royal Botanic Gardens, 1990.NAL call no.: QK98.4.G5A2

Abbiw, I.K.O. "Cocoa Processingin Ghana--Using AdvancedTechnologies." In AgriculturalTechnologies for Market-LedDevelopment Opportunities in the1990s. Washington, DC: WorldBank, 1993, p.H1~117.[WorldBank Technical Paper No. 204]

Addey, P. "Growing the Food ofthe Gods: Ghana's Success inMushroom Cultivation."Cooperation·South (UNOFf 3(1992): 6-8

Adu-Febiri, F. "Developing aViable Tourist Industry in Ghana:Problems, Prospects andPropositions." Tourism &Recreation Research 19, no. 1(1994): 5-11

Alderman, Harold. "Food Securityand Grain Trade in Ghana."Working Paper (Cornell Food andNutrition Policy Program) no. 28,[1992]. NAL call no.:HD9018.D44W675 nO.28

Alderman, Harold. "Prices andMarkets in Ghana." WorkingPaper (Cornell Food and NutritionPolicy Program) no. 10, [1991].NAL call no.: HD9018.D44W675nO.10

Alpine, Robin W.L. and JamesPickett. Agriculture, Liberalisationand Economic Growth in Ghanaand Cote d'lvoire. Washington,DC: OECD Publications andInformation Centre, 1993. NALcall no.: HD2146.Z8A481993

Annan, K.M. and J.K. Tsagli."Carapa Procera Oil As PotentialDiesel and Kerosene Substitute inGhana." In Proceedings of theAnnual Conference of theAmerican Solar Energy Society.Boulder, CO: American SolarEnergy Society, 1992, p. 292-295.NAL call no.: TJ81 0.A54

Asuming-Brempong, S. "Yam forForeign Exchange: Potentialsand Prospects for Ghana." ActaHorticulturae 380 (Nov 1994):382-386. NAL call no.: 80 Ac82

Bannerman, Reginald. "GhanaEnacts Investment Law Reform."International Financial LawReview 14, no. 3 (Mar 1995): 23­24 [Discusses the GhanaInvestment Promotion Centre Actof 1994]

Bentsi-Enchill, Kojo. "Ghana."International Financial LawReview Banking Yearbook 1994(JUly 1994): 57-58

Boateng, EkT.C. McCaskie,and Richard Synge. "Ghana." In

92

Africa South of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa PublicationsLtd., 1994, p. 429-453 [annualpUblication] NAL call no.:DT30.A37

Boye, G.L. and O. Ampofo. "TheRole of Plants and TraditionalMedicine in Primary Health Carein Ghana." In Economic andMedicinal Plant Research, v. 4.Orlando, FL: Academic Press,1985, p. 27-37. NAL call no.:RS164.E28

Bumb, Balu. "Ghana PolicyEnvironment and Fertilizer SectorDevelopment." Technical Bulletin(International FertilizerDevelopment Center) no. T-41 ,[1994]. NAL call no.:HD9483.G452G48

Cellich, Claude and Kwesi Ahwoi."The Ghana Export School:Success With MinimumInvestment." International TradeForum Jan/Mar (1992): 20-29.NAL call no.: 286.8 In84

Chhibber, A. and C. Leechor."Ghana: 2000 and Beyond."Finance and Development 30, no.3 (1993): 27-30. NAL call no.:284.9 In84Fu

Clark, G. "Food Traders andFood Security in Ghana." Food &Nutrition in History &Anthropology 9 (1991): 227-256.NAL call no.: TX341.F623

Country Commercial Guide:Ghana. Washington, DC: U.S.Dept. of Commerce, InternationalTrade Administration, 1994[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank]

Country Profile. Ghana, 1994-95.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit, 1995 [annualpublication] NAL Call no.:HC1060.A1C68

Country Report. Ghana. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit[quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC1060.A1C681

Dei, G.J.S. "The Dietary Habits ofa Ghanaian Farming Community."Ecology of Food and Nutrition 25,no. 1 (1991): 29-49. NAL callno.: TX341.E3

Dei, G.J.S. "IndigenousKnowledge and EconomicProduction: The Food CropCultivation, Preservation andStorage Methods of a WestAfrican Community." Ecology ofFood and Nutrition 24, no. 1(1990): 1-20. NAL call no.:TX341.E2

Economic Policy and TradePractices: Ghana. [Washington,DC]: U.S. Dept. of State, 1994[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank]

Edusah, S. and M. Tribe. "RuralSmall-Scale Industries in Ghana'sEconomic Development: AnAgenda for Research."Discussion Papers (New Series,Development and ProjectPlanning Centre, University ofBradford) 26 (1992): 1-30

Essuman, K.M. "Local Packagingof Food in Ghana." Food andNutrition Bulletin 12, no. 1 (Mar1990): 64-68. NAL call no.:TX341.F622

Falconer, J. Non-timber ForestProducts in Southern Ghana. ASummary Report. London:Overseas DevelopmentAdministration, 1992 [ODAForestry Series No.2] .

Gabianu, A.S. "The Susu CreditSystem: An Ingenious Way ofFinancing Business Outside theFormal Banking System. In TheLong Term Perspective Study ofSub-Saharan Africa, vol. 2.Washington, DC: World Bank,1990, p. 122-128. NAL call no.:HC800.L65 1990

Gbedi, F. "Green Light forGhana's Pineapples." AfricanFarming and Food Processing(May/June 1991): 17. NAL callno.: S347.W4

"General Labeling Rules ­Ghana." International Digest ofHealth Legislation 44, no. 3(1993): 472 [General labellingrules set by the Ghana StandardsBoard for foods, drugs and othergoods]

Ghana--New Investment Law-­IM1941201. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, Market ResearchReports, 1994 [Available throughthe National Trade Data Bank]

Hine, J.L. "Transport andMarketing Priorities to ImproveFood Security in Ghana and theRest of Africa." In Regional FoodSecurity and Rural Infrastructure(vol.1): International SymposiumGiessenlRauischholzhausen May3-6, 1993. Hamburg: LIT Verlag,1993, p. 251-266. NAL call no.:HD1417.R4271993

House, Maurice W. Ghana;Ghana Agricultural Situation;Annual Report (GH9424A).Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofAgriculture, Foreign AgriculturalService, [Agricultural AttacheReport], 1994 [Available throughthe National Trade Data Bank]

Manu, FA "The State andMarketing in African Countries: ACase Study of Ghana." Journal ofInternational Food &AgribusinessMarketing 4, no. 2 (1992): 67-82.NAL call no.: HD9001.1 J6

Mensah, E.M. "Fish Handling andPreservation in Ghana: PresentSituation and Future Perspective."FAO Fisheries Report 467supplement (1993): 223-227

Mensah, E.O. and S. Sefa-Dedeh."Traditional Food-ProcessingTechnology and High-ProteinFood Production." Food andNutrition Bulletin 13, no. 1 (1991):43-49. NAL call no.:TX341.F622

Onayemi, O. Present Situationand Development of the AnimalFeed Industry in Ghana:Information Paper. [Vienna,

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Austria: United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization], 1993.[UNIDO-IDIWG no. 532/4]

Review of the Ghana AgriculturalResearch System: Joint Reviewby National Team Selected by theCouncil for Scientific andIndustrial Research [Ghana] andInternational Service for NationalAgricultural Research. TheHague: International Service forNational Agricultural Research,[1991]. [ISNAR report no. 52]NAL call no.: S539.5.122 nO.52

Stryker, J.D. et al. Trade,Exchange Rate, and AgriculturalPricing Policies in Ghana.[Washington, DC]: World Bank,1990 [World Bank ComparativeStudies]

Trade Policy Review. Ghana.Geneva, Switzerland: GATT,1994. NAL call no.:HF1616.8.T73

Wagner, M.R. and J.R. Cobbinah."Deforestation and Sustainabilityin Ghana: The Role of TropicalForests." Journal of Forestry 91,no. 6 (1993): 35-39. NAL call no.:99.8 F768

Wekiya, I. "Shea ButterExtraction in Ghana." AhfadJournal (Sudan) 9, no. 1 (1992):17-27

Economy:

With about two-thirds of itsestimated 7.3 million peopledependent on agriculture,including forestry and fisheries,Guinea has targeted theeconomic development of therural sector as a priority. In thiscountry, where French is theofficial language, about 25% ofthe GOP is contributed byagriculture. The main cash cropsinclude coffee, cocoa, cotton,pineapples, and mangoes.Agricultural commodities accountfor about 15% of Guinea's exportrevenues. Food and subsistentcrops include rice, cassava, sweetpotatoes, bananas, and palmkernels. Guinea is not self­sufficient in food grains.

Products of mining have been themain source of export revenuesfor Guinea. Up to 80-85% ofexport revenues in recent yearshas been derived from the exportof bauxite, alumina, diamonds,and gold. Bauxite production is,far and away, the major source ofexport revenue. Guinea has one­third of the world's known bauxitereserves. Other natural resourcesinclude uranium, iron ore,hydropower, and fish.

The fisheries sector has receivedthe most attention in recent yearsand has been growing at anannual rate of 15%. Severalcommercial fishing ventures,including shrimp farming, havebeen established. Guinea'sgovernment has assisted in theestablishment of several small­scale commercial fishingventures.

Guinea is in the midst of atransition to a market-basedeconomy. With its extensivemineral resources, richagricultural land, extensive waterresources, and largely untapped

Guinea

fisheries sector, Guinea hasconsiderable economic potential.Guinea will continue to needoutside assistance andinvestment to fully develop andutilize its rich natural resources.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $607 million(f.o.b. 1993). The main exportcommodities include: bauxite,alumina, diamonds, gold, coffee,pineapples, bananas, and palmkernels. Principal countries forexports in 1993 were the U.S.,Belgium-Luxembourg, Spain,Ireland, Singapore, and France.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $873.5million (c.Lf. 1993). Importsinclude: petroleum products,metals, machinery, transportequipment, foodstuffs, andtextiles. Principal sources forimports in 1993 were France, Coted'ivoire, Spain, Belgium­Luxembourg, China, andGermany.

Economic Aid Assistance:

The World Bank, France, theEuropean Union, the AfricanDevelopment Bank, Japan, theU.S. and Germany are the mainsources for development andeconomic aid assistance. From1989 through 1993, Guineaaveraged $380 million indevelopment assistance annually.

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Biodiversity, Climate Change, Lawof the Sea, Ozone LayerProtection, and Wetlands; Signedinternational agreement, but notratified: Desertification.

Guinea has bilateral investmentprotection agreements with

94

Germany, Switzerland, Italy, andBelgium. Great Britain andTunisia are negotiatinginvestment protection treaties withGuinea. The U.S. and Guineahave an agreement on privateinvestment guarantees throughthe Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC) dated fromMay 9,1992.

Port of Entry:

Guinea's chief ports are Conakryand Kamsar. The port at Conakryhas been extended andmodernized and is slated to havea deep-water port constructed.Kamsar is a deep-water port usedfor the export of bauxite.

U.S. Exports to Guinea:

U.S. exports to Guinea were worth$50 million in 1994. The majoragricultural/food exports include:rice, prepared sauces,condiments and seasonings, flour,fresh and frozen meat and poultry,and dairy products.

Guinean Exports to U.S.:

Guinea's exports to the U.S. wereworth $92.1 million in 1994.Major export products to the U.S.mostly were bauxite and alumina.

Trade Activities:

The Central Bank of Guinea hasdelegated some of its foreignexchange authority to authorizedcommercial banks. Someprivately-owned foreign exchangebureaus have been in operation,with limitations on amountsexchanged, since 1992.

Import licenses are required onlyfor the importation of "restrictedgoods". Cement, wheat flour, rice,and other agriculturalcommodities are in the "restrictedgoods" category. The Central

Bank of Guinea authorizes theimport of these goods.

All exports to Guinea worth morethan $5,000 are sUbject to pre­shipment inspection prior todeparture from U.S. ports by theinspection firm Bureau Veritas(see contacts listing).

For investors in Guinea,agricultural products and locally­produced industrial products areexempt from Ghana's fiscal exportduties.

Customs authority is carried outby the Directeur National desDouanes-,-Direction Nationale desDouanes (see contacts listing) inConakry.

• Most customs duties are advalorem.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community of WestAfrica States (ECOWAS). Inaddition, the Mano River Unionagreement between Guinea,Liberia, and Sierra Leone hasliberalized trade between themember countries.

• Countertrade or barter are,technically, no longer permittedby the government of Guinea.Private importers may stillrequest barter arrangements.

Licensing and franchising are notwidely used in Guinea. As Guin­ea's economy develops, thesepractices could become morefrequent.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Ghana has special requirementsfor the importation of live animals,skins, live plants, and plantproducts. Sanitary certificates arerequired for skins, live animals,and some other products.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety and

Inspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZone/Export ProcessingZone:

There are no free trade zones orexport processing zones inGuinea.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Organization for thePromotion of Private Investment(OPIP) (see contacts listing) andthe Economic/CommercialSection of the U.S. Embassy inConakry can provide investmentassistance. In addition,commercial banks in Guinea canprovide general commercialinformation to potential investors.OPIP and the Chamber ofCommerce in Conakry can alsoprovide support for marketresearch projects.

Tradellnvestment Barriers:

All potential investors, exporters,and importers, need Frenchlanguage capabilities. English isnot widely used or spoken.French commercial interestsdominate Guinea's import market.The United States and Guinea donot have a free trade agreementor a tax treaty.

Guinea lacks a well-trained cadreof managerial and technicalpersonnel. In addition, the lack ofan adequate infrastructure andthe lack of a transparent legalsystem, can be obstacles insetting up investments orestablishing import/exportarrangements.

Imports from Guinea into the U.S.do enjoy Most Favored Nation(MFN) status. Guinea also enjoys

95

duty-free entry into the U.S. onabout 4,400 manufactured andsemi-manufactured items underthe U.S. Generalized System ofPreferences (GSP).

Best U.S. Export/Invest­ment Prospects:

Guinea and the U.S. have anagreement of private investmentguarantees. Private U.S.investors in Guinea are eligible forthe Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation's (OPIC) insuranceprograms.

Guinea's 1987 Investment Codeidentified high priority sectors andindustries. High priorityagricultural sectors include:agronomy and pastoral research,farm produce (especially foodcrops), cash crops--includingvalue-added processing, animalbreeding, fishing--includingpreservation and processing .facilities, and fertilizer production.Investments in these areas enjoytax and customs advantages.

According to the U.S. Departmentof Commerce, the best exportprospects for the next few yearsinclude machinery andintermediate goods, spare parts,and processed consumables.

U.S. food products, includingmilled rice, pickled fruits andvegetables, sauces andcondiments, soft drinks, and beer,have recently been introduced tothe local market.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), Economic Community ofWest African States (ECOWAS),Mano River Union, theOrganization of African Unity(OAU), West African EconomicCommunity (CEAO) (observer);adheres to the fourth LomeConvention of the EU.

Bureau Veritas, 7855 Northwest12th St., Stet 218, Miami, FL33126. Tel: 305-593-7878/525­4114 [Firm contracted by Guineato inspect goods exported toGuinea from the U.S]

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave., NW, Stet 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

West African Consultants, BP2419, Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44­29-79 [Market research firm]

U.S.:

Port Autonome de Conakry, BP805, Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44­27-37/44-27-28; Telex: 22276[Port authority for Conakry]

Societe Libyo-Guineenne pour IeDeveloppement Agricole et Agro­Industrielle (SALGUIDIA), BP 622,Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44-31-34;FAX: 41-13-09; Telex: 22117[Commercial fruit growing,canning, and marketing]

U.S. Embassy, 2nd Blvd. and 9thAve., BP 603, Conakry, Guinea.Tel: 44-15-20 through 44-15-23;FAX: 44-15-22

Embassy of the Republic ofGuinea to the U.S., 2112 LeRoyPlace, NW, Washington, DC20008. Tel: 202-483-9420; FAX:202-483-8688

aquaculture, fisheries, and fishprocessing in Guinea]

Organisation Pour la Promotiondes Investissements Privees(OPIP), c/o Ministry of Industryand Commerce, BP 108 bis,Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44-49-21;Telex: 22371 MINDUS GE[Source of commercial andinvestment information]

Patronat Guineen, c/o Hann andCIE, BP 431, Conakry, Guinea.Tel: 44-36-56/44-48-39 [Tradeassociation]

Ministry of Fisheries andAquaculture, BP 576, Conakry,Guinea. Tel: 44-18-71/44-11-81;Telex: 22101 Cabine Publique

Ministry of Planning andInternational Cooperation, BP579, Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44­26-07; FAX: 44-21-48; Telex:22101 Cabine Publique

Office de Developpement de laPeche Artisanale et del'Aquaculture de Guinee(ODEPAG), 6 Ave. de laRepublique, BP 1581, Conakry,Guinea. Tel: 44-19-48; Telex:22315 [Development of

Ministry of Finance, BP 579,Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44-26-07;Telex: 22371 MIFI-GE

Enterprise Nationale Import­Export (IMPORTEX), m:rt52,Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44-28-13[Government controlled andowned import/export agency]

Management Consultants, BP3331, Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44­30-69/44-30-68 [Market researchfirm]

Chambre Economique de Guinee,PO Box 609, Conakry, Guinea.

Directeur National de Douanes,Direction Nationale des Douanes,Ministere des Finances, Conakry,Guinea. Tel: 44-21-60; FAX: 44­21-60 [Customs authority]

Direction National de Commerce,BP 13, Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44­37-37; Telex: 22349 GC

545, Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44­44-95/44-18-37; Telex: 22102

Chambre de Commerce,d'industrie et de l'Agriculture, BP

Banque Mondiale (World Bank),Mission Residente, BP 1420,Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44-50-61;FAX: 44-26-74 [Source forcommercial information]

Centre Nationale de Promotion deInvestissements Publics (CNPIP),BP 1518, Conakry, Guinea. Tel:44-37-65

Banque Internationale pour IeCommerce et l'lndustrie enGuinee (BICIGUI), Ave. de laRepublique, BP 1484, Conakry,Guinea. Tel: 44-32-50/44-37-35;FAX: 44-39-62; Telex: 22175 &23215 GE

Banque Internationale pourl'Afrique en Guinee (BIAG), BP1419, Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44­42-65/44-44-42; FAX: 44-22-97;Telex: AFRBK 22180 GE &23202 GE

Banque Centrale de laRepublique de Guinee (BCRG),12 Blvd.du Commerce: BP 692, ··-Ministry of Agricuiture and Animal·Conakry, Guinea. Tel: 44-26- Resources, BP 576, Conakry,51/44-39-63; FAX: 44-48-98; Guinea. Tel: 44-18-71/44-11-81;Telex: 22225 BAREG-GE Telex: 22101 Cabine Publique

Ministry of Commerce andIndustry, BP 13, Conakry, Guinea.Tel: 44-49-22/44-49-20; Telex:22371

Guinea:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Guinea is224.)

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO), International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO), and WorldTrade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

International OrganizationslTrade Associations

96

Guinea, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room2037, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4388

Office of the Permanent Missionof Guinea (U.N.), 140 E. 39th St.,New York, NY 10016. Tel: 212­687-8115/6

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Church, R.J.H., Pierre Englebert,and Edith Hodgkinson. "Guinea."In Africa South of the Sahara1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 454­470 [annual publication] NAL callno.: DT30.A37

Country Commercial Guide:Guinea. Washington, DC: U.S.Dept. of Commerce, InternationalTrade Administration, 1994[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank]

Country Profile. Guinea, SierraLeone, Liberia, 1995-96. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit,1995 [annual publication] NALCall #: HC1030.A1Q84

Country Report. Guinea, SierraLeone, Liberia. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC1030.A1Q841

Guinea--Investment Climate-­IM1950406. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of Commerce,Intorn",tinn",' Tr",rl<:>111I."".IIYU"".,f;41 I I Q\.,n;,

Administration, Market ResearchReports, 1995 [Available throughthe National Trade Data Bank]

Michelini, Philip W. Guinea­Marketing in Guinea -/M/950809.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

97

Economy:

In this country, where English andSwahili are the official languages,agriculture is the most importantsector of the economy. Kenya's29 million people derive 28% oftheir GDP and 60% of their exportrevenues from agriculture. Themajor cash crops of Kenya arecoffee and tea, with horticulturalcrops becoming increasinglyimportant. Almost three-fourths ofKenya's population derive theirlivelihood from agriculture. Thefastest growing sector of Kenya'seconomy is horticulturalproduction for export. Theproduction of flowers and freshfruits and vegetables, mainly forexport to the European market,should continue to expand. Foodproducts include corn (a staplefood), wheat, sugarcane, dairyproducts, beef, pork, poultry, andeggs.

Kenya's industrial sector includessmall-scale consumer goods(plastic, furniture, batteries,textiles, soap, cigarettes, flour),processing of agriculturalprOducts, oil refining, and cementproduction. Natural resources ofKenya include gold, limestone,soda ash, rubies, salt barytes,fluorspar, garnets, and wildlife.

Kenya's main growth sectorsinclude agriculture, tourism, powergeneration, and manufacturing.Agriculture will continue to be themainstay of the economy. Withstrong linkages to themanufacturing sector, Kenya'sagricultural output will continue toneed upgraded processingequipment, storage facilities, andtransport infrastructure.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $1.26 billion(f.o.b. 1993). ---Export commoditiesinclude: coffee, tea, fresh fruit

Kenya

and vegetables, pyrethrum, andcut flowers. Principal exportmarkets are: European Unioncountries, Africa, Asia, the UnitedStates, and the Middle East.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $1.74 billion(c.Lf.1993). Import commoditiesinclude: machinery andtransportation equipment,petroleum and petroleumprOducts, raw materials, food, andconsumer goods. Principalsources of imports: EuropeanUnion countries, Asia, the MiddleEast, and the United States.

Economic Aid Assistance:

Kenya has received substantialamounts of development aid.Over the past several years theInternational DevelopmentAssociation of the World Bankhas committed $500 million forinfrastructure projects in Kenya.The International Monetary Fundcontinues to assist Kenya in theliberalization of its economy. For1994, $850 million in economicand development aid was pledgedby multilateral and bilateral donorsfor Kenya.

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Law of the Sea, Ozone LayerProtection, Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Marine Dumping, MarineLife Conservation, Nuclear TestBan, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,Whaling; signed internationalagreement, but not ratified:Desertification

Kenya has bilateral investmentagreements with the U.S.(Overseas Private InvestmentCorp. and the Eximbank) and TheNetherlands.

98

Port of Entry:

Mombasa, located on the IndianOcean on the southeast coast, isKenya's main port and only harborcapable of handling internationalshipping (including bulk carriers,tankers, and container ships).The landlocked countries ofUganda, Rwanda, Burundi, andZambia are also served by theport at Mombasa. Mombasa isalso one of the sites of agovernment-owned exportprocessing zone.

u.s. Exports to Kenya:

U.S. exports to Kenya were worth$169.5 million (f.a.s. value) in1994. Exports include: foodprocessing equipment, aircraftparts, telecommunicationsequipment, wheat, and corn.

Kenyan Exports to the U.S.:

Kenyan exports to the U.S. wereworth $108.7 million (customsvalue) in 1994. Exports include:coffee, pyrethrum, and tea.

Trade Activities:

In 1994, the government of Kenyadismantled most foreignexchange controls and the CentralBank of Kenya helped establishforeign exchange bureaus. ByJuly 1995, five foreign exchangebureaus were licensed andoperational.

Authorized commercial banks canapprove the release of foreignexchange to importers.

Except for a short negative list (forsanitary, health, security reasons)of prOducts, import licensingrequirements were eliminated in1993.

Customs authority is carried outby the Commissioner of Customs

and Excise, Ministry of Finance(see contacts listing) in Nairobi.

• Most customs duties are advalorem.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from thefellow member-states of theCommon Market for Easternand Southern Africa(COMESA).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Kenya has specific rules andregulations governing the importof livestock animals, plants,seeds, fresh fruit, meat andpoultry, and used clothing.Various certificates or permits areneeded to import these items intoKenya.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

Kenya has developed five exportprocessing zones. The fivelocations are Mombasa, Athi,Della Rue, Nakuru, and Nairobi.Companies setting up operationsin the export processing zonesreceive significant tax and foreignexchange advantages. (See theExport Processing ZonesAuthority in the contacts listing.)

Investment Assistance:

In addition to the Economic/Commercial Section of the U.S.Embassy in Nairobi, prospectiveU.S. investors should contact theInvestment Promotion Centre of

the Kenyan Ministry of Finance(see contacts listing).

Trade Barriers:

By April 1994, Kenya hadremoved nearly all administrativecontrols on producer and retailprices, imports, foreign exchangeand grain marketing. However, inAugust 1994 and again in April1995, the Kenyan government "re­introduced" bans on agriculturalimports, specifically on maize,wheat, sugar, and milk. The banswere rescinded shortly after theirintroduction.

Some trade barriers on certainproducts are maintained throughvalue-added taxes (introduced in1991) and high import duties.Processed agricultural products isone of the categories of importsthat has high tariff rates.

Best U.S. Export/Invest­ment Prospects:

Kenya's agricultural sector offersgood opportunities for U.S.suppliers. Best prospects include:fertilizers, agricultural pesticidesand insecticides, low-techmachinery, and managementservices. Kenya does not havesignificant local production ofagricultural chemicals. There areopportunities for suppliers ofdiammonium phosphate,phosphorus, and potassiumfertilizers in Kenya.

The U.S. Eximbank financedabout $60 million worth of sugarprocessing equipment in 1991 forKenya and is open for furthersales of food processing andpackaging equipment andmachinery. The most promisingsubsectors are vegetable oil millmachinery and bakery productionequipment.

With no significant localproduction of agriculturalequipment and machinery,opportunities exist for suppliers ofagricultural tractors and seeding

99

and fertilizing machines andequipment.

Other U.S. export and investmentprospects include: geothermalenergy development,telecommunications equipmentand project management,commercial aircraft, and textileequipment and machinery forKenya's export processing zones.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), Common Market forEastern and Southern Africa(COMESA), East AfricanDevelopment Bank (EADB),Organization of African Unity(OAU), adheres to the fourthLome Convention of the EU.

International Organizations!Trade Associations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), theCommonwealth, EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) , International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), World Bank, WorldCustoms Organization (WCO),World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO), WorldTrade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Kenya is254.)

Kenya:

African Centre for TechnologyStudies, PO Box 45917, TheCrescent Rd., Nairobi, Kenya.Tel: 2-744047/741651; FAX: 2­743995

African Network of Scientific andTechnological Institutions,UNESCO-ROSTA, PO Box30592, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2­520600; FAX: 2-521045

African Regional AgriculturalCredit Assn., PO Box 41378,Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2-22330;FAX: 2-227789

Agency for Cooperation andResearch in Development(Kenya), PO Box 34459, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-340819

Agricultural Development Corp.,PO Box47101, Nairobi, Kenya.Tel: 2-338530; FAX: 2-336524

Agricultural Finance Corp., POBox 30367, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel:2-333733; Telex: 22649

Agricultural Society of Kenya, POBox 21340, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel:2-569107; FAX: 2-565882

Assn. of Consulting Engineers ofKenya, The Professional Centre,St. John's Gate, Parliament Rd.,PO Box 72643, Nairobi, Kenya.Tel: 2-336146; FAX: 2-335438

Barclays Bank of Kenya Ltd.,Bank House, Moi Ave., Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-332239; FAX: 2­213915

Central Bank of Kenya, HaileSelassie Ave., PO Box 60000,Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2-226431;FAX: 2-340192

Citibank N.A., Fedha Towers,Muindi Mbingi St., PO Box 30711,Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2-333524;FAX: 2-337340

Coffee Board of Kenya, PO Box30566, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2­332896; FAX: 2-330546

Commissioner of Customs andExcise, Ministry of Finance, POBox 30007, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel:2-715540; FAX: 2-718417

Cooperative Bank of Kenya Ltd.,Cooperative House, HaileSelassie Ave., PO Box 48231,

Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2-287112;FAX: 2-336073

East Africa Tea Trade Assn., RexHouse, Moi Ave., PO Box 85174,Mombasa, Kenya. Tel: 11­315687; FAX: 2-225823

East African Development Bank,Bruce House, Standards St., POBox 47685, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel.:2-340642; FAX: 2-21665

Export Processing ZonesAuthority, British-American CenterBldg., PO Box 50563, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-712800; FAX: 2­713704 [Promotes investments inKenya's export processing zones]

Export Promotion Council, POBox 43137, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel:2-333555; FAX: 2-226036

Farming Systems Kenya, InterlinkHouse, Kenyatta Lane, NakuraTown, PO Box 2816, Nakura,Kenya. Tel: 37-41201; FAX: 37­215741

Federation of Kenyan Employers(FKE), Waajiri House, Hurling­ham, PO Box 48311, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-721929; FAX: 2­721990

First American Bank of Kenya,ICEA Bldg., PO Box 30691,Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2-333960;FAX: 2-230969

Horticultural Crops DevelopmentAuthority, PO Box 42601, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-337381; FAX: 2­228386

Industrial and CommercialDevelopment Corp., UchumiHouse, Aga Khan Walk, PO Box45519, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2­229213; FAX: 2-333880

Industrial Development Bank Ltd.,National Bank Bldg., HarambeeAve., PO Box 44036, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-337079; FAX: 2­334594

Industrial Promotion ServicesLtd., I.P.S. House, PO Box 30500,Nairobi, Kenya

100

Intermediate TechnologyDevelopment Group - Kenya, POBox 39493, 22 Chiromo AccessRd., Westlands, Nairobi, Kenya.Tel: 2-442108/446243; FAX: 2­445166

International Centre for Researchin Agroforestry (ICRAF), ICRAFHouse, United Nations Ave., Gi­giri, PO Box 30677, Nairobi, Ken­ya. Tel: 2-521450; FAX: 2­521001

Investment Promotion Centre(Part of the Kenyan Ministry ofFinance), National Bank Bldg., 8thFloor, Harambee Ave., PO Box55704, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2­221401; FAX: 2-336663

Kenya Assn. of Manufacturers,Peponi Rd., Westlands, PO Box30225, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2­746005/6; FAX: 2-746030

Kenya Bureau of Standards, OffMombasa Road, Nairobi South C,PO Box 54974, Nairobi, Kenya.Tel: 2-502211; FAX: 2-503293

Kenya Commercial Bank Ltd.,Kencom House, Moi Ave.,Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2-339441;FAX: 2-335219

Kenya Dairy Board, PO Box30406, Nairobi, Kenya

Kenya External Trade Authority,Mama Ngina St., PO Box 43137,Nairobi, Kenya

Kenya Grain Growers CooperativeUnion, Geoffrey Kamau Way, POBox 35, Nakuru, Kenya. Tel: 2­558402; FAX: 2-542850[Importer and distributor ofagricultural inputs]

Kenya Industrial Research andDevelopment Inst., PO Box30650, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2­557762

Kenya Meat Corporation, PO Box30414, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2­340750; Telex: 22150

Kenya National Chamber ofCommerce and Industry, UfanisiHouse, Haile Selassie Ave., POBox 47024. Nairobi, Kenya. Tel:2-334413; FAX: 2-340664

Kenya National Farmers' Union(KNFU), Adamli House, CityCenter, PO Box 43148, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-228894/228895;FAX: 2-339905

Kenya National Federation ofCooperatives, PO Box 49768,Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2-558713/557597; FAX: 2-557134

Kenya National Trading Corp.,Uchumi House, Nkrumah Ave.,PO Box 30587, Nairobi, Kenya.Tel: 2-29141; FAX: 2-211367.[Authority and responsible forimporting many goods into Kenya]

Kenya Planters' CooperativeUnion, PO Box 73209, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-210288; FAX: 2­210258

Kenya Ports Authority, PO Box96009, Mombasa, Kenya. Tel:11-312211; FAX: 11-311867

Kenya Sisal Board, Mutual Bldg.,Kimathi St., PO Box 41179,Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2-223457

Kenya Sugar Authority, Hill PlazaBldg., Ngong Rd., PO Box 51500,Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2-710600;FAX: 2-723903

Kenya Tea DevelopmentAuthority, PO Box 30213, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-21441; Telex:

-2264-5- - - - -

Kenya Tea Growers Assn., POBox 320, Kericho, Kenya. Tel:361-220039

Marketing Society of Kenya, WituRd., PO Box 69826, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-544717; FAX: 2­544717

Ministry of Agriculture, LivestockDevelopment and Marketing.Kilimo House, Cathedral Rd., POBox 30028, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel:

2-718870n18879; FAX: 2-720586

Ministry of Commerce andIndustry, Cooperative House,Haile Selassie Ave., PO Box30430, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2­340010; FAX: 2-226036

Ministry of CooperativeDevelopment, Kencom House,Moi Ave., Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2­340081

Ministry of Finance, TreasuryBldg., PO Box 30007, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-338111; FAX: 2­330426

Ministry of Planning and NationalDevelopment, Harambee Ave.,PO Box 30005, Nairobi, Kenya.Tel: 2-338111; FAX: 2-330426

Ministry of Land Reclamation,Regional and WaterDevelopment, PO Box74933/49720, Nairobi, Kenya.Tel: 2-332383/333551/723103

Mombasa Chamber ofCommerce, PO Box 90271, Mom­basa, Kenya.

Nairobi Chamber of Commerce,Embassy House, Harambu Ave.,PO Box 47024, Nairobi, Kenya.Tel: 2-20866

Nairobi International Show.General Manager, PO Box 21340,Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2-562676;FAX: 2-565882 [Agricultural fairsponsored by the AgriculturalSociety of Kenya and held eachyear in early October featureslocah:ind imparted products]

National Cereals and ProduceBoard, PO Box 30586, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-555288; Telex:22769

Pesticide Chemical Assn. ofKenya, PO Box 60723, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-742006

Pesticide Control Products Board.Waiyaki Way, Westlands, PO Box14733, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2­444140 [All imports of pesticides

101

need to be registered with thisboard.]

Pyrethrum Board of Kenya, POBox 420, Nakuru, Kenya. Tel:37-211567; FAX: 37-45274

Tea Board of Kenya, PO Box20064, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2­220241; FAX: 2-331650

Technoserve - Kenya, PO Box14821, Nairobi, Kenya. Tel: 2­443577/743628; Telex: 22022

United Nations InformationCentre, PO Box 34135, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-222145/223548;Telex: 2265

U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID), Mol Ave.,PO Box 30261, Nairobi, Kenya.Tel: 2-331160/331170; FAX: 2­337304

U.S. Embassy, Moi/Halie SelassieAve., PO Box 30137, Unit 64100,APO AE 09831, Nairobi, Kenya.Tel: 2-334141; FAX: 2-340838.U.S. and Foreign CommercialService, Tel: 2-334141, ext. 407;FAX: 2-216648; Telex: 22694AMEMB. Economic Section, Tel:2-334141; FAX: 2-340838.Agricultural Attache, Tel: 2­334141; FAX: 2-340838

Womens EnterprisesDevelopment, Box 67833, Nairobi,Kenya. Tel: 2-224582; Telex:337709

U.S.:

COnsulate General of theRepublic of Kenya, 9150 WilshireBlvd. Ste. 160, Los Angeles. CA90212. Tel: 310-274-6635; FAX:310-859-7010

Consulate General of theRepublic of Kenya, 424 MadisonAve., New York, NY 10017. Tel:212-486-1300; FAX: 212-688­0911

Embassy of the Republic ofKenya to the U.S., 2249 R St..NW, Washington, DC 20008.

Tel: 202-387-6101; FAX: 202­462-3829

Kenya, Country Desk Officer, U.S.Dept. of Commerce, Room 3317,14th St. and Constitution Ave.,NW, Washington, DC 20230.Tel: 202-482-4564; FAX: 202­482-5198

Permanent Office of the KenyaMission to the U.N., 866 UnitedNations Plaza, Room 486, NewYork, NY 10017. Tel: 212-421­4740

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440. FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Aiyelaagbe, 1.0. "Fruitcrops in theCashew-Coconut System ofKenya: Their Use, Managementand Agroforestry PotentiaL"Agroforestry Systems 27, no. 1(1994): 1-16. NAL call no.:SD387.M8A3

Andersen, L. "Kenyan Waters."Soft Drinks ManagementInternational June (1992): 22-24.NAL call no.: TP628.S64[Discusses two Kenyan bottledspring waters]

[Anonymous]. "The SecretsBehind Kenya Coffee's HighQuality." Kenya Coffee 57, no.663 (1992): 1245-1246. NAL callno.: 68.29 C652

Country Commercial Guide:Kenya. Washington, DC: U.S.Dept. of Commerce, InternationalTrade Administration, 1995[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank]

Country Profile. Kenya. London:Economist Intelligence Unit[annual publication] NAL call no.:HC865.C682

Country Reporl. Kenya. London:Economist Intelligence Unit

[quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC865.C68

Embleton, T.W. "KenyanAvocado Industry." CaliforniaAvocado Society Yearbook 74(1990): 187-190. NAL call no.:81 C128

Gaciri, S.J. "AgromineralResources of Kenya." FerlilizerResearch 30, no. 2/3 (1991): 165­166. NAL call no.: S631.F422

Gakonyo, Njeri. "ProcessedSweet Potato: Responding toKenya's Urban Food Needs."Working Papers in AgriculturalEconomics 93-9, '1993. [Dept. ofAgricultural Economics, CornellUniversity] NAL call no.:HD1751.W67 nO.93-9

Gathee, J.W. "Challenges Facingthe Kenyan Horticultural Producerfor Export." Acta Horticulturae270 (May 1991): 271-278. NALcall no.: 80 Ac82

General Agreement on Tariffs andTrade (GATT). Trade PolicyReview. The Republic of Kenya.Geneva: GATT, 1994. NAL callno.: HF1612.5.T7

Groosman, T., A Linnemann, andH. Wierema. "Seed Industry inKenya." In Seed IndustryDevelopment in a North-SouthPerspective. Wageningen, TheNetherlands: Pudoc, 1991, p. 39­61. NAL call no.:HD9019.S43G79

Gupta, V.K, and D. Thimba."Grain Amaranth: A PromisingCrop for Marginal Areas ofKenya." Food ReviewInternational 8, no. 1 (1992): 51­69. NAL call no.: TX341.F662

Hoogasian, C. "Kenya:Becoming the Colombia ofEurope." Florist 24, no. 11 (1991):70. NAL call no.: SB403.F6 [Cutflower production in Kenya]

Jaffee, Steven M. "How PrivateEnterprise Organized AgriculturalMarkets in Kenya." Policy

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Research Working Papers WPS823, Washington, DC: WorldBank, 1992. NAL call no.:HD9017.K42J331992

Jaffee, S.M. and P. Gordon."Exporting High-Value FoodCommodities. Success Storiesfrom Developing Countries."World Bank Discussion PapersNo. 198, 1993. NAL call no.:HD9018.D44J35

Karanja, AM. "Coffee Productionand Profitability in the SmallholderSector in Kenya." Kenya Coffee57, no. 670 (1992): 1375-1388.NAL call no.: 68.29 C652

Kenya--AFDB [AfricanDevelopment Bank] ExporlProcessing Zone Project-­IM1940826. U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, Market ResearchReports, 1994 [Available throughthe National Trade Data Bank]

Kenya Agricultural Research Inst.Kenya's Agricultural ResearchPriorities to the Year 2000.[Nairobi]: Kenya AgriculturalResearch Inst., [1991]. NAL callno.: S542.K4K466 1991

"Kenya: Harsh Medicine, But ItWorks." Economist 333, no. 7891(Nov 26, 1994): 45,50. NAL callno.: 286.8 Ec7

Kenya--Country Marketing PlanFY'93--CMP9206. U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, Market ResearchReports, 1992 [Available throughthe National Trade Data Bank]

Kiambi, K. and M. Opole."Promoting Traditional Trees andFood Plants in Kenya." InGrowing Diversity: GeneticResources and Local FoodSecurity. London: IntermediateTechnology Publications, 1992, p.53-66. NAL call no.:SB123.3.G76-1992

Kimemia, J.K. and J.M. Njoroge."Prospects for Organic CoffeeProduction in Kenya: A Review."

Kenya Coffee 59, no. 695 (1994):1847-1849. NAL call no.: 68.29C652

Kokwaro, J.O. "SeasonalTraditional Fruits and Vegetablesof Kenya." Mitteilungen aus demInstitut fur Allegemeine BotanikHamburg 23b (1990): 911-928.NAL call no.: 451 H175M[In English]

Lelei, Vincent K. Dairy Farming inKenya. Nairobi: ACTS Press,1993. NAL call no.:SF233.K4L44 1993

Morgan, W.T.W., Richard Walker,and Linda Van Buren. "Kenya."In Africa South of the Sahara1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 485­512 [annual publication] NAL callno.: DT30.A437

M'Ribu, H.K., P.L. Neel, and T.A.Fretz. "Horticultural Research inKenya." HortScience 28, no. 8(1993): 770-773. NAL call no.:SB1.H6

M'Ribu, H.K., P.L. Neel, and T.A.Fretz. "Horticulture in Kenya: AnOverview." HortScience 28, no. 8(1993): 766,870-871. NAL callno.: SB1.H6

Muriuki, H.G. "Kenya NationalDairy Development Project." InFuture of Livestock Industries inEast and Southern Africa:Proceedings of the WorkshopHeld at Kadoma Ranch Hotel,Zimbabwe, 20-23 July, 1992.Addis Ababa: ILCA, 1993, p. 149­155. NAL call no.:SF55.A354F87

Mzee, R.M. "Dairy CattleBreeding Programme and GeneticProgress in Kenya." AnimalGenetic Resources Information 8(1991): 51-59

Nyagambi, J.F.M. "Studies onSocial and Economic Aspects ofFish Processing, Utilization andMarketing in Kenya." FAOFisheries Report no. 467Supplement, p. 198-204

Oduwo, R.N. "An Overview ofBiotechnology and Agriculture inKenya." In African RegionalConference for InternationalCooperation on Safety inBiotechnology, 11-14 October1993, Harare, Zimbabwe.[Harare, Zimbabwe: n.p.], 1993,p.138-141

Raikes, P. "Business As Usual:Some "Real" Food Markets inKenya." Sociologia Ruralis 34,no. 1 (1994): 26-44. NAL call no.:281.29 S012

Reynolds, L. "Economic Change:Meat Supply and Demand inKenya." Meat Focus International3, no. 6 (1994): 259-262. NAL callno.: TS1950.M433

Schapiro, M.O. and S. Wainana."Kenya's Export of HorticulturalCommodities." PublicAdministration and Development11, no. 3 (1991): 257-261

Schmidt, Mary L. "Kenya EasesImport Restrictions to Attract U.S.Companies." Global Trade &Transportation 114, no. 6 (June1994): 6-7. NAL call no.:HF1.A54

A Selection of Useful Trees andShrubs for Kenya: Notes on TheirIdentification, Propagation andManagement for Use byAgricultural and PastoralCommunities. Nairobi:International Centre for Researchin Agroforestry, 1992. NAL callno.: S494.5 A45S44 1992

Sogomo, P.K. "FertilizerConsumption in Kenya." FertilizerFocus 9, no. 3 (1992): 78,80-81.NAL call no.: HD9483.A1F47

Wainwright, H. "ExportDiversification ThroughHorticulture: Kenya - A CaseStudy." Outlook on Agriculture23, no. 1 (1994): 41-45. NAL callno.: 100u8

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[Wamai, Adams T.]. Kenya-­Herbicides and Fungicides-­ISA9301. Washington, DC: U.S.Dept. of Commerce, InternationalTrade Administration, MarketResearch Report, 1993 [Includesimporters/distributors, large endusers, and local formulators][Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank]

Economy:

Landlocked and surrounded bySouth Africa, small in size andrugged in terrain, Lesotho islargely dependent on South Africafor its economic vitality. Itseconomy is based on agriculture(mostly subsistent), lightmanufacturing, and remittancesfrom laborers employed in SouthAfrica (a large portion of the adultmale population works in SouthAfrica's mines). With about twomillion people, Lesothohouseholds continue to be mostlydependent on subsistentagriculture and migrant labor.Agriculture contributed about 50%of the GDP in 1993 and employedbetween 60-75% of the laborforce. Corn is the staplesubsistent crop, followed bysorghum (corn and sorghummakeup about 90% of totalplanted cropland). Wheat, pulses,and barley are the othersubsistent crops grown.

Lesotho's industry is concentratedin the textile/garment and agro­industrial (food processing,milling, canning, leather and juteprocessing) sectors. The hugeLesotho Highlands Water Project,funded by multilateral andbilateral contributions, continuesto provide economic impetus forLesotho's industrial sector. Inaddition, outside expertisecontinues to be recruited for thisongoing project.

With its limited natural resourcesand arable land, Lesotho'seconomy will continue to remaindependent on South Africa in thenear future. The multi-billiondollar Lesotho Highlands WaterProject holds the potential forLesotho to gain a certain amountof economic independence.

Exports:

Lesotho

Exports consisted of $109 million(f.o.b. 1992). Export.commoditiesinclude: wool, mohair, wheat,cattle, peas, beans, corn, hides,skins, and baskets. Principalmarkets for exports are SouthAfrica 42%, EC 28%, and Northand South America 25% (1991).

Imports:

Imports consisted of $964 million(c.Lf. 1992). Imports include:corn, building materials, clothing,vehicles, machinery, medicines,petroleum. Principal sources ofimports are South Africa 94%,Asia 3%, and EC 1% (1991)

Economic Aid Assistance:

Lesotho has averaged close to$60 million annually in multilateraland bilateral aid in recent years.In 1993, the U.S. provide about$10 million in economic anddevelopment aid. A large portionof the financing for the LesothoHighlands Water Project has beenthrough the World Bank, theAfrican Development Bank, theEuropean Development Bank,and the South AfricanDevelopment Bank.

International Agreements:

Party to: Biodiversity, Marine LifeConservation, Ozone LayerProtection, Wetlands; signed, butnot ratified: Climate Change,Desertification, EndangeredSpecies, Law of the Sea, andMarine Dumping.

Port of Entry:

Lesotho is landlocked andsurrounded by South Africa. Theclosest ocean port is Durban,South Africa.

U.S. Exports to Lesotho:

104

U.S. exports to Lesotho wereworth $3.4 million in 1994.

Lesotho Exports to theU.S.:

Lesotho's exports to the U.S. wereworth $63 million for 1994.Exports were mostly textileproducts.

Trade Activities:

Transactions in foreign exchangeare controlled by the Central Bankof Lesotho. Within certain limits,the Central Bank has authorizedcommercial banks to approvesome foreign exchangepayments.

Imports from countries outside theSouth African Customs Union(SACU) may require a license toconform to South Africa's importregulations. SACU membercountries include: Botswana,Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa,and Swaziland.

Import licenses/permits areadministered by the Ministry ofTrade and Industry and theDepartment of Customs andExcise.

Customs authority is carried outby the Director of Customs andExcise in Maseru (see contactslisting).

• Most customs duties are advalorem.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theCommon Market for Easternand Southern Africa(COMESA) and from SACUmember countries.

• Lesotho does not have specificregulations governing the useof countertrade/barter.

Importers may request acountertrade/barter option forspecific transactions.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Lesotho has special requirementsgoverning the import of animalhair and bristles, hides and skins,and sausage casings, bacon,ham, and lard. In addition,Lesotho has specialmarking/labeling regulations forimported food.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Fooo Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

There are no foreign or free tradezones in Lesotho.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

In addition, to the commercialsection of the U.S. Embassy inMaseru, the InvestmentPromotion Centre of the LesothoNational DevelopmentCorporation (see contacts listing)provides assistance for potentialinvestors.

Trade Barriers:

Because Lesotho is a member ofSACU, along with Botswana,Namibia, South Africa, andSwaziland, imports from anycountry in SACU are unrestricted.Imports from other countries areusually licensed to conform toSouth Africa's import regulations.

High tariff rates set by SouthAfrica for SACU can beconsidered a trade barrier.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Lesotho is eligible under the U.S.Department of Agriculture's ExportEnhancement Program (EEP) forwheat.

OPIC insurance is available forpotential U.S. investors in Leso­tho. Also, loans and guaranteesfor exports to Lesotho areavailable from the U.S. Eximbank.

According to the most recentCountry Commercia! Guide forLesotho the following areas arethe leading trade prospects forU.S. businesses: constructionequipment--especially for theHighlands Water Project; healthcare equipment; renewableenergy technology--for rural,small-scale residential, andindustrial applications;engineering and consultingservices--for the Highlands WaterProject; and wheat and wheatflour. [Lesotho meets about 50%of its cereal consumption needsand imports the rest.]

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank (AFDB),Common Market of Eastern andSouthern Africa (COMESA), theOrganization of African Unity(OAU); Southern African CustomsUnion (SACU), Southern AfricanDevelopment Community (SADC);and adheres to the fourth LomeConvention of the EU.

International Organizations!Trade Associations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP),'EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA) ,Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO), International Bank for

105

Reconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), World CustomsOrganization (WCO), WorldIntellectual Property Organization(WIPO), World TradeOrganization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephonedialing code is 011, and thecountry telephone code forLesotho is 266.)

Lesotho:

African-American Inst. (Lesotho),c/o National University of Lesotho,MR-148, Roma 180, Lesotho

Central Bank of Lesotho, PO Box1184, Maseru 100, Lesotho. Tel:314-281; FAX: 310-051

Director of Customs and Excise,Principal Customs Officer, POBox 891, Maseru 100, Lesotho.Tel: 323-796; FAX: 310-157

Lesotho Agricultural DevelopmentBank, 58 Kingsway Road, PO Box845, Maseru 100, Lesotho. Tel:313-277; FAX: 310-139

Lesotho Bank, PO Box, 1053,Maseru 100, Lesotho. Tel: 315­737; FAX: 310-268

Lesotho Business and Profession­al Women's Cooperative, PO Box7098, Maseru 100, Lesotho. Tel:315-628

Lesotho Chamber of Commerceand Industry, Kings Way Ave., POBox 79, Maseru 100, Lesotho.Tel: 322-978/323-482

Lesotho Highlands DevelopmentAuthority, PO Box 7332, Maseru100, Lesotho. Tel: 311-280; FAX:310-060

Lesotho National DevelopmentCorp., Investment Promotion Cen­tre, Private Bag A96, Maseru 100,

Lesotho. Tel: 312-012; Fax:311-038; Telex: 4341

Livestock Products MarketingService, PO Box 1509, Maseru100, Lesotho. Telex: 4344

Ministry of Agriculture,Cooperatives and Marketing, POBox 24, Maseru 100, Lesotho.Tel: 322-741; Telex: 4330

Ministry of Finance and EconomicPlanning and ManpowerDevelopment, PO Box 395,Maseru 100, Lesotho. Tel: 311­101; FAX: 310-157

Ministry of Trade and Industry,Commissioner ofTrade/Commissioner of Industry,PO Box 747, Maseru 100,Lesotho. Tel: 322-802/322-138;FAX: 310-121

Rural Self-Help DevelopmentAssn., 0523 Maseru West,Maseru 104, Lesotho. Tel: 311­279; FAX: 310-958

United Nations Information Centre(Lesotho), Corner Hilton andNightingale Roads, PO Box 301,Maseru 100, Lesotho. Tel.: 310­042/313-736; FAX: 310-042;Telex: 4342 LO

U.S. Embassy, CommercialSection, 254 Kingsway, MaseruWest, PO Box 333, Maseru 100,Lesotho. Tel: 312-666; FAX:310-116

U.S.:

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Embassy of the Kingdom ofLesotho to the U.S., 2511Massachusetts Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20008. Tel:202-797-5533; FAX: 202-234­6815

Lesotho, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room

3317, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4228

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 522Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

country Commercial Guide:Lesotho, Fiscal Year 1995.Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1994 [Availablethrough the National Trade DateBank]

Country Profile. Botswana,Lesotho, Swaziland, 1994-95.London: Economist IntelligenceUnit, 1994 [annual publication]NAL call no.: HC900.A1C682

Country Report. Botswana,Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland.London: Economist IntelligenceUnit [quarterly publication] NALcall no.: HC940.A1Q83

Hutcheson, A. MacGregor andRichard Brown. "Lesotho." InAfrica South of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa PublicationsLtd., 1994, p. 513-526 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:DT30.A37

Khalema, L.M. "RuralElectrification in Lesotho." InRural Electrification in Africa.London: Zed Books Ltd., 1992, p.141-161

Mafisa, T. "Wool and MohairProduction in Lesotho." In Futureof Livestock Industries in East andSouthern Africa: Proceedings ofthe Workshop Held at KadomaRanch Hotel, Zimbabwe, 20-23July 1992. Addis Ababa,

106

Ethiopia: International LivestockCentre for Africa, 1993, p. 211­218. NAL call no.:SF55.A354F87 1993

Mochebelele, M.T. et aI., edited byG.G. Storey. AgriculturalMarketing in Lesotho. Ottawa,Canada: InternationalDevelopment Research Centre,1992 [Manuscript report no. 321 e.Available from the NationalTechnical Information Service]NAL call no.: HD9017.L52A571992

Mofolo, S.G. "Fish Marketing andConsumption in Lesotho." InMarketing and Consumption ofFish in Eastern and SouthernAfrica: Selected Country Studies.FA 0 Fisheries Technical Paperno. 332, 1993, p. 43-61. NAL callno.: SH1.F2

Mokotjo, J.L. "Supply, Demandand Marketing of Principal FoodGrains in Lesotho." In FoodSecurity Policies in the SADCCRegion. Proceedings of the FifthAnnual Conference on FoodSecurity Research in SouthernAfrica, October 16-18, 1989.Harare, Zimbabwe: University ofZimbabwe, 1990, p. 204-211.NAL call no.: HD9017.S752F661990

Shaw, J. "Lesotho: SustainingDevelopment in a LandlockedEconomy." In World Food Aid:Experiences ofRecipients andDonors. Portsmouth, NH:Heinemann, 1993, p. 118-129

Economy:

On this island nation of 14 millionpeople, agriculture, includingforestry and fishing, accounts forclose to 80% of exports and one­third of the GOP. Madagascar,where French and Malagasy arethe official languages, is a countrywhose economy is dependent onagriculture. Subsistenceagriculture is practiced by 65-70%of the population. The major foodand subsistence crops are rice,cassava, beans, bananas, andsweet potatoes. Madagascar hasthe world's highest per capitaconsumption of rice. Raising beefcattle is widespread, but is mostlydone as a source of capital. Themain cash crops for export arecoffee, vanilla (world's largestexporter), cloves, and cotton.Madagascar has a large potentialin its fisheries sector. Theincreased production of lobsters,shrimps, and prawns has becomea major source of exportrevenues.

The main industries inMadagascar are agricultural/foodprocessing (meat canneries, soapfactories, breweries, tanneries,sugar refining), light consumergoods (textiles, glassware),cement, paper, and petroleum.Industry accounts for only about15% of the GOP. Naturalresources include graphite,chromite, coal, bauxite, salt,quartz, mica, fish, andsemiprecious gems.

As Madagascar moves towards amarket-based economy, its needfor economic assistance andinvestment to fUlly develop itsresources, will continue. Thelarge growth potential of itsagricUlture, fisheries, and naturalresources, will depend on therehabilitation of its poorinfrastructure.

Madagascar

Exports:

Exports consisted of $240 million(f.o.b. 1993 est.). The mainexport commodities include:coffee (45%), vanilla (20%),cloves (11 %), shellfish, sugar,cotton/textiles, and petroleumproducts. Principal markets forexports are France, U.S., Japan,Germany, and Italy.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $510 million(f.o.b. 1993 est.). Imports include:intermediate manufactures (30%),capital goods (28%), petroleum(15%), consumer goods (14%),and food (13%). Principalsources of imports are France,Germany, Japan, the UnitedKingdom, Italy, Netherlands, andthe U.S.

Economic Aid Assistance:

The United Nations DevelopmentProgramme, the World Bank, andthe International Monetary Fundhave ongoing developmentassistance programs inMadagascar. France is the majorbilateral donor to Madagascar.Total economic and developmentaid from 1991 through 1994 hasaveraged over $400 millionannually. U.S. assistance totaled$40 million in 1993 and $31million in 1994.

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Marine Life Conservation, NuclearTest Ban; signed internationalagreements, but not ratified:Biodiversity, Climate Change,Desertification, Law of the Sea.

Madagascar has bilateralcommercial agreements with theSeychelles and Mauritius.

107

Port of Entry:

Madagascar's main ports areToamasina and Mahajanga.Several of Madagascar's portswere upgraded recently through a$35 million rehabilitation projectfunded by multilateral and bilateraldonors.

u.s. Exports toMadagascar:

U.S. exports to Madagascar wereworth $48 million in 1994. Exportsinclude: furniture, flour, dairyproducts, malt extract, animalfats, and articles donated forrelief.

Madagascar's Exports toU.S.:

Madagascar's exports to the U.S.were worth $57 million in 1994.Exports include: vanilla beans,graphite, coffee, cloves, andtextiles (mostly clothing).

Trade Activities:

Transactions in foreign exchangeare controlled by the ExternalFinance Office of the GeneralDirectorate of the Treasury.Some approval authority has beendelegated to some authorizedintermediaries for exchangetransactions.

Madagascar has eliminated mostquantitative restrictions onimports. Import licenses, whenneeded, are usually issuedthrough the Ministry of Economyand Trade.

Customs authority is carried outby the Directeur des Douanes inAntananarivo (see contactslisting).

• Customs duties are on an advalorem basis; imports arevalued on a c.Lf. basis.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from themember states of the CommonMarket for Eastern andSouthern Africa (COMESA).

• Madagascar has no knowngovernment regulationsgoverning countertradetransactions. Individualimporters may requestcountertrade/barter terms forspecific transactions.

Pre-shipment inspection ofexports to Madagascar for quality,quantity, and prices are carriedout in the U.S. by SGS ControlServices or Bureau Veritas (seecontacts listing). Unlessotherwise exempted byappropriate Malagasy governmentagencies, all exports toMadagascar must be inspectedprior to shipment.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Madagascar requires sanitary orother types of certificates for theimportation of live animals,poultry, other birds, animalcarcasses, food grains (forlivestock feed), and productsderived from the previouslymentioned items.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZone/Export ProcessingZone:

Madagascar has established aduty free export processing zone

program. Several clothingmanufacturing firms have set upoperations in Madagascar underthis program and have beensuccessful. Investors are allowedto import raw materials and othermanufacturing inputs free ofcustoms duties. In addition totextiles, the tourism industry, alsocovered by Madagascar'sindustrial free zone law, hasattracted investment.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

Madagascar has gradually beenliberalizing its investment code.The "Guichet Unique" office (seecontacts listing), or "one-stopshop" has recently opened toassist potential investors. TheEconomic/Commercial Section ofthe U.S. Embassy in Antananarivoprovides advice and informationfor potential investors and traders.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Madagascar's poor physical andinstitutional infrastructure (roads,railways, telecommunications,archaic legal code, and lack ofbasic marketing know-hOW)continues to hinder potentialinvestors and traders.Rehabilitation of Madagascar'sphysical infrastructure is the goalof many multilateral donorprojects. The U.S. Agency forInternational Development isdeveloping a project to helpMadagascar reform its datedcommercial legal system.

To be successful in Madagascar,one must be able to communicatein French, although more andmore business people can speaksome English.

The unavailability of U.S. Exim­bank coverage continues to be asignificant handicap to potentialU.S. exporters of capital goods.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

108

Agriculture, food processing,aquaculture, and transport are thesectors of Madagascar's economyexpected to have rapid growth inthe coming years. Within theseareas, opportunities will exist forU.S. businesses to supplyproducts and provide consultingservices.

Opportunities within theagricultural sector for U.S.exporters include supplyingfertilizers, agricultural vehiclesand machinery, appropriateagricultural technology, andirrigation equipment, technology,and expertise. Export prospectsalso exist for suppliers of fruitjuice production machinery, coldand freezer storage equipment,and meat and fruit canningequipment and supplies.

With Madagascar's extensivefishing banks, producing lobster,tuna, shrimp, and prawns, there isa growing need for fishing boats,navigation equipment, coldstorage equipment, andprocessing and canningmachinery. Joint venture partnersare being sought by severalMalagasy firms in the fishingsector.

Because Madagascar has someof the world's most unique floraand fauna, the potential for eco­tourism is great. UpgradingMadagascar's transportation andcommunications infrastructure willbe needed if outside investment indeveloping hotels and touristfacilities is to expand.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), Common Market forEastern and Southern Africa(COMESA), EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA), theOrganization of African Unity(OAU); and adheres to the fourthLome Convention of the EU

International OrganizationsiTrade Associations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), Food andAgriculture Organization (FAO),International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), UN Conference on Tradeand Development (UNCTAD),World Customs Organization(WCO), World IntellectualProperty Organization (WIPO) ,World Trade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code forMadagascar is 261.)

Madagascar:

African-American Inst.(Madagascar), BP 3266,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar

Automated Data Analysis,Processing & Trading (ADAPT),BP 4212, Lot VI 8 Ambatovinaky,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.Tel: 2-29192; FAX.: 2-29192[Country market research firm]

Bankin'ny Tantsaha Mpamokatra(BTM), Place de l'lndependance,BP 183, Antaninarenina, Antan­anarivo 101, Madagascar. Tel: 2­20251; FAX.: 2-21398 [Mostlystate-owned bank thatemphasizes rural development]

Cabinet d'Etudes, de Conseils etd'Assistance de la Realisation,Lot IV 0 17 Bis, Rue LieutenantAndriamaromanana, Tsiazotafo,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.Tel: 2-34726; FAX.: 2-20644[Country market research firm]

Cabinet Fivoarana, BP 3854, 13rue Patrice Lumumba,Tsaralalana, Anatananarivo 101,Madagascar. Tel: 2-21925; FAX.:2-27141 [Country marketresearch firm]

Cabinet Ravonison, Gast etAssocies, Lot 1B 26-9, Rue de laReunion, Isoraka, Antananarivo101, Madagascar. Tel: 2-26171;FAX.: 2-44633 [Country marketresearch firm]

Central Bank of the RepUblic ofMadagascar, Ave. de laRevolution Socialiste Malgache,BP 550, Antananarivo 101,Madagascar. Tel: 2-21751; FAX.:2-34532

Centre for Scientific andTechnical Information andDocumentation, 27 bis, RueFernand Kasanga, BP 6224,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.Tel: 2-33288/24919; Telex:22539 MRSTD/MG

Chambre de Commerce,d'industrie et d'Agricultured'Antananarivo, BP 166,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.Tel: 2-20211/20281; FAX.: 2­20213; Telex: 225-87 CHAMCOMG

Directeur des Douanes, Ministeredes Finances et du Budget, BP262, Antananarivo 101,Madagascar. Tel: 2-22916; FAX.:2-23052; Telex: (0986) 22489[Customs authority]

Federation des Chambres deCommerce, d'industrie etd'Agriculture de Madagascar, BP166, Antananarivo 101,Madagascar. Tel: 2-21567; FAX.:2-20213; Telex: 225-87 CHAMCOMG

FIVMPAMA (Assn. of MalagasyBusinessmen), 12, rueRainizanabololona, Antanimena,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.Tel: 2-34754; FAX.: 2-32056

GEM (Groupment des Enterprisesde Madagascar), BP 1695,Anatananarivo 101, Madagascar.Tel: 2-23841 [Businessassociation]

Guichet Unique, Ministry ofEconomy and Planning, BP 674,

109

Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.Tel: 2-20284; FAX.: 2-28508["One-stop shop" for prospectiveinvestors]

Maurice Charles Andriamam­pianina, Ph.D, 111 014,Antanimena, Anatananarivo 101,Madagascar. Tel: 2-35043[Country market research firm]

Ministry of Agriculture and RuralDevelopment, BP 842, Anosy,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.Tel: 2-24710; FAX.: 2-26561

Ministry of Commerce and Trade,BP 245, Antananarivo 101,Madagascar. Tel: 2­27292/27409; FAX.: 2-31280

Ministry of Energy and Mines, POBox 527, Antananarivo 101,Madagascar. Tel: 2-25515; FAX.:2-32554

Ministry of Industrial Promotionand Tourism, BP 527,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.Tel: 2-25515; FAX.: 2-27790

Ministry of National qnd RegionalDevelopment, BP 3378, Anosy,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.Tel: 2-35617

OSIRIS, BP 3476, Antananarivo101, Madagascar. Tel: 2-42044;FAX.: 2-42044 [Country marketresearch firm]

Ocean Consultants, BP 3528,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.Tel: 2-42806; FAX.: 2-27126[Country market research firm]

Societe d'Assistance auxSocietes (SAS), BP 8019, 30 Ruede Russia Isorara, Antananarivo101, Madagascar. Tel: 2-33524/21843; FAX.: 2-26863 [Countrymarket research firm]

SIM (Syndicat Industriel deMadagascar), c/o PAPMAD, BP1756, Antananarivo 101,Madagascar. Tel: 2-20635; FAX.:2-24394 [Business association]Societe d'interet NationalMalgache des Produits Agricoles

(SINPA), BP 754, Rue FernandKasanga, Tsimbazaza, Antan­anarivo 101, Madagascar. Tel: 2­20558; FAX: 2-20665[Purchases and distributesagricultural/horticultural produce]

Syndicat des Importeurs et Ex­portateurs de Madagascar, 2 RueGeorges Mandel, BP 188,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar

Syndicat de Planteurs de Cafe, 37Lalana Razafimahandry, BP 173,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar[Coffee growers organization]

Syndicat des Riziers etProducteurs de Riz deMadagascar, 2 Rue GeorgesMandel, BP 1329, Antananarivo101, Madagascar [Rice growersand processors]

Union Commercial Bank (UCB),BP 197, LalanaSolobavambahoaka,Antsahavola, Antananarivo 101,Madagascar. Tel: 2-27262; FAX:2-28740

United Nations Information Centre(Madagascar), Rue Rainitovo, POBox 1348, Antasahavola,Antananarivo 101, Madagascar.Tel: 2-24115/21907; Telex: 98322345

U.S. Embassy, 14-16 Rue Rain­itovo, Antsahavola, BP 620, An­tananarivo 101, Madagascar. Tel:2-21257/20956; FAX: 2-34539;Telex: USA EMB MG 22202.Also, Economic and CommercialSection, U.S. Embassy ­Antananarivo, Dept. of State,Washington, DC 20521-2040

u.s.:

Bureau Veritas, 7855 NW 12thSt., Ste. 218, Miami, FL 33126.Tel: 305-593-7878 [Pre-shipmentinspection agency]

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Embassy of Madagascar, 2374Massachusetts Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20008. Tel:202-265-5525

Madagascar Consulate Generaland Mission to the U.N.(combined), 801 2nd Ave., Ste.404, New York, NY 10017. Tel:212-986-9491

Madagascar, Country DeskOfficer, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,Room 2037, 14th St. andConstitution Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-4564

SGS Government Services, 42Broadway, New York, NY 10004.Tel: 212-482-8700 [Pre-shipmentinspection agency]

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Beaujard, P. "Plants andTraditional Medicine in the SouthEast of Madagascar." Journal ofEthnopharmacology 23, no. 2/3(1988): 165-265. NAL call no.:RS160.J6

Boiteau, Pierre and Lucile Allorge­Boiteua. Medicinal Plants ofMadagascar. Paris: Karthala,1993. NAL call no.:QK99.M28B64 1993 [In French]

country Commercial Guide:Madagascar. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1994 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

country Profile. Madagascar,1994-95. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit, 1994

110

[annual pUblication] NAL call no.:HC895.A1C683

Country Report. Mauritius,Madagascar, Seychelles.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAL call no.:HC597.5.A1C69

Dorosh, Paul A. "GrowthLinkages in Madagascar:Implications for Sector InvestmentPriorities." Working Paper(Cornell Food and Nutrition PolicyProgram) 60, [1994]. NAL callno.: HD9018.D44W675--no.60

Dorosh, Paul A. and SteveHaggblade. "Agriculture-LedGrowth: Foodgrains VersusExport Crops in Madagascar."Agricultural Economics 9, no. 2(Aug 1993): 165-180. NAL callno.: HD1401.A47

Feeley-Harnick, G. A GreenEstate: Restoring Independencein Madagascar. Washington, DC:Smithsonian Institution Press,1991

Milne, D.L. and M. Schoeman. "AView of Madagascar and Its LitchiIndustry." Yearbook, SouthAfrican Litchi Growers Association4 (1992): 11-13

Ranaivoson, V. "Dairy Marketingin Madagascar." In DairyMarketing in Sub-Saharan Africa.Addis Ababa: ILCA, 1992, p. 335­344. NAL call no.:HD9275.A3572D35 1992

Rasoanaivo, P. "Rain Forests ofMadagascar: Sources ofIndustrial and Medicinal Plants."Ambio 19, no. 8 (1990): 421-424.NAL call no.: QH540.A42

Thompson, Virginia, MervynBrown, and Michael Chapman."Madagascar." In Africa South ofthe Sahara 1995. London:Europa Publications Ltd., 1994, p.545-565 [annual publication]NAL call no.: DT30.A37

Economy:

One of the least developedcountries in Africa, Malawi'seconomy is based on subsistenceagriculture. Agriculturecontributes about 40% of GOPand employs half of thepopulation. The principal cashcrop is tobacco which accounted.for 69.1 % of agricultural exports In1993. Tea accounted for 11.6%of agricultural exports in 1993.Principal subsistence crops are:maize, potatoes, cassava,sorghum, pUlses, millet, and fruit.

Industry provided 12% of GOP in1993. Industries consisted of:food processing, textile factories,tobacco factories, sawmills andplywood, cement, and consumergoods. There is some r:nining oflime, gypsum, coa.I,. rubles, an~sapphires. In addition, geologlc~1

surveys have discovered d~poslts

of bauxite, asbestos, graphite,and uranium, although these havenot yet been exploited.

Malawi's economy remainsdependent on foreign aid and isheavily indebted.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $737 million(f.o.b. FY 92). Exportcommodities include: tobacco,tea, sugar, coffee, peanuts, andwood products.

Principal market for exports wasthe United States 17%. Otherexport partners include: Japan,South Africa, Germany, UnitedKingdom, Zambia, and theNetherlands.

Malawi

Imports:

Imports consisted of $737 million(c.iJ. FY 92). Import commoditiesinclude: food, petroleumproducts, consumer goods, andtransportation equipment andbasic manufactures.

Principal source of imports wasSouth Africa 48%. Other importpartners include: Zimbabwe, theUnited Kingdom, Japan,Germany, the Netherlands, andFrance.

Economic Aid Assistance:

On November 16,1994 theInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)approved a credit of US .$22million to support MalaWI'Seconomic and financial program.On the same day the World Bankapproved an additional US .$40million supplementary credit to beused to import approximately100,000 tons of white maize tostabilize domestic markets. At theend of September, Malawi and theUnited States signed grantagreements for US $57 million tobe used for agricultural,educational and transportationdevelopment programs.

International Agreements:

Party to: Biodiversity, EndangeredSpecies, EnvironmentalModification, Marine LifeConservation, Nuclear Test Ban,Ozone Layer Protection. Signed,but not ratified: Climate Change,Law of the Sea.

Port of Entry:

Ports used include: Nacala,Mozambique; Dar es Salaam,Tanzania; and Durban, SouthAfrica.

111

u.s. Exports to Malawi:

U.S. exports to Malawi were worth$15.9 million in 1993.

Malawian Exports to US:

Malawi's exports to the U.S. wereworth $59.6 million in 1993.

Trade Activities:

Transactions in foreign exchangemust be carried out through acommercial bank under thecontrol of the Reserve Bank ofMalawi (RBM).

Most imports are subject to theopen general license system.However, some items require aspecific import license. TheMinistry of Trade, Industry, an~Tourism (MTIT) has the authontyto formulate import policy andissue import and export licenses.

Customs authority is carried outby the Controlle.r ?f Custor:ns andExcise of the Mmlstry of Fmancein Blantyre.

• Most customs duties are advalorem.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theCommon Market for Easternand Southern Africa (COMESA)and the Southern AfricanDevelopment Community(SADC).

• Countertrade/bartertransactions must be approvedby the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Tourism.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

There are special regulations onthe importation and sale of

livestock and animal products andfoodstuffs into Malawi.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

There are no foreign trade zonesin Malawi.

Investment Assistance:

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Investment opportunities areincreasing within the parastatalsector as government-ownedcorporations attempt to attractcapital and become profitable.

There is a demand for materials inthe agricultural and agriculturalprocessing sectors for chemicals,equipment, and electronic goods,such as computers and wordprocessing equipment.

Malawi hopes to upgrade itstelecommunications capability. Ifthe financing is found, bothexpertise and equipment will beneeded to carry out this project.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Malawi is265.)

Malawi:

Agricultural Development &Marketing Corp. (ADMARC), POBox 5052, Limbe

Associated Chambers ofCommerce and Industry ofMalawi, Chichiri Trade FairGrounds, PO Box 258, Blantyre;Tel: 671988; FAX: 671147; Telex:43992

Baka Agricultural ResearchStation, PO Box 43, Karonga; Tel:7222644

Central Veterinary Laboratory, POBox 527, Lilongwe; Tel: 744522

Centre for Social Research,University of Malawi, PO Box 278,Zomba; Te!: 522916; FAX:522760; Telex: 45214 MI

Chitedze AgricUltural ResearchStation, PO Box 158, Lilongwe;Tel: 767222

Department of Customs & Excise,Plantation House, Victoria Ave.,Private Bag 20, Blantyre, Malawi.Tel.: 635066

Department for AgriculturalResearch, PO Box 30779,Lilongwe 3; Tel: 784299; FAX:784184; Telex: 44648 MINAGRICMI

Controller of Customs and Excise,Department of Customs andExcise, Private Bag 20, Blantyre;Tel: 620288

Byumbwe Agricultural ResearchStation, PO Box 5748, Limbe; Tel:662206

Commercial Bank of Malawi, POBox 1111, Blantyre; Tel: 620144;FAX: 62428633

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP); CustomsCooperation Council (CCC);Economic Commission for Africa(ECA); Food and AgricUltureOrganization (FAO); InternationalBank for Reconstruction andDevelopment (IBRD);International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD); InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF); WorldBank.

International OrganizationslTrade Associations:

African Development Bank(AFDB); the Organization ofAfrican Unity (OAU); CommonMarket for Eastern and SouthernAfrica (COMESA); SouthernAfrica Development Community(SADC); and adheres to the fourthLome Convention of the EU.

Malawi's tobacco growers arelooking for alternative crops. Bothexpertise and equipment tofacilitate agriculturaldiversification will be necessary tocomplete this transformation.

Malawi imposes an import duty ofas much as 40% on most goodsentering the country. In addition,luxury items, which include suchdiverse items as ready-to-eatbreakfast cereals andautomobiles, are taxed at 45%.

Types of goods that require importlicenses include: live animals,fresh meat, military uniforms,gold, sugar, radioactivesubstances, game traps, "flick"knives, and firearms. In addition,some goods, such as "seditious"literature, pornographic materials,and banned narcotic substances,are prohibited from enteringMalawi due to national security.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Malawi seeks foreign investment.Inward transfers of capital are notrestricted, except that residentsobtaining loans from abroad musthave prior foreign exchangeapproval. Since 1988, an importliberalization program has been ineffect. The government issued a Membership in:1991 Investment Policy Statement

··that incltldes-a clear set of -RegionalQrganizations:investment guidelines.

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Department of Economic Planningand Development, PO Box 30136,Lilongwe 3; Tel: 782300; FAX:782224

Department of Information, POBox 494, Blantyre

Department of Tourism, KanabarHouse, PO Box 402, Blantyre

Employers' ConsultativeAssociation of Malawi, PO Box2134, Blantyre; Tel: 670007 or652413; FAX: 671337

Finance Corporation of Malawi,PO Box 750, Blantyre; Tel:620477; FAX: 620102

Fisheries Research Unit, PO Box27, Monkey Bay; Tel: MonkeyBay6

Forest Research Institute ofMalawi (FRIM), PO Box 270,Zomba; Tel: 50-522866; Telex:43533 FRIM MI

Import & Export Company ofMalawi Ltd., PO Box 1106,Blantyre; Tel: 670999; FAX:671160

Investment and DevelopmentBank of Malawi Ltd. (INDE-BANK)Delamere House, Victoria Ave.,PO Box 358, Blantyre; Tel:620055; FAX: 623353 [Providesloans to statutory corporationsand to private enterprises in theagricultural, industrial, tourism,transport and commercial sectors,on a joint-financing basis]

Kasinthula Agricultural ResearchStation, PO Box 28, Chikwawa;Tel: 423255

Leasing and Finance Company ofMalawi, PO Box 1963, Blantyre;Tel: 620233

Lifuwu Agricultural ResearchStation, Private Bag 13, Salima;Tel: 1211 Salima

Lifuwu Rice Research Station, POBox 102, Salima; Tel: 261401;FAX: 261268; Telex: 44648

Lunyangwa Agricultural ResearchStation, PO Box 59, Mzuzu; Tel:332633

Makoka Agricultural ResearchStation, Private Bag 3, Thondwe,Zomba; Tel: 534211; FAX:534208; Telex: 44017 ICRAF MI

Malawi Association of Spices andHerbs, PO Box 51724, Limbe; Tel:643661; FAX: 642991

Malawi Development Corporation,Development House, HendersonHouse, PO Box 566, Blantyre

Malawi Export Promotion Council,PO Box 1299, Blantyre; Tel:620499; FAX: 635429 or 635433

Mbawa Research Station, PO Box8, Embangweni, Mzimba

Mercantile Credit Limited, PO Box821, Blantyre; Tel: 640805

Mikolongwe LivestockImprovement Center, PO Box5193, Limbe; Tel: 650544

Ministry of External Affairs, POBox 30315, Capital City, Lilongwe;Tel: 731788; FAX: 731547;Telex: 44113

Ministry of Trade, Industry &Tourism, PO Box 30366, CapitalCity, Lilongwe 3; Tel: 732711;FAX: 732551; Telex: 44873

Ministry of Transport andCommunications, Private Bag322, Capital City, Lilongwe 3

Ministry of Works and Supplies(Controller of Stores), PO Box401, Blantyre

Mkondezi Experiment Station, POBox 133, Nkhata Bay, Mzuzu; Tel:352500

National Bank of Malawi, PO Box945, Blantyre; Tel: 620622; FAX:620606

National Insurance Company,Head Office Private Bag, Lilongwe

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(Capital City); Tel: 783311; FAX:781365

Ngabu Agricultural ResearchStation, PO Box 48, Ngabu; Tel:426244

Reserve Bank of Malawi, PO Box30063, Capital City, Lilongwe 3;Tel: 732488; FAX: 731145

Small Enterprises DevelopmentOrganization of Malawi, PO Box525, Blantyre; Tel: 636555 or636536; FAX: 636781; Telex:44666

Southern Africa Regional TourismCouncil, PO Box 564, Blantyre;Tel: 624888; FAX: 634339;Telex: 44168 MI

Tea Research Foundation,Central Africa, PO Box 51 ,Mulanje; Tel: 265-462277; FAX:265-462209; Telex: 44458

Tobacco Research Institute ofMalawi, PO Box 418, Lilongwe;Tel: 722266; FAX: 720668

U.S. Embassy,Economic/Commercial Section,PO Box 30016, Lilongwe, Malawi.Tel.: 783166. FAX: 780471;Telex: 44627

u.s.:

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Malawi, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Department of Commerce,Room 3317, 14th and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel.: 202-482-5148

Malawi Embassy to the U.S., 2408Massachusetts Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20008, Tel.:202-797-1007, FAX: 202-265­0976

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,

MA02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel.:212-732-6440, Fax: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Agri News: A Quarterly Newsletterof the Ministry of Agriculture.Lilongwe: The Ministry [quarterlypUblication] NAL call no.:S473.M3A3

Bolnick, B.R. "Moneylenders andInformal Financial Markets inMalawi." World Development 20,no. 1 (January 1992): 57-68. NALcall no.: HC59.7.A1W6

Burley Tobacco Handbook.[Lilongwe]: Tobacco Associationof Malawi, [199?]. NAL call no.:SB278.M25B87 1990

The Context of Small-ScaleIntegrated Agriculture-AquacultureSystems in Africa: A Case Studyof Malawi. Manila, Philippines:International Center for LivingAquatic Resources Management,1991. NAL call no.: SH121.C651991

Country Commercial Guide:Malawi. Washington, DC: U.S.Dept. of Commerce, InternationalTrade Administration, 1995[Available from the National TradeData Bank]

Country Profile. Malawi. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit[annual publication] NAL call no.:HC935.C68

Country Report. Mozambique,Malawi. London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAL call no.:HC890.A1C69

Gerard, Christopher D.Agricultural Pricing Policy inEastern Africa: A MacroeconomicSimulation for Kenya, Malawi,Tanzania, and Zambia.

Washington, DC: World Bank,1993. NAL call no.:HD2126.z775G47 1993

Golette, F. and S. Bahu. "MarketLiberalization and Integration ofMaize Markets in Malawi."Agricultural Economy 11, no. 2-3(Dec. 1994): 311-324. NAL callno.: HD1401.A47

Hancock, W.M. MacadamiaReference Manual [Blantyre,Malawi: Tree Nut Authority inMalawi, 1992?]. NAL call no.:SB401.M32H361992

Hutcheson, A. MacGregor andRichard Brown. "Malawi." InAfrica South of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa Publications Ltd.,1994, p. 566-580 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:DT30.A37

Koester, U. "Policies forPromoting Regional AgricUlturalTrade." Food Policy 18, no. 4(August 1993): 355-365. NAL callno.: HD9000.1.F66

Lunyangwa Agricultural ResearchStation. Malawi. Dept. ofAgricUltural Research. Consortiumfor International Development.Annual Report. Mzuzu: Malawi,Ministry of AgricUlture, Dept. ofAgricultural Research [annualpublication] NAL call no.:S542.M32L864

Matthews, Alison and ColinWilshaw. Fodya: the MalawiTobacco Handbook. Blantyre:Central Africana Limited, 1992.NAL call no.: HD9147.M32F631992

Mtawali, K.M. "Trade, Price andMarket Reform in Malawi: CurrentStatus, Proposals andConstraints." Food Policy 18, no.4 (August 1993): 300-307. NALcall no.: HD9000.1.F66

National Bank of Malawi, MalawiEconomic Brief. Blantyre:National Bank of Malawi [serialpublication] NAL call no.:HC935.A1M36

114

Quiroz, J. and A. Valdes."Agricultural Incentives andInternational Competitiveness:Government Interventions andExogenous Shocks in Four EastAfrican Countries." Food Policy18, no. 4 (August 1993): 342-354.NAL call no.: HD9000.1.F66

Rach, Theodor. Small-ScaleProcessing at Rural Centres,Malawi. Berlin: FachbereichInternationale Agrarentwicklung,Technische Universitat Berlin;Weikersheim: Verlag JosefMargraf, 1990 [Schriftenreihe desFachbereichs, no. 131] NAL callno.: S539.G3T47 Nr.131

Tea Association of Malawi. AHandbook to the Tea Industry ofMalawi. Blantyre: Central AfricanaLtd., 1991. NAL call no.:HE9198.M32H361991

Tea Association of Malawi. TheTea Association of MalawiLimited. [Blantyre]: TheAssociation, [1986?]. NAL callno.: HD9198.M32T28 1986

Valdes, Alberto and Kay Muir­Leresche. Agricultural PolicyReforms and Regional MarketIntegration in Malawi, Zambia,and Zimbabwe. Washington, DC:International Food PolicyResearch Institute, 1993. NALcall no.: HD2130.z8A371993

Williams, Lewis B. FertilizerSituation and Markets in Malawi.Muscle Shoals, Ala.: IFDC,[1990]. NAL call no.:HD9483.M274W5

Economy:

About 80% of the labor force ofMali is engaged in agriculture andfishing. Subsistence farmingsupports the great majority ofMali's 9.5 million people. Cottonand livestock account for over70% of exports. Millet, rice, corn,vegetables, and peanuts areraised mostly by subsistencefarmers. With 65-70% of land­locked Mali consisting of desert orsemi-desert, there is a definiteneed for irrigation systemsdevelopment. Most of theeconomic activity is confined tothe land area irrigated by theNiger River.

Mali's natural resources includegold, phosphate, kaolin, salt,limestone, uranium, bauxite, ironore, manganese, tin, and copper.Except for phosphate and goldmining, Mali's natural resourcesare largely unexploited. Theindustrial sector, besides gold andphosphate mining, is limited tobasic food processing,construction, and local consumergoods production.

The Government of Mali hasidentified several priority sectorsfor furthering economicdevelopment. Among thesesectors are: agribusiness, fishingand fish processing, livestock andforestry, and water and energyproduction industries. Malirecognizes that foreign aid,investment, and expertise isneeded to develop the targetedsectors.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $415 million(f.o.b. 1993). Export commoditiesinclude: cotton, livestock, andgold. Principal markets forexports are Western Europeancountries and other countries ofthe Franc Zone in West Africa.

Mali

Imports:

Imports 'consisted of $842 million(c.i.f. 1993). Imports include:machinery and equipment,foodstuffs, construction materials,petroleum, and textiles. Principalsources of imports are WesternEuropean countries and othercountries of the Franc Zone inWest Africa.

Economic Aid Assistance:

From 1987-1992, Mali averaged$434 million per year indevelopment aid and assistance.The International Monetary Fund(IMF) and the World Bank haveworked with Mali to liberalize itseconomy and improve financialmanagement. Internal pressureshave made the Maliangovernment reticent aboutimplementing some of theeconomic structural reformscalled for by the IMF and theWorld Bank. Mali will needcontinued multilateral and bilateraleconomic and development aid, ifit hopes to continue to attractprivate investment to develop itslargely untapped naturalresources.

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Climate Change, Desertification,Wetlands, Ozone LayerProtection, Law of the Sea; signedinternational agreements, but notratified: Nuclear Test Ban,Biodiversity.

Port of Entry:

Mali is a landlocked country. Maliuses the port at Kaolack, Senegalwhere it has a free zone reserved.In addition, sections of the portsat Dakar, Senegal and Abidjan,

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Cote d'ivoire have transit areasfor goods being shipped to Mali.

u.s. Exports to Mali:

U.S. exports to Mali were worth$19 million in 1994. Exportsinclude: cigarettes, used clothingand textiles, agriculturalequipment, plastics, machinery,and wheat.

Malian Exports to the U.S.:

Malian exports to the U.S. wereworth $4.1 million in 1994. Theprincipal U.S. import is textileproducts.

Trade Activities:

Some transactions in foreignexchange may be carried outthrough the Central Bank andother authorized banks. TheMinistry of Economy and Finance,however, is the sole authority inmatters concerning control offoreign exchange.

Mali abolished all import licensingrequirements and quotas in 1989.Import permits are issuedautomatically after they areregistered with the Ministry ofEconomy and Finance. .

Customs authority is carried outby the Director National desDouanes, Direction National desDouanes (see contacts listing) inBamako.

• Most customs duties are advalorem, based on c.i.f. value.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS).

• Countertrade/barter ispracticed, h0wever, Mali has

no laws governingcountertrade/ barter.

• Countertrade/bartertransactions are approved bythe Ministry of Finance andEconomy.

U.S exports to Mali valued atmore than $3,000 are sUbject topre-shipment inspection by SGSGovernment Services (seecontacts listing) for quantity,quality, price, and tariffclassification.

A reliable local agent ordistributor, fluent in French, isrecommended to assist in marketpenetration (direct marketinQ isnot feasible). The commercialsection of the U.S. Embassy canprovide suggestions and makecontacts.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Mali has restrictions on theimportation of living animals,living plants and seeds. TheMinistry of Health or the ~inistryof Agriculture issue specialauthorization for the import ofvarious plants and animals.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, Export .Coordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

There are no free trade zones inMali. Transit zone areas aremaintained in Dakar, Senegal andAbidjan, Cote d'ivoire. A freezone for Mali is reserved at theKaolack, Senegal port. ~ali's

investment codes recognize"export zone industries."

Companies that set up in Mali andexport most of their product.ionenjoy certain tax free benefits.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

Establishing a business in.Malihas been made easier by thecreation of the "Guichet Unique",or "one-stop shop". Applicationsare obtained and requireddocuments are submitted throughthe National Directorate forIndustries. Most businesses canbe set up within 30-45. days. .Information on the GUichet Uniquecan be obtained from the U.S.Embassy.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

French is the official language ofMali and France has beentraditionally dominant in trade andinvestment in Mali. English is notwidely used or understood in Mali.Potential suppliers and tradersneed to have marketing andtechnical literature in French andneed to have local agents oremployees who are fluent inFrench.

In addition, Mali's limited power,telecommunication, and transportinfrastructure and its smalldomestic market are constraintsto potential traders and investors.However, as more multilateral andbilateral aid projects improveMali's infrastructure, access andopportunities for investing andtrading with Mali may increase.

Mali has no regulatory or legalbarriers to investment/trade byforeign companies. Businessregistration procedures have beensimplified with the "guichetunique". There are n? restrictio.nson repatriation of capital or profits.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

The U.S. Eximbank offers privatesector, short-term financing for a

116

limited amount of export items forMali. Certain Overseas PrivateInvestment Corporation (OPIC)insurance programs are availableto help U.S. companies looking todo business in Mali.

The recent U.S. Department ofCommerce Country CommercialGuide for Mali notes that well­targeted U.S. exports may ~ind

opportunities in Mali's growmgprivate sector in: agriculture(fertilizers, improved seeds), agro­industry (grain and nut gri.ndingmill equipment and machinery,decorticating equipment, cottonginning and textile equipment),processed foods (especially, driedor long shelf-life items),telecommunications, mineralexploitation, new and us~d

clothing, computers, vehicles,electronics, and water resourcesdevelopment.

U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment, World Bank, andAfrican Development Bankdevelopment project~ ?ff~r U.S.businesses opportunities m areasof agricUlture, construc~ion:

irrigation, and commu.n1catlons.

Malian entrepreneurs are lookingfor joint venture partners orcountertrade opportunities toassist with exports of African-styleclothing, shea-nut basedcosmetics, sesame seed, gumarabic, and cottage industryhandicrafts.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), Economic Community ofWest African States (ECOWAS),the Franc Zone, the Organizationof African Unity (OAU), WestAfrican Economic Community(CEAO); and adheres to the fourthLome Convention of the EU.

International OrganizationslTrade Associations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) , International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), World CustomsOrganization (WCO), WorldIntellectual Property Organization(WIPO), World TradeOrganization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Mali is223.)

Mali:

Agency for Cooperation andResearch in Development (Mali),BP 1969, Bamako, Mali. Tel:228216/220948; FAX: 226126;Telex: 09851200 CPUBBKO

Assn. Malienne Pour IeDeveloppment, BP 2646,112x115, Ouolofo, BougouBolibala, Bamako, Mali. Tel:225909

Banque Centrale des Etats del'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO),Square Patrice Lumumba, BP206, Bamako, Mali. Tel: 223756;FAX: 224786 [Central Bank]

Banque de Oeveloppement duMali SA (BOM), Ave. du Fleuve,BP 94, Bamako, Mali. Tel:222050; FAX: 225085.

Banque Nationale deDeveloppement Agricole (BNDA),Immeuble Caisse Autonomed'Amortissement, Quarter duFleuve, BP 2424, Bamako, Mali.Tel: 226464; FAX: 222961[Agricultural development bank]

Chamber of Commerce andIndustry of Mali, Place de la

Liberte, BP 46, Bamako, Mali.Tel: 225036; Telex: 2435BAMAKO MJ

Compagnie Malienne Pour IeDeveloppement des Textiles(CMDT), BP 487, Bamako, Mali.Tel: 222462; FAX: 228141;Telex: 2554 [Cotton production,processing and marketingcompany]

Director National des Douanes,Direction Nationale des Douanes,BP 269, Bamako, Mali. Tel:225774; FAX: 225561 [Customsauthority]

International Liaison Committeefor Food Corps Programs (Mali),BP 2652, Bamako, Mali. Tel:223303/222837; Telex:CPUBBKO 1200MJ

Ministry of Economy and Finance,BP 234, Koulouba, Bamako, Mali.Tel: 225687; FAX: 228853;Telex: 2559

Ministry of Planning andInternational Cooperation,Koulouba, Bamako, Mali. Tel.:225780; Telex: 2412

Ministry of Rural Developmentand the Environment, BP 1676,Bamako, Mali. Tel: 226024

Office des Produits Agricoles duMali (OPAM), BP 132, Bamako,Mali. Tel: 223755; FAX: 220406[Manages food security andadministers food aid for Mali]

Office du Niger, BP 106, Segou,Mali. Tel: 320093; FAX: 320143[Focal point for irrigation projects,funded by international donoragencies, to increase cultivableland]

Societe Industrielle de Karite(SIKAMALI), Bamako, Mali.Telex: 2476 [Company thatprocesses shea nuts]

Societe Malienne d'Etudes et deConstruction de Materiel Agricole(SMECMA), BP 1707, Bamako,

117

Mali. Tel: 224071 [Agriculturalequipment manUfacturers]

Societe Malienne d'import etd'Export (SOMIEX), PO Box 182,Bamako, Mali

Societe Malienne de ProduitsChimiques, BP 1560, Bamako,Mali [Producers and distributorsof pesticides]

Societe Malienne de Sacherie(SOMASAC), BP 74, Bamako,Mali. Tel: 224941; Telex: 2564[Processors of dah and kenaffibers into sacks and packagingmaterial]

Tanneries Malienne (TAMALI),Route de Sotuba, BP 188,Bamako, Mali. Tel: 222826;Telex: 2616.

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (Mali), ImmeubleMaitre Hamcire N/DoureBadalabougon-Est., BP 120,Bamako, Mali. Tel: 223696;Telex: 2552 UNDEVPROBAMAKO

U.S. Embassy, Rue Rochester NYand Rue Mohammed V, BP 34,Bamako, Mali. Tel: 225470; FAX:223712; Telex: 2448 AMEMB MJ

U.S.:

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Embassy of the Republic of Mali,2130 R St., NW, Washington, DC20008. Tel: 202-332-2249/939-8950

Mali, Country Desk Officer, U.S.Dept. of Commerce, Room 2037,14th St. and Constitution Ave.,NW, Washington, DC 20230.Tel: 202-482-4388

SGS Government Services, 42Broadway, New York, NY 10004.Tel: 212-482-8700 [Pre-shipment

inspection representative forexports to Mali]

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Balique, H., Y. Lejean, and I.Annaheim. "Mali's New PrivateSector." World Health 46, no. 6(1993): 18-20

Church, R.J. Harrison, PierreEnglebert, and Edith Hodgkinson."MaiL" In Africa South of theSahara 1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 581­597. [annual publication] NALcall no.: DT30.A37

Collion, M.H. "On Building aPartnership in Mali Between Far­mers and Researchers." NetworkPaper 54 [AgriculturalAdministration Research andExtension Network] London:Overseas Development Institute,[1995]. NAL call no.: S539.5.N47nO.54

Coulter, J. "Liberalization of GrainMarkets in Tanzania, Mali, andGhana." In Food Policy in Sub­Saharan Africa, 1994, p. 69-80

Country Commercial Guide: Mali.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

country Profiie. CoteTftvoire,Mali, 1994-95. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit, 1994[annual publication] NAL call no.:HC1025.A1Q833

Country Report. Cote d'ivoire,Mali. London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit. [quarterly

publication] NAL call no.:HC1025.A1Q831

Creevey, L.E. "Supporting Small­Scale Enterprises for Women Far­mers in the SaheL" Journal ofInternational Development 3, no. 4(1991): 355-386

Hyman, E.L. "A Comparison ofLabour Saving Technologies forProcessing Shea Nut Butter inMaiL" World Development 19, no.9 (1991): 1247-1268. NAL callno.: HC59.7 A1W6

Lutz, A. 'Vegetable Oil as Fuel ­An EnVironmentally and SociallyCompatible Concept for MaiL"GATE-Eschborn 4 (1992): 38-46

Malgras, Denis. Medicinal Treesand Shrubs of the Mali Savannas.Paris: Editions Karthala, 1992.NAL call no.: QK99.M42M341992 [In French]

Rogers, B.L. and M. Lowdermilk."Price Policy and FoodConsumption in Urban MaiL"Food Policy 16, no. 6 (1991):461-473. NAL call no.: HD9000.1F66

Sissoko, K. et al. "Patterns ofAcquisition and Consumption ofMilk and Other Dairy Products inBamako, MaiL" In DairyMarketing in Sub-Saharan Africa.Addis Ababa: ILCA, 1992, p. 143­157. NAL call no.:HD9275.A3572D35 1992

Smith, L.D. and A.M. Thomson."The Role of Public and PrivateAgents in the Food andAgricultural Sectors of DevelopingCountries." FAO Economic andSocial Development Paper 105,1991. NAL call no.: HD1417.F64nO.105

Thomson, A. and N. Terpend."Promoting Private SectorInvolvement in AgriculturalMarketing in Africa." FADAgricultural SeNices Bulletin 106,1993. NAL call no.: S1.A323nO.106

118

Economy:

Until recently, Mauritius wasdependent on sugarcane andsugar production. Sugarcane isstill grown on over 90% of thecultivable land and sugaraccounts for approximately 30%of export earnings. Tea is alsogrown and processed for export.Crops for domestic consumptioninclude tobacco, potatoes,bananas, tomatoes, and maize.Pork and poultry production aresufficient for the domestic market,but 90% of the beef consumedand over 70% of dairy productshave to be imported. Thegovernment has attempted toincrease the production ofvenison, both for domesticconsumption and export. Almost80% of the fish consumed isimported, despite efforts toexpand the fishing industry.

The Export Processing Zones(EPZ) account for the largestamount of export earnings andare the nation's largest employer.The largest number of enterprisesin the EPZ manufacture textilesand clothing. Other industriesinclude: flowers, pearls, cut andpolished diamonds, watches,optical goods, electronic goods,leather prOducts, and toys.

The tourism industry is the thirdlargest foreign exchange earnerand is a rapidly expanding sectorof the economy.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $1.3 billion(f.o.b., 1992). Exportcommodities include: clothing,sugar, textile materials, tea,molasses, canned tuna, leatherprOducts, and anthuriums.Principal markets for exports arethe United Kingdom, France, theUnited States, and Germany.

Mauritius

Imports:

Imports consisted of $1.6 billion(c.Lf.,1992). Import commoditiesinclude: manufactured goods,machinery and transportequipment, food, refinedpetroleum prOducts, and textileraw materials. Principal sourcesof imports are France, SouthAfrica, the United Kingdom,Japan, Germany, and India.

Economic Aid Assistance:

Total external debt in 1992 was $1billion. About 35% of thisconsisted of borrowing frommultilateral institutions to financethe budget deficit and majordevelopment projects.

International Agreements:

Party to: Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Endangered Species,Environmental Modification,Hazardous Wastes, Marine LifeConservation, Nuclear Test Ban,Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling;signed, but not ratified: Law ofthe Sea.

Port of Entry:

The main port is Port Louis. TheMauritius Marine Authority(MMA), the agency responsible forthe administration, planning,operation, and development of allport facilities in Mauritius, is in theprocess of modernizing andexpanding the Port Louis Harbor.

u.s. Exports to Mauritius:

U.S. exports to Mauritius wereworth $17.9 million in 1993. Themajor exports include: machineryand transport equipment,diamonds, jewelry, rubber, rawcotton, aluminum waste andscrap, and manufactured goods.

119

Mauritian Exports to U.S.:

Mauritian exports to the U.S. wereworth $196.9 million in 1993.Exported goods were primarilyknitwear and other textiles, andsugar.

Trade Activities:

Beginning in June 1992,payments for imports wereallowed to be settled directly bycommercial banks without theexchange transaction beingapproved by the central bank.

Mauritius is a member of theCommon Market for Eastern andSouthern Africa (COMESA).Imports from countries that havemost-favored status, inclUding theUnited States, are givenpreferential tariff status.

Customs authority is carried outby the Comptroller of Customsand Excise in Port Louis,Mauritius.

• Most customs duties are advalorem.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theCOMESA and from nationswhich have most-favoredstatus.

• Mauritius does not currentlyhave governmental regulationsor requirements covering theuse of countertrade/barteractivities.

Mauritius requires that importersbe licensed under the LicensesOrdinance.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Imports of all agricultural productsrequire phytosanitary certificates.

Please refer to Part \, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

A commercial free port wascreated in Port Louis in June1992.

There are 83 Export ProcessingZones (EPZ) in 23 governmentdesignated areas. Thecompanies involved in the EPZbenefit from tax, economic, andlegal advantages.

Investment Assistance:

The government of Mauritius isanxious to attract foreigninvestors. It implemented theExport Processing Zone Act in1970 in order to strengthen theadvantages it could offerinvestors. In 1981, it also passedthe Export Services Zone (ESZ)Act in order to attract investors inexport-oriented service activities.

There are two governmentinstitutions to assist investors.The Industrial Coordination Unit ofthe Ministry of Trade and Shippingoperates as a single-stop officefor clearances and permits. TheMauritius Export Developmentand Investment Authoritypromotes investment and exports.It also develops and operatesindustrial sites and estates.

In 1991, the governmentestablished the OffshoreBusiness Center to assist inestablishing offshore companiesin a variety of business activities.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Mauritius requires import licensesunder the Licenses Ordinance.Some goods prohibited frombeing imported include: ball valvebottles; explosive caps for toypistols and guns; rubber tireswhich have been retreaded,recapped, or regrooved; whitephosphorus matches; some typesof fire crackers; kerosene stoves;water scooters; sugar; chocolatecandies; bubble gum or chewinggum in the form of cigarettes;secondhand motor vehicle spareparts; and straw brooms.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

The corporations in the ExportProcessing Zones aremodernizing their operations.They need raw materials,machinery, and spare parts,particularly in the clothingindustry.

Agricultural machinery andequipment such as caneharvesters, loaders, tractors,sprayers and irrigation equipmentare needed to modernize theoperations on sugar estates,because of a shortage ofmanpower.

Expansion of the tourist industryhas opened opportunities forexporters of hotel and cateringequipment, construction supplies,and pollution control equipmentand services.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations:

African Development Bank(AFDB); Common Market forEastern and Southern Africa(COMESA); Organization ofAfrican Unity (OAU); and adheresto the fourth Lome Convention ofthe EU.

120

International OrganizationslTrade Associations:

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP); EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA);Food and AgricUlturalOrganization (FAO); InternationalBank for Reconstruction andDevelopment (IBRD);International Monetary Fund(IMF); World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO); and WorldTrade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Mauritiusis 230.)

Mauritius:

Albion Fisheries Research Center,Albion, Petite Riviere. Tel:2334729; Telex: 4805 OLEANFY

Bank of Mauritius, Sir WilliamNewton St., Port Louis. Tel:2084164; FAX: 2089204; Telex:4253

Chinese Chamber of Commerce,Joseph Riviere St., Port Louis

Customs and Excise Dept., PortLouis. Tel: 2403475 or 2405259;FAX: 2400434

Development Bank of Mauritius,PO Box 157, Port Louis. Tel:2080241; FAX: 2088498; Telex:4248

Federation of Chambers andAssociations of Commerce andIndustry, Anglo-Mauritius Building,Port Louis

Forestry Service, BotanicalGarden St., Curepipe. Tel:6754966; FAX: 6743449

Indian Traders Association,Farquhar St., Port Louis

Mauritius Chamber of Commerceand Industry, 3 Royal St., PortLouis; Tel: 2083301; FAX:

2080076; Telex: 4277 CHACOMIW; Cable: CHACOM

Mauritius Chamber of Merchants,27 Corderie St., Port Louis. Tel:2083301; FAX 2080076

Mauritius Co-operativeAgricultural Federation,Cooperation House, 3 Dumat St.,Port Louis. Tel: 2121360

Mauritius Employers Federation,Cerne House, Chaussee, PortLouis. Tel: 2121599; FAX:2126725

Mauritius Export Developmentand Investment Authority, Level 2,BAI. Building, 25 PopeHennessy St., Port Louis. Tel:208770; FAX: 2085965; Telex:4597 MEDIA IW

Mauritius Export ProcessingAssociation (MEPZA), 42 SirWilliam Newton St., Port Louis.Tel: 2085216; FAX: 2121853;Telex: 4612

Mauritius Export ZoneAssociation,2 Royal St., PortLouis

Mauritius Sugar IndustryResearch Institute (MSIRI),Reduit. Tel: 4541061; FAX:4541971; Telex: 4899 MSIRI IW

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheriesand Natural Resources, Reduit.Tel: 4547330; FAX: 4648749

Ministry of Finance, NewGovernment House, Port Louis.Tel: 2012766; FAX: 2088622;Telex: 4249

Ministry of Industry, NewGovernment Centre, Port Louis.Tel: 2011085; FAX: 2128201;Telex: 4249

ORSTOM Mission in Mauritius(Mission ORSTOM a Mauritius),c/o Ministry of Agriculture,Fisheries and Natural Resources,New Government Center, PortLouis. Tel: 11059

State Commercial Bank, Inten­dance St., Treasury Building, PortLouis. Tel: 2088909; FAX:2088209; Telex: 4298

State Investment Corporation,Ramphul Building, Chaussee,Port Louis. Tel: 2122978; FAX:2088948; Telex: 4635

U.S. Embassy, Rogers House, 4thFl., John Kennedy St., Port Louis.Tel: 208-9763; FAX: 208-9534

U.S.:

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel: 202­667-7330; FAX: 202-667-6111

Embassy of Mauritius, 4301Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 441,Washington, DC 20008. Tel: 202­244-1491; FAX: 202-966-0983

Mauritius, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room3317, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC. Tel:202-482-4564

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, .MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3501

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Background Notes - Mauritius.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofState, 1995 [Available throughthe National Trade Data Bank]

Bank of Mauritius. QuarterlyReview. [Port Louis]: The Bank[quarterly pUblication] NAL callno.: HC517.M5B28

country Profile. Mauritius,Seychelles, 1994-95. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit,1995 [annual pUblication] NALcall no.: HC597.5.A1C682

121

country Report. Mauritius,Madagascar, Seychelles.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAL call no.:HC597.5.A1C69

Joint Public/Private SectorCommittee on the Sugar Industry(Mauritius). Report of the JointPubic/Private Sector Committeeon the Sugar Industry. [PortLouis?]: The Committee, [1992].NAL call no.: HD9118.M45J651992

Mauritius. Agricultural MarketingBoard. Annual Report. PortLouis: Agricultural MarketingBoard [annual publication] NALcall no.: HD9017.M3M38

Mauritius Chamber of AgricUlture.Annual Report. [Port Louis]: TheChamber [annual publication]NAL call no.: HD2150.5.M45A55

Mauritius Chamber of Agriculture.The Sugar Industry: Situation andOutlook: Elements for a StrategicReappraisal. [Mauritius]: TheChamber, 1991. NAL call no.:HD9118.M45S841991

Mauritius Chamber of Commerceand Industry. Annual Report.Port Louis: The Chamber [annualpublication] NAL call no.:HF336.M3M38

Mauritius - Offshore BusinessCenter - IM1950703. Washington,DC: U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Mauritius Sugar TerminalCorporation. Annual Report andAccounts. [Port Louis]: TheCorporation [annual publication]NAL call no.: HD9118.M45M39

. Sawbridge, M. "Mauritius."Textiles 19, no. 4 (1990): 89-90

Simmons, Adele and Donald L.Sparks. "Mauritius." In AfricaSouth of the Sahara 1995.

London: Europa PublicationsI tti 1QQ.d: n 1=;1!,\_1=;~1 r~nnlJ~1..... ,,_., • _",,-r, ..," - . - -_. L-.'. --_.

publication] NAL call no.:DT30.A37

122

Economy:

Mozambique gainedindependence from Portugal in1975. Since 1975, Mozambiquehas endured civil war, drought,famine, and large displacementsof its civilian population. TheMozambican economy hasconsequently suffered. Since themid-1980's, Mozambique hasstarted a transition to a market­based economy. Agriculture,including fishing and forestry, isestimated to make up 70-80% ofMozambique's economy.Subsistence farming dominatesagriculture, although somecommercial farming for exportcrops is done. The major cashcrops are cashew nuts, cotton,sugarcane, tea, copra, and sisal.Rice, corn, cassava, beans, andvegetables are raised for theinternal market and forsubsistence. The fisheries sectorhas emerged as one of the mainsources of export revenue,especially the export of shrimp.Mozambique is not self-sufficientin food production.

Industries in Mozambique includefood processing, chemicalproduction (fertilizer, soap, paint),textiles, cement production, andtobacco processing. It isestimated that industry operatesat only 20-40% of capacity.Mozambique has considerablepotential in the mining sector ofthe economy. Coal, titanium,pegmatite, graphite, and iron oredeposits are not exploited or areonly partially developed.Mozambique also has one of theworld's largest reserves oftantalite.

Mozambique's economycontinues to be dependent onforeign aid. There is an untappedpotential in agriculture, mining,and hydropower in Mozambique.With a stabilizing political climate,

Mozambique

ongoing multilateral and bilateralaid assistance, and reasonablerainfall, Mozambique couldprovide attractive opportunities forprivate U.S. investors and traders.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $145.8million (1993 est.). Exportcommodities include: shrimp(40%), cashews, cotton, sugar,copra, and citrus. Principalmarkets for exports were Spain,South Africa, the U.S., Portugal,and Japan.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $908.9million (1993 est.). Importsinclude: food, clothing, farmequipment, spare parts andequipment, and petroleum. MajorSOlJrces of imports were SouthAfrica, the United Kingdom,France, Japan, and Portugal.

Economic Aid Assistance:

Mozambique is one of the mostaid-dependent countries in theworld. From 1987 through 1993,$7 billion worth of economic anddevelopment support from theinternational donor community inthe form of grants, credits, anddebt relief was made available toMozambique. Italy, Portugal,Sweden, and France have beenthe largest bilateral donors.Multilateral aid continues to betied to continued economic policyreforms in Mozambique. U.S.assistance to Mozambique hasincreased in recent years. In1994, the U.S. Agency forInternational Developmentplanned to provide assistancetotaling $108 million forMozambique.

International Agreements:

123

Party to: Endangered Species,Ozone Layer Production; signedinternational agreements, but notratified: Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Law of the Sea.

Port of Entry:

The main international shippingport is Maputo. Maputo is one ofthe largest ports in Africa. It hasspecialized steel, bulk sugar andmolasses handling facilities, anda modernized citrus cold storagearea. The ports of Beira andNacala also have the ability tohandle international shipping andhave had recent upgrades of theirfacilities.

U.S. Exports toMozambique:

U.S. exports to Mozambique wereworth $39.4 million in 1994.Principal exports are foodstuffs,agricultural equipment, andclothing.

Mozambican Exports to theU.S.:

Mozambican exports to the U.S.were worth $15.3 million in 1994.Principal exports are sugar andcashews.

TradellnvestmentActivities:

A global foreign exchange bUdgetis prepared annually. With inputfrom the Ministries of Finance,Commerce, and Cooperation, andthe Central Bank, the NationalPlanning Commission preparesthe budget. Foreign exchangecontinues to be difficult to obtainthrough the commercial bankingsystem.

The Ministry of Commercesubjects all imports over $500 invalue to licensing. Import

licenses are routinely provided.Customs authority is carried outby the National Director ofCustoms Administration in Maputo(see contacts listing).

• Customs duty rate is 7.5% andis based on c.Lf. value ofimports.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theCommon Market for Easternand Southern Africa(COMESA).

• The National Office of Exports,in the Ministry of Commerce,approves and oversees barterand countertradearrangements. An "agreementof intention" governs all barterand countertradearrangements.

Joint ventures are encouraged inMozambique. The idea offranchising has not taken hold inMozambique. There could befuture franchising potential in fastfoods, services, and printingshops. Direct marketing iscurrently not feasible inMozambique.

Pre-shipment inspection of goods,valued over $5,000 if financed bythe importer and over $20,000 iffinanced by aid donors, ismandated by the Mozambicangovernment. SGS GovernmentServices (see contacts listing) hasbeen designated to inspect forquality, quantity, and price forgoods exported from the U.S. toMozambique.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

The importation of plants, seeds,and animals and animal productsinto Mozambique require sanitarycertificates from the exportingcountry. These products are alsoSUbject to inspection at ports ofentry in Mozambique.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on the

following: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZone/Export ProcessingZone:

Mozambique has established freetrade zones at the ports of Maputoand Beira.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Investment Promotion Center(see contacts listing) in Maputoprovides local investment andjoint venture information forpotential investors. In addition, .the U.S. Embassy can provideinvestment information andguidance on Mozambicanrequirements and assist inlocating reliable local agents ordistributors.

Trade Barriers:

Custom duties on importedproducts are high and notuniformly applied. Many products(especially consumer goods)enter Mozambique without payingcustoms duties. With customsduties over 100% on certainluxury goods, the incentive to skirtcustoms duties acts as a tradebarrier to normal supply channels.

Mozambique's large trade deficit(hard currency is scarce) makesit difficult for importers to obtainU.S. dollar letters of credit throughthe official banking system.

Mozambique's debilitated physicalinfrastructure, although the targetof several multilateral donorprojects, remains a distinct barrierto the distribution and marketingof products and privateinvestment projects.

124

With Portuguese as the official lan­guage, the use of a local agent ordistributor, fluent in Portuguese, isessential to establishing a long­term presence in Mozambique.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

The Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC) provides in­surance coverage forMozambique. In addition, theWorld Bank's MultilateralInvestment Guarantee Agency(MIGA) provides insurancecoverage for investors inMozambique.

The leading trade prospects forU.S. businesses include thefollowing: constructionequipment, engineering services,agriCUltural equipment, usedequipment and machinery(kitchen appliances, officeequipment, trucks, tractors, andmanufacturing equipment),computer and telecommunicationsequipment, and general consumergoods (packaged foodstuffs andhousewares).

Large, ongoing infrastructureprojects offer commercialopportunities for U.S. companies.Current information on projectscan be obtained from theCommercial Section of the U.S.Embassy in Maputo and the U.S.Department of Commerce'sNational Trade Data Bank.

Many of the state-owned orcontrolled corporations andenterprises (see contacts listing)are in the process of beingprivatized or liquidated. Theagency to contact for potentialinvestment opportunities is theUTRE, the Technical Unit forCompany Restructuring/Privatization (see contacts listing).The Commercial Section of theU.S. Embassy should also haveinformation on what companiesare scheduled to be privatized.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), Common Market forEastern and Southern Africa(COMESA), the Organization ofAfrican Unity (OAU), SouthernAfrican Development Community(SADC), and adheres to the fourthLome Convention of the EU.

International OrganizationslTrade Associations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO), International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), International Tea PromotionAssociation, World CustomsOrganization (WCO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephonedialing code is 011, and thecountry access code forMozambique is 258.)

Mozambique:

African-American Inst.(Mozambique), Avda. 24 de Julho1023, CP 2608, Maputo,Mozambique

Agency for Cooperation andResearch in Development(Mozam~ique),CP 139, Lichinga,Mozambique

Banco Commercial deMocambique, Avda 25 deSetembro 1679, CP 865, Maputo,Mozambique. Tel: 1­420767/428151; FAX: 1-421365

Banco de Mocambique (CentralBank), Avda 25 de Setembro1695, CP 423, Maputo,Mozambique. Tel: 1-428151;FAX: 1-429718

Banco Popular de Desenvolvi­mento, Avda 25 de Setembro1184, CP 757, Maputo,Mozambique. Tel: 1-428125;FAX: 1-423470

Citrinos de Manica, Avda 25 deSetembro, Chimoio, CP 15,Manica, Mozambique. Tel: 51­42316 [State-controlled tradingcompany that exports citrus andtropical fruit]

Citrinos de Maputo, Avda 25 deSetembro 1509, 6 Andar, CP1659, Maputo, Mozambique. Tel:1-421857; Telex: 6538 [State­controlled trading company thatexports citrus fruits]

Comercio Grossista de ProdutosAlimentares (COGROPA), Avda25 de Setembro 874-896 CP 308Maputo, Mozambique. Tel: 1- '428655; Telex: 6370 [Stateenterprise concerned withproduction and distribution of foodsupplies]

Companhia da Zambezia, SARL,Avda Samora Machel 245, 4Andar, CP 617, Maputo,Mozambique. Tel: 1-420639;FAX: 1-421507; Telex: 6380[Agricultural state enterprise]

Companhia do Caju do Monapo,SARL, Avda do Tiabalho21D6CP 1248, Maputo, Mozambique.Tel: 1-400290; FAX: 1-401164;Telex: 6249 [State enterprisethat produces and processescashew nuts]

Empresa de ConstrucoesMetalicas (ECOME), Avda dasIndustrias-Machava, CP 1358,Maputo, Mozambique. Tel: 1­752282 [State enterprise thatmakes agricultural equipment]

Empresa Estatal de MaquinariaAgricola (AGRO-ALFA), Avda deJulho 2755, CP 1318, Maputo,Mozambique. Tel: 1-422928;FAX: 1-30889; Telex: 6405[State enterprise that makesagricultural equipment]

125

Empresa Mocambicana de Im­portacao e Exportacao de Pro­dutos Pesqueiros (PESCOMInternacional), Rua ConsiglieriPedroso 343, 4 Andar, CP 1570,Maputo, Mozambique. Tel: 1­421734; FAX: 1-24961; Telex:6409 [State enterprise thatimports/exports fish products]

Empresa Mocambicana de Im­portacao e Exportacao de Pro­dutos Quimicos e Plasticos(INTERQUIMICA), Rua deBagamoyo 333, CP 2268,Maputo, Mozambique. Tel: 1­423168; FAX: 1-21229; Telex:6274 [State enterprise thatimports/ exports chemicals,pesticides, fertilizers, paper, andplastics]

Empresa Nacional de Importacaoe Exportacao de VeiculosMotorizadas (INTERMECANO),Rua Consiglieri Pedroso 165, CP1280, Maputo, Mozambique. Tel:1·430221; Telex: 6505 [Stateenterprise that manages trade ofmotorized vehicle, includingagricultural machinery]

Empresa Nacional de Exportacao,Avda Samora Machel 285, CP698, Maputo, Mozambique. Tel:1-430172; FAX: 1-428484; Telex:6387 [State enterprise forimports/exports]

Importadora de Bens de Consumo(IMBEC), Rua da Mesquita 33, CP4229, Maputo, Mozambique. Tel:1-421455; FAX: 1-423650; Telex:6350 [State enterprise forimporting consumer goods]

Investment Promotion Center (CPI),Avda 25 de Setembro 2049, CP4635, Maputo, Mozambique. Tel:1-420979/431649/422454; FAX:1-422459

Ministry of AgricUlture, Praca dosHerois Mocambicanos, CP 1406,Maputo, Mozambique. Tel: 1­460010; FAX: 1-460145; Telex:6195

Ministry of Commerce, Praca 25de Junho 37, CP 1831, Maputo,

Mozambique. Tel: 1-427204/426091; FAX: 1-421305

Ministry of Industry and Energy,Avda 25 de Setembro 1184,Maputo, Mozambique. Tel: 1­427149; FAX: 1-421935

Ministry of Mineral Resources,Avda Fernao de Magalhaes 34,Maputo, Mozambique. Tel: 1­429615/429541; FAX: 1-429541

Ministry of Trade, Praca 25 deJunho, CP 1831, Maputo,Mozambique. Tel: 1-426091;Telex: 6374

Mozambique Chamber ofCommerce, Rua SansaoMuthemba 452, CP 1836, Maputo,Mozambique. Tel: 1­492210/490428; Telex: 6498CACOM MO

National Director of CustomsAdministration, CP 263, Maputo,Mozambique. Tel: 1-420286;FAX: 1-420286; Telex: (0992)6713

Quimica-Gera, SARL, Lingamo­Matola, CP 15, Maputo,Mozambique. Tel: 1-424713;Telex: 6448 [State enterprisethat produces fertilizers]

Riopele Texteis de Mocambique,SARL, Rua Joaquim Lapa 21, CP1658, Maputo, Mozambique. Tel:1-31331; FAX: 1-422902; Telex:6371 [State textile enterprise]

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme - Mozambique, 921­931, Ave. Kenneth Kaunda, POBox 4595, Maputo, Mozambique.Tel: 1-744151/744152; Telex:6364 UNDEV MO

U.S. Embassy, Avenida KennethKaunda 193, PO Box 783,Maputo, Mozambique. Tel: 1­492797; FAX: 1-490114; Telex:6-143 AMEMB MO

U.S.-Mozambique Chamber ofCommerce, Rua SansaoMuthemba 452, Maputo,

Mozambique. Tel: 1­492210/490428; FAX: 1-421377

UTRE - (Technical Unit forCompany Restructuring ­Privatization), Avda EduardoMondlane 2746-60, Maputo,Mozambique. Tel: 1-32902/3, 1­426514; FAX: 1-421544

U.S.:

Embassy of the Republic ofMozambique to the U.S., 1990 MSt., NW, Ste. 570, Washington,DC 20036. Tel: 202-293-7146;FAX: 202-835-0245

Mozambique, Country DeskOfficer, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,Room 2037, 14th St. andConstitution Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-4228

Office of the Permanent Missionof Mozambique to the U.N., 70East 79th St., New York, NY10021. Tel: 212-517-4550

SGS Government Services, 42Broadway, New York, NY 10004.Tel: 212-482-8700

U.S. Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Caballero, L. "The MozambicanAgricultural Sector-ABackground Information."Working Paper 138, 1993[International Rural DevelopmentCentre, Swedish University ofAgricultural Sciences]

Country Commercial Guide:Mozambique. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Available

126

through the National Trade DataBank]

Country Profile. Mozambique,Malawi 1994-95. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit, 1994[annual pUblication] NAL call no.:HC890.A1C682

Country Report. Mozambique,Malawi. London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAL call no.:HC890.A1C69

Digenea, A. and J. Olivares. "In_tegrating Environmental IssuesInto a Strategy for SustainableAgriculture Development: TheCase of Mozambique." WorldBank Technical Paper 146,1991

"Fisheries and AquacultureResearch Capabilities and Needsin Africa. Studies of Kenya,Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe,Mauritania, Morocco, andSenegaL" World Bank TechnicalPaper 149, 1991

Gaifami, A. and D. Cooper."Developing Local SeedProduction in Mozambique." InGrowing Diversity: GeneticResources and Local FoodSecurity. London: IntermediateTechnology Publications, 1992, p.97-105. NAL call no.:SB123.3.G76-1992

Manhica, A. "Fertilizers andApatite of Mozambique." FertilizerResearch 30, no. 2/3 (1991): 167­175. NAL call no.: S631.F422

Marshall, J. and O. Roesch. "The"Green Zones" AgriculturalCooperatives of Nampula City: ANew Phase in MozambicanCooperative Movement." Journalof Southern African Studies 19,nO.2 (1993): 240-272

Mozambique: Financial SectorStUdy. Washington, DC: WorldBank, 1992

Mozambique: Restoring RuralProduction and Trade.

Washington, DC: World Bank,1990

Peethambaran, C.K. "Cashew inMozambique." Cashew (India) 6,no. 1 (1992): 11-15

Pelissier, Rene and Miles Smith­Morris. "Mozamb[que. It In AfricaSouth of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa PublicationsLtd., 1994, p. 633-656 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:DT30.A37

Rocha, A., P. Starkey, and AC.Dionisio. "Cattle Production andUtilisation in Smallholder FarmingSystems in SouthernMozambique." AgriculturalSystems 37, no. 1 (1991): 55-75NAL carl no.: HD1.A3

Mozambique - Sugar IndustryOveNiew - IM1950327.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

127

Namibia

u.s. Exports to Namibia:

U.S. exports to Namibia were .worth $16.3 million (f.a.s. value) In1994. Exports include: aircraftand associated parts andequipment, chemicals, miningequipment, vehicle parts, andradio equipment.

Namibian Exports to U.S.:

Port of Entry:

In March 1994, the port of WalvisBay was transferred t~ Namibia',sauthority by South Afnca, WalVISBay, on Namibia's central coast,has the capacity to handle 1~,million tons annually. In additionto handling container traffic andbulk mineral loading, Walvis Bayis also the center of Namibia's fishprocessing industry. LUde,ritz, onNamibia's southern coast, IS asecondary port and center forlobster catching and processing.The limitations o1.a shallow harborrestrict the number and size ofships that can use the Luderitzharbor.

Namibian exports to the U.S. wereworth $27.8 million (customs

Economic Aid Assistance:

Namibia joined the World Bankand the International MonetaryFund in 1990. Multilateral andbilateral aid for the period of 1990through 1993 totaled over $1.5billion. Much of the internationalaid for Namibia has focused ondevelopment projects in health,education, rural development, andhousing.

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Law of the Sea, Ozone LayerProtection; signed, but not ratified:Biodiversity, Climate Change.

tungsten, vanadium, natural gas,and fish.

Namibia's economy will likelyremain dependent on exportrevenues from its mining sectorfor the near term. Except, forsignificant exports of live cattle,beef, and Karakul sheepskins,agriculture continues to besubsistent. About 90% of thegoods used in the country,including about 50% of the food,are imported. At the same time,about 90% of the goods Namibiaproduces are exported.Integration of the econo~y,

especially local proce~slng ?findigenous raw matenals, Willneed to increase if continueddevelopment is to proceed.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $1.289 billion(f.o.b., 1992). Exportcommodities include: diamonds,copper, zinc, gold, lead, uranium,cattle, processed andunprocessed fish, meat and meatpreparations, and Karakulsheepskins. Principal exportmarkets are Switzerland (mostlydiamonds), South Africa,Germany, Japan, and the United

_Klngcl°m_..

Economy:

One of Africa's newest countries,Namibia gained independence in1990. More than half the totalpopulation of 1.6 million isdependent on agriculture for alivelihood (mostly subsistenceagriculture). In the overalleconomy, mining accoun~s for25% of the GOP, with agncultureaccounting for 15%. Livestockraising is the major income sourcefor agriculture. The most .important agricultural produ~t ISbeef. Large-scale commercialcrop production, without ad.equ~teirrigation, is not really possible InNamibia. Subsistent cropsinclude: maize, sorghum, millet,beans, and peanuts. Karakulsheep are raised in southernNamibia and the export of Karakulpelts, though not as pro!itable asin the early 1980's, contl.nu,es toprovide revenues. Proximity toone of world's richest fishinggrounds has resulted .in N.amibia'sfishing industry expenenclngtremendous growth. Employmentin the fish processing industry hasincreased 50% since 1990.Processed fish productsaccounted for 11 % of total exportearnings in 1993.

Industrial production, includingmining, accounts for 35% of the Imports:GOP. The major industriesinclude: meatpacking, fish Imports consisted of $1.178 billionprocessing, dairy prod~cts, and (c.Lf., 1992). Import commoditiesmining (copper, lead, ZinC, include: food and beverages,diamond, tungsten, and uranium). petroleum products and fU~I,Namibia has a severely vehicles and transport equipment,underdeveloped manufacturing machinery and electrical go~d~,

... sector. .f-ood J;)fOOUC-tS ac£.eunted-- -chemicals, arid plastics. PrinCipalfor about 70% of all goods sources of imports are Southproduced in Namibia in 1991. Africa, Germany, the U.S., ~apan,Namibia is heavily dependent on and Switzerland. South AfncaSouth Africa for manufactured accounted for 90% of the goodsgoods. The natural resources of and services imported in 1992.Namibia include diamonds,copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin,lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt,

128

value) in 1993. Exports include:base metals and rock lobster. In

. 1991, the U.S. granted duty-freeaccess to its Generalized Systemof Preferences (GSP), covering4 000 trade items. The duty-freeaccess includes all of Namibia'smajor (existing) exportcommodities.

Trade Activities:

External currency transactions arecontrolled by the Bank of Namibiaon behalf of the Ministry ofFinance. Foreign exchange forimports are provided byauthorized dealers with thepresentation of proper documents.The Bank of Namibia approvesadvance payment for imports.

Namibia is a member of theSouthern African Customs Union(SACU), along with Botswana,Lesotho, Swaziland, and SouthAfrica. About 90% of the importsfrom countries outside of theSACU require a permit. Importsfrom outside SACU are mostoften licensed to conform to SouthAfrica's import requirements.

Customs authority is carried outby the Director General ofCustoms and Excise (seecontacts listing) in Windhoek,Namibia.

• Most customs duties are advalorem.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from themember countries of theSACU.

• Namibia does not currentlyhave governmental regulationsor requirements covering theuse of countertrade/barteractivities.

Namibia received Most FavoredNation trading status from theU.S. in 1991.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Imports of living plants, see.ds,fresh fruits and vegetables IntoNamibia require phytosanitary .certificates. Namibia has specialmarking/labeling regulations forfood items.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZone/Export ProcessingZone:

A free trade zone at the WalvisBay port on Namibia's centralcoast was opened in March 1994.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

In addition to the .Economic/Commercial Section ofthe American Embassy inWindhoek, prospective U.S.investors should contact theInvestment Promotion Center ofthe Namibian Ministry of Tradeand Industry (see contacts listing).

Trade Barriers:

As a member of the SouthernAfrican Customs Union (SACU),much of Namibia's customs dutiesare set to conform to SouthAfrica's standards. Imports fromcountries outside of SACU arelicensed to conform with importregulations set by South Africa.

Namibia has variable surchargerates on imports, ranging from nosurcharge on imports foragricultural use (equipment,inputs, etc.), raw materials for

129

manufacturing, and foodstuffs, toa 40% surcharge on imports ofconsumer lUXUry goods (includingtobacco, canned seafood, nuts,and mineral water).

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

In 1990, Namibia signed abilateral investment treaty with theU.S. Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC). The treatyprovides guarantees for U.S.investors in Namibia.

Namibia's growth sectors includefisheries, mining, agriculture, andtourism. Within the agriculturesector, the demand for the latesttools/processes in breeding,genetic and veterinary technology,will probably increase with theexpected growth of the livestocksector.

Namibia's expanding fishing andfish processing industry, offerspotential opportunities forcompanies supplying commercialfishing and fish processingequipment and technology.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations:

African Development Bank(AFDB), Common Market forEastern and Southern Africa(COMESA), Common MonetaryArea (CMA), Organization ofAfrican Unity (OAU), SouthernAfrican Customs Union (SACU),Southern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC); adheres tothe fourth Lome Convention of theEU.

International Organizations!Trade Associations:

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), theCommonwealth, EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),Food and Agriculture Organization(FAa), International Bank for

Reconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), World Bank, WorldIntellectual Property Organization(WIPO), World TradeOrganization (WTO).

List of Contacts

(The international telephoneaccesscodeis011,andthecountry access code for Namibiais 264.)

Namibia:

African-American Inst. (Namibia),PO Box 1804, Windhoek 9000,Namibia

Assn. of Consulting Engineers ofNamibia, PO Box 23037,Windhoek 9000, Namibia. Tel:61-227574

Bank of Namibia, 10 Goring St.,PO Box 2882, Windhoek,Namibia. Tel: 61-226401; FAX:61-229874 [Central Bank)

Chamber of Mines of Namibia,Continental Bldg., 1st Floor,Room 17, Independence Ave., POBox 2895, Windhoek, Namibia.Tel: 61-37925; FAX: 61-222638

Commercial Bank of Namibia Ltd.,12-20 Bulow St., PO Box 1,Windhoek, Namibia. Tel: 61­2959111; FAX: 61-224417

Development Organization ofNamibia, PO Box 1720, Windhoek9000, Namibia

Director General of Customs andExcise, Customs and Excise,Fiscus Bldg., Moltke St., PrivateBag 13185, Windhoek, Namibia.Tel: 61-2092811; FAX: 61­231177

First National Bank of NamibiaLtd., 207 Independence Ave., POBox 195, Windhoek, Namibia.Tel: 61-229610; FAX: 61-225604

Integrated Rural Developmentand Nature Conservation, c/oPalmwag Box 339, Swakopmund9000, Namibia

Investment Promotion Centre,Ministry of Trade and Industry,Government Bldg., Private Bag13340, Windhoek, Namibia. Tel:61-229933; FAX: 61-220148

Meat Board of Namibia, PO Box38, Windhoek, Namibia. Tel: 61­33180; FAX: 61-228310

Meat Corp. of Namibia, PO Box3881, Windhoek, Namibia. Tel:61-216810; FAX: 61-217045

Ministry of Agriculture, Water andRural Development, Private Bag13184, Windhoek, Namibia. Tel:61-396911; FAX: 61-229861

Ministry of Fisheries and MarineResources, Private Bag 13355,Windhoek, Namibia. Tel: 61­3969111; FAX: 61-224566

Ministry of Trade and Industry,Government Bldg., Private Bag13340, Windhoek, Namibia. Tel:61-2849111; FAX: 61-220227;Telex: 808

Namibia Development Corp.,Private Bag 13252, Windhoek,Namibia. Tel: 61-306911; FAX:61-33943 [Manages agriculturalprojects and promotes foreigninvestment]

Namibia Inst. for CommunityDevelopment, PO Box 23353,Windhoek 9000, Namibia. Tel:61-215602; FAX: 61-215602

Namibia National Chamber ofCommerce and Industry, PO Box9355, Kenya House, 4th Floor,Windhoek 9000, Namibia. Tel:61-228809; FAX: 61-228009

Namibia Scientific Society, POBox 67, Windhoek 9000, Namibia.Tel: 61-225372

Namibian Agronomic Board, POBox 5096, Windhoek, Namibia.Tel: 61-224741; FAX: 61-225371

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Namibian Development Trust, 57Pasteur St., Windhoek 9000,Namibia. Tel: 61-38002; FAX:61-33261

Namibian Karakul Board, PrivateBag 13230, Windhoek, Namibia.Tel: 61-37750; FAX: 61-36122[Karakul sheep)

Namibian Inst. for CommunityDevelopment, PO Box 20557,Windhoek, Namibia. Tel: 61­226166/31564; Telex: 908669WK

Namibian International BusinessDevelopment Organization, POBox 82, Windhoek, Namibia. Tel:61-37970; FAX: 61-33690

Namibian Peoples DevelopmentInst., PO Box 21075, Windhoek9000, Namibia. Tel: 61­22610/226620

Private Sector Foundation, POBox 2217,4 Von Lindequist St.,Windhoek 9000, Namibia. Tel:61-37370/37371; FAX: 61­228261

Small Industries Projects, PO Box8390, Plot 80, Brakwater,Windhoek 9000, Namibia. Tel:61-64527

Standard Bank Namibia Ltd.,Mutual Platz, PO Box 3327, Wind­hoek, Namibia. Tel: 61-2949111;FAX: 61-2942409

U.S. Embassy,Economic/Commercial Section,Ausplan Bldg., 14 Lossen St.,Private Bag 12029, Windhoek,Namibia. Tel: 61-221601; FAX:61-229792

Windhoek Chamber of Commerceand Industries, SWA Bldg.Society Bldg., 3rd Floor, PO Box191, Windhoek, Namibia. Tel:61-222000; FAX: 61-33690

U.S.:

Embassy of the Republic ofNamibia, 1605 New HampshireAve., NW, Washington, DC

20009. Tel: 202-986-0540; FAX:202- 986-0443

Namibia, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room2037, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-1860

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

country Profile. Namibia,Swaziland. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[annual publication} NAL call no.:HC940.A1Q832

country Report. Botswana, Na­mibia, Lesotho, Swaziland.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAL call no.:HC940.A1Q83

Critchely, AT., K.W.G. Rotman,and F.J. Molloy. "The NamibianSeaweed Industry: Present andPotentiaL" BioresourceTechnology (UK) 38, no. 2-3(1991): 137-143. NAL call no.:TD930.A32

Damme, P. van and V. van denEynden. "Medicinal and AromaticPlants Used by the Topnaar-­Namibia." Acta Horticulturae 344(November 1993): 266-277. NALcall no.: 80 Ac82

Davies, K. Namibia: Profile ofAgricultural Potential. Chatham,England: Natural ResourcesInstitute, 1993

"Development Plan for Forestryand Forest Products Research."Forestry Publications 2 (1992):51 p. [Ministry of Agriculture,Water and Rural Development,Directorate of Forestry, Namibia}

Elkan, Walter et al. "NamibianAgriculture: Policies andProspects". Technical Papers 73

(1992): 46 p. [OECDDevelopment Centre} NAL callno.: HD2134.N361992

Hutcheson, A MacGregor,Christopher Saunders, andDonald L. Sparks. "Namibia." InAfrica South of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa PublicationsLtd., 1994 [annual publication}NAL call no.: DT30.A37

Jurgens, J.D. "The FishingIndustry in Namibia." In WorldConference on Small Pelagics,Abidjan, Cote d'ivoire, 10-12 June1991 [Conference Proceedings}Abidjan, Cote d'ivoire: Infopeche,1991, p. 39-46

Kimble, H. "AgriculturalTransformation in Namibia AfterApartheid." In AgriculturalTransformation and SocialChange in Africa. Frankfurt amMain: P. Lang, 1992, p. 79-100.NAL call no.: HD2117.A3521992

Lechner, W. "The Developmentof National Sorghum and PearlMillet Research Capabilities inNamibia." SACCAR Newsletter25 (1994): 4-7. NAL call no.:S542.A356S33

LeRoux, P.J. "Development ofViable Communities in Namibiaon an Agricultural Base." Agricola(Namibia) 8 (May 1990): 54-56.NAL call no.: S473.N3A37

Mealy, Marc P. "U.S. ExportersMay Find Namibia a "Diamond inthe Rough"." AgExporter 2, no.11 (November 1990): 15. NALcall no.: aHD1401.A7

The Meat Industry in Namibia.[s.l.: ABC Press?, 1990?} NALcall no.: HD9427.M32M4

Metzger, D. and B. Rothkegel."An Analysis of Production andPromotional Issues in the Beef,Karakul and Grain Industries ofNamibia." In AgriculturalRestructuring in Southern Africa:Papers Presented at anInternational Symposium,Swakopmund, Namibia, 24-27

131

July 1990, 1992, p. 252-261. NALcall no.: S472.A356A471990

Murray, Roger. Namibia Throughthe 1990s: Turning RichResources Into Growth. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit,1992 [EIU Special Report no.M211} NAL call no.: HC940.M871992

Namibia - Fishing Industry Profile- STR9312. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration. 1993 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Namibia - Government EconomicPolicy - IM1950516. Washington,DC: U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, Market ResearchReports, 1995 [Available throughthe National Trade Data Bank}

Namibia: Poverty Alleviation withSustainable Growth. Washington,DC: World Bank, 1992

Ruediger, J. "Namibia: A GiantAwakens." Seafood International9, no. 5 (1994): 23-25

Sen, S. "Mariculture in SouthernAfrica: Current Status and FuturePotentiaL" ALCOM News (FAO­SIDA) 11 (July 1993): 7-10. NALcall no.: SH125.A356A53

Sparks, D.L. and R. Murray.Namibia: The Nation AfterIndependence. Boulder,Colorado: Westview Press, 1992

Vigne, Piers and Peter Oates."Rural Development Priorities inNorthern Namibia." NEPRUResearch Report 2 (1992): 50 p.[Namibian Economic PolicyResearch Unit} NAL call no.:HD2134V541992

Economy:

Niger's economy is dependent onsubsistence agriculture, animalhusbandry, uranium and foreignaid. The agricultural sectoremploys over 90% of theworkforce and accounts forapproximately 40% of GDP. Theprincipal cash crops are cowpeas,cotton, and peanuts. Theprincipal food crops are millet,sorghum. cassava, and rice.Livestock raised include cattle,sheep, goats, and camels.

Uranium accounted for 75% ofNiger's reported export earningsin 1991. In addition to uranium,cassiterite, phosphate, and goldare also mined.

The manufacturing sector is smalland modern manufacturingaccounts for less than 1% of GDPaccording to national figures.Industry includes agriculturalprocessing, textiles, cement, andconsumer prOducts, primarily forthe domestic market.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $300 million(f.o.b.) in 1993. The main exportcommodities include: uraniumore, livestock prOducts, cowpeas,and onions. There isconsiderable unreported cross­border exporting of commoditiessuch as livestock. Principalmarket for exports are France,Nigeria, Cote d'ivoire, and Italy.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $360 millionin 1993. The main importcommodities include: primarymaterials, machinery, vehiclesand parts, electronic equipment,cereals, petroleum prOducts,pharmaceuticals, chemicalproducts, and foodstuffs.Principal sources of imports are

Niger

France, Cote d'ivoire, Germany,Italy, and Nigeria.

Economic Aid Assistance:

France is normally the primarysource of foreign aid. However,Niger has also received aid fromother sources, including the U.S.,Japan, and Germany. Accordingto the World Bank, officialdevelopment assistance from allsources amounted to $46.7 percapita in 1990 and represented14.2% of GDP.

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Environmental Modification,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone LayerProtection, Wetlands; signed, butnot ratified: Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Law of the Sea.

Port of Entry:

Niger is landlocked. The principalport used is Cotonou, Benin.

U.s. Exports to Niger:

U.S. exports to Niger were worth$15.9 million in 1993. PrincipalU.S. exports were machinery andspare parts.

Nigerien Exports to U.S.:

Nigerien exports to the U.S. wereworth $5.6 million in 1993.

Trade Activities:

Exchange control is theresponsibility of the FinancialRelations Directorate. Allsignificant import transactions withforeign countries must bepeformed through an authorizedbank and foreign exchange mustnot be purchased before thepayment due date if the goodshave already been imported, or

132

until eight days before theshipment date if the goods arealready covered by documentarycredit.

Import licenses were abolished in1990.

Customs authority is carried outby the Directeur General desDouanes in Niamey:

• Customs duties are levied onan ad valorem c.Lf. basis.

• Most products are subject tocustoms tariffs ranging from2.3% to 71%.

• Additional taxes which arecharged on some productsinclude Statistical Tax,Standard or Transaction SalesTax, Consumption Tax, andProduction Tax.

• Niger is a member of the WestAfrican Customs Union(CEAO), and a contractingparty to the HarmonizedCommodity Description andCoding System.

• Although there are nogovernment regUlations orrequirements governingcountertrade! barter, this typeof transaction may berequested by an importer for aspecific transaction.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Niger requires the importer to ob­tain special authorization for theimportation of various plants andanimals. This authorization maybe obtained from the Ministry ofPublic Health or the Ministry ofAgriculture, depending on the itemto be imported.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on the

following: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

There are no free trade zones inNiger.

Investment Assistance:

Niger wishes to encourage foreigninvestment and therefore has aliberal investment code. Itprovides for tax relief and tariffprotection.

Tradellnvestment Barriers:

Import licenses were eliminated in1990. Items which may beimported only by appropriategovernment officials include arms,munitions, military uniforms anddecorations. Items which may notbe imported include distillingequipment, animals, arms andmunitions, rough diamonds,obscene publications and films,saccharin, narcotics, explosives,and living plants or seeds.

The principal disincentives toinvestment are cumbersomeregulatory and administrativeprocedures, a shortage of skilledlabor, expensive andcumbersome labor practices,limited local market size, and hightaxes and high shipping costs forimported goods.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Opportunities exist for U.S.businesses to profit fromdevelopment projects. In themineral sector of the economythere is a need for pipeline

building, well-drilling, mineralexploration, and development ofmining concessions (particularlygold, coal, tin, iron, phosphates,petroleum, and uranium).

Opportunities in the agriculturalsector include the importation offood, particularly grains. Thisneed is more acute in a droughtyear.

Additional opportunities include:telecommunications projects (in­cluding telephone and telegraphservice and rural, weather, andaviation communications).

Membership in:

Regional Organizations:

African Development Bank(AFDB), Economic Community ofWest African States (ECOWAS),Organization of African Unity(OAU); and adheres to the fourthLome Convention of the EU.

International OrganizationslTrade Associations:

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP); EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO); International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD); International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD);International Monetary Fund(IMF); Islamic Development Bank(IDB); World Intellectual PropertyOrgnaization (WIPO); and WorldTrade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Niger is227.)

Niger:

Banque Centrale des Etats del'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO),Rond-point de la Poste, BP 487,Niamey. Tel: 722491; FAX:734743; Telex: 5218

133

Caisse de Stabilisation des Prixdes Produits du Niger, PO Box480, Niamey.

Centre ORSTOM de Niamey,ORSTOM Center at Niamey, BP11416, Niamey. Tel: 753827;FAX: 752804

Chambre de Commerce,d'Agriculture, d'industrie etd'Artisanat du Niger, BP 209,Niamey. Tel: 732210; Telex:5242

Chambre de Commerce,d'Agriculture, d'industrie etd'Artisanat du Niger, Antenne deDiffa, BP 91, Diffa. Tel: 540392

Chambre de Commerce,d'Agriculture, d'industrie etd'Artisanat du Niger, Antenne deMaradi, BP 79, Maradi. Tel:410366

Chambre de Commerce,d'Agriculture, d'industrie etd'Artisanat du Niger, Antenne deTahoua, BP 172, Tahoua. Tel:610384

Chambre de Commerce,d'Agriculture, d'industrie etd'Artisanat du Niger, Antenne deZinder, BP 83, Zinder. Tel:510078

Directeur General des Douanes,Ministere des Finances, BP 244,Niamey. Tel: 723280; Telex:5337 MINIFI NI

Institut National de RecherchesAgronomiques au Niger (INRAN);Niger National Institute forAgronomic Research, BP 149,Niamey. Tel: 722714; FAX:722144; Telex: 5201

Ministry of Economy, Finance,and Planning, BP 235, Niamey.Tel: 723467; Telex: 5203

Ministry of Trade, Transport, andTourism, BP 12130, Niamey. Tel:724382; Telex: 5467

Syndicat des CommercantsImporteurs et Exportateurs du

Niger (SCIMPEXNI), BP 535,Niamey. Tel: 733466

U.S. Embassy, Commercial andConsular Sections, Rue DesAmbassades, BP 11201, Niamey.Tel: 722661; FAX: 733167;Tolov' 1=~J1p. 1\1111. l;AAI\II

I ""I ......". L-IVIL..oI" ... " ....,-r-r. 'I.

U.S.:

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009 Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Embassy of Niger, 2204 R St.NW, Washington, DC 20008.Tel: 202-483-4224

Niger, Country Desk Officer, U.S.Dept. of Commerce, Room 3317,14th St. and Constitution Ave.NW, Washington, DC 20230.Tel: 202-482-4388

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Background Notes - Niger.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofState, 1995 [Available throughthe National Trade Data Bank]

Church, R. J. Harrison, PierreEnglebert, and Edith Hodgkinson."Niger." In Africa South of theSahara 1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 674­691 [annual publication] NAL callno.: DT30.A37

country Profile. Niger, BurkinaFaso, 1993/94. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit, 1994[annual publication] NAL call no.:HC1020.A1C82

Country Report. Togo, Niger,Benin, Burkina Faso. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit[quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC1015.A1Q83

Dorosh, Paul Anthony, B. EssamaNssah, and--ettsmane Samba­Mamadou. Terms of Trade andthe Real Exchange Rate in theCFA Zone: Implications forIncome Distribution in Niger.Ithaca, NY: Cornell Food andNutrition Policy Program, SavageHall, Cornell University, [1994].NAL call no. HD9018.D44W675nO.57

134

Economy:

Nigeria is Africa's most populousnation and the United States' fifthlargest oil supplier. Thepetroleum sector accounts forover 95% of all foreign exchangeearnings and about 75% ofbudgetary revenues. Agricultureaccounts for almost 40% of GOPand employs about two-thirds ofthe labor force. The principalcrops are cassava, yams,sorghum, millet, corn, oil palm,rice, peanuts, cashews, cocoa,sugarcane, and cotton. Livestockraised includes poultry, sheep,goats, beef and dairy cattle, andhogs.

In addition to oil and gas,Nigeria's principal mineralresources include coal, iron ore,tin, uranium, phosphates,limestone, and marble. Some ofthese resources are not currentlybeing exploited.

The government has encouragedconsiderable investment in themanufacturing sector. Textiles,beverages, cigarettes, soaps, anddetergents together account forapproximately 60% ofmanufacturing output. Othermanufacturing activities includefoodstuffs, vegetable oilprocessing, shoes, cement, flourmilling, tires, paper andpackaging, glassmaking,fertilizers, steel rolling andmanufacture, andpharmaceuticals.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $9.9 billion(f.o.b. 1993). The main exportcommodities include: petroleum,cocoa, rubber, urea andammonia, fish and shrimps, andoilseed meals. Principal marketsfor exports are the United States,Germany, Spain, France, and theNetherlands.

Nigeria

Imports:

Officially-recorded mportsconsisted of $6.7 billion (c.Lf. in1993). Imports included transportequipment, machinery, chemicals,consumer goods, and foodstuffs(sugar, milk powder, and tallow).Principal source of imports are theUnited Kingdom, Germany, theUnited States, France, and Japan.Some trade is unrecorded, due tosmuggling.

Economic Aid Assistance:

As an oil producer, Nigeria hasreceived relatively small amountsof aid from multilateralorganizations and foreigngovernments.

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Hazardous Wastes, Law of theSea, Marine Dumping, Marine LifeConservation, Nuclear Test Ban,Ozone Layer Protection; signed,but not ratified: Biodiversity,Climate Change.

Port of Entry:

Nigeria's chief ports are LagoslApapa, Tin Can Island, and PortHarcourt. Other ports include:Calabar, Warri, Bonny, Burutu,Sapele, Koko and Okrika.

u.s. Exports to Nigeria:

U.S. exports to Nigeria were worth$509 million in 1994. The UnitedStates exports tallow, tobacco,and beverage bases to Nigeria.In addition, the United Statessupplies wheat and wheat flour toBenin, Cameroon, and Togo,which is then smuggled intoNigeria.

135

Nigerian Exports to U.S.:

Nigerian exports to the U.S. wereworth $4.4 billion in 1994.

Trade Activities:

The Central Bank is the principaladministrator of foreignregulations. However, all licensedcommercial banks and merchantbanks are permitted to deal inforeign currencies and to approveapplications, following theguidelines issued by the CentralBank. Bureaux de Changes nowsell foreign exchange at theprescribed rate plus a fixedcommission.

Nigeria abolished all importlicensing requirements in 1986.

Customs authority is carried outby the Comptroller General of theNigeria Customs Service:

• Customs duties are based oneither a specific or an advalorem basis, depending onthe item.

• Items essential for humanwelfare and economicdevelopment are duty free.Those classified as lUxury ornon-essential may be subjectto duties as high as 200%.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS).

• Nigeria's official policy is not toconduct any barter or counter­trade transactions. However,these transaction maysometimes be approved, butthere is currently no officialbody with the power to giveapproval.

Nigeria actively seeks foreigninvestment. All proposed foreigninvestment must first be approvedby the Industrial DevelopmentCoordination Committee (IDCC)of the Ministry of Industry andTechnology.

Tradellnvestment Barriers:

In 1986, Nigeria removed allimport licensing requirements.Nigeria does, however, maintain aban on the import of the followingitems: live or dead poultry(except for day-old chicks andparent stock), vegetables,processed wood (except for woodin the rough), furniture andfurniture products, woodencabinets for radio and television,mosquito repellant coils, textilefabrics, domestic articles andwares made of plastic materials,Evian and other water, soft drinks,beer and stout, malt, barley,maize and maize products,

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Nigeria requires sanitary or healthcertificates for the importation ofsome animals, animal products,plants, seeds, soils, and usedmerchandise.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

The Nigerian government isdeveloping an export processingzone near the city of Calabar inEastern Nigeria.

Investment Assistance:

vegetable oils (except linseed andcastor oils used as industrial rawmaterials), retreaded and usedtires, bentonite and barytes,fluorescent tubes and glass bulbs,and used vehicles andmotorcycles more than eight years

------oIa.

All imports must be covered by aclean report of finding (CFR)issued after thorough inspectonon the goods by an appointedinternational inspector. Importsfrom the United States areinspected by Intertek ServicesInternational (see contacts listing).

Although the Nigerian governmentactively seeks foreign investment,some sectors of the economy areprohibited to foreign investment.These include: electronicconsumer goods' assembly,electrical repair shops, ice creammaking, grain milling, and retailtrade and manufacturerrepresentatives.

Regrettably, as in many otherparts of the world, corruption is a .factor and is a serious tradebarrier in Nigeria.

The U.S. Department ofCommerce reports that fraudulentbusiness activity is common inNigeria. Shipments to Nigeriashould be made only afterissuance of an irrevocable letterof credit confirmed by a U.S.bank.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Some of the leading tradeprospects include: oil and gasmachinery; computers, softwareand peripherals;telecommunications equipment;automotive parts and accessories;aircraft and parts and other goodsfor the aviation industry; medicalequipment; printing and graphicarts equipment, plasticsproduction machinery; securityand safety equipment; pumps,

136

valves and compressors; andconstruction equipment.

Some of the leading agriculturaltrade prospects include: dairyproducts; wheat; rice; and winesand spirits. ApprOXimately 75% ofdairy products consumed inNigeria are imported. The eight­year ban on importing rice waslifted in 1995, but there iscurrently a 100% duty on importedrice. Wines comprise one-third ofU.S. consumer-oriented exportvalues to Nigeria. Importation ofsparkling wines, such aschampagne, are expected toincrease now that the import banon them has been lifted. Inaddition, there is a need for foodprocessing and packagingequipment, and air conditioningand refrigeration equipment in thefood processing industry.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), Economic Community ofWest African States (ECOWAS),Organization of African Unity(OAU), the West AfricanGroundnuts Council; and adheresto the fourth Lome Convention ofthe EU.

International OrganizationslTrade Associations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),Food and AgriCUlture Organization(FAO) , International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), World Bank, WorldIntellectual Property Organization(WIPO), World TradeOrganization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and the

country access code for Nigeria is234.)

Nigeria:

African Centre for FertilizerDevelopment (ACFD), c/o OAU,26-28 Marina, Lagos

African Council of Food andNutrition Sciences (AFRONUS),PO Box 5160, Harare. Tel:728991; Telex: 6221

African Feed ResourcesResearch Network, c/o ILCALiaison Office, PO Box 3211,Harare

African Groundnut Council, TradeFair Complex, PO Box 3025,Lagos. Tel: 1-880982; Telex:21366 AFNUCO NG

Agricultural Extension andResearch Liaison Services(AERLS), Ahmadu BelloUniversity, Private Mail Bag 1044,Samaru, Kaduna. Tel: 69-51868

Alley Farming Network forTropical Africa (AFNETA), c/oITA, Oyo Rd., Private Mail Bag5320, Ibadan. Tel: 022-400300or 400314; Telex: 20311

Cocoa Producers' Alliance, 8/10Broad St., 11th Fl., PO Box 1718,Lagos. Tel: 1-2635574; FAX: 1­2635684; Telex: 28-288 COPALNG

Comptroller General, NigeriaCustoms Service, FederalGovernment Secretariat, PrivateMail Bag 26, Garki-Abuja. Tel: 9­234-1873; FAX: 9-234-2267;Telex: 23744 CUSTOMS NG

Federal Department of Customsand Excise, New SecretariatComplex, Phase I, Ikoyi Lagos.Tel: 682890

Federal Ministry of Finance,Federal Secretariat, Phase I,Abuja. Tel: 234-0932 or 234­0936 or 234-0903

Fisheries Society of Nigeria,Private Mail Bag 12529, Lagos

Forestry Association of Nigeria,PO Box 4185, Ibadan

Institute for Agricultural Research,Samaru, Ahmadu Bello University,Private Mail Bag 1044, Zaria,Kaduna. Tel: 69-50681

Kaduna Chamber of Commerce,Industry, and Agriculture, 24 WaffRd., PO Box 728, Kaduna. Tel:211216; Telex: 71325

Kano Chamber of Commerce,Industry, Mines, and Agriculture,138 Ibrahim Taiwo Rd., PO Box10, Kano City, Kano State. Tel:620165; FAX: 620165

Lagos Chamber of Commerceand Industry, Commerce House,1st Fl., 1 Idowu Taylor St.,Victoria Island, PO Box 109,Lagos. Tel: 1-613898 or 613911or 610533; Telex: 21368CHACOMNG

Lake Chad Research Institute,Gamboru Rd., Private Mail Bag1293, Maiduguri. Tel: 69-232106

Manufactures Association ofNigeria, Unity House, 4th Fl., 37Marina, PO Box 3835, Lagos. Tel:1-660755

National Animal ProductionResearch Institute (NAPRI),Ahmadu Bello University, PO1096, Shika, Zaria, Kaduna. Tel:32596

National Cereals ResearchInstitute, Badeggi, K.M.11 Bida­Suleja Rd., Private Mail Bag 8,Bida, Niger, Nigeria. Tel: 066­461233

National Horticultural ResearchInstitute (NIHORT), Idi-Ishin,Private Mail Bag 5432, Ibadan,Oyo. Tel: 22-412230

National Root Crops ResearchInstitute, Umudike (NRCRI),Private Mail Bag 7006, Umudike,Umuahia, Abia. Tel: 88-220188

137

National Veterinary ResearchInstitute, Near Jos, Vom, Plateau.Tel: 73-80811; FAX: 73-80997

Nigerian-American Chamber ofCommerce, Marble House, 1Kingsway Rd., Ikoyi, Lagos. Tel:1-2692088; FAX: 1-2693041

Nigerian Association of Chambersof Commerce, Industry, Mines andAgriculture, 15A Ikorodu Road,Maryland PMG 12816, Lagos.Tel: 1-964727; FAX: 1-964737;Telex: 21368 CHACOM NG

Nigerian Institute of Plant Scienceand Solar EnergylTechnology(NIPSSET/UNESCO), 149Hospital Rd., Aba, Imo. Tel: 096­63155

Nigerian Institute of Social andEconomic Research (NISER),Private Mail Bag 5, University ofIbadan Post Office, Ibadan, Oyo.Tel: 400500; Telex: 31119NISER NG

Nigerian Institute forTrypanosomiasis Research,Surame Rd., Private Mail Bag2077, Kaduna. Tel: 213337

Nigerian Stored ProductsResearch Institute, Private MailBag 1489, 1I0rin. Tel: 1-222143

NIHORT Agricultural EngineeringDivision, Idi-Ishin, Private MailBag 5432, Ibadan, Oyo. Tel:412490

NIHORT Citrus Division, Idi-Ishin,Private Mail Bag 5432, Ibadan,Oyo. Tel: 412490

NIHORT Crop Utilization Division,Private Mail Bag5432.ldi-lshin.Ibadan,Oyo. Tel: 22-412490

NIHORT Extension Research,Liaison and Training Division, Idi­Ishin, Private Mail Bag 5432,Ibadan,Oyo. Tel: 412490

NIHORT Fruits Division, Idi-Ishin,Private Mail Bag 5432, Ibadan,Oyo. Tel: 412490

NIHORT Vegetable Division Idi­Ishin, Private Mail Bag 5432',Ibadan,Oyo. Tel: 412490

United States Embassy, with aU.S. Foreign Commercial ServicePost and a Consular Section, 2Eleke Crescent, PO Box 554,Lagos. Tel: 1-261-0050; FAX: 1­610-257; Telex: 23616 AMEMLANG; Consular Section Fax: 1­612218

West African Association ofAgricu.ltural Economists, c/o Dept.of Agncultural EconomicsUniversity of Ibadan, Ibadan.FAX: 087-222872

World Trade Center of Nigeria,Western House, 9th Fl., 8-10Broad St., PO Box 4466, Lagos.Tel: 1-2635276; FAX: 1-683981

U.S.:

Intertek Services International3741 Red Bluff Road, Houston,Texas 77503, Attn: Ms. SusanFinchum. Tel: 713-475-2082'FAX: 713-475-2083 '

Nigeria, Country Desk OfficerU.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room3317, 14th and Constitution Ave.,NW, Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-4228

Nigerian American Chamber ofCommerce, 575 Lexington AveNew York, NY 10021. Tel: 212~'715-7200

Nigerian Embassy, 2201 M StreetNW, Washington, DC 20037. Tel:202-822-1500; FAX: 202-775­1385; Consular Office, Tel: 202­822-1538; Commercial Office1333 16th St. NW, Washingto'nDC. Tel: 202-775-1385; FAX: '202-775-1375

Nigerian-United States TradeCouncil, 214 Massachusetts Ave.,Ste. 300, Washington, DC 20002.Tel: 202-293-9433

U.S.-African Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:

212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

"About Turn: Nigeria." TheEconomist 334 (Jan. 21, 1995):48. NAL call no.: 286.8.EC7

Asoegwu, S. N. The IndustrialPotentials of Some of Nigeria'sFruits and Vegetables. Ibadan:National Horticultural ResearchInstitute, 1989 [Occasional paperno. 20] NAL call no.:HD9257.N552A85 1989

Biddle, Reginald F. "Five Yearsof Reform Efforts Begin ShowingSome Results." BusinessAmerica 112 (April 22, 1991): 18.NAL call no.: HF105.C62

Biddle, Reginald F. "Nigeria; ThisCountry Offers Many PromisingAreas for Trade." BusinessAmerica 111 (April 23, 1990): 39.NAL call no.: HF105.C62

Country Commercial Guides:Nigeria. [Washington, DC]: U.S.Dept. of Commerce, InternationalTrade Administration 1995[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank]

Country Profile. Nigeria, 1994-95.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit, 1994 [annualpUblication] NAL call no.:HC1055.A1C682

Country Reporl. Nigeria. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit[quarterly pUblication] NAL callno.: HC1055.A1C68

Economic Policy and TradePractices: Nigeria. [Washington,DC]: U.S. Dept. of State 1995[Available through the N~tionalTrade Data Bank]

"The Economic Puzzle." TheEconomist 328 (August 21, 1993):N6-N9. NAL call no.: 286.8.EC7

"Exporters With a Sense ofAdventure Find Openings inNigeria." AgExporler 5, nO.12

138

(Dec. 1993): 4-6. NAL call no.:aHD1401.A7

"Fraudulent Business ProposalsFrom Nigeria Persist." CostEngineering 37, no. 4 (April1995): 17,34.

Hassan, M. Kabir, K. Choudhuryand M. Waheeduzzaman. "On 'Black Market Exchange Rate andDema~d for Money in DevelopingCountries: The Case of Nigeria."Atlantic Economic Journal 23, no.1 (Mar. 1995): 35-44.

Henke, Debra L. "BusinessProspects Good, But Caution IsAdvised." Business America 113(April 6, 1992): 40-41. NAL callno.: HF105.C62

Henke, Debra L. "NewGovernment Will Face ToughEconomic Decisions." BusinessAmerica 114 (April 19, 1993): 36.NAL call no.: HF105.C62

Knott, David. "Beware ofNigerians Bearing Deals." Oil &Gas Journal 93, no. 10 (Mar. 61995): 37 '

Mabogunje, Akin L., I.C.McCaskie, and Richard Synge."Nigeria." In Africa South of theSahara 1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 692­730 [annual pUblication] NAL callno.: DT30.A37

Nigeria: A Country Study, editedby Helen Chapin Metz. 5th ed.Washington, DC: HeadquartersDept. of the Army, [1992]. NAL'call no.: DT515.22.N531992

Nigeria: Country Analysis Brief.[Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Nigeria--Economic Trends-­IM1950615. [Washington, DC]:U.S. Dept. of CommerceInternational Trade 'Administration, 1995 [Available

through the National Trade DataBank]

"Nigeria Marches Backwards."The Economist 330 (Feb. 26,1994): 43. NAL call no.:286.8.EC7

Nigerian Agricultural SituationReport. Lagos: AmericanEmbassy, 1994 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Njoku, J.E. and E.C. Ofiabulu."The Effect of the StructuralAdjustment Program on theOutput, Prices and Exports ofMajor Agricultural Export Crops inNigeria." Journal of InternationalFood and Agribusiness Marketing3, no. 4 (1991): 69-84. NAL callno.: HD9000.1.J6

Nwosu, Aloysius C., StructuralAdjustment and NigerianAgriculture; An Initial Assessment.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofAgriculture, Economic ResearchService, Agriculture and TradeAnalysis Division, [1992]. NALcall no.: aHD2145.5.z8N96 1992

"Oiling the Big Wheels." TheEconomist 329 (Nov. 6,1993): 93.NAL call no.: 286.8.EC7

"Southern Africa Driving to TapGas Resources." Oil & GasJournal 93, no. 18 (May 1, 1995):36-40

"Tapping Africa's Private-PowerPotentiaL" Electrical World 209,no. 3 (Mar. 1995): 40-42. NALcall no.: 335.8.EL2

139

Economy:

In this country of almost ninemillion people, where French isthe official language, agriculture isthe dominant economic sector.Peanuts are Senegal's mainsource of foreign exchange andthe leading export. Peanutproduction covers up to 65% ofSenegal's cultivated land andprovides revenues for more thanone million people. Subsistencecrops include millet, corn,sorghum,rice, and vegetables.Senegal is heavily dependent onimported rice and wheat,especially in the urban centers.Agriculture, including fishing,employs approximately 70% ofSenegal's labor force andcontributes 20% to Senegal'sGOP. Fishing is a major industryin Senegal. The majority of theannual fish catch (estimated atover 400,000 metric tons) isgenerated by small-scaleoperators and provided to thedomestic market. Thecommercial fish catch for exporthas become an important sourceof hard currency for Senegal.

Senegal's major industries include__ fish processing, PtlosphCitemining

and processing, agricultural andfood processing (especiallypeanut processing), textileproduction, and chemicalproduction (fertilizers, plastics,paint). The industrial sectorcontributes about 15% toSenegal's GDP. The naturalresources of Senegal include ironore (largely untapped),phosphates, and fish.

The Government of Senegal isthe country's largest employer andconsumer. A gradual, but sloweffort to privatize state-owned orcontrolled enterprises is currentlyunderway. The governmentcontinues to hold majorityownership in the agiO-business,

Senegal

telecommunications, transport,mining, and electricity industries.

In 1994, Senegal implemented apolicy reform plan to liberalize itseconomy. The elimination of mostgovernment subsidies, divestitureand privatization of stateenterprises, strict budget controls,and reduction of customs dutiesare all aimed at renewing positivegrowth, continuing eligibility formultilateral and bilateral donoraid, and increasing outside privateinvestment.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $870 million(1993 est.). Export commoditiesinclude: fish, peanuts and peanutoil, petroleum products,phosphates, and cotton. Principalexport markets are France, otherEuropean Union countries, Coted'ivoire, Mali, and Guinea.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $1.17 billion(1993 est.). Import commoditiesinclude: foods and beverages,consumer goods, capital goods,and petroleum. Principal sourcesof imports ara-Erence, other -­European Union countries, Coted'ivoire, the U.S., Thailand, China,and Japan.

Economic Aid Assistance:

-Senegal is heavily dependent onforeign assistance. In 1993,outside assistance representedapproximately 35% ($606 million)of the central government bUdgetrevenues. The World Bank andthe International Monetary Fundcontinue to assist in theliberalization of Senegal'seconomy.

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International Agreements:

Party to: Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Hazardous Wastes, Lawof the Sea, Marine LifeConservation, Nuclear Test Ban,Endangered Species, OzoneLayer Protection, Wetlands,Whaling; signed internationalagreements, but not ratified:Desertification, Marine Dumping.

In 1983, the U.S. and Senegalsigned a bilateral investmenttreaty. The treaty provides formost favored nation (MFN)treatment for investors, forinternationally recognizedstandards for compensation in theevent of expropriation, for freetransfer of capital and profits, andfor dispute settlement procedures.

Senegal has similar investmentagreements with France,Switzerland, Germany, Denmark,Finland, Spain, The Netherlands,South Korea, Romania, andJapan.

Port of Entry:

Dakar is the main port of entry forSenegaL---'n addition, many of theimports and exports of Mauritaniaand The Gambia pass throughDakar. Dakar also has a largepart of Senegal's fishing industry,including fishing vessels andprocessing facilities.

Kaolack, the other major port,serves as a transshipment port forMali.

U.s. Exports to Senegal:

U.S. exports to Senegal wereworth $42.5 million (f.a.s. value) in1994. Exports include:agricultural commodities (rice,wheat, wheat flour, corn, milkpOWder), used clothing, and a

limited amount of machinery andequipment.

Senegalese Exports to theU.S.:

Senegalese exports to the U.S.were worth $11.7 million (customsvalue) in 1994. Exports include:textiles, peanut oil, and processedfish.

TradellnvestmentActivities:

Foreign exchange control isadministered by the Directorate ofMoney and Credit. Approvalauthority for some foreignexchange transactions has beendelegated to the Central Bank(BCEAO) (see contacts listing)and other authorized banks.

The import of certain goods, suchas potatoes, onions, bananas,vegetable oil, gold, jewelry, andcement is subject to priorapproval by the Minister ofCommerce (mostly for protectionof local production).

As a member of the West AfricanEconomic Community (CEAO),Senegal is in the process ofharmonizing its external tariffrates and customs regUlationswith member states (Benin,Burkina Faso, Cote d'ivoire, Mali,Mauritania, Niger, and Togo(observer status).)

There are no restrictions onexports from Senegal. An exportduty of 20% continues to besuspended. Export subsidies alsohave been suspended sinceFebruary 1994.

Customs authority is carried outby the Directeur General desDouanes in Dakar, Senegal (seecontacts listing).

• Goods imported into Senegalare subject to a customs duty,a fiscal duty, a custom stamp,and a value-added tax.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS).

• Senegal does not havespecific regulations governingthe use of countertrade orbarter in trade arrangements.Individual importers mayrequest these type ofarrangements for specifictransactions.

The Government of Senegalcontrols the distribution channelsfor "strategic" commodities suchas edible peanut oil, importedvegetable oil, sugar, and rice.

Franchising does not exist inSenegal. Direct marketing is notfeasible on a large scale inSenegal. The use of local agents,distributors, dealers, direct salesbranches, or subsidiary officesare the current method U.S. firmsuse in tapping into Senegal'seconomy.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Special authorization fromSenegal's Ministry of Agricultureor the Ministry of Public Health isneeded for the importation ofcertain plants and animals.Senegal has special marking andlabeling requirements for imported(and domestically) canned,preserved, and other food (feed)products, intended for both humanand animal consumption.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

141

Free/Foreign TradeZone/Export ProcessingZone:

A free trade zone was establishedat the main port of Dakar in 1974.Tax, profit transfer, and customduty advantages are authorizedfor foreign investors setting upexport-oriented companies in theDakar Industrial Free Trade Zone.Senegal does not have a freeport.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

In addition to the Economic/Commercial Section of theAmerican Embassy in Dakar,prospective U.S. investors shouldcontact the "guichet unique" (one­stop shop) at the Ministry ofFinance. Also, the Syndicate ofImporters and Exporters ofSenegal (SCIMPEX) (seecontacts listing) can provideinformation and contacts forpotential U.S. traders.

Tradellnvestment Barriers:

High banking costs, relatively highlabor costs, and economicdifficulties within Senegal havebeen obstacles to investment inSenegal. Senegal's trade reflectsits historical association withFrance. France supplied 35% ofthe imports to Senegal andreceived 30% of Senegal'sexports in 1992. The Ministry ofFinance set up the "guichetunique" ("one-stop shop") in 1992to reduce delays in examining andapproving private investment inSenegal.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

The U.S. Department ofCommerce's recent CountryCommercial Guide for Senegalidentified the following potentialareas for U.S. suppliers andexporters: food processing andpackaging equipment (for

manufacture of cardboard, paperbags, recyclable plastic bags, andmetal cans); cosmetics-­especially hair and skin products;agricultural products (rice, wholemilk powder in 25kg bags,vegetable oil, and wheat); capitalequipment for fishing industry,including fleet and processingfacilities; used clothing; powergeneration equipment; andtelecommunication products andservices

Large development projectsfinanced by multilateral donorsoffer U.S. businessesopportunities for supplyingequipment, machinery, technicalexpertise, and consultingservices. The CommercialSection of the U.S. Embassy canprovide current information ondevelopment projects in Senegal.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), African IntellectualProperty Organization (OAPI),Common Monetary Area (CMA),Economic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS), FrancZone, Organization of AfricanUnity (OAU), West AfricanEconomic Community (CEAO),West African Development Bank(WADB); adheres to the fourthLome Convention of the EU.

International OrganizationslTrade Associations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO) , International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (!FAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), World Bank, WorldCustoms Organization(WCO),World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO), WorldTrade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry telephone code forSenegal is 221.)

Senegal:

Administration de la ZoneFranche (Free Trade ZoneAdministration), KM 18, Route deRUfisque, BP 3298, Dakar,Senegal. Tel: 340002; Telex:3330 ZFI SG

African-American Inst. (Senegal),BP 2650, Dakar, Senegal

African Institute for EconomicDevelopment and Planning, Ruede 18 Juin, BP 3186, Dakar,Senegal. Tel: 231020; Fax:222964 [Research includesplanning and management for theagriculture sector]

African Regional Center forTechnology (ARCT), BP 2435,Immeuble Fahd Ben Abdel Aziz,Ave. Djily Mbaye, Dakar, Senegal.Tel: 237712; Fax: 237713;E-mail: [email protected][ARCT is sponsored by the UnitedNations Economic Commissionfor Africa (UNECA) and theOrganization of African Unity(OAU). Research interest areasinclude biomass energy and post­harvest technologies]

Appropriate TechnologyInternational - Senegal, BP 49,Dakar, Senegal. Tel: 254821;FAX: 232965

Assn. of African Central Banks,15 Blvd. Franklin Roosevelt, BP1791, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:233821; FAX: 217760

Assn. of African Women forResearch and Development ­Senegal, BP 3304, Dakar,Senegal. Tel: 259823/259822;FAX: 241289

Banque Centrale des Etats del'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO),Avenue Abdoulaye Fadiga, BP

142

3108, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:231615; FAX: 239335 [CentralBank for Senegal and the CentralBank for the Monetary Union ofWest Africa]

Banque Internationale Pour IeCommerce et l'lndustrie duSenegal (BICIS), 2, AvenueRoume, BP 392, Dakar, Senegal.Tel: 231033; FAX: 233707

Caisse Nationale de CreditAgricole du Senegal (CNAS), 45Avenue Albert Sarrault, BP 3890,Dakar, Senegal. Tel: 222390;FAX: 212606 [Developmentbank]

Centre National de RecherchesAgronomiques (National Centerfor Agronomic Research), BP 41,Bambey, Senegal. Tel: 586350

Centre Senegalais du CommerceExterieur(CICES) (Senegal Centerfor External Trade). Route del'Aeroport, BP 8166, Dakar,Senegal. Tel: 201750/231070;FAX: 350712

Chambre de Commerce de Dakar,1, Place de l'lndependence,Dakar, Senegal. Tel: 237189;FAX: 239363; Telex: 61112 SG

Chamber of Commerce, Industryand Agriculture, Place del'lndependance, PO Box 118,Dakar, Senegal. Tel: 237189;FAX: 239363; Telex: 21793ANEMB SG

Citibank, 2, Place del'lndependence, BP 3391, Dakar,Senegal. Tel: 232981; FAX:238817

Compagnie Bancaire de l'Afriquede l'Ouest (CBAO), 1, Place del'lndependence, BP 129, Dakar,Senegal. Tel: 231000; FAX:232005

Conseil National de Patronat(CNP) (National Council ofBusiness Leaders), 70, Rue FelixFaure, BP 3537, Dakar, Senegal.Tel: 215803; FAX: 324826

Directeur General des Douanes,Direction Generale des Douanes,5 Place de l'lndependance, BP4033, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:212514; FAX: 214484; Telex:(0906) 21660

Direction de Recherche sur IeProductions Forstieres (Directionof Forestry Products Research),BP 2312, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:329617; Telex: 61117

Direction du Commerce Exterieur,BP 2050, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:215725

Federation of Textile Industries inSenegal, 2, Place del'lndependence, Dakar, Senegal.Tel: 229065; FAX: 225241

Femmes DeveloppementEntreprise en Afrique, Unite 3,4336 Ave. Bourguiba, BP 3921,Dakar, Senegal. Tel: 230058;FAX: 254287

Forum of African VoluntaryDevelopment, BP 12085, Ville2610 HLM Minzatt, Ave. CheikhAhmadon Bamba, Dakar,Senegal. Tel: 256064; FAX:255564

Foundation des OrganisationsRurales Pour l'Agriculture et laGestion Ecologique, BP 01,Parcelle No. 68/a, Grand-Dakar11, Kolda, Senegal. Tel: 958007

Gambia River Basin DevelopmentOrganization, 13, passageLeblanc, Ave. Nelson Mandela,Dakar, Senegal. Tel: 223159;F,ll.X: 255926

Institut de TechnologieAlimentaire (Inst. of FoodTechnology), Route des PeresMaristes, BP 2765, Hann, Dakar,Senegal. Tel: 321955; FAX:328295

Institut Senegalais de RecherchesAgricoles (ISRA) (AgriculturalResearch Inst. of Senegal), 11Rue Thiong prolongee x Valmy,BP 3120, Dakar, Senegal.Institute for African Alternatives(Senegal), BP 5254, Sicap Mer-

moz, Immeuble A, Apt. 7506,Dakar, Senegal. Tel: 240110;FAX: 254300; E-Mail:[email protected]

Laboratoire National de l'Elevageet de Recherches Veterinaires(National Laboratory for Breedingand Veterinary Research), BP2057, Hann, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:352146; FAX: 326146

Ministry of Agriculture and WaterResources, ImmeubleAdministratif, Dakar, Senegal.Tel: 231088; Telex: 3151

Ministry of Energy, Mines andIndustry and of Trade and Crafts,122 bis Ave. Andre Peytavin, BP4037, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:229994; FAX: 225594

Ministry of the Economy, Financeand Planning, Rue Rene Ndiaye,BP 4017, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:210699; FAX: 224195

Organisme de Recherches surl'Alimentation et la NutritionAfricaines (ORANA) (ResearchOrganization for Food andNutrition in Africa), 39, Ave.Pasteur, BP 2089, Dakar,Senegal. Tel: 225892

PAD (Port Authority of Dakar), 21Blvd. de la Liberation, BP 3195,Dakar, Senegal. Tel: 234545;FAX: 233606

Richard Toll Agricultural ResearchCenter, BP 240, Saint-Louis,Senegal. Tel: 633105; FAX:611827

SAED (National Society for theManagement and Exploitation ofthe Delta Land and Valleys of theSenegal River), Route de Khor,BP 74, Saint Louis, Senegal. Tel:611533; FAX: FAX: 611463[Government-owned agriculturaldevelopment organization]

SCIMPEX (Syndicate of Importand Export Traders of Senegal),12-14 Ave. Albert Sarraut, BP806, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:213662

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SENECI (Senegalais d'Etudes deConseils et d'interventions), 16Rue de Thiong x Mousse Diop,BP 2969, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:217733/221425; FAX: 214897

SERAS (Society for theExploitation of the AnimalResources of Senegal), km 2.5,Blvd. du Centenaire de laCommune de Dakar, BP 14,Dakar, Senegal. Tel: 323178;FAX: 320690 [Government­owned livestock developmentorganization]

SODAGRI (Society for Agriculturaland Industrial Development),Immeuble Fahd, ge etage, Blvd.Djily Mbaye x Macodou Ndiaye,BP 222, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:210426; FAX: 225406

SODE-FITEX (Society for the De­velopment of Textiles Fibers), km4.5, Blvd. du Centenaire de laCommune de Dakar, BP 3216,Dakar, Senegal. Tel: 324780;Telex: 280 [Government-ownedorganization that manages thedevelopment of the cottonindustry]

SODEVA (Society for theDevelopment and Diversificationof Agriculture), 92 Rue MousseDiop, BP 3234, Dakar, Senegal.Tel: 231678; FAX: 210153

SODIDA (Societe de Gestion duDomaine Industriel de Dakar),Rue 14 Prolongee x Bourguiba,BP 4112, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:241339; Telex: 21474 SODIDASG

SONACOS (National Society forthe Commercialization of theVegetable Oils of Senegal),Immeuble SONACOS, 32-36 Ruedu Dr Calmette, BP 639, Dakar,Senegal. Tel: 231052; FAX:238805 [Marketing organizationfor peanuts and peanut products]

SONEPI (National MarketResearch Firm for the Promotionof Industry), derriere ResidenceSeydou Nourou Tall, Ave.Bourguiba Prolongee, BP 100,

Dakar, Senegal. Tel: 252130;FAX: 246565

UNACOIS (National Associationof Senegalese Shopkeepers), 96,Rue AK. Bourgi x JaraffMamadou Paye, Dakar, Senegal.Tel: 216048

United Nations InformationCentre, 12 Ave. Roume, BP 154,Dakar, Senegal. Tel:233070/234066; FAX: 222679

U.S. Embassy, Ave. Jean XXIII,BP 49, Dakar, Senegal. Tel:234296/233424; FAX: 222991;Telex: 21793 AMEMB SG

West African Rural Foundation,Rue 1 x D, Point E, Dakar,Senegal. Tel: 241400/254953;FAX: 245755

U.S.:

Embassy of the Republic ofSenegal to the U.S., 2112Wyoming Ave., NW, Washington,DC 20008. Tel: 202-234-0540;FAX: 202-332-6315

Permanent Mission of Senegal tothe U.N., 238 East 68th St., NewYork, NY 10021. Tel: 212-517­9030

Senegal, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, 14th St.and Constitution Ave., Room2037, Washington, DC 20230.Tel: 202-482-4388

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; Fax: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Agricultural Commodities:Agreement Between the UnitedStates of America and Senegal,Amending the Agreement of May16, 1980, as Amended, Effectedby Letter Signed at Dakar July 14and 16, 1982. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of State, [1991] NALcall no.: HD2144.5.S4

Caveness, FA and W.B. Kurtz."Agroforestry Adoption: The Roleof Farmer Associations inSenegaL" Journal for FarmingSystems Research and Extension2, no. 1 (1991): 97-108. NAL callno.: S494.5 S95J68

Church, R.J.H., Pierre Englebert,and Edith Hodgkinson."SenegaL" In Africa South ofSahara 1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 770­793 [annual publication] NAL callno.: DT30.A37

Country Commercial Guide:Senegal. Washington, DC: U.S.Dept. of Commerce, InternationalTrade Administration, 1994[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank]

Country Profile. Senegal 1994­95. London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit, 1994 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:HC1045.C682

Country Report. Senegal, TheGambia, Mauritania. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit[quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC1045.A1C68

Deme, M. "Pelagic Fisheries ofSenegal: Management Options,Policy Constraints and the Role ofSubsidies." Revue Senegalaisedes Recherches Agricoles etHalieutiques (Senegal) 4, no. 1(1992): 103-116 [In English]

Diop, AM. "Rodale Institute/Rodale International/CRARSenegaL" In Non-GovemmentalOrganizations and the State in Africa:Rethinking Roles in SustainableAgricultural Development. London:Routledge, 1993, p. 264-269. NALcall no.: S494.515N56 1993

"Fisheries and AquacultureResearch Capabilities and Needsin Africa. Studies of Kenya,Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe,Mauritania, Morocco, andSenegaL" World Bank TechnicalPaper 149, 1991. NAL call no.:HC60.W66 no. 149

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Holtzman, J.S., C.J.D. Stathacos,and T. Wittenberg. HorticulturalMarketing and Export in Senegal:Constraints, Opportunities andPolicy Issues. AgriculturalMarketing Improvement StrategiesProject. Washington, DC: U.S.Agency for InternationalDevelopment, Office of Rural andInstitutional Development, 1989[Available from the NationalTechnical Information Service.]

Jolly, C.M. "Can CooperativeMovements Be Successful inTraditional Societies? The Caseof Southern SenegaL" AmericanCooperation 6 (1991): 317-327.NAL call no.: 280.29 Am3A

Jolly, C.M. and O. Diop. "FoodPreferences and Ethnicity: PolicyImplications for SenegaL" Journalof International Food andAgribusiness Marketing 3, no. 3(1991): 83-102. NAL call no.:HD9000.1 F6

New Directions in DonorAssistance to Microenterprises.Paris: OECD, 1993 [Coverssmall enterprise development inSenegal and Benin]

Senegal - Textile Industry Profile ­IM1950601. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdminfstration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Senegal's Industrial FisheriesSystem: A SystematicDevelopment Programme.[Vienna, Austria: U.N. IndustrialDevelopment Organization). 1990[Available through the NationalTechnical Information Service]

Schmidt-Kuntzel, B. and G.Schafer. ''Village Power PlantsVersus Solar Home Systems:Rural Electrification byPhotovoltaic Systems in SenegaL"Gate-Eschborn 3 (1993): 29-35

Schwartz, L.A, J.A Sterns, andJ.F. Oehmke. "Economic Returnsto Cowpea Research, Extension,

and Input Distribution in Senegal."Agricultural Economics 8, no. 2(Feb 1993): 161-171. NAL callno.: HD1401.A47

Syedi, M. and Ba, Y.M. "MeatPreferences in SenegaL" [InFrench] Viandes et ProduitsCarnes 13, no. 5 (1992): 139-142

Sy, C.T. "Food Production andDistribution: The Case ofSenegal." In Agenda for Action:Africa-Soviet-U.S. Cooperation.Boulder, CO: L. Rienner, 1990, p.33-39. NAL call no.: JX1582.A5

Thiam, A. and A.G. Dieng."Organic Market GardeningExperiment in the "Niayes"(Senegal)." In AgriculturalAlternatives and Nutritional Self­Sufficiency for a SustainableAgricultural System ThatRespects Man and HisEnvironment, Proceedings of theIFOAM Seventh InternationalScientific Conference, Ouagadou­gou, January 1-5, 1989. [Witzen­hausen?]: Ekopan, 1990, p.68­76 NAL call no.: S605.5.1451989

Toure, C. Domestic Animal FeedIndustry: Senegal. [Backgrounddocument from PreparatoryMeeting on Animal Feed andRelated Industries in Africa;Bamako, Mali, 15-17 December1992] [Bamako, Mali?: n.p.],1992.

World Health Organization."Wholesomeness of Meat ­SenegaL" International Digest ofHealth Legislation 43, no. 3(1992): 564 [Senegaleseregulations on the inspection ofmeat and animal byproducts forhuman consumption]

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Economy:

South Africa, with a population ofabout 45 million people, has thelargest and most diverseeconomy in Africa. In thiscountry, where English is one of11 official languages, agricultureis both more diversified and lessimportant to the economy ofSouth Africa than it is in mostother countries in Sub-SaharanAfrica. Agriculture accounts forclose to 6% of South Africa'sGOP, but employs about 30% ofthe labor force. South Africa hastwo agricultures: one is asubsistence agriculture, based onsmall holdings where a few staplefood crops and small numbers oflivestock are raised; the other is amodern, technologicallyadvanced, and diversifiedagriculture, producing a widevariety of commercial, market­oriented commodities. SouthAfrica is self-sufficient in mostfoodstuffs and continues to be amajor food exporter. Also, SouthAfrica has a diversified livestockproduction system with substantialnumbers of beef and dairy cattle,sheep, goats, and ostriches.Major agricultural crops andproducts include: deciduouscitrus and subtropical fruits, corn,sugarcane, wheat, sorghum,peanuts, tobacco, cotton,sunflower, wool, poultry, andmohair.

Industrial production accounts for40% of South Africa's GOP. Themajor industries of South Africainclude: mining, automobileassembly, metalworking,machinery, textile, iron and steel,chemical, fertilizer, and foodstuffs.South Africa has an extremelydiversified and large mineral andnatural resource base including:gold, chromium, antimony, coal,iron ore, manganese, nickel,phosphates, tin, uranium, gemdiamonds, platinum, copper,

South Africa

vanadium, salt, and natural gas.As the world's largest producer ofgold, chromium, and platinum,and with substantial deposits ofmany other important minerals,South Africa gains about two­thirds of its export revenues fromits abundant mineral resources.

South Africa has a diversifiedeconomy, rich in naturalresources, with largely, self­sufficient agricultural production,and a mostly modern and efficientinfrastructure. But there remainsa large economic gap between thenewly empowered black majoritypopulation and the whitepopulation. South Africa hasgone through profound changes inthe last few years, and there aremany problems yet to solve.According to the CountryCommercial Guide for SouthAfrica, the challenge facing SouthAfrica is to incorporate all SouthAfricans into the mainstreameconomy while maintaining thekind of business climate thatencourages economic growth,stability, trade and investment.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $25.3 billion(f.o.b., 1994). Exportcommodities include: gold (27%),other minerals and metals (20%­25%), food (5%), and chemicals(3%). Principal markets forexports were Italy, Japan, theU.S., Germany, United Kingdom,other European countries, andHong Kong.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $21.4 billion(f.o.b., 1994). Imports include:machinery (32%), transportequipment (15%), chemicals(11 %), oil, textiles, and scientificinstruments. Principal sources ofimports were Germany, U.S.,

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Japan, the United Kingdom, andItaly

Economic Aid Assistance:

Current aid pledges to the newgovernment of South Africainclude: $1.6 billion over twoyears from Japan, $600 millionover three years from the U.S.,$150 million over three years fromthe U.K., and $21 million overthree years from Australia.

International Agreements:

Party to: Antarctic Treaty,Endangered Species, HazardousWastes, Marine Dumping, MarineLife Conservation, Nuclear TestBan, Ozone Layer Protection,Ship Pollution, Wetlands,Whaling; signed internationalagreements, but not ratified:Antarctic-Environmental ProtOCOl,Biodiversity, Climate Change, Lawof the Sea.

South Africa signed a bilateralinvestment agreement with theU.S. in November 1993, for a fullrange of Overseas PrivateInvestment Corporation (OPIC)programs, inclUding political riskinsurance, loan guarantees,investment financing andinvestment missions.

Port of Entry:

South Africa has several ports,including Durban (Africa's busiestand most modern port), CapeTown, East London, PortElizabeth, Richards Bay,Saldanha, and Mosselbaai.

u.s. Exports to SouthAfrica:

U.S exports to South Africa wereworth $2.2 billion (f.a.s., 1994).Principal U.S. exports include:automatic data processing

equipment (computers), aircraftand aircraft parts, agriculturalmachinery, mining equipment,and medical equipment.

South Africa Exports to theU.S.:

South African exports to the U.S.were worth $2 billion (customsvalue) in 1994. Exports include:platinum group metals, preciousmetals, base metals, and gold.

Investment/TradeActivities:

Exchange controls areadministered by the South AfricanReserve Bank's Exchange ControlDepartment and throughcommercial banks authorized todeal in foreign exchange.

Some goods require importpermits. Products requiringimport permits include foodstuffs,clothing, fabrics, footwear, books,wood, paper products, raw wool,and all used goods. SouthAfrican importers obtain importpermits from the Directorate ofImport and Export Control (seecontacts listing).

Some South African products aresubject to export control andlicenses, including strategicgoods, agricultural productsadministered by control boards,metal waste, and scrap. Inaddition, ostriches and fertilizedostrich eggs are sUbject tocomplete export prohibition.

Customs authority is carried outby the Commissioner, Customsand Excise Administration inPretoria.

• The dutiable value of goodsimported into South Africa andthe Southern African CustomsUnion (SACU) is calculated onthe f.o.b. price in the country ofexport, in accordance with theGATT Customs ValuationCode.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theSACU member states (whichinclude Botswana, Lesotho,Namibia, Swaziland, and SouthAfrica).

• Countertrade/bartertransactions require approvalby the Director of Import andExport Control acting on behalfof the Ministry of Trade andIndustry. The CountertradeAssociation of South Africa(see contacts listing) has amembership of private sectorfirms interested in countertradearrangements.

• Effective October 1, 1995,South Africa eliminated importsurcharges on consumergoods.

Tariff information on duties,excise taxes, and importsurcharges levied on goods inSouth Africa can be obtained fromthe U.S. Department ofCommerce, South Africa CountryDesk Officer (see contacts listing).

Franchising is one of the mostpromising sectors for businessgrowth in South Africa. The fastfood industry is, by far, the largestfranchise sector in South Africa.Other sectors offering potential forfranchising include automobileservicing, educational training,hair care salons, and industrialcleaning services. The FranchiseAssociation of Southern Africa(see contacts listing) can providemore information on franchising inSouthern Africa.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

South Africa requiresphytosanitary certificates for theimportation of living plants, seeds,and fresh fruits and vegetables.In addition, special regUlationscover the importation of sausagecasings, hides and skins, lard,bacon, ham, animal hair andbristles, and honey and honeyproducts. South Africa has

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special labeling requirements fordrugs, wine, dental productscontaining fluoride, foodstuffs,and cosmetics.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

There are currently no foreigntrade zones or free ports in SouthAfrica. There are no specificexport processing zones, althoughexporters do receive custom dutyexemptions for importedmanufacturing inputs used for theproduction of goods for export.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

South Africa maintains trade/commercial offices at each of itsConsulate Generals in the U.S.and at its Embassy inWashington, DC (see contactslisting for offices in New York,Chicago, Beverly Hills, andWashington, DC). For assistancein South Africa, the U.S.Embassy's Commercial Section,the Agricultural Attache of theU.S. Foreign Agricultural Service,the American Chamber ofCommerce in Southern Africa, theBusiness Opportunity Centre, andthe South African Foreign TradeOrganization provide informationand assistance oninvestmenUtrade regulations,contacts, and prospects in SouthAfrica (see contacts listing).

The U.S. and Foreign CommercialService (US&FCS) inJohannesburg (see contactslisting) offers a Gold Key Servicefor U.S. companies. US&FCS,

with at least two weeks notice, canplan and schedule appointmentswith South African companies orgovernment agencies, conductpre- or post-market research, andprovide other related businessservices.

In addition to OPIC programsoperating in South Africa, the U.S.Eximbank can provide loan andguarantee programs to supportU.S. sales of goods and servicesto South Africa.

In FY 1995, the U.S. Departmentof Agriculture authorized $100million in credit guarantees foragricultural exports to theSouthern African region. Theprogram was set up through theCommodity Credit Corporation'sExport Credit Guarantee Program(GSM-102).

Investment/Trade Barriers:

South Africa maintains a fairlyrestrictive and protective tradepolicy which has used andcontinues to use fairly high tariffsto combat competitive imports.Trade reforms proposed at theGATT Uruguay Round could startto moderate the current hightariffs.

A shortage of skilled labor,concentration of economic powerin large conglomerates, andrelatively high taxes are potentiallong term problems that couldaffect investment opportunities.

The ability to make advancepayments on imports is severelylimited under regulations of theSouth African Reserve BankExchange Control. Also, someimports are subject to importsurcharges, although surchargeson imported consumer goodswere recently removed.

Best U.S. Export/Invest­ment Prospects:

In general, South Africans have avery high regard for American

technologies, and Americanbrands and labels enjoy excellentrecognition among South Africanconsumers.

The leading U.S. export prospectsfor agricultural/food productsinclude: food grains (rice andwheat), forestry products (lumber,plywood, and panel products),poultry meat, consumer products,tree nuts, planting seeds, petfoods, vegetable oils andproducts, processed fruits andvegetables, snack foods,breakfast foods, and wine andbeer.

For non-agricultural exports, theU.S. Department of Commerce'srecent Country Commercial Guideon South Africa identified thefolloWing products/services asgood prospects for U.S. exporters:aircraft and aircraft parts,industrial chemicals, computersand peripherals, computersoftware, drugs andpharmaceuticals, medicalequipment, airport and groundsupport equipment, franchising,machine tools and metalworkingequipment, telecommunicationsequipment, textile machinery andequipment, security and safetyequipment, cosmetics andtoiletries, building products,sporting goods, and commercialfishing equipment.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations:

African Development Bank(AFDB), Economic Commissionfor Africa (ECA), the Organizationof African Unity (OAU), SouthernAfrican Customs Union (SACU),Southern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC).

International OrganizationslTrade Associations:

Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO), International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),

148

International Monetary Fund(IMF), Non-Aligned Movement(NAM), UN Conference on Tradeand Development (UNCTAD),World Customs Organization(WCO), World IntellectualProperty Organization (WIPO),World Trade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for SouthAfrica is 27.)

South Africa:

African Bank, 56 Marshall St., POBox 61352, Johannesburg 2107,South Africa. Tel: 11-836-2331;FAX: 11-838-2845

African-American Inst. - SouthAfrica, Bloemfontein Center, 23Jorissen St., 11th Floor,Bloemfontein 2017, South Africa

African Industrial DevelopmentCorp., PO Box 1280, Edenvale1610, South Africa. Tel: 11-609­4053; FAX: 11-452-6403

Agricultural and VeterinaryChemicals Assn. of South Africa,PO Box 1995, Halfway House,Johannesburg 1685, South Africa.Tel: 11-805-2079/2070; FAX: 11­805-2222

Agricultural Research Council, POBox 8783, Pretoria 0001, SouthAfrica. Tel: 012-436210; FAX:012-435814

American Chamber of Commercein Southern Africa, PO Box62280, Marshalltown 2107, SouthAfrica. Tel: 11-880-1630/1631;FAX: 11-880-1632

Assn. of Advertising Agencies,Pe-Box 2302, Parklands,Johannesburg 2121, South Africa.Tel: 11-880-3908; FAX: 11-447­1124

Assn. of Marketers, MarketingHouse, PO Box 1035,

Johannesburg, South Africa. Tel:11-642-6064; FAX: 11-482-3190

Business Opportunity Centre, POBox 828, Auckland Park 2006,South Africa. Tel: 11-839­2750/1; FAX: 11-839-1897

Cape Chamber of Commerce, POBox 1536, 5th Floor, BroadwayIndustries Centre, Hertzog Blvd.,Foreshore, Cape Town 8000,South Africa. Tel: 21-215-180;FAX: 21-419-5982; Telex:320485

Chamber of Mines of SouthAfrica, 5 Hollard St., PO Box 809,Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.Tel: 11-498-7100; FAX: 11-834­1884

Commissioner, Customs andExcise Administration, PrivateBag X47, Pretoria 0001, SouthAfrica. Tel: 12-3149759

Countertrade Association ofSouth Africa, PO Box 6296,Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Tel:12-344-2926; FAX: 12-344-0382

Development Bank of SouthernAfrica, PO Box 1234, HalfwayHouse 1685, South Africa. Tel:11-313-3911; FAX: 11-313-308

Director, Import and ExportControl, Private Bag X192,Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Tel:12-310-9791; FAX: 12-322-0298[Issues import permits]

Director, ProcurementAdministration, Private Bag 49,Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Tel:12-324-1560; FAX: 12-323-4669[Central agency for governmentprocurement]

Durban Regional Chamber ofBusiness, PO Box 1506, Durban4000, South Africa. Tel: 31-301­3692; FAX: 31-304-5255

Exhibition Assn. of South Africa,Private Bag X07, Bertsham,Johannesburg 2013, South Africa.Tel: 11-494-9111; FAX: 11-494­1216

FABSSA, Specialised Exhibitions(pty) Ltd., PO Box 2900,Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.Tel: 011-835-1565; FAX: 011­496-1161 [Contact for annualfood and beverageshow/exposition]

Fertilizer Society of South Africa,PO Box 7438, Hennopsmeer0046, South Africa. Tel: 12­6633110; FAX: 12-6633921

Food & Drink Festival, ExpoPromotions CC, PO Box 50071,Waterfront 8002, South Africa.Tel: 012-419-9790; FAX: 021-25­2326 [Contact for annual foodshow/exposition)

Franchise Assn. of SouthernAfrica (FASA), PO Box 31708,Braamfontein 2017, South Africa.Tel: 11-403-3468; FAX: 11-403­1279 [FASA membershipfranchisors represent over 2,700franchise outlets in South Africa]

Grocery Manufacturers' Assn. ofSouth Africa, PO Box 34,Randburg 2125, South Africa.Tel: 011-886-3008; FAX: 011­886-5375

Home Gourmet Expo andInternational Food Fair, ExitExhibitions (Pty) Ltd., PO Box2582, Parklands 2121, SouthAfrica. Tel: 011-880-7844; FAX:011-880-7843 [Contact for annualfood show/exposition]

Johannesburg Chamber ofCommerce and Industry, JCCHouse, Empire Rd., Milpark,Johannesburg 2001, South Africa.Tel: 11-726-5300; FAX: 11­7268421; Telex: 425594

Industrial Development Corp. ofSouth Africa, 19 Fredman Dr., POBox 784055, Sandton 2146,South Africa. Tel: 11-883-1600;FAX: 11-883-6299

Midland Chamber of Industries,MCI Bldg., 22 Grahamstown Rd.,Port Elizabeth 6001, South Africa.Tel: 41-544-430; FAX: 41-571­851; Telex: 242815

149

Ministry of Agriculture, PrivateBag X116, Pretoria 0001, SouthAfrica. Tel: 12-21-7670; FAX:12-21-7219

Ministry of Trade and Industry,Private Bag X274, Pretoria 0001,South Africa. Tel: 12-310-9483;FAX: 12-322-2701. Also, PrivateBag X9047, Cape Town 8000,South Africa. Tel: 21-461-7191;FAX: 21-45-1291

National African Farmers Union,PO Box 9624, Hennopsmeer0046, South Africa. Tel: 2712­663-3111; FAX: 2712-663-3184

National African FederatedChamber of Commerce andIndustry, Private Bag 61213,Soshanguve 0152, South Africa.Tel: 11-832-1072; FAX: 11-832­1434

National Black Business Caucus,PO Box 1507, Gallo Manor 2052,South Africa. Tel: 11-806-5561;FAX: 11-806-5558

National Chamber of Milling, Inc.,Braamfontein, South Africa. Tel:11-403-3739

National Textile Manufacturers'Assn., PO Box 1506, Durban4000, South Africa. Tel: 31-301­3692; FAX: 31-304-5255

National Wool Growers' Assn. ofSouth Africa, PO Box 2242, PortElizabeth 6056, South Africa. Tel:41-541536; FAX: 41-545698

Northern Transvaal Chamber ofIndustries, Showground Office,Soutter St., Pretoria 0001, SouthAfrica. Tel: 12-327-1487; FAX:12-327-1501; Telex: 320245

Orange Free State Chamber ofBusiness, Kellner Heights, 37Kellner St., PO Box 87,Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.Tel: 51-473-368; FAX: 51-475­064

Pietermaritzburg Chamber ofIndustries, PO Box 637,Pietermaritzburg 3200, South

Africa. Tel: 331-452-747; FAX:331-944-151

Registrar of Companies, PO Box429, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.Tel: 12-325-2350 [Governmentcontact for registeringsubsidiaries/branch offices offoreign companies in SouthAfrica]

Registrar of Financial Institutions,Private Bag X238, Pretoria 0001,South Africa. Tel: 12-325-2550[Provides information oncommercial banks operating inSouth Africa]

Small Business DevelopmentCenter, PO Box 7780,Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.Tel: 11-643-7351/9; FAX: 11­642-2791

South Africa Assn. of FreightForwarders, Private Bag 34,Auckland Park, Johannesburg,South Africa. Tel: 11-726-4019;FAX: 11-726-3415

South Africa Marketing ResearchAssn. (SAMRA), PO Box 91879,Auckland Park 2006, SouthAfrica. Tel: 11-482-1419; FAX:11-726-3639 [SAMRA will referU.S. companies to appropriatemarket researchers.]

South African Assn. of ConsultingEngineers, 367 Surrey Ave.,Ferndale, PO Box 1644,Randburg 2125, South Africa.Tel: 11-787-5944; FAX: 11-789­5264

South African Agricultural Union,PO Box 1508, Pretoria 0001,South Africa. Tel: 012-322-6980;FAX: 012-320-0557

South African Black FranchisorsAssn., PO Box 80, Meadowlands1851, South Africa. Tel: 11-939­2121; FAX: 11-939-2013

South African Chamber ofBusiness, PO Box 91267,Auckland Park 2006, SouthAfrica. Tel: 11-482-2524; FAX:11-726-1344

South African Dairy Foundation,PO Box 72300, Lynnwood Ridge0040, South Africa. Tel: 2712­348-5345; FAX: 2712-348-6284

South African Direct MarketingAssn., 4 Tennant Rd., Kenilworth,Cape Town 7700, South Africa.Tel: 21-797-4470; FAX: 21-797­5537 [Provides information onSouth Africa's mail order sector]

South African Federation ofBusiness and ProfessionalWomen, PO Box 9482, Pretoria0001, South Africa. Tel: 12-341­5945; FAX: 12-341-5945

South African Foreign TradeOrganization, Export House, 5thFloor, Corner of Maude and WestStreets, PO Box 782706, Sandton2146, South Africa. Tel: 11-883­3737; FAX: 11-883-6569; Telex:424111

South African Fruit and VegetableCanners' Assn., Canning FruitBoard Bldg., 258 Main St., POBox 6172, Paarl 7646, SouthAfrica. Tel: 2211-611308/9; FAX:2211-25930

South African Import and ExportAssn., PO Box 9736,Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.Tel: 11-839-1385/6; FAX: 11­839-1386

South African Oil Expressors'Assn., Cereal Centre, 6th Floor,11 Leyds St., Braamfontein 2017,South Africa. Tel: 11-725-1280;Telex: 422526

South African Reserve Bank(Central Bank), 370 Church St.,PO Box 427, Pretoria 0001, SouthAfrica. Tel: 12-313-3911; FAX:12-313-3197

South African Sugar Assn.,Norwich Life House, 6 DurbanClub Place, Durban 4001, SouthAfrica. Tel: 31-305-6161; FAX:31-304-4939

South African Wool Board, POBox 2191, Port Elizabeth 6056,

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South Africa. Tel: 41-544301;FAX: 41-546760

South African Wool TextileCouncil, PO Box 2201, North End,Port Elizabeth 6056, South Africa.Tel: 41-545252; FAX: 41-545629

The Standard Bank of SouthAfrica, 6 Simmonds St., PO Box6702, Johannesburg 2000, SouthAfrica. Tel: 011-636-5412; FAX:011-636-4577

U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment (USAID), Sancardia,9th Floor, 524 Church St., Arcad­ia, Pretoria 0007, South Africa.Tel: 12-323-8869; FAX: 12-323­6443

U.S. & Foreign CommercialService (US&FCS), c/o AmericanConsulate General Johannesburg11 th Floor, Kine Center. [Mailingaddress: Dept. of State(Johannesburg), Washington, DC20521-2500] Tel: 11-331-3937;FAX: 11-331-6178 [Offers a fee­based, Gold Key Serviceproviding business services forU.S. companies]

U.S. Embassy, Thibault House,7th Floor, 877 Pretorius St.,Arcadia 0083, South Africa. Tel:12-342-1048; FAX: 12-342-2244

U.S. Foreign Agricultural Service(FAS), Agricultural Attache, 877Pretorius St., Arcadia, Pretoria0002, South Africa. Tel: 12-342­1048; FAX: 12-342-2264

Western Transvaal Chamber ofBusiness, PO Box 7, Klerksdorp2570, South Africa. Tel: 18-462­7401; FAX: 18-462-7402

U.S.:

Embassy of the Republic of SouthAfrica, Economic/CommercialSection, Ste. 300, 3201 NewMexico Ave., NW, Washington,DC 20016. Tel: 202-966-1650/202-364-8320; FAX: 202-966­5919/202-364-6008

Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC), 1100 NewYork Ave., NW, Washington, DC20527. Tel: 202-336-8623; FAX:202-408-5145

South Africa, Country DeskOfficer, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,Room 2037, 14th St. andConstitution Ave., Washington,DC 20230. Tel: 202-482-5148

South Africa Desk Officer, U.S.Dept. of State, 2201 CSt. NW,Washington, DC 20520. Tel:202-647-6575

South African Consulate General,333 E. 38th St., 9th Floor, NewYork, NY 10016. Tel: 212-213­4880; FAX: 212-213-0102; TradeOffice--Tel: 212-692-2426/7;FAX: 212-856-1576

South African Consulate General,200 South Michigan Ave., 6thFloor, Chicago, IL 60604. Tel:312-939-7929; FAX: 312-939­7481; Trade Office--Tel: 312-939­7929; FAX: 312-939-7481

South African Consulate General,50 North La Cienga Blvd., Ste.300, Beverly Hills, CA 90211.Tel: 310-657-9200; FAX: 310­657-9215; Trade Office--Tel: 310­657-9200; FAX: 310-657-9215

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

U.S.-South Africa BusinessCouncil, 1625 K St., NW,Washington, DC 20006. Tel:202-887-0278; FAX: 202-452­8160

Select Publications:

Aczel, J. "Outlook Good for SouthAfrica." Food ManufactureInternational 11 , no.3 (1994): 12­13 [Food processing equipmentimports to South Africa]

Agriculture in South Africa. 5thed. Johannesburg: Chris van

Rensburg Publications (Pty) Ltd.,1994. NAL call no.: S473.S6A35

"Always Something New Out ofAfrica." Food Industries 46, no. 8(1993): 3,5,7-8,11-13. NAL callno.: TP369.S6F66 [Beverageindustry of South Africa]

Background Notes - South Africa.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofState, Bureau of Public Affairs,1994 [Available through theNational Trade Data Bank]

Baksh, T. "Fruits of Success."African Farming and FoodProcessing July/Aug 1994: 25-26.NAL call no.: S347.W4[Economics of South African fruitindustry]

Cole, Ken. SustainableDevelopment for a DemocraticSouth Africa. New York: St.Martin's Press, 1994. NAL callno.: HC905.Z9S87 1994

Colyn, J. "The South AfricanMango Industry." ActaHorticulturae 341 (May 1993): 60­68. NAL call no.: 80 Ac82

Country Commercial Guide:South Africa. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of State, InternationalTrade Administration, 1995[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank]

Fourie, D.C.L. "Agrochemicals inSouth Africa." Agro-Industries Hi­Tech 4, no. 2 (Mar/Apr 1993): 34­35. NAL call no.:S494.5.B563A382

"Fruit Juice Drinks on the Brink ofGreater Things." Food Industries47, no. 8 (1994): 7. NAL call no.:TP369.S6F66

"Herbs and Spices - South Africa,"International Digest ofHealthLegislation 45, no. 1 (1994): 61.

Hughson L. "Handling Hygiene."Food Review 20, no. 4 (1993):24,26. NAL call no.: TX341.S64[Food safety and hygieneregUlations in South Africa]

151

Hughson, L. "Happy Landings forU.S. Wheat." Food Review 20,no. 1 (1993): 67. NAL call no.:TX341.S64 [Wheat exports toSouth Africa]

Hughson, L. "Ice CreamShakedown." Food Review 21,no. 1 (1994): 19,21,23,25. NALcall no.: TX341.S64 [Ice creamindustry in South Africa]

Hughson, L. 'Wired for Growth."Food Review 21, no. 3 (1994):39,41. NAL call no.: TX341.S64[Frozen foods market in SouthAfrica and availability ofrefrigeration]

Hutcheson, A.M., J.D. Omer­Cooper, and Leo Katzen. "SouthAfrica." In Africa South of theSahara 1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 839­876 [annual publication] NAL callno.: DT30.A37

"Labeling and Advertising ofFoodstuffs - South Africa."International Digest ofHealthLegislation 45, no. 1 (1994): 61­62

Mwase, Ngila. "The SouthernAfrican Customs Union in a Post­Apartheid Southern Africa."Journal of World Trade 28, no. 5(1994): 119-130

Odendall, J.S.J. "Demographicsof Companion Animals in SouthAfrica." Journal of the SouthAfrican Veterinary Association 65,no. 2 (June 1994): 67-72. NALcall no.: 41.8 S08

Pendlum, David and SampsonAmoafo. "Country Spotlight:South Africa." Agricultural TradeHighlights ATH 2 95 (February1995): 5-8. NAL call no.:aHD9001.A37

Reid, R. "The Sugar Industry inthe Melting Pot." Food Review21, no. 4 (1994): 31,33,35. NALcall no.: TX341.S64 .

"Snacks Shape Up." FoodReview 21, no. 4 (1994): 19,21-

22. NAL call no.: TX341.S64[Extruded snack foods in SouthAfrica]

Solomon, Emily. Marketing inSouth Africa. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1992[Overseas Business Report 92­07]

"South Africa." In U.S. GlobalTrade Outlook 1995-2000:Tov.Jard the 21st Century.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995, p. 95-98.NAL call no.: HF3031.U558 1995

South Africa: Big EmergingMarket. Washington, DC: U.S.Dept. of State, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

South Africa - Trade PolicyRevision - IM1950316.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Stacey, Clive. South Africa ­Black Business: Agents/Distrib­utors/Joint Ventures - ISA9408.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1994 [Partialextract available through theNational Trade Data Bank]

Stern, R.H. AgribusinessOpportunities in the New SouthAfrica. Ottawa: [AgricultureCanada], Africa and Middle EastTrade Development Division,1994 [Available from the NationalTechnical Information Service]

Trade Policy Review. TheRepublic of South Africa.Geneva, Switzerland: GeneralAgreements on Tariffs and Trade[annL1al publication] NAL call no.:HF1613.4.T73

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, ForeignAgricultural Service. "BusinessTravelers to South Africa Will Finda Full Range of SupportServices." AgExporter 7, no. 5(May 1995): 8. NAL call no.:aHD1401.A7

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, ForeignAgricultural Service. "SouthAfrican Market a Diamond in theRough for U.S. Farmers andAgribusiness." AgExporter 7, no.5 (May 1995): 4-5. NAL call no.:aFlQ-t401.A7

U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, ForeignAgricultural Service. "SouthAfrica's Marketing System:Where the Consumers Are andHow to Reach Them." AgExporter7, no. 5 (May 1995): 6-7. NALcall no.: aHD1401.A7

Van Vuuren, P.J.J., A. Coertse,and J. Coetzee. "South AfricanFlowering Plants With a Potentialas Future Floriculture Crops,"Acta Horticulturae 337 (April1993): 65-72. NAL call no.: 80Ac82

Veale, D.J.H., K.1. Furman, andD.W.Olier. "South AfricanTraditional Herbal MedicinesUsed During Pregnancy andChildbirth," Journal ofEthnopharmacology 36, no. 3(June 1992): 185-191. NALcalino.: RS160.J6

Westoll, H. "Kids' Foods: Canthe Market Grow Up?" FoodReview 22, no. 1 (1995): 57,59.NAL call no.: TX341.S64 [Readymeals market for kids in SouthAfrica]

Yannakou, A. "The South AfricanFood Industry: Where to Now?"Food Review 22, no. 3 (1995):67,69. NAL call no.: TX341.S64

Yannakou, A. "The South AfricanFood Industry's Role: TheChallenge of Food Security."Food Review 21, no. 5 (1994):16-17. NAL call no.: TX~41.S64

152

Economy:

This landlocked country of nearlyone million people is heavilydependent on South Africa.About 80% of Swaziland's importscome from South Africa and closeto halfof ltsexports go tQSouth.Africa. About 70% of the Swazipopulation lives outside urbanareas, and the great majority ofthem are engaged in traditionalsubsistence agriculture based onraising corn and cattle. Cashcrops grown include sugarcane,~otton, citrus fruits, pineapples,

TlCe, and tobacco. The export ofsugar, citrus fruits, and forestryproducts is the main source ofhard currency.

Swaziland main natural resourcesare mineral deposits (coal,asbestos, small deposits of goldand diamonds, quarry stone, andtalc), extensive forests, andirrigated land. The mainindustries are food processing(especially sugar), wood pUlp, andcoal and asbestos mining. Closeto 40% of Swaziland's GDP in theformal economy comes fromindustry. One other major sourceof economic importance is thenumber of Swazis who work inSouth Africa. The U.S. Embassyin Mbabane estimates that about25,000 Swazis work in SouthAfrica (mostly in South Africanmines).

Swaziland will continue to bedependent on South Africa for itseconomic vitality, if only for itsgeographic proximity. SouthAfrican companies andinvestment will continue todominate in Swaziland in theimmediate future. Selectedopportunities for niche markets,work ~n infrastructure projects, orfor usmg Swaziland as a base forregional trade and investmentcould attract potential U.S.investors/traders.

Swaziland

Exports:

Exports consisted of $632 million(f.o.b. 1993 est.). Exportco~modities include: sugar,edible concentrates, processedand fresh fruit, wood pulp, cottonyam, and asbestos. Principalmarkets for exports are SouthAfrica, European Union countries,and Canada.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $734 million(f.o.b. 1993 est.). Imports includemotor vehicles, foodstuffs, liveanimals, machinery and transportequipment, chemical products,and petroleum products. Principalsources of imports are SouthAfrica (80%), Switzerland, and theUnited Kingdom.

Economic Aid Assistance:

Swaziland has received bilateraland multilateral development andeconomic aid averaging close to$50 million annually in recentyears. U.S. assistance toSwaziland was $12 million in1991.

International Agreements:

Party to: Biodiversity, NuclearTest Ban, Ozone LayerProtection; signed internationalagreement, but not ratified:Climate Change, Law of the Sea.

Swaziland has investmentagreements with Germany andGreat Britain. Investmentagreements with the Netherlandsand the U.S. are underconsideration. Swaziland doeshave a bilateral relationship withU.S. with the presence of the U.S.Agency for InternationalDevelopment and the PeaceCorps in Swaziland.

153

Port of Entry:

Swaziland is a landlocked countrysurrounded mostly by SouthAfrica with a short stretch ofborder with Mozambique. Themain ports used for transhipmentof goods to Swaziland areDurban, East London, PortElizabeth, Cape Town, andRichards Bay (all located in SouthAfrica). The port of Maputo inMozambique, although not usedmuch for transshipment toSwaziland, is the closest mainport.

U.S. Exports to Swaziland:

U.S. exports to Swaziland wereworth $5.4 million (f.a.s. value) in1994.

Swaziland Exports to U.S.:

Swaziland's exports to the U.S.were worth $37.6 million (customs:value) in 1994. The main exportIS sugar.

Investment/TradeActivities:

All external transactions in foreignexchange are under the authorityof the Central Bank of Swazilandon behalf of the Ministry of 'Finance.

There are no restrictions onimports into Swaziland and noprohibited imports. However,many items do need importlicenses. The office of theCommissioner of Customs andExcise is the contact for whatitems need import licenses.

As part of the Southern AfricanCustoms Union (SACU),Swaziland enjoys free flow oftrade with Botswana, Lesotho,

Namibia, and South Africa. Tariffrates and customs duties forimports to SACU membercountries are essentially set bySouth Africa.

Export permits must be obtainedfrom Swaziland's Ministry ofFinance. These permits areissued either on an annual exportlimit basis or on a consignmentbasis.

Customs authority is carried outby the Commissioner of Customsand Excise, Department ofCustoms and Excise in Mbabane(see contacts listing):

• Most customs duties are advalorem.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theCommon Market for Easternand Southern Africa(COMESA).

• Swaziland has no knownregulations governingcountertrade or barter.Importers may request the useof this type of transaction onan individual basis.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Swaziland requires phytosanitarycertificates for the importation ofliving plants, seeds, and freshfruits and vegetables. In addition,special regulations govern theimportation of animal hair andbristles, hides and skins, sausagecasings, lard, bacon, ham, andhoney and products containinghoney into Swaziland.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

There are currently no foreign/free trade zones or exportprocessing zones in Swaziland.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

Contact the U.S. Embassy'sCommercial Section and theSwaziland Industrial DevelopmentCompany (see contacts listing) fortrade and investment assistance.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

There are few formal or legalbarriers to trade with andinvestment in Swaziland. TheSwazi government recognizes itsdependence on foreign goods andmarkets and has sought to lowerand remove existing barriers totrade and investment.

The smallness of Swaziland'simport market, the continueddominance of nearby SouthAfrica, and the long distance fromthe U.S., continue to warrantpotential traders/investors toinclude Swaziland in a moregeneral strategy of targeting thewhole Southern African region.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

The Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC), the U.S.Trade and Development Agency(TDA), the U.S. Export-ImportBank, and the World Bank'sMultilateral Investment GuaranteeAgency (MIGA) are all active inSwaziland offering exportfinancing and insurance.

Because of the smallness ofSwaziland's market, export oppor­tunities are limited. According tothe U.S. Department ofCommerce's recent CountryCommercial Guide on Swaziland,

154

major infrastructure projects anddirect investment may offer morepotential. Investmentopportunities exist in the areas ofvalue-added processing anddistribution of agriculturalproducts andmanufacturing/assemblingoperations that draw on or feedthe Southern African region.

Swaziland participates in the U.S.Generalized System ofPreferences (GSP). Under GSPseveral thousand manufacturedand semi-manufactured goodsreceive duty-free treatment whenimported to the U.S. Potentialinvestors in export industries inSwaziland could benefit from theGSP.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB) , Common Market for Eastand Southern Africa (COMESA),Common Monetary Area (CMA),Economic Commssion for Africa(ECA) , Organization of AfricanUnity (OAU), South AfricanCustoms Union (SACU), SouthernAfrican Development Community(SADC); and adheres to the fourthLome Convention of the EU.

International OrganizationslTrade Associations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), Food andAgriculture Organization (FAO),International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), Non-Aligned Movement(NAM), UN Conference on Tradeand Development (UNCTAD), UNIndustrial DevelopmentOrganization (UNIDO), WorldCustoms Organization (WCO),World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO), WorldTrade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code forSwaziland is 268.)

Swaziland:

Barclays Bank of Swaziland Ltd.,Allister Miller St., PO Box 667,Mbabane, Swaziland. Tel:42989; FAX: 45239

Business Women's Assn. ofSwaziland, PO Box 70, Mbabane,Swaziland. Tel: 41466

Central Bank of Swaziland, POBox 546, Mbabane, Swaziland.Tel: 43221; FAX: 42636

Commissioner of Customs andExcise, Department of Customsand Excise, Private Bag,Mbabane, Swaziland. Tel:45371; FAX: 40774; Telex:(0964) 2109

Ministry of Agriculture andCooperatives, PO Box 162,Mbabane, Swaziland. Tel:42731; FAX: 44700; Telex: 2343

Ministry of Commerce andIndustry, PO Box 451, Mbabane,Swaziland. Tel: 43201; FAX:43833; Telex: 2232

Ministry of Economic Planningand Development, PO Box 602,Mbabane, Swaziland. Tel:43765; FAX: 42157

National Agricultural MarketingBoard, PO Box 2801, Mbabane,Swaziland. Tel: 84088

National Maize Corporation, POBox 158, Manzini, Swaziland. Tel:52261

Royal Swazi National ShippingCorporation Ltd., PO Box 1915,Manzini, Swaziland. Tel: 53788;FAX: 53820 [Forward freightagent]

Small Enterprise DevelopmentCompany, PO Box A186,

Mbabane, Swaziland. Tel:43046; FAX: 22723; Telex: 2130

Swaki Ltd., Liqhaga Bldg., 4thFloor, Nkoseluhlaza St., PO Box1839, Manzini, Swaziland. Tel:52693; FAX: 52001 [Group ofcompanies involved, among otherthings, in the production anddistribution of food]

Swaziland Amalgamated/Assn.Beverage Industry, PO Box 1191,Manzini, Swaziland. Tel: 55156

Swaziland Central CooperativesUnion, PO Box 551, Manzini,Swaziland. Tel: 52787

Swaziland Chamber of Commerceand Industry, PO Box 72,Mbabane, Swaziland. Tel:44408/45442; FAX: 44408

Swaziland Citrus Board, PO Box343, Mbabane, Swaziland. Tel:44266; FAX: 43548

Swaziland Cotton Board, PO Box230, Manzini, Swaziland. Tel:52775

Swaziland Dairy Board, PO Box1789, Manzini, Swaziland. Tel:84411; FAX: 85313

Swaziland Development andSavings Bank, Engunwini, AllisterMiller Street, PO Box 336,Mbabane, Swaziland. Tel:42551; FAX: 23214

Swaziland Farmer DevelopmentFoundation, PO Box 549, Manzini,Swaziland. Tel: 55156; FAX:54083

Swaziland Industrial DevelopmentCompany, Dhlan'Ubeka House,5th Floor, Corner of Tin andWalker Streets, PO Box 866,Mbabane, Swaziland. Tel:43391; FAX: 45619; Telex: 2052

Swaziland International TradeFair, PO Box 877, Manzini,Swaziland. Tel: 54242; FAX:52324 [Trade fair usually held inlate August each year]

155

Swaziland Meat Industries Ltd.,PO Box 446, Manzini, Swaziland.Tel: 84165; FAX: 84418

Swaziland Sugar Association, POBox 445, Mbabane, Swaziland.Tel: 42646; FAX: 45005

Tibiyo Takangwane, PO Box 181,Kwaluseni, Swaziland. Tel:84390; FAX: 84399 [The nationaldevelopment agency forSwaziland, which participates indomestic investment projects andforeign joint investment ventures]

Traditional Healers Organizationfor Africa, PO Box 1070, Manzini,Swaziland. Tel: 52141/34449

United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (Swaziland), PrivateBag, Embassy House, Morris St.,Mbabane, Swaziland. Tel:42301/42302; FAX: 45341

U.S. Embassy, Central BankBuilding, Warner Street, PO Box199, Mbabane, Swaziland. Tel.:46441 through 46445; Fax:45959

Water for CommunityDevelopment, PO Box 596,Manzini, Swaziland. Tel: 54881;FAX: 54881

U.S.:

American-Southern AfricaChamber of Trade and Industry,1080 Park Ave., Ste. 4W, NewYork, NY 10128. Tel: 212-410­6560

Embassy of Swaziland to theU.S., 3400 International Drive,NW, Ste. 3M, Washington, DC20008. Tel.: 202-362-6683/6685; FAX: 202-244-8059

Permanent Mission of Swazilandto the U.N., 408 E. 50th St., NewYork, NY 10022. Tel: 212-371­8910; FAX: 212-754-2755

Swaziland, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room2037, 14th St. and Constitution

Ave., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4228

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440. Fax: 212-680­0990.

Select Publications:

country Commercial Guide:Swaziland. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Country Profile: Namibia,Swaziland. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Uiill­[annual publication] NAL call no.:HC940.A1Q832

Country Report: Botswana,Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAL call no.:HC940.A1Q83

Funnell, D.C. Under the ShadowofApartheid: AgrarianTransformation in Swaziland.Brookfield, VT: Gower, 1991.NAL call no.: HD2132.5.Z8F861991

Harris, B.J. "AgriculturalProduction in Swaziland." In ThePolitical Economy of the SouthernAfrican Periphery: CottageIndustries, Factories, and FemaleWage Labour in SwazilandCompared. New York: MacmillanPress, 1993, p. 82-101

Huss-Ashmore, R. and J.J. Curry."Diet, Nutrition, and AgriculturalDevelopment in Swaziland. 2.Patterns of Food Consumption."Ecology of Food and Nutrition 26,no. 3 (1991): 167-185. NAL callno.: TX341.E3

Huss-Ashmore, R. and J.J. Curry."Diet, Nutrition, and AgriculturalDevelopment in Swaziland. 3.Household Economics and

Demography." Ecology of Foodand Nutrition 33, no. 1/2 (1994):107-121. NAL call no.: TX341.E3

Hutcheson A.M., Richard Levin,and Graham Matthews."Swaziland." In Africa South ofthe Sahara 1995. London:Europa Publications Ltd., 1994, p.910-923 [annual publication]NAL call no.: DT30.A37

Private Sector and the Economyof Swaziland. Washington, DC:U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment, Bureau for Africa,1990 [Available through theNational Technical InformationService]

Report on Feasibility Studies forthe Proposed Swazi-American(PHI) Seeds (Pty) Ltd. Swaziland:[s.n., 1990] NAL call no.:HD9019.S432S78 1990

Wobil, J. "Seed ProgrammeDevelopment in Swaziland." PlantVarieties and Seeds 7, no. 1(1994): 7-15. NAL call no.:SB4.P532

156

Economy:

In this country of 28 millionpeople, where English and Swahiliare the official languages,agriculture provides thefoundation for the economy.About 85% of the exports ofTanzania are agricultural productsand almost 90% of the total workforce makes a living, directly orindirectly, through agriculture.

In 1993, agriculture accounted forabout 55% of Tanzania's GOP.The main cash crops are coffee,sisal, tea, cotton, pyrethrum,cashews, tobacco, and cloves(Zanzibar). The main food orsubsistence crops are corn,wheat, cassava, bananas, fruits,and vegetables. There are smallnumbers of cattle, sheep, andgoats. Tanzania is not self~

sufficient in food grain production.

Tanzania's industrial sectorremains relatively weak. It isdominated by public and privatetextile mills. Many textile millsoperate only at a fraction of fullcapacity due to a lack of spareparts, old machinery, and lack ofcapital. In addition to textile mills,Tanzania's agricultural processingindustries includes sugar, beer,cigarette, fertilizer, and sisal twineproduction. Industry accounts for8% of Tanzania's GOP.

Mining is emerging as animportant sector in Tanzania'seconomy and is currentlyestimated to generate about 13%of the GOP. Mineral depositsexploited by Tanzania includediamonds, gold, salt, variousgemstones (has world's largestruby mine at Longido),phosphates, coal, gypsum, kaolin,and tin.

In addition, Tanzania hasconfirmed reserves of uranium,niobium, copper, titanium, copper,nickel, cobalt, and vanadium,

- Tanzania

which, for the most part, have notbeen exploited. The lack ofcapital and managerial skillscontinue to stymie the exploitationof these resources.

Tanzania is still in the process oftransitioning to a market-basedeconomy. Economic performancehas been encouraging and should

. improve as the governmentcontinues to move towarddivestiture and privatization ofstate-controlled companies.Within the International MonetaryFund's conditions of continuedliberalization of the economy,Tanzania's balance-of-paymentssupport will continue to be largelydependent on multilateral andbilateral aid assistance.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $462 million(f.o.b. 1994). The main exportcommodities include: coffeebeans, raw cotton, tobacco,cloves, tea, beans, minerals,cashew nuts, pyrethrum, andsisal.

Principal markets for exports areGermany, the United Kingdom,Japan, Netherlands, Kenya, theU.S., Hong Kong, India, andChina.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $1.4 billion(c.Lf. 1994). Imports include:manufactured goods, machineryand transport equipment, cottonpiece goods, foodstuffs, crude oil,and building materials.

Principal sources of imports arethe United Kingdom, SaudiArabia, Germany, the U.S., Japan,India, Italy, and Denmark.

Economic Aid Assistance:

Annual aid and balance-of­payments support from

157

multilateral and bilateral donorshas averaged close to $1 billion inrecent years. The U.S. providesclose to $30 million annually in aidsupport for Tanzania.

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Hazardous Wastes, Law of theSea, Nuclear Test Ban, OzoneLayer Protection; signedinternational agreements, but notratified: Biodiversity, ClimateChange, Desertification.

Port of Entry:

Tanzania's principal port is Dar esSalaam. It has deep-water berthsfor ocean-going vessels. Mtwaraand Tanga on the mainland ofTanzania are also ocean ports.On the island of Zanzibar, the portof Zanzibar is also an ocean port.

U.S. Exports to Tanzania:

U.S. exports to Tanzania wereworth $48.9 million in 1994. Themajor exports include: corn, usedmerchandise, constructionequipment, farm machinery andequipment, petroleum refineryprOducts, and aircraft equipment.

Tanzanian Exports to U.S.:

Tanzania's exports to the U.S.were worth $14.9 million in 1994.Major exports include: cordage,fruits and tree nuts, forestryproducts, jewelry and lapidarywork, broad woven cotton fabrics,and salted and roasted nuts.

Trade Activities:

Transactions in foreign exchangehave been delegated toauthorized banks and foreignexchange bureaus by the Bank ofTanzania. All outward paymentsby authorized banks (not theforeign exchange bureaus) must

be approved by the Bank ofTanzania. All foreign exchangetransactions, including privatesector and government imports,use a single exchange rate.

Export and import licenses havebeen abolished, except for goodsidentified as sensitive for healthand security reasons.

Most goods continue to beimported by government­controlled organizations. Privateimporters are now allowed topurchase goods without applyingfor permits and foreign currency.

Customs authority is carried outby the Commissioner of Customs(see contacts listing) in Dar esSalaam:

• Most customs duties are advalorem.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theCommon Market for East andSouthern Africa (COMESA).

• Countertrade/barterarrangements are practiced.Tanzania does not havespecific laws or regulationsgoverning countertrade andbarter. Countertrade/barterarrangements are made on anad hoc basis with othergovernments.

All imports into mainlandTanzania are liable for payment ofimport duty and sales tax. ForZanzibar, only commercial importsare subject to duty and tax.

According the recent CountryCommercial Guide for Tanzania(see select pUblications), the bestand most effective way ofmarketing in Tanzania is throughan agent/distributor, a localrepresentative or existingsuppliers. The CommercialSection of the U.S. Embassy canas~ist U.S. firms in findingsUitable local agents/distributorsand other trading partners.

Franchising has become popularin Tanzania. There are currently anumber of Tanzanian firms thathave franchising arrangementswith U.S. firms.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Tanzania reqUires permits for theimportation of plants, fresh fruits,and seeds. In addition, there arespecial health requirements forthe importation of fish, fodder,foodstuffs, animals and animalproducts, and used agriculturalequipment.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZone/Export ProcessingZone:

Tanzania has foreign trade zonesa~ Dar es Salaam, Tanga,Klgoma, and Mtara. Zanzibar iscurrently establishing a free tradezone. Investors can importmanufacturing inputs duty free.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

Tanzania's Investment PromotionCentre (IPC) (see contacts listing)provides investor information andinvestment approval andcertification. Also, the U.S.Embassy'S Commercial Sectioncan provide investment and tradeinformation on Tanzania.

Trade Barriers:

Tanzania continues to have someremaining institutional,infrastructural (poortelecommunications and transport

158

system), and judicial problemsthat continue to be obstacles to anincreased pace of investment.The IPC has been a step in theright direction. However,investors' applications continue totake several months to process.Also, the IPC does not have theauthority to issue title deeds,business licenses, industriallicenses, duty exemptions formachinery, and work permits.These important documents muststill be obtained from the relevantministries, further lengthening theprocess investors go through.

Best U.S. Export/Invest­ment Prospects:

The Government of Tanzania hastargeted the following prioritysectors for investment:agriCUlture, livestockdevelopment, tourism, mining,petroleum exploration,transportation, communications,and manufacturing using locally­available raw materials.

Much of the investment inTanzania is from multilateraldonors, such as, the AfricanDevelopment Bank, the WorldBank, and the InternationalMonetary Fund. The CommercialSection of the U.S. Embassy canprovide information about currentand forthcoming projects inTanzania. Opportunities exist forU.S. businesses to supply goodsand services for multilateral donorprojects in Tanzania.

The U.S. Department ofCommerce's recent CountryCommercial Guide for Tanzanialisted the following as bestprospects products and servicesfor U.S. exporters: feasibilitystudies, agricultural eqUipment,farm implements, irrigationequipment, rolling stock, earthmoving equipment, constructionequipment, exploration equipment(for minerals and oil),telecommunications equipment,consumer goods, householdgoods, computers and

accessories. and miningequipment.

The Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC) providesinsurance coverage for U.S.businesses interested in investingin Tanzania.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), Common Market forEastern and Southern Africa(COMESA), East AfricanDevelopment Bank(EADB), theOrganization of African Unity(OAU), Southern AfricanDevelopment Community (SADe),and adheres to the fourth LomeConvention of the EU.

International OrganizationslTrade Associations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), theCommonwealth, EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO), International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), World CustomsOrganization (WCO), WorldIntellectual Property Organization(WIPO), World TradeOrganization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Tanzaniais 255.)

Tanzania:

African-American Inst. (Tanzania),PO Box 4839, Dar es Salaam,Tanzania

Agency for Cooperation andResearch in Development(Tanzania), PO Box 34,Biharamulo, Tanzania.

Appropriate TechnologyInternational (Tanzania), PO Box1409, Arusha, Tanzania. Tel:576783; FAX: 578231; Telex:42041 PANKER TZ

Assn. of Consulting EngineersTanzania, PO Box 63, Dar esSalaam, Tanzania. Tel: 51­38506; FAX: 51-35104

Arusha Agricultural Show, PO Box3010, Arusha, Tanzania. Telex:42141 TFAAR-T [Annualagricultural show held inSeptember]

Commissioner of Customs,Customs House, PO Box 9053,Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tel:51-23101; FAX: 51-28606; Telex:(0989) 41890

Community Development TrustFund of Tanzania, PO Box 9421,Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tel:51-31471/31472; Telex: 41285BIPARDAR

Concern Tanzania, PO Box 701,Iringa, Tanzania. Tel: 2552211;Telex: 32198 [Assists ruraldevelopment projects in Tanzania]

Confederation of TanzaniaIndustries, PO Box 7125, Dar esSalaam, Tanzania. Tel: 51­30292/30844; Telex: 41587INTERF-TZ

Cooperative and RuralDevelopment Bank, PO Box 1255,Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tel:51-46614/46239; FAX: 51-26518

Dar es Salaam Chamber ofCommerce, PO Box 14, Dar esSalaam, Tanzania. Tel: 51­21893/23759; Telex: 41628CHEMCO-TZ

Dar es Salaam International TradeFair, PO Box, 5402, Dar esSalaam, Tanzania. FAX: 51­46240; Telex: 41408 [Annualtrade fair held in July]

Dar es Salaam MerchantsChamber, PO Box 12, Dar esSalaam, Tanzania. Tel: 51­22267

159

Inst. for African Alternatives(Tanzania), PO Box 35169, Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Tel: 51­49160; FAX: 51-49161; E-mail:[email protected]

Investment Promotion Centre,Attn. Director General, PO Box938, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Tel: 51-46848/46850; FAX: 51­46851

Meridian Biao Bank Tanzania Ltd.,PO Box 72647, Dar es Salaam,Tanzania. FAX: 51-44553[Trade financing]

National Bank of Commerce, POBox 2535, Dar es Salaam,Tanzania. Tel: FAX: 51-46235;Telex: 41581 NATCMD-TZ[Provides trade and projectfinancing]

Standard Chartered Bank, POBox 9011, Dar es Salaam,Tanzania. FAX: 51-44553; Telex:41079 [Trade financing]

Tanganyika Development andFinance Company Ltd., PO Box2478, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.FAX: 51-46145; Telex: 41153DEVFIN-TZ [Project financing]

Tanzania Capital Venture Co., POBox 2535, Dar es Salaam,Tanzania [Project financing]

Tanzania Industrial Research andDevelopment Organization, POBox 23235, Dar es Salaam,Tanzania. Tel: 51-68822/67151;FAX: 51-68984

Tanzania Industrial Studies andConsulting Organization, PO Box2650, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.Tel: 51-46164/46933; FAX: 51­46164; Telex: 41182 TISCO-TZ

Tanzania Investment Bank, POBox 9373, Dar es Salaam,Tanzania. FAX: 51-46235; Telex:41259 [Project financing]

Tanzania Non-GovernmentalOrganizations, PO Box 1372, Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Tel: 51­35216; Telex: 41780

Tanzania Society of AnimalProduction, PO Box, 3004, ChuoKikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania. Tel:56-4617; FAX: 56-4562

Tanzania Women DevelopmentFoundation, PO Box 71308, Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Tel: 51­71308

TechnoServe (Tanzania), PO Box2117, Arusha, Tanzania. Tel:576718

United Nations Information Centre(Tanzania), MatasalamatMansion, 1st Floor, Zanaki St.,PO Box 9224, Dar es Salaam,Tanzania. Tel: 51-46278; FAX:51-46718

U.S. Embassy, CommercialSection, 36 Laibon Rd. (offBagamoyo Rd.), PO Box 9123,Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tel:51-66010 through 66015; FAX:51-66701; Telex: 41250 USA-TZ

U.S.:

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Embassy of Tanzania to the U.S.,2139 R St., NW, Washington, DC20008. Tel: 202-939-6125; FAX:202-797-7408

Tanzania, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room3317, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4564

Tanzanian Mission to the U.N.,205 East 42nd St., 13th Floor,New York, NY 10017. Tel: 212-

_972-9160; FAX:_212__682-5232

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:

212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Bagachwa, Mboya S.D. Choice ofTechnology in Industry: TheEconomics of Grain-Milling inTanzania. Ottawa: InternationalDevelopment Research Centre,1991. NAL call no.:HD9047.T34B341991

Bagachwa, Mboya S.D. "SmallScale Urban Enterprises inTanzania: Results from a 1991Survey." Working Paper 44[1993]. [Cornell Food andNutrition Policy Program] NALcall no.: HD9018.D44W675 noA4

Berry, L., Graham Matthews, andLinda Van Buren. "Tanzania." InAfrica South of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa PublicationsLtd., 1994, p. 924- 946 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:DT30.A37

Chhabra, S.C. and F.C. Uiso. "ASurvey of the Medicinal Plants ofEastern Tanzania for Alkaloids,Flavonoids, Saponins, andTannins." Fitoterapia 61, noA(1990): 307-316. NAL call no.:450 F55

Corliss, J. "Better Beans fromTanzania." Agricultural Research39, no. 1 (Jan 1991): 18-19. NALcall no.: 1.98 Ag84

Coulter, J. and P. Golob. "CerealMarketing Liberalization inTanzania." Food Policy 17, no. 6(1992): 420-430. NAL call no.:HD9000.1 F6

Country Commercial Guide:Tanzania. Washington, DC: U.S.

. Dept. of Commerce; InternationalTrade Administration, 1994[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank]

Country Profile. Tanzania.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit, 1995 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:HC885.A1C682

160

Country Report. Tanzania,Comoros. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[quarterly pUblication] NAL callno.: HC885.A1C683

Ezaza, W.P. "Towards a Strategyfor Agricultural Development inthe United Republic of Tanzania."Eastern and Southern AfricaGeographical Journal 2, no. 1(1991): 23-35

Hyman, E.L. "Local Agro­Processing With SustainableTechnology: Sunflowerseed Oil inTanzania." Gatekeeper Series 33(1992): 13 p. [International Inst.for Environment andDevelopment-UK]

Limbu, Festus. Efficiency of theRice Marketing System inTanzania. Berlin: Koster, 1993.NAL call no.: HD9066.T342L551993

The Livestock Policy of Tanzania.2nd ed. Dar es Salaam: Ministryof Agriculture, Tanzania, 1993

Martin, P.J. "The Zanzibar CloveIndustry." Economic Botany 45,noA (1991): 450-459. NAL callno.: 450 Ec7

Mchihiyo, E.P. "PhosphatePotential in Tanzania." FertilizerResearch 30, no. 2/3 (Dec 1991):177-180. NAL call no.:S631.F422

Minja, M.M.J. "Medicinal PlantsUsed in the Promotion of AnimalHealth in Tanzania." RevueScientifique et Technique 13, no.3 (1994): 905-925

Mlay, M.K.L. et al. "FishMarketing and Consumption inTan:mnia." In Marketing andConsumption of Fish in Easternand Southern Africa: SelectedCountry Studies. FAO FisheriesTechnical Paper no. 332, 1993, p.85-105

Mwambete, I. "Tanzania FertilizerMineral Deposits." FertilizerResearch 30, no. 2/3 (Dec 1991):

181-185. NAL call no.:S631.F422

Santorum, A. and A. Tibaijuka."Trading Responses to FoodMarket Liberalization inTanzania." Food Policy 17, no. 6(Dec 1992): HD9000.1.F66Swai, R.E.A. "HorticulturalProduction and Marketing inTanzania." Acta Horticulturae 270(May 1991): 33-38. NAL call no.:80 Ac82

Tovo, M. "MicroenterprisesAmong Village Women inTanzania." Small EnterpriseDevelopment 2, no. 1 (1991): 20­31

161

Economy:

This landlocked country of almost20 million people, has substantialnatural resources, including fertilesoils, regular rainfall, and sizeablemineral deposits of copper andcobalt. Agriculture is the mostimportant part of Uganda'seconomy employing over 80% ofthe work force and contributing57% of the GOP. The countryproduces a wide range of food,most of which is raisedorganically. About one-third of thefood produced is marketed.Coffee is, far and away, the mostimportant cash crop grown forexport. Tea,.tobacco, and cottonare the other main cash crops.Agricultural exports account forover 90% of export revenues.Food crops include cassava,potatoes, corn, millet, and pulses.Along with the food crops,adequate production of beef,goat, meat, milk, and poultry,makes Tanzania self-sufficient infood production.

While Uganda imports most of themanufactured goods it consumes,most of its industrial production isbased on agriculture andagricultural products. Foodprocessing, cotton ginning, cornmills, beverage production,tobacco products, and theproduction of paint, soap andchemicals are allindustrial/manufacturing areasthat have shown strong growth inrecent years.

Uganda's economy has turned insolid performances based oncontinued investment in therehabilitation of infrastructure,

.... !mprovedi!'1cenHves forproduction and exports, andgradually improving domesticsecurity. A growing amount offoreign private investment,combined with continuedmultilateral development projects,

Uganda

has helped ease the transition toa market-led economy. TheGovernment of Tanzaniacontinues to privatize state-

.. controlled or owned organizations,having abolished governmentmonopolies in coffee, cotton,power generation, andtelecommunications in the pastfew years. Uganda will continueto need multilateral and bilateraldevelopment aid to fully developits infrastructure. More privateinvestors and traders are beingattracted to Uganda as ittransitions to a free marketeconomy.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $237 million(f.o.b., 1993 est.). Exportcommodities include: coffee,cotton, and tea. Principal marketsfor exports are the U.S., theUnited Kingdom, France, andSpain.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $696 million(c.Lf., 1993 est.). Importsinclude: petroleum products,machinery, cotton piece goods,metals, transportation eqUipment,and food. Principal sources ofimports are Kenya, UnitedKingdom, and Italy.

Economic Aid Assistance:

In recent years, Tanzania hasreceived $600-$700 millionannually in development andeconomic aid. The U.K.,Denmark, Sweden, Germany, andthe U.S. are the major bilateralproviders of aid. The U.S. hassupplied about $30 millionannually in assistance toTanzania in recent years.

162

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Biodiversitv, Climate Chanqe.Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone LayerProtection, Marine LifeConservation, Law of the Sea,Wetlands; signed internationalagreements, but not ratified:Environmental Modification.

Port of Entry:

Being a landlocked country,Uganda uses the port atMombasa, Kenya as a gatewayfor most of its international trade.

u.s. Exports to Uganda:

U.S. exports to Uganda wereworth $27.7 million (f.a.s. value) in1994. Exports include:agricultural eqUipment,agricultural inputs for seeds,fertilizers, and pesticides, andfood processing equipment.

Ugandan Exports to U.S.:

Ugandan exports to the U.S. wereworth $34.9 million (customsvalue) in 1994. The main exportis coffee.

Trade Activities:

Foreign exchange can be freelypurchased, based on a marketdetermined exchange rate. TheBank of Uganda administersexchange control and hasdelegated responsibilities forseveral exchange transactions toauthorized exchange bureaus andbanks.

Import-liGensesflave--beenabolished. Renewable importcertificates, with a validity of sixmonths, permit a broad range ofgoods to be imported. Thenegative list of import items

includes beer, soda, andcigarettes.

Customs authority is carried outby the Commissioner of Customsand Excise, Customs and ExciseDepartment, in Kampala (seecontacts listing).

• Most customs duties are advalorem.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community ofEastern and Southern Africa(COMESA).

• Countertrade/bartertransactions activities havebeen encouraged in Tanzania,with coffee being the primarylocal commodity involved.Strong world prices for coffee,however, makecountertrade/bartertransactions less likely.

Products are usually distributedthrough small distributors. Thesesmall distributors sell imports tolocal shopkeepers. Exporters toUganda often need the servicesof local agents and distributors.The Chamber of Commerce andthe Commercial Section of theU.S. Embassy may provide alisting of local agents anddistributors.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Uganda requires specificdocumentation for the importationof live animals and plants, seedsand fresh fruits. There are alsospecific health requirements forthe importation of fish, fodder,foodstuffs, animals and animalproducts, and used agriculturalequipment into Uganda. Ugandahas special labeling requirementsfor condensed milk for humanconsumption.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, Export

Coordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export processingzones:

There are no free or foreign tradezones in Uganda, however, thereare bonded warehouses.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Uganda Investment Authority(see contacts listing) is a "one­stop shop" for advice andassistance for potential investors.Investment applications arebeginning to be handled by theInvestment Authority. TheUganda Importers and ExportersAssociation is a good source ofinformation for potential exportersto Uganda. The CommercialSection of the U.S. Embassy inKampala can provide investmentand trade advice and information.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Uganda's has historically tradedwith regional East Africancountries, Europe (especially theU.K), and the Middle East. Inaddition, the larger transportationcosts for U.S. goods relative toregional or European goods affectU.S. competitiveness. The weakfinancial sector (sometimesdifficult to obtain financing) andthe poor transportationinfrastructure also are obstaclesto investment and trade.

Best Export/InvestmentProspects:

According to the U.S. Departmentof Commerce's recent CountryCommercial Guide for Uganda,the best prospects for U.S.exporters in the agriculture andindustry sectors are in the food

163

processing industry andinfrastructure projects funded bymultilateral donors. Investmentopportunities exist in the food anddairy industries, wood and woodindustries, and building andconstruction.

Specific areas with exportpotential include: fruit andvegetable processing equipment(especially, canning pineappleand producing frozen/ asepticpUlps or juice concentrates frompassion fruit, mango, pineapple,and papaya), edible oil productionequipment, equipment forprocessing staple food crops(maize, beans, cassava, sweetpotatoes, peanuts, rice, wheat),and cotton ginning equipment.

The Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC) providesinsurance coverage for U.S.investors in Uganda. Also, theU.S. Eximbank provides exportfinancing insurance and short andmedium term private loans.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), Common Market forEastern and Southern Africa(COMESA), EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),East African Development Bank(EADB), the Organization ofAfrican Unity (OAU); and adheresto the fourth Lome Convention ofthe EU.

InternationallTradeAssociations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), Food andAgriculture Organization (FAO),International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgriCUltural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), Non-Aligned Movement(NAM), UN Conference on Tradeand Development (UNCTAD),World Intellectual Property

Organization (WIPO), WorldTrade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Ugandais 256.)

Uganda:

Commissioner of Customs andExcise, Customs and ExciseDept., PO Box 444, Kampala,Uganda. Tel: 41-243967; FAX:41-221778; Telex: (0988) 61170

Director, Privatization Unit, POBox 10944, Kampala, Uganda.Tel: 41-256392/256467; FAX:41-259997 [Contact forinformation on the privatization ofgovernment-owned or controlledorganizations]

East African Development Bank,Plot 4, Nile Ave., PO Box 7128,Kampala, Uganda. Tel: 41­230021/5; FAX: 41-259763

Export Policy Analysis andDevelopment, Plot 13, KimathiAve., PO Box 10951, Kampala,Uganda. Tel: 41­3231363/231390; FAX: 41­231329

International Monetary Fund, Plot34/43, Bank of Uganda Bldg.,Kampala Rd., PO Box 7120,Kampala, Uganda. Tel: 41­233955; FAX: 41-254872

Ministry of Agriculture, AnimalIndustry and Fisheries, PO Box201, Entebbe, Uganda. Tel: 042­20981

Ministry of Finance and EconomicPlanning, PO Box 8147, Kampala,Uganda. Tel: 41-257090/9

Ministry of Trade and Industry,Farmers House, Plot 3,Parliament Ave., PO Box 7000,Kampala, Uganda. Tel: 41­230131

Uganda Agricultural Growers andExporters Assn., PO Box 8610,Kampala, Uganda. Tel: 41­245597; FAX: 41-245597

Uganda Development Bank, Plot12, Parliament Ave., PO Box7210, Kampala, Uganda. Tel: 41­230740; FAX: 41-258571

Uganda Importers and ExportersAssn., NIC Arcade, Room No. 82,PO Box 10101, Kampala,Uganda. Tel: 41-231729

Uganda Investment Authority, Plot28, Kampala Road, PO Box 7418,Kampala, Uganda. Tel: 41­234105/9,251562/6; FAX: 41­242903

Uganda Manufacturers Assn.,Lugogo Show Grounds, PO Box6966, Kampala, Uganda. Tel: 41­221034/220285

Uganda Mining Association, POBox 6303, Kampala, Uganda

Uganda National Chamber ofCommerce and Industry, Plot17/19, Jinja Rd., PO Box 3809,Kampala, Uganda. Tel: 41­258791; FAX: 41-258793

Uganda Oil Millers Assn., PO Boxclo UCB General Manager,Human Resources, Kampala,Uganda. Tel: 41-234710 ext. 231

Uganda Small Scale IndustryAssn., PO Box 7725, Kampala,Uganda. Tel: 41-2217861221011; FAX: 41-221038

Uganda Used Spare PartsImporters Association, PO Box1028, Kampala, Uganda. Tel: 41­230780

Uganda Women EntrepreneursAssn., Plot 10, Kampala Rd., POBox2759,Kampa~,Uganda

U.S. Embassy, Parliament Ave.,PO Box 7007, Kampala, Uganda.Tel: 41-259792/793/795; FAX:41-259794

164

World Bank, Plot 4, Nile Ave., POBox 4463, Kampala, Uganda.Tel: 41-230094/242139; FAX:41-230092

U.s.:

Embassy of the Republic ofUganda, 5911 16th St., NW,Washington, DC 20011. Tel:202-726-7100 through 7102; FAX:202-726-1727

Permanent Mission of Uganda tothe United Nations, 336 East 45thSt., New York, NY 10017. Tel.:212-949-0110

SGS Government Services, 42Broadway, New York, NY. Tel:212-482-8700 [Pre-shipmentinspection agent for goods worthmore than $10,000 destined forUganda]

Uganda, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room2037, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4564

Uganda Coffee Marketing Ltd.,127 John St., 17th Floor, NewYork, NY 10038. Tel: 212-943­2410

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Byrnes, Rita M. Uganda, ACountry Study. 2nd ed.Washington, DC: Library ofCongress, Federal ResearchDivision, 1992. NAL call no.:DT433.222.U351992

Country Commercial Guide:Uganda. U.S. Department ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1994 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Country Profile. Uganda, 1994­95. London: The Economist

Intelligence Unit, 1994 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:HC870.A1C68

Country Report. Uganda,Rwanda, Burundi. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC870.A1C69

Critical Issues for Investors inUganda. Washington, DC: U.S.Agency for InternationalDevelopment, 1992 [Availablefrom the National TechnicalInformation Service]

Kisitu, V.B. "Fertilizer MaterialOccurrences in Uganda."Fertilizer Research 30, no. 2/3(Dec. 1991): 187-189. NAL callno.: S631.F422

Langlands, B.W., Richard Walker,and Linda Van Buren. "Uganda."In Africa South of the Sahara1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 966­987 [annual publication] NAL callno.: DT30.A37

Maxwell, D. and S. Zziwa. "UrbanFarming in Africa: The Case ofKampala, Uganda." ACTSTechnology Policy Series NO.3.Nairobi: ACTS Press, AfricanCentre for Technology StUdies,1992. NAL call no.:S473.U352K3651992

Okewenye, AA "Rehabilitation ofthe Dairy Industry in Uganda."World Animal Review 79 (1994):2-7. NAL call no.: SF191.W6

Uganda: Agriculture.Washington, DC: World Bank,1993. [World Bank Country StUdy]NAL call no.: HD2127.U371993

Uganda-Coffee IndustryPrivatization-IMI950621.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Uganda-Economic News­IM195050B. Washington, DC:

U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, May 1995[Monthly economic update-fromCommercial/Economic section ofU.S. Embassy in Kampala,Uganda] [Available through theNational Trade Data Bank]

Uganda-Food Trading CompanyPrivatization-IMI950622.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Uganda-Grain Milling CompanyPrivatization-IMI950621.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Uganda: Growing Out of Poverty.Washington, DC: World Bank,1993. [World Bank CountryStudy]

Uganda: Industrial Revitalizationand Reorientation. [Geneva,Switzerland]: United NationsIndustrial DevelopmentOrganization, 1992.

Uganda-Investment Trends­IM1950512. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Uganda-Livestock CompanyPrivatization-IMI950622.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Uganda National Ethanol ProgramFeasibility Study. Export TradeInformation. [Rosslyn, Virginia:U.S. Trade and DevelopmentProgram], 1993 [Available fromthe National Technical InformationService]

165

Uganda Non-Traditional ExportCommodity Rapid Appraisal.Final Draft Report. Washington,DC: U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment, 1992 [Availablefrom the National TechnicalInformation Service]

Uganda-PrivatizationProgress-IMI95050B.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Foreign aid by many Customs authority is carried outintergovernmental organizations by the President General Delegueand foreign countries was halted (PDG) of the Office des Douanesin 1991. Since then, ~erl"P.any ... - -et .tl.,ccises~DA) (see contactshas granted Zaire $20 million for listing) in Kinshasa:the rehabilitation of the Goma= --

Economy:

Zaire's economy is dependent, toa large extent, on the revenuesfrom the export of copper,diamonds, and othercommodities. Farming is carriedout by both small-scalesubsistence and semi­subsistence producers and onlarge plantations. The main cashcrops are coffee, oil palm, cocoa,rubber, cotton, and tea. Foodcrops include cassava, maize,rice, plantain, manioc, groundnuts, and corn. Approximately75% of the labor force is involvedin agriculture.

About two~thirds Of earnings from ..exportscolIlefromJhe minings-ector. Zaire's most importantmineral product is copper, whichis responsible for 35-55% ofexport earnings. Zaire is theworld's largest producer of cobaltand the second largest producerof industrial diamonds.

Industries include mineralprocessing, producing consumerproducts (including textiles,footwear, cigarettes, processedfoods, and beverages), andcement.

Exports:

Officially-reported exportsconsisted of $1.5 billion (f.o.b.1992). The main exportcommodities include: copper,diamonds, crude oil, coffee, andcobalt. Principal markets forexports are: Belgium,Luxembourg, the United States,France, Germany, andSwitzerland. There isconsiderable smuggling ofcommodities into and out of Zaire,so official figures are notnecessarily complete.

Zaire

Imports:

Officially-reported importsconsisted of $1.2 billion (f.o.b.1992). Imports include:consumer goods, foodstuffs,mining and other machinery,transport equipment, and fuels.Principal sources of imports areSouth Africa, the U.S., Belgium,France, Germany, Italy, Japan,and the United Kingdom.

Economic Aid Assistance:

Bukavu road which was badlydamaged by refugee movementssince mid-1994. The AfricanDevelopment Bank has reportedlyagreed to resume cooperation ondevelopment projects, for which ithad previously suspendedfinancing.

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,Nuclear Test Ban, TropicalTimber; signed, but not ratified:Biodiversity, Climate Change,Environmental Modification.

Port of Entry:

Zaire's principal port is Matadi,along the River Zaire (formerly theCongo River). Other ports areAngo-Ango and Boma.

U.S. Exports to Zaire:

U.S. exports to Zaire were worth$35.3 million in 1993.

166

Zairian Exports to U.S.:

Zaire's exports to the U.S. wereworth $238.1 million in 1993.

Trade Activities:

The Bank of Zaire has authorityover foreign trade and payments.

Most imports are subject only toan import declaration at any of thebanks which have beenauthorized by the Bank of Zaire.

• In 1988, Zaire adopted theHarmonized System of tariffclassification.

• Most tariffs are ad valorem andare calculated on the c.Lf.value.

• Tariff rates are usually from15-20%. Most imports are alsosubject to a turnover tax thatranges from zero to 20%.

• Zaire has no laws governingcountertrade/barter, howeverall such transactions must beapproved by Zaire's ExecutiveCouncil under the guidance ofthe Bank of Zaire.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Zaire requires sanitary certificatesfor the importation of someanimals or animal products andplants and seeds.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office of

Food Safety and TechnicalServices' or Animal and PlantHealth In'spection Service(APHIS).

FreefForeign TradeZonesfExport ProcessingZones:

Zaire has set up a duty-free zone,Zone Franche de'lnga (ZOFI),.toattract potential investors. Zaireparticularly want.s to attractinvestors who Will be heavyindustrial users of hydroelectricpower. ZOFI offers investorssubstantial economic advantages.

Investment Assistance:

Zaire adopted an InvestmentCode in 1986 that offersincentives to foreign investors.These include some tax and dutyexemptions.

Tradeflnvestment Barriers:

There is a severe shortage offoreign exchange and the banksgive priority to purchases of fuel,raw materials and spare parts.Therefore, many investors chooseto reinvest their Zaire­denominated returns.

Due to the current economicinstability, importers should .require irrevocable letters of ~redltterms. Most imports are subjectto preshipment inspection byagents of the Zairian ControlOffice (OZAC)..The co.mpanyresponsible for inspection ofimports from the U.S. is a Swissfirm Societe General deSurVeillance (see contacts listing).OZAC is also responsible forcertifying that imported food issafe for humans to eat.

Products which may not beimported include: munitions,clothing accessories of ce.lluloidor cellulose nitrate, gamblingequipment, rapese~d oil, waterhyacinths, eggs which ha~e beensterilized by a process whichcould cause the yoke to break,

pornography, drugs or devicesused for abortions, ricecontaminated by materials thatare dangerous or non-nutritive,and pyrethrum plants or seeds.

Best U.S. Exportflnvest­ment Prospects:

Some of the leading tradeprospects include: cos~eti~s;

computers; teleco~munlcatlonequipment (espeCially cellulartelephones); heavy machinery;agricultural equipment; food .processing equipment; machIneryfor water pumps and brickmaking;drugs; used clothing; four-wheeldrive vehicles; wheat; corn;poultry; fish; and processedfoods.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations:

African Development Bank(AFDB), Organization of AfricanUnity (OAU); and adheres to thefourth Lome Convention of theEU.

International OrganizationslTrade Associations:

African Caribbean, and PacificCountri~s (ACP), EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO), WorldTrade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Zaire is243.)

167

Zaire:

Agro-Industrial Research Center(Centre de Recherche Agro­Alimentaire - CRAA), BP 43,Lubumbashi. Tel: 2222558

Associations Nationales desEnterprises du Zaire (ANEZA), 10Avenue des Aviateurs, BP 7247,Kinshasa 1. Tel: 22286 or 22565or 23623; Telex: 21071 ANEZAZR

Center for StUdy and .Experimentation of AppropnateTechnology (Centre d'Etude etd'Experimentation de~

Technologies Appropnees ­CEETA), BP 2849, Bukavu. Tel:3072

Department of Foreign Affairs andDepartment of InternationalCooperation, Building de la SNEL,Kinshasa-Gombe. Tel: 30665,31478

Department of Mines, Centre deCommerce International de Zaire,BP 13, Kinshasa. Tel: 32071,32021

Department of National Economy,Industry and Commerce, BuildingONATRA, Boulevard 30 Juin,Kinshasa. Tel: 24370, 24252

Development Bank of the GreatLake States, 11 Ave. President­Mobutu, BP 3355, Goma. FAX:250-40916; Telex: 609GINSENYI

Federation des Chambres deCommerce, d'industrie etAgriculture, 10 Ave. desAviateurs, PO Box 7247,Kinshasa.

Kinshasa Chambre deCommerce, d'industrie etAgriculture, 10 Ave. desAviateurs, Kinshasa

Katanga Chambre de Commerce,d'industrie et Agriculture, PO Box972, Lubumbashi

National Institute for AgronomicStudies and Research (InstitutNational pour l'Etude et laRecherche Agronomique ­INERA), BP 2037, Kinshasa 1.Tel: 32332; FAX: 21419

Office Zairois de Controle(OZAC), Avenue du Port, Gombe,BP 8614, Kinshasa. Tel: 22630or 23386 or 22256; Telex: 21117

President General Delegue(PDG), Office des Douanes etAccises, OFIDA, BP 2000,Kinshasa 1. Tel: 12-340612;Telex: 21461 OFIDA ZR

Scientific Research Institute(Institut de RechercheScientifique - IRS), BP 3474,Kinshasa-Gombe. Telex: 21162

U.S. Embassy, with a U.S.Foreign Commercial Service Postand a Consular Section, 310 Ave.des Aviateurs, Unit 31550, APOAE 09828. Tel: 12-21532 or21628; FAX: 12-21232 or 21534or 21535, ext. 2308; Telex: 21415US EMBZR

World Trade Center Zaire, BP13396, Kinshasa 1

U.S.:

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave., NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Societe General de Surveillance(SGS). Tel: 212-482-8700.

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Zaire, Country Desk Officer, U.S.Dept. of Commerce, Room 3317,14th S1. and Constitution Ave.

NW, Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-4228

Zaire Embassy to the UnitedStates, 1800 New HampshireAve., NW, Washington, DC20009. Tel: 202-234-7690 or234-7691

Select Publications:

Country Profile. Zaire, 1993-94.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit. 1993 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:HC955.A1C682

Country Report. Zambia, Zaire.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication) NAL call no.:HC915.A1C66

Gourou, Pierre, JacquesVanderlinden, and DianaHubbard. "Zaire." In Africa Southof the Sahara 1995. London:Europa Publications Ltd., 1994, p.988-1011 [annual pUblication)NAL call no.: DT30.A37

Houston, Jack E. and MavuangiKhonde. Opportunities andPitfalls of International FuturesMarkets Trading by DevelopingCountries: The Case of ZaireCoffee Exports. [Athens, Ga.]:Division of AgriculturalEconomics, College ofAgriculture, University of Georgia,[1990?]. [Faculty Series; FS-90­16] NAL call no.:HD1775.G4G42 no. FS-90-16

Kankwenda, M'baya. Zaire, WhatDestiny? Senegal: CODESRIA,1993. NAL call no.:DT658.z3613 1993

Meditz, Sandra W. and TimMerrill. Zaire: A Country StUdy.4th ed. Washington, DC: Libraryof Congress, Federal ResearchDivision, 1994. NAL call no.:DT644.A71994

Shapiro, David and Eric Tollens.The Agricultural Development ofZaire. Aldershot, Hants, England:

168

Avebury, 1992. NAL call no.:HD2135.5.S471992

"What Goes Down Can Come Up,After All." The Economist 335(April 15, 1995): 44. NAL call no.:268.8.EC7

"Zaire: Some U.S. Suppliers AreExpanding Their Markets Despitethe Difficulties." BusinessAmerica 113 (July 27,1992): 26.NAL call no.: HF105.C62

·.. E-c(momy:-

In this landlocked country of closeto 9.5 million people, agriculture,directly or indirectly accounts, for85% of the labor force but only12% of the GDP. Zambian

_ ____ _agriculiureJs. charac.terized mostlyby subsistence production of corn(the staple food of Zambia),cassava, millet, sorghum, beans,sugarcane, rice, sunflower, andpeanuts. There are a fewhundred large commercial farmsthat raise almost all of the wheat(usually on irrigated land) grown inZambia. Cash crops includetobacco, cotton, coffee, andhorticultural produce.

The industrial sector of Zambiahas been and continues to bedominated by copper mining andprocessing. In recent years,copper has accounted for 90% ofZambia's foreign exchangeearnings. Other minerals that areexploited in Zambia includecobalt, zinc, lead, gold, silver,selenium, marble, emeralds, andcoal. Manufacturing industriesinclude food processing,beverage, chemical, textile, andfertilizer production. Industrialproduction accounts for about40% of the GDP.

Zambia will continue to needforeign development andeconomic aid in the near future.Economic reforms started in 1992have helped to reduce inflationand strengthen GDP growth.Zambia's large external debtremains a key problem, asZambia begins the process ofprivatization and reform of itseconomy. With only 20% of itsarable land resources being used,Zambian agriculture has a largeuntapped potential, and continuesto be a part of the economy thathas excellent growth potential.

Zambia

-Exports:

Exports consisted of $1.01 billion(f.o.b., 1993 est.). Exportcommodities include: copper,zinc, cobalt, lead, and tobacco.Principal markets for exports areEuropean Union countries; Japan.­South Africa, the U.S., and India.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $1.13 billion(c.Lf., 1993 est.). Imports include:machinery, transportationequipment, foodstuffs, fuels, andbasic manufactures. Principalsources of imports are EuropeanUnion countries, Japan, SaudiArabia, South Africa, and the U.S.

Economic Aid Assistance:

Zambia has received close to $1billion annually in bilateral andmultilateral development andeconomic aid in recent years. Alarge portion of the aid is used toservice Zambia's large externaldebt. Lead donors include theWorld Bank, Japan, the UnitedKingdom, and the EuropeanUnion.

International Agreements:

Party to: Endangered Species,Biodiversity, Climate Change,Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone LayerProtection, Wetlands, HazardousWastes, Law of the Sea; signedinternational agreement, but notratified: Desertification

Zambia has a bilateral investmentagreement with the U.S.

Port of Entry:

Zambia, a landlocked nation, hasan inland waterway port atMpulungu on Lake Tanganyika.About half of Zambia's importscome through the port at Dar es

169

Salaam, Tanzania. A newtransport route to the port ofWalvis Bay in Namibia isbecoming an important source forZambian imports and exports.

u.s. Exports to Zambia:

U.S. exports to Zambia were worth$32.6 million in 1994. Exportinclude: foodstuffs (corn),agricultural inputs, and machinery.

Zambian Exports to theU.S.:

Zambian exports to the U.S. wereworth $63.5 million in 1994.Export products include: copper,zinc, and lead.

Investment/TradeActivities:

The Ministry of Commerce, Tradeand Industry is responsible for thecontrol of trade. Zambia liftedcontrols on foreign exchange in1994.

Import licenses have beenabolished. All importers mustregister with the Ministry ofCommerce, Trade and Industry.Export licenses are required foronly a small number of items-­corn, fertilizer, firearms, liveanimals, and wildlife trophies.

Zambia as a member of theSouthern African DevelopmentCommunity (SADC), is workingwith other SADC countries toremove barriers to the free flow ofcapital, labor, and goods in theregion.

Customs authority is carried outby the Controller of Customs andExcise in Lusaka (see contactslisting).

• Most customs duties are advalorem, c.iJ. based.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theCommon Market of Easternand Southern Africa(COMESA) member states.

• Countertrade/barter ispracticed and agriculturalproducts are the preferredcommodities used incountertrade/barterarrangements. The Ministry ofCommerce is responsible forapproving countertrade andbarter transactions.

Many foreign companies,including U.S. companies, uselocal agents or distributors. TheU.S. Embassy can assistinvestors/traders looking for localagents or distributors.

There are no franchisingoperations in Zambia and themarket is not large enough towarrant direct marketing of mostproducts. The Zambian privatesector has shown considerableinterest in setting up jointventures, given the shortage ofcapital, technology, andmanagement expertise. The localinvestment center and the U.S.Embassy have proposals on filefor joint venture projects.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Fruit, seeds, plants, and livestockrequire special certificates forimportation into Zambia. Also,Zambia makes all foodstuffs,animal and plant products, andtimber subject to inspection uponarrival in the country. Margarineis sUbject to special labeling andcomposition requirements inZambia.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and Plant

Health Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

Lusaka, Livingston, and Ndolawere made customs-free zones byZambia's 1991 Investment Act.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Investment Center and theCommercial Section of the U.S.Embassy in Lusaka can provideinvestment and trade advice andinformation. Also, the CountryDesk Officer for Zambia at theU.S. Department of Commercecan provide information andguidance on Zambia (seecontacts listing).

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Quotas and most other non-tariffbarriers to trade have beenabolished. Tariffs have beenlowered and simplified. To investformally in Zambia, one mustapply to the investment board toreceive an investment license.The process is fairly simple andtimely. Since exchange controlshave been lifted, the transfer offunds in and out of the country isrelatively easy.

Acquiring land, various licenses,and immigration permits forexpatriate personnel continue tobe the most trying obstacles forpersons or companies wanting toinvest in Zambia.

Best U.S.Exportllnv~stment

Prospects:

The most attractive areas for in­vestment in Zambia areagriculture and food processing,mining and minerals processing,and tourism.

170

Within the agricultural sector,opportunities for export andinvestment include agriculturalmachinery and equipment,irrigation equipment, systems andservices, exporting bulk corn(especially during years ofdrought), and food processingequipment and machinery.

Zambia's Investment Codeprovides incentives to rural­based, high domestic content orexport-oriented projects.Investment in commercialagriculture projects, that areexport-oriented, enjoyforeign exchange and exportearnings benefits. Their is alarge, untapped investmentpotential in Zambia's agriculturalsector.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), Common Market ofEastern and Southern Africa(COMESA), EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA), theOrganization of African Unity(OAU) , Southern AfricanDevelopment Community (SADC),and adheres to the fourth LomeConvention of the EU.

International Organizations!Trade Associations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP), Food andAgriculture Organization (FAO),International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), International Fund forAgricultural Development (IFAD),International Monetary Fund(IMF), UN Conference on Tradeand Development (UNCTAD),World Customs Organization,World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO), WorldTrade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and the

country access code for Zambia is260.)

Zambia:

Assn. for the Advancement ofWomen in Africa, PO Box 28083,Kitwe, Zambia

Assn. of Consulting Engineers ofZambia, PO Box 30866, Lusaka,Zambia. Tel: 1-224446; FAX: 1­264381

Bank of Zambia, PO Box 30080,Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1-228888;FAX: 1-221118 [Central Bank]

Business and ProfessionalWomen - Zambia, PO Box 50802,Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1-228684

Citibank, PO Hox 30037, Lusaka,Zambia. Tel: 1-229025; FAX: 1­226258

Controller of Customs and Excise,Customs and Excise Dept., PBE.635, Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1­222076; FAX: 1-221923; Telex:(0902) 24121

Dairy Produce Board of Zambia,Kwacha House, Cairo House, POBox 30124, Lusaka, Zambia. Tel:1-214770

Development Bank of Zambia,corner of Katondo and ChachachaRoads, PO Box 33955, Lusaka,Zambia. Tel: 1-228580; FAX: 1­222426

Equator Advisory Services, POBox 36759, Lusaka, Zambia. Tel:1-224873; FAX: 1-225052[Country market research firm]

Export Board of Zambia, PO Box30064, Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1-228106; FAX: 1-222509 .

Industrial Development Corp. ofZambia Ltd., Indeco House,Buteko Place, PO Box 31935,Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1-228463;FAX: 1-228868

International Red Locust ControlOrganization for Central and

Southern Africa, PO Box 240252,Ndola, Zambia. Tel: 2­614284/612433; FAX: 2-614285

InterAfrica Corporate Services,PO Box 31879, Lusaka, Zambia.Tel: 1-224647; FAX: 1-225391[Country market research firm]

Investment Center, PO Box34580, Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1­222160; FAX: 1-224368

Lusaka Chamber of Commerceand Industry, PO Box 30844,Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1-252369

Ministry of Agriculture, Food andFisheries, PO Box RW 50291 ,Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1-253933

Ministry of Commerce, Trade andIndustry, PO Box 31968, Lusaka,Zambia. Tel: 1-228301

Ministry of Finance, PO Box RW50062, Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1­250544

National Import and Export Corp.,National Housing Authority Bldg.,PO Box 30283, Lusaka, Zambia.Tel: 1-2288018; FAX: 1-252771

Peat Marwick, PO Box 31014,Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1-228874;FAX: 1-225903 [Country marketresearch firm]

Price Waterhouse, PO Box30942, Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1­228809; FAX: 1-220768 [Countrymarket research firm]

SGM Associates, PO Box 34659,Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1-245049[Country market research firm]

Small Industries DevelopmentOrganization, Sido House, CairoRd., Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1­219801

Tobacco Board of Zambia, POBox 31963, Lusaka, Zambia. Tel:1-288995

United Nations Information Centre(Zambia), PO Box 32905,

171

Provident House, Lusaka,Zambia. Tel: 1-228487

U.S. Embassy, Corner ofIndependence Ave. and UnitedNations Ave., PO Box 31617,Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1-250955;FAX: 1-252225. Commercialmailing address: CommercialSection, Amembassy Lusaka,Department of State, Washington,DC 20521-2310

Young and Rubicam, PO Box32497, Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1­228489; FAX: 1-225173 [U.S.advertising firm with offices inZambia]

Zambia Agricultural DevelopmentBank, Society House, CairoRoad, PO Box 30847, Lusaka,Zambia. Tel: 1-219251

Zambia Assn. for Research andDevelopment, PO Box 37836,Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1-224507;FAX: 1-222883

Zambia Assn. of Chambers ofCommerce and Industry, PO Box30844, Lusaka, Zambia. Tel: 1­252369; FAX: 1-252483

Zambia Assn. of Manufacturers,PO Box 71564, Ndola, Zambia.Tel: 2-650261; FAX: 2-650260

Zambia Cooperative FederationLtd., Kwacha House, Cairo Rd.,PO Box, 33579, Lusaka, Zambia.Tel: 1-228538; FAX: 1- 222516

Zambia Export and Import BankLtd., Society House, Cairo Rd.,PO Box 33046, Lusaka, Zambia.Tel: 1-229486; FAX: 1- 222313

Zambia Industrial and CommercialAssn., PO Box 30844, Lusaka,Zambia. Tel: 1-252369; FAX: 1­252483

Zambia Industrial and MiningCorp., Zimco House, Cairo Rd.,PO Box 30090, Lusaka, Zambia.Tel: 1-212487

Zambia National Farmers Union,PO Box 30395, Lusaka, Zambia.Tel: 1-223222

Zambia Privatization Agency, POBox 30080, Lusaka, Zambia. Tel:1-228888; FAX: 1-221118

Zambia Seed Producers' Assn.,PO Box 30013, Lusaka, Zambia.Tel: 1-223249; FAX: 1-222736

U.S.:

Embassy of the Republic ofZambia, 2419 MassachusettsAve., NW, Washington, DC20008. Tel: 202-265-9717through 9719; FAX: 202-332­0826

SGS Government Services, 42Broadway, New York, NY 10004.Tel: 212-482-8700 [Pre-shipmentinspection agent for goods goingto Zambia]

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Zambia, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room2037, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4228

Zambia Desk Officer (AF/S), U.S.Department of State, Washington,DC 20520. Tel: 202-647-9858;Fax: 202-647-5007

Select Publications:

Agribusiness Firms in Zambia'sMaize Sector: A Review of TheirCharacteristics, Constraints, andInnovations. Final Report.Washington, DC: Agency forInternational Development, 1993,53 pp. [Available from theNational Technical InformationService]

Country Commercial Guide: Zam­bia. Washington, DC:International TradeAdministration, 1994 [Available

through the National Trade DataBank]

Country Profile. Zambia. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit[annual publication] NAL call co.:HC915.A1C682

Country Report. Zambia, Zaire.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAL call no.:HC915.A1C66

Critical Issues for AmericanInvestors in Zambia. Washington,DC: Agency for InternationalDevelopment, 1992, 123 pp.[Available from the NationalTechnical Information Service]

Good, K. et al. "The Direction ofAgricultural Development inZambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi."Studies in the Economic History ofSouthern Africa. Vol. 1: The FrontLine States, 1990, pp. 127-158

Hyman, E.L., R. Strauss and R.Crayne. "An Enterprise­Development Strategy forZambia." Development inPractice (UK) 3, no. 2 (1993):103-115

Kamara, C.S., S.J. Gossage andFreddie Kwesiga. Agroforestry inZambia: Summary Proceedingsof the First Zambia NationalAgroforestry Workshop. Nairobi:International Centre for Researchin Agroforestry, 1993, 46 pp. NALcall no.: S494.5.A45Z35

Kanondo, V. et al. "FishMarketing and Consumption inZambia," In Marketing andConsumption of Fish in Easternand Southern Africa: SelectedCountry Studies, FAO FisheriesTechnical Paper 332 (1993): 155­170. NAL call no.: SH1.F2

Malambo, L. "Food Security andAgricultural Marketing in Zambia."Agrekon 31, no. 4 (1992): 161­165

Moberg, S. "The Research andSeed Project in Zambia."

172

IRDCurrents 7 (1994): 22-24.NAL call no.: HN49.C6172

Sayila, A "Feed: The MajorProblem in Zambia's PoultryIndustry." Misset World Poultry10, no. 6 (1994): 28-29, 31. NALcall no.: SF481.M54

Shawa, J.J. "Trade, Price andMarket Reform in Zambia:Current Status and Constraints."Food Policy 18, no. 4 (1993):294-299. NAL call no.:HD9000.1.F66

Silwa, AS. "PhosphateResources of Zambia andProgress in Their Exploration."Fertilizer Research 30 (1991):203-212. NAL call no.:S631.F422

Stampley, G.L. Demographic andExpenditure Profiles of ZambianHouseholds: Evidence from theJune 1991 Zambian HouseholdExpenditure and Income SUNey.Ames, Iowa: Center forAgricultural and RuralDevelopment, 1993, Staff Report93-SR63, 101 pp. NAL call no.:HD1401.S75

Tether, J. and N.J. Money. "AReview of Agricultural Minerals inZambia." Fertilizer Research 30(1991): 193-202. NAL call no.:S631.F422

Valdes, Alberto and Kay Muir­Leresche. Agricultural PolicyReforms and Regional MarketIntegration in Malawi, Zambia,and Zimbabwe. Washington, DC:International Food PolicyResearch Institute, 1993. [347pp.] NAL call no.:HD2130.Z8A37 1993

Wijkstrom, U.N. and Karl-OttoWahlstrom. Tilapia Culture byFarmers in Luapula Province,Zambia. Harare, Zimbabwe:Food and Agriculture Organizationof the U.N., [1992?], 62 pp. NALcall no.: SH167.T54W54

Williams, L.B. and J.H. Allgood.Fertilizer Situation and Markets in

Zambia. Muscle Shoals,Alabama: International FertilizerDevelopment Center, 1991, P-14,36 pp.

Wood, A.P., ed. The Dynamics ofAgricultural Policy and Reform inZambia. Ames, Iowa: Iowa StateUniversity Press, 1990. NAL callno.: HD2131.5.Z8D96

Zambia Private SectorAssessment. Final Report.Washington, DC: Agency forInternational Development, 1992,105 pp. [Available from theNational Technical InformationService]

173

Economy:

Zimbabwe is a landlocked countryof 11 million people, whereagriculture, directly or indirectly,employs three-fourths of thepopulation. Agriculture is largelydivided between a few thousandlarge, commercial farms (40% ofthe land area) and smallsubsistence holdings oncommunal lands (about 42% ofthe land area). Land reform hasbeen, and continues to be, acontentious problem for theGovernment of Zimbabwe. Themajor crops grown include: corn(food staple), cotton, tobacco,wheat, coffee, sugarcane, andpeanuts. Zimbabwe is one of theworld's largest exporters oftobacco. Other agriculturalexports include livestock, rawsugar, corn, coffee, cotton, andhorticultural products. Agricultureaccounts for 20% of the GOP and40% of export revenues. Theagricultural sector is diversifiedand well-developed and allowsZimbabwe to be self-sufficient infood production (with theexception of wheat production).

Natural resources available inZimbabwe include: coal,c~romium ore, asbestos, gold,nickel, copper, iron ore,vanadium, lithium, tin, andplatinum group metals. Themanufacturing sector, based onprocessing agriculture productsand mining, produces a variety ofgoods and accounts for 35% ofthe GOP. Mining accounts foronly 5% of the GOP andemployment, but minerals andmetals account for about 40% ofexports. The major industriesinclude: mining, steel, clothingand footwear, chemicals,foodstuffs, fertilizers, beverages,transportation equipment, andwood products.

Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe is in the midst of atransition to an open, market­based economy. With adiversified agricultural andindustrial base, the economy ofZimbabwe has definite growthpotential. Efforts to liberalize theeconomy by improving theinvestment climate, establishingthe beginnings of marketincentives, and starting toprivatize state-controlledcommodity and tradingorganizations, could provide theimpetus for seeking moreinvestment and tradearrangements with Zimbabwe.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $1.7 billion(f.o.b., 1994 est.). Exportcommodities include: tobaccomanufactures, gold, ferrochrome,and textiles. Principal markets forexports are the United Kingdom,Germany, South Africa, Japan,and the U.S.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $1.6 billion(c.Lf., 1994 est.). Imports include:machinery and transportationequipment, other manufactureschemicals, and fuels. Principal'sources of imports are: SouthAfrica, the United Kingdom,Germany, the U.S., and Japan.

Economic Aid Assistance:

In March 1995, internationaldonors pledged the equivalent of$792 million in economic anddevelopment aid for Zimbabwe.In recent years, Zimbabwe hasaveraged between $800 millionand $1 billion annually in grantsand loans from multilateral andbilateral sources. A large part ofthe aid is targeted to balance ofpayments support.

174

International Agreements:

P~rt~ to: .Endangered Species,BiodiverSity, Climate Change, Lawof the Sea, Ozone LayerProtection; signed internationalagreement, but not ratified:Desertification

Port of Entry:

Zimbabwe, a landlocked country,uses the port at Maputo,Mozambique and several SouthAfrican ports including, Durbanand Port Elizabeth, for importsand exports.

u.s. Exports to Zimbabwe:

U.S. exports to Zimbabwe wereworth $92.8 million in 1994.!'gricultural export productsInclude: wheat, rice, plantingseeds, fertilizers, dairy products,and farm equipment; otherexports include: computers,const~uction equipm~nt,

chemicals, and plastiCS andpackaging materials.

Zimbabwe Exports to theU.S.:

Zimbabwe's exports to the U.S.were worth $102.4 million in 1994.Export products include: tobacco,coffee, textiles, nickel,ferrochrome, and clothing.

Investment/TradeActivities:

The Reserve Bank of Zimbabweadministers exchange control.Approval for some foreignexchange transactions has beendelegated to authorized dealers.Importers can obtain foreigncurrency directly from interbankmarkets.

Under a trade liberalizationprogram, Zimbabwe has moved

from licensing imports to a tariffsystem. Imports now fall under anOpen General Import License.Most imports are now free ofcontrols.

Many agricultural products andprocessed food products continueto require special permits forimportation from Zimbabwe'sMinistry of Agriculture. State­controlled marketing boardscontinue to control the import ofcoffee, corn, sorghum, soybeans,and wheat (marketing boards,however, are moving towardsprivatization) .

Customs authority is carried outby the Director of Customs andExcise, Department of Customsand Excise in Harare (seecontacts listing).

• Most customs duties are advalorem rates assessed underthe GATT valuation system ofc.iJ.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theCommon Market for Easternand Southern Africa(COMESA).

• Countertrade/barter ispracticed by the private sector,however, government controlof the arrangements, shipping,and payment continues.

As a member of the SouthernAfrican Development Community(SADe), Zimbabwe is working withother member states on greatereconomic and trade cooperation,and eventual "regional economicintegration."

Franchising is only beginning tooccur in Zimbabwe and localinterest is grOWing, especiallysince the foreign exchangesystem was recently liberalized.Also, joint ventures are popularwith the Government ofZimbabwe, especially when theyinclude local black partners.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Zimbabwe requires specialpermits issued by the Ministry ofAgricUlture for the importation ofagricultural and processed foodproducts. Zimbabwe hasregulations and entryrequirements on the importation ofcertain plants and plant products.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety and •Inspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricUltural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

Zimbabwe recently approved a billto establish export processingzones. Contact the U.S.Embassy's Commercial Sectionfor current information on theproposed export processingzones.

InvestmentfTradeAssistance:

The Zimbabwe Investment Centre(see contacts listing) was openedin 1989 to serve as a "one-stopwindow" for investment proposals.The Centre can approveinvestments of up to $10 million(Zimbabwe dollars). In addition,the Centre promotes and monitorsinvestment in Zimbabwe. TheCommercial Section of the U.S.Embassy can provide advice andinformation on investing andtrading with Zimbabwe.

InvestmentfTrade Barriers:

The Government of Zimbabwedoes not currently have a definedprivatization program. All ofZimbabwe's agricultural marketing

175

boards have been"commercialized", althoughseveral of them continue to bemajority government-owned.

South Africa has traditionally beenZimbabwe's largest tradingpartner and is the majorcompetitor for U.S. exporters andinvestors. Geographic proximityallows South African companieseasier and less expensive accessto Zimbabwe's markets, than U.S.counterparts.

With the passage of theInvestment Centre Act in 1992,the Parliament established theZimbabwe Investment Centre to"mitigate the bureaucratic maze"for potential investors. Zimbabwehas gradually been liberalizing itsinvestment climate, Le., making iteasier for potential investors.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Zimbabwe is not self-sufficient inwheat and must import up to400,000 metric tons annually.Rice imports have grown to12,000 metric tons per year. Bothof these commodities offerpotential export opportunities forU.S. exporters.

Agricultural equipment,specifically, mechanical canecutting machines, mechanicalcotton pickers, and tractors(Zimbabwean farmers use tractorswith less than 140 HP) provides amarket potential, albeit a smallmarket, for U.S. suppliers.

In the U.S. Department ofCommerce's recent CountryCommercial Guide on Zimbabwe,the U.S. Embassy in Harareidentified the following industriesas offering the best opportunitiesfor export sales: miningequipment, agriculturalequipment, transport equipment,power generation andtransmission equipment,telecommunications equipment,

franchising (consumer productsand services), textile machinery(especially cotton gins andspinning and weaving machinery),food processing and packagingequipment, and engineeringservices and constructionmaterials and equipment (majorinfrastructure projects requireoutside services and equipment).

The Overseas Private InvestmentCorporation (OPIC) and the U.S.Eximbank both offer programs forpotential U.S. investors andexporters.

Membership in:

Regional Organizations

African Development Bank(AFDB), Common Market forEastern and Southern Africa(COMESA), EconomicCommission for Africa (ECA),Organization of African Unity(OAU), Southern AfricanDevelopment Community (SADC);and adheres to the fourth LomeConvention of the EU.

International Organizations!Trade Associations

African, Caribbean, and PacificCountries (ACP) , Food andAgriculture Organization (FAO),International Bank forReconstruction and Development(IBRD), InternationalDevelopment Association (IDA),International Fund for AgriculturalDevelopment (IFAD), InternationalMonetary Fund (IMF), Non­Aligned Movement (NAM), UNConference on Trade andDevelopment (UNCTAD), UNIndustrial DevelopmentOrganization (UNIDO), WorldCustoms Organization (WCO),World Intellectual PropertyOrganization (WIPO), WorldTrade Organization (WTO).

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and the

country access code forZimbabwe is 263.)

Zimbabwe:

Africa Community BasedDevelopment Initiatives, 16 BooneAve., Richmond, Glenville,Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Tel: 9­31009; FAX: 9-31088

African Development Foundation,Vassan Bldg., 109 Chinhoyi St.,Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­7931]3; FAX: 4-795525

Agricultural Chemicals IndustryAssn., 'PO Box 3794, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-739833

Agricultural Finance Corp.,Hurudza House, 14-16 BakerAve., PO Box 369, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-795811; FAX:4-794932

Agricultural Marketing Authority ofZimbabwe, 45 Baker Ave., POBox CY 517, Causeway, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-730944/5;FAX: 4-730948

Agricultural Research Trust, POBox MP 84, Mount Pleasant,Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­726063; FAX: 4-726061

Agronomy Inst., PO Box 8100,Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-704531; FAX: 4-22455

Central African Textile Assn., POBox 3794, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-739833

Chamber of Mines, North WingStewart House, 4 Central Ave.,PO Box 712, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-702843/5; FAX: 4-707983

Coffee Growers Assn., PO Box4382, Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­700205

Commercial Cotton GrowersAssn., PO Box 592, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-791881

176

Commercial Farmers' Union, POBox 1241, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-791881

Commercial Grain ProducersAssn., PO Box 592, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-791881

Confederation of ZimbabweIndustries, PO Box 3794, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-739833; FAX:4-702873

Commercial Farmers Union, POBox 1241, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-791881; FAX: 4-702481

Cotton Marketing Board, PO Box2697, Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­739061

Cotton Promotion Council, POBox 2673, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-702157

Dairy Producers Assn., PO Box1241, Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­791881

Dept. of Research and SpecialistServices, Agricultural ResearchCentre, PO Box CY 594,Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-704531; FAX: 4-728317

Director of Customs and Excise,Dept. of Customs and Excise,Private Bag 7715, Causeway,Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­703153; FAX: 4-790255; Telex:(0907) 22387

Dun & Bradstreet (Zimbabwe)Pvt., Ltd., Michael House, 6thFloor, Baker Ave., Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­720334/704891; FAX: 4-726189

Food Manufacturers Assn., POBox 3794, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-739833

Horticultural Promotion Council,PO Box 1241, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-791881

Hotel and Restaurant Assn. ofZimbabwe, PO Box HG 306,Highlands, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-733211

Import/Export Licensing Office,Mukwati Bldg., PO Box 8107,Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­730633

Intermediate TechnologyDevelopment Group - Zimbabwe,156A Samora Machel Ave., POBox 1744, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-796420; FAX: 4-796409

Law Society of Zimbabwe, Throg­morton House, Samora MachelAve., Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­726041; FAX: 4-728489

Meat Traders Assn. of Zimbabwe,PO Box 6797, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-720819

Ministry of Finance,Munhumutapa Bldg., GroundFloor, Samora Michel Ave.,Private Bag 7705, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-794571; Telex:22141

Ministry of Industry andCommerce, Mukwati Bldg., 13thFloor, Fourth St., Private Bag7708, Causeway, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-702731; Telex:24472

Ministry of Lands, Agriculture andWater Development, 1Borrowdale Rd., Pl'ivate Bag7701, Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­706081

Ministry of Mines, Zimre Centre,Leopold Takawira St./Union Ave.,Private Bag 7709, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-732881; FAX:4-794065

National Federation of Businessand Professional Women ofZimbabwe, 1 Mimosa St., Mutare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 20-62429/64224

Organization of CollectiveCooperatives in Zimbabwe, POBox 66102, Kopje, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-737663/751193

Organization of Rural Assn. forProgress, PO Box 877, Bulawayo,Zimbabwe. Tel: 9-31009/68588;FAX: 9-310088

Pig Breeders Assn., PO Box CH1,Chisipite, Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel:4-30721

Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe, POBox 1283, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-790731; FAX: 4-708976[Central Bank]

Seed Services, PO Box CY550,Causeway, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-720370; FAX:2634791223 [Controls sales of allseed]

Shipping and Forwarding Agentsof Zimbabwe, PO Box 1934,Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­708611

Southern African Co-operativeNetwork Zimbabwe, 87Livingstone Ave., PO Box 706,Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­730176; FAX: 4-705121

Standards Assn. of Zimbabwe,PO Box 2259, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-66497

Timber Promotion Council, POBox 3645, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-702401

Tobacco Marketing Board, POBox UA 214, Union Ave., Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-66311

Tobacco Trade Assn., PO Box ST180, Southerton, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-66485

United Nations Information Centre(Zimbabwe), PO Box 4408, UnionAve, and L. Takawira, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­791521/704679; FAX: 4-750476

U.S. Embassy, 172 HerbertChitepo Ave., PO Box 3340,Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­794521; FAX: 4-796488

U.S. Foreign Commercial Service,1st Floor, Century House West,Baker Ave., Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-758805/6; FAX: 4-758802

177

Wholesale Fruit and VegetableDealers Assn., PO Box 1740,Harare, Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe Agricultural Society,PO Box 442, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-705641/705643; FAX: 4­705644

Zimbabwe Assn. of ConsultingEngineers, PO Box 3337, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-8870222

Zimbabwe Investment Centre,Royal Mutual Bldg., 45 BakerAve., PO Box 5950, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-790991; FAX:4-708976

Zimbabwe National Chamber ofCommerce, Equity House, 6thFloor, Resende St., PO Box 1934,Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­768611/768614; Telex: 22531CHACOMZW

Zimbabwe National FarmersAssn., PO Box 3057, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-792730

Zimbabwe National TraditionalHealers Assn., PO Box 116,Reliance House, Corner ofTakcawira and Speke Ave.,Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­751902

Zimbabwe Poultry ProducersAssn., PO Box 1241, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-791881

Zimbabwe Seed Traders' Assn.,PO Box 1422, Harare, Zimbabwe.Tel: 4-61901

Zimbabwe Trust, Box 4027, 4Lanark Rd., Belgravia, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-730543/722957; FAX: 4-795150[Promotes rural development]

Zimbabwe Veterinary Assn., POBox CY 168, Causeway, Harare,Zimbabwe. Tel: 4-47111/44951;FAX: 4-732921

Zimbabwe Women's ResourceCentre and Network, PO Box2192, Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel:4-792450/737435

ZIMTRADE, Information Services,Kurima House, 4th Floor, 89Baker Ave., PO Box 2738,Harare, Zimbabwe. Tel: 4­731020; FAX: 4-706930

U.S.:

Embassy of the Republic ofZimbabwe, 1608 New HampshireAve., NW, Washington, DC20009. Tel: 202-332-7100; FAX:202-483-9326

Permanent Mission of Zimbabweto the United Nations, 128 East

.. 56thSt., New 'torkL NY 10022.Tel: 212-980-9511; FAX: 212­755-4188

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Zimbabwe, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room2037, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-4824228

Select Publications:

Blackie, Malcolm J. "RealizingSmallholder AgriculturalPotentiaL" In Zimbabwe'sAgricultural Revolution. M.Rukuni and C.K. Eicher, editors.Harare, Zimbabwe: University ofZimbabwe Publications, 1994, p.335-447. NAL call no.:HD2131.Z8Z461994

BoldAds Zimbabwe Business toBusiness Directory &Buyers'Guide. Harare, Zimbabwe:BoldAds Ltd [annual directory ofbusinesses in Zimbabwe]

Bradley, P.N. and K. McNamara;eds. Living With Trees: Policiesfor Forestry Management inZimbabwe. World Bank TechnicalPaper no. 345. Washington, DC:World Bank, 1993. NAL call no.:HC60.W66 nO.345

Chimbuya, S. et al. "FishMarketing and Consumption in

Zimbabwe." In Marketing andConsumption of Fish in Easternand Southern Africa: SelectedCountry Studies, p. 171-186.FAO Fisheries Technical Paperno. 322, 1993. NAL call no.:SH1.F2

Cole, M. "Are We Ready forSuperbird [Ostrich meat]?" FoodManufacture International 10, no.3 (1993): 16-17

Country Profile. Zimbabwe.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterly

-PUhlication] NAL call no.:HC910.C682

Country Report. Zimbabwe.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [annualpublication] NAL call no.:HC910.C68

Crocodile Farming Project,Beitbridge District Local Authority.Harare, Zimbabwe: UrbanDevelopment Corporation, 1992.

Friis-Hansen, Esbern. "CurrentMarketing, Supply and Demand ofAgricultural Seeds in Zimbabwe."Working Paper no. 14, Harare,Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Institute ofDevlopment Studies, 1991. NALcall no.: HD9019.S432Z551991

Food, Agriculture & NaturalResources: Harare, Republic ofZimbabwe, 27th-29th January1993. [Harare, Zimbabwe?:Southern African DevelopmentCommunity?, 1993], 1 vol. NALcall no.: S472.A356F661993

"Fueling the Future: PowerAlcohol in Zimbabwe." ACTSTechnology Policy Series no. 1.Nairobi, Kenya: ACTS Press,1991~-NAl caH no.:HD9502.5.A43S38 1991

Groot, P. de, ed. Cassava As aCash Crop for Food, Fuel, Fodderand Chemicals. Proceedings ofaWorkshop Held in Bulawayo,Zimbabwe, May 1991. London:Commonwealth Science Council,1992

178

Jiriyengwa, S.J. "Grain MarketLiberalization and Social Goals:The Grain Marketing Board inZimbabwe." Food Policy 18, no. 4(Aug 1993): 316-324. NAL callno.: HD9000.1.F66

"A Leaf One Day, A Petal theNext." Economist 334, no. 7905(Mar 11, 1995): 62. NAL call no.:286.8 Ec7 [Diversification fromtobacco growing to rose growingin Zimbabwe]

Mabbett, T. "Zimbabwe TriesCommunal Coffee." Coffee andCocoa International 20, no. 2(1993): 38-39

Madhu, S.R. "Commercial FishFarming in Zimbabwe." ALCOMNews 7 (July 1992): 14-18. NALcall no.: SH125.A356A53

Masters, William A. Governmentand Agriculture In Zimbabwe.Westport, Connecticut: Praeger,1994. NAL call no.:HD2131.Z8M371994

Mlinaric, LB. "Zimbabwe NationalConservation Strategy andSustainable Rural Development."Development Southern Africa 11,no. 1 (1994): 69-80

Muir, K. and M.J. Blackie. ''TheCommercialization of Agriculture."In Zimbabwe's AgriculturalRevolution. M. Rukuni and C.K.Eicher, editors. Harare,Zimbabwe: University ofZimbabwe Publications, 1994, p.195-207. NAL call no.:HD2131.l8Z46 1994

Muchena, Samuel C."Diversification of the AgriculturalResource Base." In Zimbabwe'sAgricultural Revolution. M.Rukuni and C.K. Eicher, editors.Harare, Zimbabwe: University ofZimbabwe Publications, 1994, p.361-373. NAL call no.:HD2131.Z8Z461994

Mutizwa-Mangiza, N.D. and A.H.J.Helmsing, eds. RuralDevelopment and Planning in

Zimbabwe. Aldershot, UK :Avebury, 1991

Nyazema, N.Z. "Medicinal Plantsof Wide Use in Zimbabwe." InMedicinal and Poisonous Plantsof the Tropics: Proceedings ofSymposium 5-35 of the 14thInternational Botanical Congress,Berlin, 24 JUly-1 August 1987, p.36-43 Wageningen, TheNetherlands: Pudoc, 1987. NALcall no.: QK99.T6M44.

Reid, R. "Zimbabwean WineIndustry: Getting Into Shape."Food Review 22, no. 1 (1995):67,69,71. NAL call no.:TX341.S64

Rukuni, Mandivamba and Carl K.Eicher, eds. Zimbabwe'sAgricultural Revolution. Harare,Zimbabwe: University ofZimbabwe Publications, 1994.NAL call no.: HD2131.Z8Z461994

Scott, Earl P. "Home-BasedIndustries: An AlternativeStrategy for Household Security inRural Zimbabwe." Journal ofDeveloping Areas 29, no. 2 (Jan1995): 183-212. NAL call no.:HC59.7 A1J6

Solomon, Emily. Marketing inZimbabwe. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1990. [OverseasBusiness Report 90-08]

Swire-Thompson, AJ. "Zimbabwe- Agricultural Commodity Policy,Food Security and Trade,"Agrekon 31 (1992): 157-160[Conference issue]

Takavarsha, T. "Trade, Price andMarket Reform in Zimbabwe:Current Status, Proposals andConstraints." Food Policy 18, no.4 (August 1993): 286-293. NALcall no.: HD9000.1. F66

Thirtle, C. et al. "The Productivityof Commercial Agriculture inZimbabwe, 1970-1989." Journal

of International Development 5,no. 2 (1993): 193-205

Tobacco News. Harare,Zimbabwe: ThomsonPublications, 1992- [monthlypublication] NAL call no.:SB278.Z55Z563 [Covers thetobacco industry in Zimbabwe]

Tredgold, Margaret H. et al. FoodPlants ofZimbabwe: With Oldand News Ways of Preparation.Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press,1986. NAL call no.:QK98.5.R5T7

Weiner, D., B. Munslow, and S.Moyo. "Energy for SustainableAgricultural Development inZimbabwe." Growth and Change23, no. 3 (Summer 1992): 335­362. NAL call no.: HT390.G74

Zinyama, L.M. "Local FarmerOrganizations and RuralDevelopment in Zimbabwe." InDevelopment From Within:Survival in Rural Africa. London:Routledge, 1992, p. 33-57. NALcall no.. : HN780,Z9C643 1992

179

Sub-Saharan African Countries - Second Tier

Burkina FasoBurundiCentral African RepublicChadCongoDjibouti

Introduction

Equatorial GuineaThe GambiaGuinea-BissauLiberiaMauritaniaRwanda

Sao Tome and PrincipeSierra LeoneSomaliaSudanTogo

There are a growing number of factors making Africa an attractive market for exporters and investors. Economicand political reforms, privatization of government-controlled companies, and trade liberalization are contributingto the growth potential of Sub-Saharan African countries. Reforms have created a demand for training in newtechnologies and in business and entrepreneurial skills. The U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Agencyfor International Development have worked with small- and medium-sized African companies to teach them avariety of business skills. African businesses, cooperatives, and farmers are becoming familiar with newtechnologies and newly-developed, appropriate technologies through workshops, networking, and developmentprojects.

Existing technology development programs assist with cultivating, producing, marketing, storing, and/orprocessing cash crops, food crops and livestock, using a variety of technical components. Micro-enterprisedevelopment projects assist in creating, enhancing, or improving small business ventures in a variety of domains.For example, in the Congo assistance is provided in developing simple technology to enhance fish productionand, in Sierra Leone, a grassroots organization assists with increasing agricultural production by using inputs,infrastructure, and training.

As the rich agricultural and natural resources of Sub-Saharan Africa become more accessible and localbusinesses, cooperatives, and farmers look for markets, appropriate technologies. and financial assistance, theopportunities for investing in and trading with many of the Sub-Saharan African countries should only increase.

In Part II of the Directory, information on exports and imports, on investment and trade barriers, and on bestprospect for U.S. investments and exports is also included.

180

Economy:

Burkina Faso has apredominantly agriculturaleconomy, with more than60% of the total populationdependent upon subsistencefarming. Burkina Faso isone of the few Sub-SaharanAfrican countries whereeconomic growth (about4.5% a year since 1983) hasexceeded population growth3.5%. Agriculture, includingforestry and fishing, providedabout 44% of the GDP andemployed about 83% of thepopulation in 1992. Cashcrops include peanuts, sheanuts, sesame, and cotton.Food crops include sorghum,millet, corn, and rice.Burkina Faso is not self­sufficient in food grains.

Industry, including mining,manufacturing, constructionand power, contributed about20% of the GDP in 1992.Natural resources includegold, vanadium, titanium,copper, silver, and nickeldeposits. The governmentof Burkina Faso placesspecial emphasis ondevelopment of the mineralsector.

Due to the country's 1991­1993 structural adjustmentprogram (SAP) with theWorld Bank, Burkina'sgovernment hasimplemented measuresabolishing importmonopolies, liberalizingprices, and is in the processof revising its investment,fiscal, and labor codes.

Exports:

Consisted of $300 million(f.o.b. 1992). The mainexport commodities included

Burkina Faso

cotton, gold, and animalproducts. Principle marketsfor exports are Belgium­Luxembourg, China (PeoplesRepublic), the EuropeanUnion countries, Coted'ivoire, Japan, Mali, Nigeria,Switzerland, Taiwan,Thailand, Togo, and Tunisia.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $685million (f.o.b. 1992). Importsinclude: machinery, foodproducts, and petroleum.Principle sources of importsare Belgium-Luxembourg,Cameroon, Canada, China(Peoples Republic), Coted'ivoire, the European Unioncountries, Japan, theNetherlands, Nigeria,Senegal, Taiwan, Thailand,Togo, and the United States.

Port of Entry:

None. Burkina Faso islandlocked. Cote d'ivoire'sport of Abidjan is used as atrade center for BurkinaFaso.

U.S. Exports to BurkinaFaso:

U.S. exports to Burkina Fasowere worth $7.3. million in1994. Major agriculturalexports include: cereals,corn, dried milk, and edibleoils.

Burkinabe Exports toU.S.:

Burkinabe exports to theU.S. were worth $444,789 in1994.

181

Trade Activities:

Exchange control isadministered by theDirectorate of the Treasury inthe Ministry of Finance.Transactions in foreignexchange must be carriedout through authorizedbanks, the PostalAdministration, or the WestAfrican Central Bank(BCEAO).

With the implementation of·its SAP, the government hasabolished most import/exportmonopolies. Importation of afew products (petroleumproducts, rice, sugar,pharmaceuticals, arms, andammunition) requires aspecial authorization (ASI),delivered by the so calledGuichet Unique del'lmportateur (One-stopImport Window). A technicalimport visa is required forplants and plant extracts,seeds and fruits used inmedicine or perfumery, plantextracts and jUices, tobacco,and fertilizers.

Importation of products witha value in excess of CFA 1.5million (about USD 3,000)are subject to prior importnotification, which must bemade at the Guichet Uniquede l'lmportateur, Centre deGuchets Uniques (seecontacts listing).

Customs authority is carriedout by the Directeur Generaldes Douanes. For details onBurkinabe customs tariffs,contact the customsauthorities at the DirectionGenerale des Douanes (seecontacts listing).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information onthe following: Food Safetyand Inspection Service,Export CoordinationDivision; Foreign AgriculturalService, Office of FoodSafety and TechnicalServices; or Animal andPlant Health InspectionService (APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/ExportProcessing Zones:

There are no foreign tradezones or free ports inBurkina Faso.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

Foreign investment isactively encouraged by theBurkinabe government. TheMinister of Industry andCommerce implementsprovisions of Burkina Faso'sinvestment (foreign) codeand approves all investmentprojects, both local andforeign.

Foreign-owned firmsestablished in Burkina havethe same investmentopportunities as host country~nizations. American

firms not registered inBurkina Faso can onlycompete for contracts onprojects financed by theWorld Bank, USAID, UnitedNations organizations and/orthe African DevelopmentBank.

Trade/InvestmentBarriers:

Burkina Faso establishednew investment codes in1992 which guarantee equaltreatment of foreign and

domestic investors in likesituations. Burkina Fasodoes maintain a ban on theimport of the following items:wheat flour from non-WAECcountries; fishing nets; ivory;oil-carrying tank trucks; usedcoaches, buses, and mopedinner tubes from non-WAECcountries.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Some of the leading tradeprospects i~clude: so¥beanoil; fully refined head nee;nonfat dry milk; agriculturaland industrial chemicals; andagricultural equipment.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code forBurkina Faso is 226.)

Burkina Faso:

Chamber of Commerce andIndustry, (La Chambre duCommerce et d'industrie duBurkina Faso), PO Box 502,Ouagadougou, BurkinaFaso. Tel: 30-6114/30­6115; FAX: 30-6116

Direction Generale desDouanes, PO Box 506,Ouagadougou 01, BurkinaFaso, Tel: 30-6790; FAX:31-4213

Guichet Unique del'lmportateur, Centre deGuchets Uniques, PO Box258, Ouagadougou 01, Bur­kina Faso. Tel/FAX: 30­7305

Office National duCommerce Exterieur(ONAC), ave Keo Frobenius,01 PO Box 389,Ouagadougou. Tel: 31­1300; FAX: 31-1469

182

Syndicat des CommercantsImportateurs et Exportateurs,01 PO Box 552,Ouagadougou 01. Tel: 31­1870; FAX: 31-0411 [Unionof importers and exporters]

Union des CooperativesAgricoles et Maraicheres duBurkina, 01 PO Box 277,Ouagadougou 01. Tel: 30­6527; Telex: 5287[Cooperative unions ­production and marketing offruit and vegetables]

U.S. Embassy, PO Box 35,Ouagadougou 01. Tel: 30­6723/24/25; FAX: 31-2368

U.S.:

Burkina Faso Desk Officer,U.S. Department ofCommerce, Room 3317,14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4388

Burkina Faso Embassy tothe U.S., 2340Massachusetts Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20008. Tel:202-332-5577

Select Publications:

Background Notes: BurkinaFaso. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of State,Bureau of Public Affairs,1990. 7pp.

Country Commercial Guide:Burkina Faso EconomicTrends and Outlook.Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995[Available through theNational Trade Data Bank]

Country Commercial Guide:Doing Business in BurkinaFaso. Washington, DC:U.S. Department ofCommerce, InternationalTrade Administration, 1995

[Available through theNational Trade Data Bank]

Country Profile. Niger,Burkina Faso, 1993-94.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit, 1994[annual pUblication] NALcall no.: HC1020.A1C682

Englebert, Pierre. "BurkinaFaso." In Africa South of theSahara 1995. London:Europa Publications Ltd.,1994, p. 191-208 [annualpublicationl NAL call no.:bT30.A37 •

183

Economy:

Burundi is predominatelyagricultural with only a few basicindustries. Its economy dependson coffee exports and foreign aid.Agriculture, including forestry andfishing, contributed 56% of theGOP in 1992. In mid-1993, anestimated 91 % of the labor forcewere employed in the sector. Theprincipal cash crops are coffee,tea, and hides and skins. Themain subsistence crops arecassava and sweet potatoes.

Industry, including mining,manufacturing, construction, andutilities, contributed 10.5% ofGOP in 1990. Burundi hasimportant deposits of vanadium,uranium, and nickel. In addition,petroleum deposits have beendetected. The manufacturingsector consists largely of theprocessing of agriculturalproducts. A native textile industryhas been developed.

Since 1986, Burundi has workedwith the World Bank and theInternational Monetary Fund(IMF), to restructure its economy.To date, Burundi hasimplemented several reformsincluding currency devaluation,tariff reductions, tax simplification,liberalization of import regulations,and increases in the prices ofsome basic goods. Several state­owned coffee companies wereprivatized in 1991.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $40.8 million(f.o.b. 1992). The main exportcommodities include: coffee, tea,cotton, hides and skins, tobaccoand manufactures. Principalmarket for exports are: Belgium­Luxembourg, Germany, Rwanda,and the United States.

Burundi

Imports:

Imports consisted of $188 million(c.Lf. 1992). Imports include:capital goods, petroleumproducts, foodstuffs, andconsumer goods. Principalsources of imports are Belgium­Luxembourg, China (PR), France,Germany, Iran, Japan, Kenya, theUnited States, and Zambia.

Port of Entry:

Inland waterways: LakeTanganyika; inland lake port:BUjumbura, connects toTanzania's and Zaire'stransportation systems.

u.s. Exports to Burundi:

U.S. exports to Burundi wereworth $9.6 million in 1994. Majorexports include: insecticides andfertilizers.

Burundian Exports to U.S.:

Burundi's exports to U.S. wereworth $8.4 million in 1994. Majorexports include coffee.

Trade Activities:

The Central Bank has control overforeign exchange transactionsand foreign trade. Foreignexchange is made available eitherat the time of shipment of thegoods on the supporting factors ofthe shipping documents orfollowing importation of the goods.

Imports are liberalized, except fora limited number of goods [theimportation of which is restrictedfor security reasons). All goodsimported into Burundi must beinsured by approved Burundiinsurers, and premiums must bepaid in Burundi francs.

184

Customs authority is carried outby the Directeur General desDouanes, Ministere des Finances(see contacts listing) in Bujum­bura.

•. Customs duty in Burundiranges from 0 to 100%. Thereare two customs charges: 15to 35% revenue duty, and 2 to5% import duty. Almost allitems in the tariff have dutieslevied ad valorem, however,wines, liquors, salt, gasoline,and petroleum products carryspecific rates of duty. Allimports are subject to aservice tax of 4% ad valorem,in addition to applicablecustoms duties; a 15%transaction tax is levied on allcommercial transactions.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community ofStates of Central Africa(ECSCA). Burundi is anadherent to the 20-memberCommon Market for Easternand Southern Africa(COMESA), and manyBurundian goods can enterEurope duty and quota freethrough the EuropeanCommunity's LomeConvention. Some Burundiangoods are also eligible toreceive preferential duty freeentry into the United Statesunder the terms of the U.S.Generalized System ofPreferences (GSP).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and Plant

Reyntjens, Filip. "Burundi." InAfrica South of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa PublicationsLtd., 1994, p. 209-223. [annualpublication] NAL call no.:DT30.A37

Burundi, Regional Programs­Africa. Washington, DC: U.S.Agency for InternationalDevelopment, 1994 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Country Commercial Guide:Burundi. Washington, DC: U.S.Department of Commerce.International TradeAdministration, 1993 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Country Report. Uganda,Rwanda, Burundi. London, TheEconomist Intelligence Unit, 1995[quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC840.A1C68

Burundi, Office of the PermanentMission to the United Nations, 336E. 45th St., 12th Floor, New York,NY 10017. Tel: 212-687-1180

Select Publications:

Burundi, Honorary Consulate,4250 N. Marine Dr., Apt. 1021.Chicago, IL 60613. Tel: 312-929­1012

Burundi, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Department of Commerce,Room 3317, 14th St., andConstitution Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-4228

Ndiaye, Cheikh. Report on theAgro-Industrial Sector and theFramework of TechnologyTransfer in Burundi. New York,NY: United Nations, United

--Natton-eonfereiTceoli Trade ana--U.S. Embassy at Bujumbura, PO Development, 1992. 92 pp. NALBox 34.1720 ave des Etats-Unis. call no.: HD9017.B94R471992Tel: 22-3454; FAX: 22-2926;AID-Tel: 22-5951; FAX: 22-2986

U.S.:

Ministere du Commerce et del'lndustrie. Department duCommerce Exterieur, PO Box492, Bujumbura. Tel: 22-4935;FAX: 22-5595

Fonds de Economique, PO Box270, BUjumbura. Tel: 22-55621Telex: 80 [Finance and promoteindustrial, agricultural, andcommercial activities]

Institut des SciencesAgronomiques du Burundi(ISABU). PO Box 795, Bujumbura.Tel: 22-3384 [Scientificdevelopment of agriculture andlivestock]

Directeur General des Douanes,Ministere des Finances, PO Box495, Bujumbura. Tel and FAX:22-5931

Chambre de Commerce,d'industrie, d'Agriculture etd'Artisanat du Burundi, PO Box313, ave du 18 Septembre,Bujumbura. Tel: 22-2280; FAX:22-7895

Burundi:

APEE - Agence de Promotion desEchanges Exterieurs. PO Box3535, 27 rue de la Victoire,Bujumbura. Tel: 22-5497; FAX:22-2767

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Best prospects for U.S. businessare in the agriculture andmanufacturing sectors.Privatization of the coffee industryand the government's efforts todeveiop the mining sector offerthe best larger-scale prospects.Other investment opportunitiesinclude flowers and ornamentalplants, fresh and dried fruits andplants, essential oils, jewelryproduction. toys, and sportinggoods.

Burundi is eligible for Eximbankand OPIC programs.

List of Contacts:

Foreign investment is activelyencouraged by the Burundiangovernment. The governmenthas instituted revenue enhancingmeasures through reforms in taxand tariff regulations. Reform andprivatization of parastatalenterprises is also underway.Exclusive foreign ownership is apossibility. as are joint ventureoperations with Burundi privateinvestors or the Burundigovernment.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

Health Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZonesfExport ProcessingZones:

-hi August 1992. -S-urundiestablished a nation-wide freetrade zone.

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Burundiis 257.)

Burundi Embassy to the U.S.,2233 Wisconsin Ave., NW. Ste212, Washington, DC 20007. Tel:202-342-2574; FAX: 202-342­2578

185

Central African Republic

Economy:

The Central African Republic's(CAR) economy is based onsubsistence agriculture andforestry. More than 70% of thepopulation live in rural areas andagriculture accounts for about halfof GOP. Timber accounts for 26%of export earnings and thediamond industry for 54%. Theprincipal cash crops are cotton,coffee, tobacco, and timber. Theprincipal food crops are cassava,sorghum, manioc, yams, millet,corn, and bananas. The CAR hasbegun producing palm oil andsugar to replace imports.

Diamonds are the main mineralbeing mined, but gold is alsobeing exploited. There areuranium deposits at Bakouma, butthey have been largelyunexplaited.

Textiles are the main industry.Most industrial activity is locatedin Bangui, which includes a carassembly and spare-parts plant,furniture workshops, soapfactories, corrugated iron, plywoodand prefabricated housing, foodand drinks processing plants, anda textiles factory.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $123.5million (f.o.b. 1992). The mainexport commodities include:diamonds, timber, cotton, coffee,and tobacco. Principal marketsfor exports are France, Belgium,Italy, Japan, and the UnitedStates.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $165.1million (f.o.b. 1992). Importsinclude: food, textiles, petroleumproducts, machinery, electricalequipment, motor vehicles,chemicals, pharmaceuticals,

consumer goods, and industrialproducts. Principal sources ofimports are France, otherEuropean Community countries,Japan, and Algeria.

Port of Entry:

The Central African Republic islandlocked. Shipments areusually made to ports in theCongo and Zaire.

U.S. Exports to the CentralAfrican Republic:

U.S. exports to the CAR wereworth $2.5 million in 1994.Principal commodities exported in1990 were displacement pumps,corn, flour, and radio and medicalequipment.

Central African RepublicExports to U.S.:

CAR's exports to the U.S. wereworth $249,152 in 1994. Principalcommodities exported to the U.S.in 1990 were tobacco anddiamonds.

Trade Activities:

Transactions by the private sectorin foreign exchange must becarried out with banks authorizedby the Minister of Finance. TheOffice of Foreign FinancialRelations of the Ministry ofFinance is responsible forsupervising foreign directinvestment.

All imports from the United Statesrequire import licenses, issued bythe Director of Foreign T.rade,Ministry of Commerce andIndustry.

Customs authority is carried outby the Directeur General desDouanes et Droit Indirects (seecontacts listing) in Bangui.

186

• Ad valorem duties areassessed on the c.iJ. value ofgoods.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theCentral African Customs andEconomic Union and theEconomic Community of theStates of Central Africa.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Sanitary certificates aremandatory for the importation ofvarious plants and plant products(such as banana plants, cacaoplants, coffee plants, sugar cane,raw cotton, cottonseeds, andcotton plants), and all containerscontaining either earth orcompost.

Please refer to Part I, otherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

None.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

Foreign investment is welcomedby the government. TheInvestment Code guarantees thatall enterprises, whether foreign ordomestically owned, receive equaltreatment under the law. Newenterprises, except thoseengaged in the resale of goodsthey didn't produce, are eligible forcertain benefits including: income

tax relief, reduced import dutieson new and used equipment andspare parts, and exemption fromreal estate taxes for the first threeyears of operation.

Trade/Investment Barriers:

The Central African Republicprohibits the importation of allfirearms. Importers must obtainspecial authorization fromapplicable ministries for the importof the following commodities:firearms (Ministry of the Interior);medicines, vaccines, viruses andtoxins, medicinal compounds, andantibiotics (Inspecteur Chef dePharmacie of the Ministry ofHealth)

Best U.S. Export!Investment Prospects:

The investment opportunities aremost favorable for projects fundedby outside sources.

Some of the leading tradeprospects include: dairy andlivestock, food processing, andlogging and timber-handlingmachinery. There areopportunities in the energy sector,particularly in hydroelectricgenerating equipment and solarpanels. Some prospects alsoexist in light manufacturing orassembly equipment.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for theCentral African Republic is 236.)

Central African Republic:

Agence de Developpement de laZone Cafeiere (ADECAP), BP

. 1935,B3I"1gui.-l"el:· 6"14730(Coffee producers' Association;assists coffee marketingcooperatives)

Chambre d'Agriculture, d'Elevage,des Eaux, Forets, Chasses,

Peches et Tourisme, BP 850,Bangui. Tel: 610933

Chambre de Commerce,d'industrie, des Mines et del'Artisanat (CCIMA), BP 813,Bangui. Tel: 614255; Telex:5261

Directeur General des Douanes etDroits Indirect, BP 425, Bangui.Tel: 614761; FAX: 613561;Telex: 5226 .

Institut de Recherches du Cafe,du Cacao, et Autres PlantesStimulantes, Central AfricanRepublic (Central AfricanRepublic Coffee, Cocoa, andother Stimulant Plants ResearchInstitute), BP 44, M'Baiki,Boukoko

Ministere des Finances, duCommerce, de l'lndustrie, desPetites et Moyennes Entreprises,Service du Commerce Exterieur,BP 1988, Bangui. Tel: 614488;Telex: 5215 RC

U.S. Embassy, CommercialSection, Avenue David Dacko, BP924, Bangui. Tel: 610200,612578,614333,or610210;FAX:614494; Telex: 5287 RC

U.S.:

Central African Republic DeskOfficer, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,Room 3317, 14th S1. andConstitution Ave. NW,Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-4228

Central African Republic Embassyto the U.S., 1618 22d S1. NW,Washington, DC 20008. Tel:202-483-7800; FAX: 202-332­9893; Telex: 6731291 AMBCA

Select Publications:

Country Profile. Cameroon,Central African Republic, Chad.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit, 1995 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:HC995.A1Q832

187

Country Report. Cameroon,Central African Republic, Chad.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAI call no.:HC995.A1Q83

Foreign Economic Trends andTheir Implications for the UnitedStates: Central African Republic.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1992. NAL callno.: HF1410.F6

Hilling, David, Pierre Englebert,and Diana Hubbard. "The CentralAfrican Republic." In Africa Southof the Sahara 1995. London:Europa Publications Ltd., 1994, p.258-272 [annual publication]NAL call no.: DT30.A37

Economy:

Chad is one of the poorestcountries in the world and ishighly dependent on foreign aid.The economy rests on agricultureand cattle herding, which accountfor almost 50% of GDP. Cotton isthe principal cash crop andcontributes more than 50% ofChad's export earnings. Foodcrops include sorghum, millet,peanuts, rice, potatoes, andmanioc. Livestock includes cattle,sheep, goats, and camels, althoughherds are greatly reduced due tothe effects of the recent drought.Fishing was an important economicactivity in the Lake Chad region, butthe drought virtually eliminatedfishing as a commercial activity.

The only mineral beingcommercially exploited is natron(sodium carbonate). Deposits ofuranium, gold, bauxite, limestone,kaolin, gypsum, tin, and wolframhave been found but haven't beenmined. Oil deposits have beendiscovered, and a consortium ofoil companies intends to exploitthem.

Agricultural processing is themost common type of industry.Cotton processing is the majoractivity. Livestock processing,brewing, and manufacturing soapand cigarettes also contribute tothe economy. Much of themanufacturing is done in smallestablishments and craftindustries that are part of theinformal sector and, therefore,aren't included in official statistics.

Before the civil war, tourism wasan important industry because ofthe national parks, gamereserves, and prehistoric rockpaintings.

Chad

Exports:

Exports consisted of $190 million(f.o.b. 1992). The main exportcommodities include: cotton,cattle, textiles, and fish. Principalmarkets for exports are France,Nigeria, and Cameroon.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $261 million(f.o.b. 1992). Imports include:machinery and transportationequipment, industrial goods,petroleum products, and food.Principal sources of imports arethe United States, France,Nigeria, and Cameroon.

Port of Entry:

Chad is landlocked. The closestport is Douala, Cameroon, over1,000 kilometers away.

U.s. Exports to Chad:

U.s. exports to Chad were worth$7.5 million in ~994.

Chad's Exports to U.S.:

Chad's exports to the U.s. wereworth $1.8 million in 1994.

Trade Activities:

Transactions by the private sectorin foreign exchange must becarried out with banks authorizedby the External Finance andExchange Control Subdirectorateof the Minister of Finance. Allsignificant import transactionsrelating to foreign countries mustbe domiciled with an authorizedbank. Import licenses authorizeimporters to purchase the requiredexchange when the shippingdocuments are submitted to theauthorized bank.

188

All imports from the United Statesrequire import licenses, issued bythe Foreign Trade Office of theMinistry of Commerce andIndustry.

Customs authority is carried outby the Directeur General desDouanes et des Droits Indirects(see contacts listing) inN'djamena:

• Ad valorem duties areassessed on the c.Lf. value ofgoods.

• Additional taxes are: Turnovertax, applied to many importedgoods; Community IntegrationTax, on intermediate goodsand consumer goods; ExciseTaxes, on products such asbeer, wine and spirits, tobacco,perfumes and cosmetics,household electrical products,eggs, and salt.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theCentral African Customs andEconomic Union and theEconomic Community of theStates of Central Africa.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Sanitary certificates aremandatory for the importation ofvarious plants and plant products(such as banana plants, cacaoplants, coffee plants, sugar cane,raw cotton, cottonseeds, andcotton plants), and all containerscontaining either earth orcompost.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and Plant

Health Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

None.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

Foreign investment is welcomedby the government. Foreignacquisition of, or merger with,existing companies is allowedwithout regulatory restraint. WhileChad's overall economic policydoesn't discriminate againstforeign companies, it does permitthe government to designateparticular industries as strategicwhich would allow it to close thesesectors to foreign investment. Allapplications for a businesslicense must be approved by theMinistry of Commerce and theMinistry of Plan and Cooperation.

Tradellnvestment Barriers:

All import licenses for sugar and aspecified brand of cigarettes havebeen suspended. There areglobal quotas for imports fromnon-EU countries outside theOperations Account Area and aspecial quota for imports of cottontextiles from countries that theyhave determined have a specialadvantage. There are also globalquotas for imports of wheat, wheatflour, and sugar from EUcountries, countries in theOperations Account Area, andother countries.

Best U.S. Export!Investment Prospects:

Best opportunities are in donor­financed projects, engineering,construction, public health, oragribusiness.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Chad is235.)

Chad:

Chambre Consulaire, BP 458,N'Djamena. Tel: 515264; Telex:5248 kd

Directeur des Douanes et desDroits Indirects, BP 427,N'Djamena

Direction du Tourisme, des ParcsNationaux et Reserves de Faune,BP 86, N'Djamena. Tel: 512303;FAX: 572261; Telex: 5358

Office National deDeveloppement Rural (ONDR),BP 896, N'Djamena. Tel: 514864

Office National des Cereales(ONC), BP 21, N'Djamena. Tel:513731 [Production andmarketing of cereals]

Societe Nationale de Commercial­isation du Tchad (SONACOT), BP630, N'Djamena. Tel: 3047;Telex: 5227 sonacot kd [76%state-owned; national marketing,distribution and import-exportcompany]

Societe Tchadienne d'importlExport, N'Djamena. Telex: 5267sotimex kd

U.S. Embassy, Avenue FelixEboue, BP 413, N'Djamena. Tel:514009,514759,or516218;FAX:513372; Telex: 5203 KD

U.S.:

Chad Desk Officer, U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, Room 3317, 14th St.and Constitution Ave. NW,Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-4228

Republic of Chad Embassy to theU.S., 2002 R St. NW,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-462-4009; FAX: 202-265­1937

189

Select Publications:

Background Notes: Chad.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofState, Office of PublicCommunication, 1992 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Chad: A Country Study, edited byThomas Collelo [Area HandbookSeries] 2d ed. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of the Army,1990. NAL call no.: DT546.A71990

Country Profile. Cameroon,Central African Republic, Chad.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit, 1995. [annualpUblication] NAL call no.:HC995.A1Q832

Country Report. Cameroon,Central African Republic, Chad.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAL call no.:HC995.A1Q83

Hilling, David, Bernard Lanne, andKojo S. Amanor. "Chad." InAfrica South of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa PublicationsLtd., 1994, p. 273-291 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:DT30.A37

Economy:

In 1990, Congo became Africa'sfourth largest oil producer. It hasone of the highest per capita in­comes in Sub-Saharan Africa.Congo has extensive forests andtimber accounts for most of theremaining exports, after oil.

Congo has considerableagricultural potential, but relies onimports to feed its large urbanpopulation. Principal cash cropsare: coffee, cocoa, sugar, andpalm oil. Principal food crops are:cassava (90% of food output),rice, corn, peanuts, yams,potatoes, fruit, and othervegetables. There is littlelivestock rearing due to theshortage of suitable pasture andthe tsetse fly.

Mining is mainly small-scalemining for diamonds and gold.There are also reserves ofpotash, clay, bituminous sand,phosphates, iron ore, zinc, andlead, but these are largelyunexploited.

The manufacturing sector issmall. Manufacturing includes oilrefining, cement, agricultural/foodprocessing, textiles, and theproduction of sawn timber,veneer, and plywood. Thegovernment requires that timbercompanies process at least 60%of their production locally.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $1.1 billion(f.o.b. 1993). The main exportcommodities include: crude oil(83%), lumber, plywood, sugar,cocoa, coffee, and diamonds.Principal markets for exports are:France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, andthe United States.

Congo

Imports:

Imports consisted of $472 million(c.i.f. 1991). Imports include:intermediate manufactures,capital equipment, constructionmaterials, and food. Principalsources of imports are the UnitedStates, Italy, France, Spain, andother EC countries.

Port of Entry:

The major port is Porte-Noire.

U.S. Exports to Congo:

U.S. exports to Congo were worth$38 million in 1994.

Congo's Exports to U.S.:

Congo's exports to the U.S. wereworth $403 million in 1994.

Trade Activities:

Transactions by the private sectorin foreign exchange must becarried out with banks authorizedby the General Directorate of theMinister of Finance and theBudget.

Import licenses are issued by theForeign Trade Directorate of theMinistry of Commerce.

Customs authority is carried outby the Directeur General desDouanes et Droit Indirects (seecontacts listing) in Brazzaville.

• Ad valorem duties areassessed on the wholesalemarket value of the goods inthe country of origin plus allcosts and expenses up to thetime of the goods' arrival in aCongolese port. For goods onwhich the duties arechargeable by weight, the dutyis levied on the net weight,

190

unless otherwise specified inthe tariff.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theCentral African Customs andEconomic Union and theEconomic Community of theStates of Central Africa.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Sanitary certificates aremandatory for the importation ofvarious plants and plant products(such as banana plants, cacaoplants, coffee plants, sugar cane,raw cotton, cottonseeds, andcotton plants), and all containerscontaining either earth orcompost.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

None.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The U.S. and Congo have ratifieda bilateral investment treaty.This, in combination with a newinvestment code passed in 1992,offers various tax holidays andincentives for different types ofinvestment and assures that firmsfrom the United States will receivetreatment equal to the best termsthat are granted to domesticcompanies.

Trade/Investment Barriers:

Sustained personal contacts are akey to being successful in doingbusiness in Congo. Theavailability of service after a salemay be essential, especiallywhere equipment is concerned.

The bureaucracy is large andinefficient; the tax system isburdensome, labor is expensive,and local production costs arehigh. The consumer market issmall. In a country of 2.5 millionpeople, only 120,000 areemployed in the formal economy.

Best U.S. Export!Investment Prospects:

The oil industry will continue toprovide the most likely tradeprospects. The government hasattempted to diversify its tradepartners and this has resulted inpurchases of oil equipment andfield services from Americancompanies. Purchases of foodare largely dependent on PL-480financing. If the Congoleseforestry industry expands, thismay provide opportunities tomarket forestry equipment.American consumer goods areattractive to Congolese buyers,but the market is small.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Congo is242.)

Congo:

Centre Congolais du CommerceExterieur (CCCE), BP 127,Brazzaville. Tel: 832966; Telex:5210 kg

Chamber of Commerce,Agriculture and Industry, BP 92,Brazzaville. Tel: 832115; Telex:5210

Directeur General des Douanes etDroits Indirects, Direction

Generale des Douanes, Ministerede l'Economie, des Finances, etdu Plan, BP 75, Brazzaville. Tel:831353; FAX: 831353; Telex:(0981) 4004

Ministry of Commerce, BP 2098,Brazzaville. Tel: 831979

Ministry of Finance, Economy,and the Budget, BP 2031,Brazzaville. Tel: 834324; Telex:5210

Ministry of Industry, Craft,Commerce, and Small andMedium Enterprises, Brazzaville.Tel: 831827; Telex: 5210

Office du Cafe et du Cacao(OCC), BP 2488, Brazzaville. Tel:831903; Telex: 5273

Office National du Commerce, BP2305, Brazzaville. Tel: 834399;Telex: 5309

Office National deCommercialisation des ProduitsAgricoles (ONCPA), Brazzaville.Tel: 832401; Telex: 5273

U.S. Embassy, Avenue AmilcarCabral, BP 1015, Brazzaville. Tel:832070; FAX: 836338; Telex:5367 KG

U.S.:

Congo Desk Officer, U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, 14th St. andConstitution Ave. NW,Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-5149; FAX: 202-5198

Congo Embassy to the U.S., 4891Colorado Ave. NW, Washington,DC 20011. Tel: 202-726-5500;FAX: 202-726-1860

Select Publications:

Country Commercial Guides:Congo: Commercial OveNiew.Washington: U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

191

Country Profile. Congo, SaoTome and Principe, Guinea­Bissau, Cape Verde. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit,1995 [annual pUblication] NALcall no.: HC980.A1Q832

Country Report. Congo, SaoTome and Principe, Guinea­Bissau, and Cape Verde.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterlypublication] NAI call no.:HC980.A1C69

Diafouka, A. "Medicinal PlantsSold in Brazzaville Markets." ActaHorticulturae. v.332 (August1993): 95-103. NAL call no.:80.Ac82

Hilling, David, Perre Englebert,and Edith Hodgkinson. "TheCongo." In Africa South of theSahara 1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 306­322 [annual publication] NAL callno.: DT30.A37

Economy:

Djibouti's economy is based onservice activities related to thecountry's strategic location andstatus as a free trade zone innortheast Africa. Djiboutiprovides services as both a transitport for the region and aninternational transshipment andrefueling center. Two-thirds ofDjiboutians live in the city ofDjibouti and the unemployment isover 30%. Djibouti is heavilydependent on foreign assistance.

Agriculture is limited because ofthe arid climate. Fruits andvegetables are grown, andnomadic herders raise goats,sheep, and camels.

There is no mining in Djibouti,although deposits of perlite,limestone, gypsum, salt, anddiatomites have been discovered.Energy resources are very limited.Djibouti has to import allpetroleum products.

The manufacturing sector issmall. Only 13 plants employmore than 10 workers. Theseplants include a soap anddetergent factory, a Coca-Colaplant, a flour mill, and an icefactory.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $184 million(f.o.b. 1994). Most exports are intransit to other countries. Majorcommodities are hides and skins,and coffee. Major exportdestinations were Somalia andYemen.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $384 million(f.o.b. 1994). Major commoditiesinclude: foods, beverages,transport equipment, chemicals,and petroleum products.

Djibouti

Principal sources of imports areFrance, the United Kingdom,Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and SouthKorea.

Port of Entry:

The major port is the port ofDjibouti.

u.s. Exports to Djibouti:

U.S. exports to Djibouti wereworth $6.7 million in 1994.

Djiboutian Exports to U.S.:

Djibouti's exports to the U.S. wereworth $62,202 million in 1994.

Trade Activities:

There is no exchange control.

Djibouti has a free trade zone inthe port of Djibouti.

Customs duties aren't charged onimports, but a generalconsumption tax of 33% on luxury~oods and 20% on all other goodsIS charged. Some commodites,such as alcoholic beverages, non­carbonated mineral water, .petroleum products, khat, andtobacco, are subject to a surtax.Other taxes are charged onimported milk products and fruitjuice.

Also, port duties must be paid onall goods being loaded orunloaded or for which otherservices of the Port of Djibouti areused.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; Foreign

192

Agricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

Even though Djibouti wasestablished as a free trade zonein 1949 and all customsregulations and tariffs wereabolished in 1953, the territory asa whole does not constitute a freetrade zone, only the free tradezone in the port of Djibouti.

Djibouti has declared the wholecountry an Export ProcessingZone (EPZ). However, a piece ofland near the city of Djibouti isbeing developed for use byinterested companies.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

A new investment code waspassed in 1984. Companies areeligible for tax relief and otherbenefits from the government.

Trade/Investment Barriers:

The market is very small.Although the population isestimated to be 421,320 as of JUly1994, only 21 ,640 were inregistered employment. Theremainder of the labor force wasin the informal sector, seasonalemployment, unregistered labor orwere nomadic. In addition, theunemployment rate is over thirtypercent.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Some of the leading tradeprospects are: drugs, agriculturaland construction equipment andmachinery, food (wheat, corn,vegetable oil, soybeans, andsoybean oil), textiles, passengercars, trucks, wrapper tobacco,fertilizers, pesticides, electricalequipment, wood products, foodprocessing and packagingmachinery, micro andminicomputers, medicalequipment and supplies,generators, and small applianceswhich can be put together locally.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Djibouti is253.)

Djibouti:

Chambre Internationale deCommerce et d'industrie deDjibouti, Place Lagarde, BP 84,Djibouti. Tel: 351070; Telex:5957

Government Council, Djibouti,Tourist Development Office, POBox 1938, Djibouti

Ministry of Agriculture andNomadic Development, BP 453,Djibouti. Tel: 351297; Telex:5871

Ministry of Economy andCommerce, BP 1846, Djibouti.Tel: 351682; Telex: 5871

Office Nationald'Approvisionnement et deCommercialisation (ONAC), BP75, Djibouti. Tel: 350327; Telex:5933

Office National du Tourisme et del'Artisanat (ONTA), Place du 27Juin, BP 1938, Djibouti. Tel:353790; FAX: 356322; Telex:5938

U.S. Embassy, CommercialSection, Plateau du SerpentBlvd., Marechal JoffPe, BP 185,Djibouti. Tel: 353995; FAX:353940

U.S.:

Corporate C-ouncil on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave. NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Djibouti Desk Officer, U.S. Dept.of Commerce, Room 3317, 14thSt. and Constitution Ave. NW,Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-4564

Djibouti Embassy, 1156 15th St.NW, Ste. 515, Washington, DC20005. Tel: 202-331-0270; FAX:202-331-0302

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX.: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX.: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Background Notes: Djibouti.Washington, DC: Dept. of State,1995 [Available through theNational Trade Data Bank]

Country Profile. Ethiopia, Eritrea,Somalia, Djibouti. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit, 1995[annual publication] NAL call no.:HC840.A1C685

Country Report. Ethiopia, Eritrea,Somalia, Djibouti. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC840.A1C69

Lewis, I.M. and Miles Smith­Morris. "Djibouti." In Africa Southof the Sahara 1995. London:Europa Publications Ltd., 1994, p.

193

346-356 [annual publication]NAL call no.: DT30.A37

Market Research Reports:Djibouti - Export Processing ZoneOverview -IMI950928.Washington, DC: Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Schraeder, Peter J., compoDjibouti. [World BibliographySeries, v. 118] ABC-Clio, 1991

United Nations IndustrialDevelopment Organization.Regional and Country StudiesBranch. Djibouti: EconomicDiversification ThroughIndustrialization. New York:United Nations, 1989

Economy:

Equatorial Guinea's economy isbased on subsistence agriculture.Agriculture, forestry, and fishingaccount for about half of GDP andalmost all exports. Cash cropsare timber, coffee, cocoa, andtobacco. Food crops include rice,yams, cassava, bananas, oil palmnuts, manioc, and livestock.Approximately two-thirds of thelabor force is in agriculture.

Deposits of titanium, iron ore,manganese, uranium, and alluvialgold have been discovered, butare currently unexploited. Exportsof oil and natural gas areincreasing and both industries arebeing developed.

Most businesses are owned bygovernment officials and theirfamilies. Commerce accounts forabout 8% of GDP and theconstruction, public works, andservice sectors for about 38%.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $56 million(f.o.b. 1993). The main exportcommodities include: coffee,timber, cocoa beans, andtobacco. Principal markets forexports are Spain, Nigeria, andCameroon.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $62 million(c.Lf. 1993). Imports include:petroleum, food, beverages,clothing, and machinery.Principal sources of imports areCameroon, Spain, France, andthe United States.

Port of Entry:

Equatorial Guinea uses the portsof Bata, Luba, and Malabo.

Equatorial Guinea

u.s. Exports to EquatorialGuinea:

U.S. exports to Equatorial Guineawere worth $1.9 million in 1994.

Equatorial Guinean Exportsto U.S.:

Equatorial Guinea's exports to theU.S. were worth $326,224 in 1994.

Trade Activities:

Transactions by the private sectorin foreign exchange must be car­ried out through banks authorizedby the Directorate General ofExchange Control (ONCC) of theMinistry of Finance. All importtransactions valued at more thanCFAF 50,000 must be domiciledby an authorized bank.Settlements for imports brought inunder an import license benefitfrom the authorization ofuninterrupted transfer given to theauthorized banks by the Ministry.

Import and export licenses areissued by the Ministry ofCommerce and Industry.Licenses are required for allimports valued at more thanCFAF 50,000, but licenses areissued freely.

Customs tariffs follow a scheduleset by the Economic and CustomsUnion of Central Africa (UDEAC).

• Ad valorem duries areassessed on the c.i.f. value ofthe goods at the time they aredeclared for customs. Forsome imported items, the dutyis fixed by the government.For coods on which thedutv ischargeable by weight, the dutyis levied on net weight unlessotherwise specified in the tariff.

• All imports are charged thefollowing additional taxes:

194

Turnover Tax, levied on manyimported goods (10% for mostgoods, but 5% for most food);Community Integration Tax,levied on intermediate goodsand consumer goods enteringto be consumed in EquatorialGuinea; Excise taxes, leviedon products such as beer, wineand spirits, tobacco, perfumes,and cosmetics, etc.

• Preferential treatment is givenimports from the countries ofthe Economic Community ofthe Stataes of Central Africa(ECSCA).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricUltural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

None.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

An investment law was passed in1979 that liberalized existingprovisions in order to encourageforeign investment. Under thislaw, there are three categories offoreign investment: investments"of national interest" (primarily inindustrial or forestry enterprisesengaged in the export trade);investments "of national interest"(primarily enterprises that easedependency on imports); andnonqualified investments.

In 1984, the U.S. and EquatorialGuinea signed a OverseasPrivate Investment Corp.agreement.

Trade/Investment Barriers:

Although income frominvestments may be transferredabroad, it is subject to taxes.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Food, beverages, tobacco, fuels,lubricants, manufactured goods,and chemical products.

List of Contacts:

--<Jhe international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for theCentral African Republic is 240.)

Equatorial Guinea:

Camara de Comercio, Agricola yForestal de Malabo, Apdo 51,Malabo. Tel: 151; Telex: 5405gbnom eg

Empresa General de Industra yComercio, Malabo

Ministerio de Economia yComercio, Malabo. Tel: 2043;Telex: 5405 gbnom eg

Ministry of Foreign Affairs,Malabo. Tel: 3220

Sociedad Anonima de Desarollodel Comercio, Malabo

U.S. Embassy, CommercialSection, Calle de Los Ministros,Apdo 597, Malabo. Tel: 2406;FAX: 2164

U.S.:

Corporate Council on Africa, 1666Connecticut Ave. NW, Ste. 510,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-667-7330; FAX: 202-667­6111

Embassy of Equatorial Guinea toU.S., 57 Magnolia Ave., MountVernon, NY 10553. Tel: 914-667­6913; FAX: 914-667-6838

Equatorial Guinea Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room3317, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve. NW, Washington, DC 20230.Tel: 202-492-4388

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA 02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

Country Profile. Gabon,Equatorial Guinea. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit, 1995[annual publication] NAL call no.:HC975.A1C69

Country Report. Gabon,Equatorial Guinea. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[quarterly publication] NAI callno.: HC980.A1Qb3

Pelissier, Rene and W.G.Clarence-Smith. "EquatorialGuinea." In Africa South of theSahara 1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 357­366 [annual pUblication] NAL callno.: DT30.A37

195

Economy:

The Gambia, with a population ofjust over one million, is thesmallest country on the continentof Africa. About 75% of thepopulation is engaged in cropproduction and livestock raising,mostly at the subsistence level.Agriculture contributes 30% ofGambia's GOP. The major exportcrop is peanuts. Other importantcrops include: rice (a staplefood), millet, sorghum, corn,cassava, and palm kernels.Forestry and fishing resources inGambia are not fully exploited.

The industrial sector includes:peanut processing (the largestindustry in the country),construction, brewing, soft drinks,small woodworking and metalworking, and clothing production.Gambia has no important mineralor other natural resources. Theindustrial sector contributes about10% of Gambia's GOP.

Almost one-third of the economicactivity of Gambia is based on re­export trade. Gambia serves as atransshipment point for severalneighboring countries.

In recent years, the main growthareas of Gambia's economy havebeen horticulture, fisheries(especially shrimp), and tourism.For continued development ofthese underexploited sectors,Gambia will need investmentassistance in the coming years.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $164 million(1992 est. f.o.b.). Exportsinclude: peanuts and peanutproducts, re-export of products toneighboring countries, fishproducts (shrimp, lobster), cottonlint, and palm kernels. Majortrade partners are Japan, Europe

The Gambia

(especially the U.K.), other WestAfrican countries, and the U.S.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $214 million(1992 est. f.o.b.). Imports include:foodstuffs, raw materials, fuel,machinery and transportequipment, and basicmanufactures. Major tradepartners: Europe, Asia (especiallyChina), the Commonwealth ofIndependent States, EasternEurope, and the U.S.

Port of Entry:

Banjul, the capital of Gambia, islocated on Gambia's very narrowcoast on the Atlantic Ocean.Banjul is a modern, efficient portwith facilities for ocean vesselsand for vessels using the GambiaRiver for commerce.

U.S. Exports to Gambia:

U.S. exports to Gambia wereworth $3.9 million in 1994.

Gambian Exports to U.S.:

Gambia's exports to the U.S. wereworth $2.4 million in 1994.

InvestmenUTradeActivities:

Foreign exchange controls wererepealed in 1992. There are noexchange controls in The Gambia.

Most imports are freely permittedunder open general licenses.Excise taxes are levied onselected items including peanutoil, soap, confectioneries, beerand stout, and soft drinks.

Customs authority is carried outby the Director General ofCustoms and Excise (seecontacts listing) in Banjul.

196

• Most customs duties are advalorem, based, for the mostpart, on c.Lf. value

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

The Gambia requires rice importsto be accompanied by a certificateof fumigation from the port ofshipment. Also, wheat flourimported into The Gambia hasspecific packaging requirements.The Gambia also has specificrequirements for the importationof vegetable seeds.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

The Gambia currently does nothave free/foreign trade zones orexport processing zones. Anindustrial estate has been set upnear the capital and port of Banjul.Imported manufacturingmachinery and equipment andother inputs may be exemptedfrom customs duties.

InvestmenUTradeAssistance:

For current information on tradeand investment opportunities inGambia contact the U.S.Embassy, the National Investment

Board, and the Gambia Chamberof Commerce and Industry inBanjul (see contacts listing). Inaddition, the Country Desk Officerfor Gambia at the U.S.Department of Commerce canassist potential U.S. traders andinvestors.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Besides traditional ties with theUnited Kingdom and the smallsize of Gambia's internal market,recent economic sanctions byWestern governments limitopportunities for U.S. exportersand investors.

Best U.S.EXport/Investment ..Prospects:

The best prospects for U.S.exporters include: foodstuffs,transport equipment, foodprocessing machinery, textiles,lumber, and medicines.

List of Contacts

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Gambiais 220.)

Gambia:

Director General of Customs andExcise Dept, Customs House,Wellington St., Banjul, TheGambia. Tel: 28238; FAX:28943

Gambia Chamber of Commerceand Industry, 78 Wellington St.,PO Box 33, Banjul, The Gambia.Tel: 27765; FAX: 29748

Ministry of Agriculture and NaturalResources, The Quadrangle,Banjul, The Gambia. Tel: 22147;FAX: 229546

Ministry of Trade, Industry andEmployment, Trade Division,Central Bank Bldg., Buckle St.,Banjul, The Gambia. Tel:228229. Telex: 2293

The National Investment Board,Independence Dr., Banjul, TheGambia. Tel: 011220/28168;FAX: 011220/29220

National Trading Corp. of TheGambia, Ltd., PO Box 61,1-3Wellington St., Banjul, TheGambia. Tel: 28395; Telex:2252

U.S. Embassy, CommercialSection, Kairaba Ave., PMB 19,Fajara, Banjul, The Gambia. Tel:392856/391970; FAX: 392475

U.S.:

Gambia, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room20-3-f.,-"l4th-St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4388

The Gambian Embassy, 115515th St., NW, Ste. 1000,Washington, DC 20005. Tel:202-785-1399; FAX: 202-785­1430

Select Publications:

Akinboade, O.A. "AgriculturalPolicies and Performance in TheGambia." Journal ofAsian andAfrican Studies 29, no. 1/2 (1994):36-64

Background Notes, The Gambia.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofState, Bureau of Public Affairs,1992 [Dept. of State Publication#8014]

Church, R.J. Harrison and ArnoldHughes. "The Gambia." In AfricaSouth of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa PublicationsLtd., 1994, p. 417-428 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:DT30.A37

Country Profile. The Gambia,Mauritania, 1994-95. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit,1994 [annual publication] NALcall no.: HC1 030.A1C69

Country Report. Senegal, TheGambia, Mauritania. London:

197

The Economist Intelligence Unit[quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC1045.A1C68

Economic Recovery in TheGambia: Lessons for Sub­Saharan Africa. Washington, DC:U.S. Agency for InternationalDevelopment, 1992 [Availablefrom the National TechnicalInformation Service]

Opportunities for StrategicInterventions in LivestocklMeatProduction, Processing, andMarketing in The Gambia. FinalReport. Washington, DC: U.S.Agency for InternationalDevelopment, 1994 [Availablefrom the National Technicalinformation Service]

Wiggins, S.L. Non-GovernmentalOrganisations and Seed Supply inThe Gambia. Reading, UK:University of Reading, Dept. ofAgricultural Economics andManagement, 1992

Economy:

Guinea-Bissau is one of thepoorest nations in the world.Agriculture and fishing are themajor economic activities.Agriculture accounts for about46% of GDP and employsapproximately 80% of the laborforce. The main crops are rice,cassava, beans, groundnuts,cashew nuts, palm kernels,potatoes, yams, sugar cane,tropical fruits, and cotton.Livestock raised includes cattle,pigs, sheep, and goats. Guinea­Bissau's coast is rich in fish andshellfish and the government istrying to exploit these resources.

Bauxite and phosphate depositshave been discovered, but theyhaven't been exploited.Explorations have indicated thepossibility of off-shore petroleum,but more investigation is needed.

The industrial sector is very small.The output is mostly consumergoods destined for localconsumption. It includesagricultural processing, beer, andsoft drinks.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $19 million(f.o.b. 1993). The main exportcommodities include: cashews,fish and shrimp, peanuts, palmkernels, and timber. Principalmarkets for exports are Portugal,Spain, Senegal, India, andNigeria.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $56 million(f.o.b. 1993). Imports include:food, transport equipment,petroleum products, machineryand equipment, and buildingmaterials. Principal sources ofimports are Portugal, the

Guinea-Bissau

Netherlands, China, Germany,Senegal, and Thailand.

Port of Entry:

The main port is Bissau. Minorports are Cacheo and Bolama.

u.s. Exports to Guinea­Bissau:

U.S. exports to Guinea-Bissauwere worth $979,703 in 1994.

Guinea-Bissau's Exports toU.S.:

Information not available.

Trade Activities:

Importers may arrange forpayment through the bankingsystem using their own foreignexchange or foreign exchangepurchased on the parallel market.However, if they use foreignexchange purchased from theCentral Bank or administered bythe Central Bank, they must getauthorization from the CentralBank. This authorization is madeon the basis of the priority of thegoods being imported and on thebasis of foreign exchange.

All imports require a prior importlicense issued by the Ministry ofCommerce and Tourism. Exceptfor a short list of commodities, alicense is issued automaticallyafter the invoice prices of theimported goods have beenverified.

Guinea-Bissau uses the CustomsCo-operation CouncilNomenclature/CCCN system ofclassification.

• Duties are usually applied onan ad valorem basis.

• Tariffs range from 10% to 33%.

198

• Imports are SUbject to acustoms fee surchage whichvaries according to theproduct. Also, a consumptiontax is assessed on the c.iJ.value of all imports whichvaries according to theproduct.

• Preferential treatment is givento products imported fromPortugal and from countries ofthe Economic Community ofWest African States.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

A sanitary certificate is requiredfor imports of plants, seeds,animals, and animal products.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

None.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The government of Guinea-Bissauwelcomes foreign investment. Anew investment code has beendrafted which is designed toreduce bureaucratic processingand provide tax and othereconomic incentives to encourageinvestment. The government isparticularly interested ininvestments which reducedependency on imports, diversify

exports, provide value-addedgoods, increase employment,promote professionaldevelopment, and/or develop thecountry's infrastructure. Approvalfor investment plans rests with theCabinet for InvestmentDevelopment within the Ministry ofthe Economy and Finance.

Tradellnvestment Barriers:

Distribution and marketingfacilites are not fully developed inGuinea-Bissau. However,opportunities exist for companieswho are willing to invest the timeand money to develop their ownmarketing, distribution, andmaintenance facilities.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Fuels, transport equipment, riceand other food products,manufactured goods. Also, thereis a market for consumer goodssuch as cosmetics and hair careproducts, soap, toothpaste,vitamins, aspirin and other over­the-counter medications, radiosand cassette tape players (andthe batteries to use them), small220v appliances, clothing(including used clothing), shoes,textiles, and children's toys.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Guinea­Bissau is 245.)

Guinea-Bissau:

Associacao Comercial, Industriale Agricola de Guinea-Bissau, CP88, Bissau. Tel: 2593

Banco Central da Guine-Vissau,Ave. Amilcar Cabral, CP 38,Bissau. Tel: 212434; FAX:201305; Telex: 241

Camara do Comercio da Guine­Bissau, Ave. Amilcar Cabral, CP361, Bissau. Tel: 211

Ministry of Commerce andTourism, CP 85, Bissau. FAX:201233

Ministry of Economy and Finance,Ave. Amilcar Cabral, Bissau. Tel:213431

Ministry of Planning andInternational Cooperation, Bissau.Tel: 212449

U.S. Embassy, Bairro de Penha,Bissau, CP 297, 1067 Codex,Bissau. Tel: 252273; FAX:252282; Telex: 240 Publico Bi

u.s.:

Guinea-Bissau Desk Officer, U.S.Dept. of Commerce, Room 3317,14th St. and Constitution Ave.NW, Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-4388

Guinea-Bissau Embassy, 91816th St., NW, Mezzanine Level,Washington, DC 20006. Tel:202-872-4222; FAX: 202-872­4226

U.S.-Africa Business Council, 552Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge,MA02139. Tel: 617-661-3501;FAX: 617-661-3502

U.S.-Africa Chamber ofCommerce, 170 Broadway, Ste.1006, New York, NY 10038. Tel:212-732-6440; FAX: 212-680­0990

Select Publications:

country Profile. Congo, SaoTome and Principe, Guinea­Bissau, Cape Verde. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit,1995 [annual publication] NALcall no.: HC980.A1C69

Country Reporl. Congo, SaoTome and Principe, Guinea­Bissau, and Cape Verde.London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [quarterly

199

publication] NAI call no.:HC980.A1Q832

Galli, Rosemary E., compoGuinea-Bissau. [WorldBibliographical Series v. 121]ABC-Clio, Inc., 1990

Pellisier, Rene and Miles Smith­Morris. "Guinea-Bissau." InAfrica South of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa PublicationsLtd., 1994, p. 471-484 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:DT30.A37

Economy:

Liberia, with a population of threemillion people, is well endowedwith mineral and water resources,forests, and a climate favorable toagriculture. Political instabilityhas made full development ofLiberia's resources difficult.Subsistence farming continues todominate the agricultural sector ofLiberia's economy. About 70% ofthe population is engaged inagriculture, including fishing andforestry, which contributes 40% toLiberia's GOP. Major cash cropsinclude rubber, coffee, and cocoa.The principal food/subsistencecrops are rice and cassava. WithWest Africa's largest tropical rainforest, timber has been animportant resource, albeit withaccompanying deforestationproblems.

The main industries of Liberia arerubber processing, foodprocessing, constructionmaterials, furniture production,palm oil processing, and mining(iron ore, diamonds). Much ofLiberia's industrial sector will needrehabilitation in the coming years,after several years of disruptionby the civil war.

Liberia continues to have greateconomic potential. Lastingpolitical stability is needed, soeconomic stability in Liberia canbe achieved. With politicalstability, Liberia can again attractinvestors and traders interested inassisting in fully developing thecountry's rich resources.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $505 million(est. f.o.b. 1989). Major exportsinclude: Iron ore, rubber, timber,and coffee. Principal markets forexports are the U.S., countries ofthe European Union, and theNetherlands

Liberia

Imports:

Imports consisted of $394 million(est. c.i.f. 1989). Major importsinclude: Rice, mineral fuels,chemicals, machinery,transportation equipment, andother foodstuffs. Principalsources of imports are the U.S.,European Union countries, Japan,China, the Netherlands, and otherWest African nations.

Port of Entry:

The Free Port of Monrovia is themain port of entry for Liberia.Other ports are located atBuchanan, Greenville, and CapePalmas.

u.s. Exports to Liberia:

U.S. exports to Liberia were worth$46.4 million in 1994. The majorexports include: rice, agriculturalinputs (including machinery andequipment), vegetable oils, andconsumer goods.

Liberian Exports to U.S.:

Liberia's exports to the U.S. wereworth $3.5 million in 1994.Exports include coffee andrubber.

Investment/TradeActivities:

U.S. currency is legal tender inLiberia. It circulates, along withLiberian money, in the economy.

The Ministry of Commerce andIndustry administers importlicensing regulations. Some itemsare SUbject to import licensing andquantitative restrictions. There is,however, no general system ofimport control.

Customs authority is carried outby the Commissioner of Customs

200

and Excise (see contacts listing)in Monrovia.

• Most customs duties are advalorem based on c.iJ. values.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Liberia has special requirementsfor the importation of plants, liveanimals, pork and pork products,fresh/chilled/frozen meat, andused clothing.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

The Free Port of Monrovia is afree trade zone.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Commercial Section of theU.S. Embassy in Monrovia andthe Country Desk Officer forLiberia (see contacts listing) at theU.S. Department of Commercecan provide information andadvice on the potential for tradeand investment in Liberia.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Ongoing internal civil disturbanceremains a barrier to investment in

and trade with Liberia. Liberia'sinfrastructure has receivedconsiderable damage since theoutbreak of civil war in December1989, further impeding investmentand trade potential.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Potential opportunities forinvestment exist in Liberia'sagricultural export sector,including rubber, coffee, andcocoa production and processing,and cultivation, processing, andexport of tropical fruits (mango,pineapple, papaya, and bananas).

Rice, vegetable oils, otherfoodstuffs, consumer goods,agricultural equipment, loggingequipment, supplies/equipmentfor infrastructure rehabilitation,and textile fabrics offerpossibilities for U.S. exporters.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Liberia is231.)

Liberia:

Commissioner of Customs andExcise, Bureau of Customs andExcise, Ministry of Finance,Monrovia, Liberia. Tel: 222-255;FAX: 735-003; Telex: (0997)44221

Liberia Chamber of Commerce,Capitol Hill, PO Box 92, Monrovia,Liberia. Tel: 223738/222218

Liberian Industrial Free ZoneAuthority, Bushrod Island, PO Box9047, Monrovia, Liberia

Ministry of AgricUlture, TubmanBlvd., Sinkor, PO Box 9010,Monrovia, Liberia. Tel: 261-323;Telex: 44306

Ministry of Commerce andIndustry, 88 Ashmun St., PO Box

9041, Monrovia, Liberia. Tel:222-141; Telex: 44331

National Enterprises Corp., POBox 518, Monrovia, Liberia. Tel:261-370 [Wholesaler, importer,and distributor of foodstuffs]

National Investment Commission,Former Executive Mansion Bldg.,PO Box 9043, Monrovia, Liberia.Tel: 225-163; Telex: 44560

U.S. Embassy, CommercialSection, 111 United Nations Dr.,PO Box 10-10098, Mamba Point,APO AE 09813, Monrovia,Liberia. Tel: 222-991 through 4;FAX: 223-710

U.S.:

Embassy of the RepUblic ofLiberia, 5201 16th St., NW,Washington, DC 20011. Tel:202-723-0437; FAX: 202-726­4913

Liberia, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room3317, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4388

Liberian Government TradePromotion Office, 150 East 56thSt., New York, NY 10022. Tel:212-517-0891

Select Publications:

Clapham, Christopher. "Liberia."In Africa South of the Sahara1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 527­544 [annual publication] NAL callno.: DT30.A37

Country Profile. Guinea, SierraLeone, Liberia. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit [an­nual publication] NAL call no.:HC1030.A1Q84

Country Report. Guinea, SierraLeone, Liberia. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[quarterly pUblication] NAL callno.: HC1030,A1C68

201

Liberia: Small and MediumEnterprise Assessment. FinalReport. Washington, DC: U.S.Agency for InternationalDevelopment, Bureau for PrivateEnterprise, 1989 [Available fromthe National Technical InformationService]

Liberia--U.S. Business Contacts-­IM1950403. U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Economy:

In this country of 2.3 millionpeople, agriculture, includingfishing, accounts for 25% of theGOP and close to 50% of thelabor force. Mauritania'sagricultural sector is based onsubsistence farming and, to acertain extent, on nomadic cattleand sheep herding. The maincrops are dates, millet, sorghu~and root crops. In years ofdrought, Mauritania suffers a largefood deficit and must rely onimported foodstuffs. Fish and fishproducts are major exports forMauritania, accounting for 50% ofexport revenues. The coastalwaters off Mauritania are amongthe world's richest fishing areas.

Mauritania's natural resourcesinclude iron ore, gypsum, fish,copper, gold, and phosphate.Extensive deposits of iron orehave historically accounted for50% of total exports. Theindustrial sector is limited to fishprocessing, iron ore and gypsummining, and accounts for 30% ofGOP.

Mauritania's economic reformprogram, supported by the WorldBank and the InternationalMonetary Fund, has started theprocess of liberalizing theeconomy. To fully develop itsnatural resources and agriculture,Mauritania will need continuedmultilateral, bilateral, and privateinvestment.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $419 millionin 1994. Main exports include:iron ore, fish, and fish products.Main export markets are Japan(29%), France (14%), Italy (14%),Spain (10%), Belgium (7%), andSwitzerland (5.2%).

Mauritania

Imports:

Imports consisted of $378 million(1994). Main imports include:foodstuffs, equipment andsupplies, construction materials,tools, and clothing. Main importsources are France (33%), U.S.(10%), Spain (9%), Germany(6%), Algeria (6%), and Belgium(5%).

Port of Entry:

Mauritania has a deep water portat the capital of Nouakchott. Otherports include Bogue, Kaedi,Nouadhibou, and Rosso

U.S. Exports to Mauritania:

U.S. exports to Mauritania wereworth $14 million in 1994. Themajor exports include: machinery,equipment and supplies, andcigarettes.

Mauritanian Exports toU.S.:

Mauritania's exports to the U.S.were worth $3.5 million in 1994.The major export wasconcentrated iron are.

Investment/TradeActivities:

Foreign exchange is availablefrom exchange offices andcommercial banks. All importsrequire exchange controlauthorization from the CentralBank.

Import transactions are limited toonly holders of importer-exportercards or holders of specialauthorizations from Mauritania'sMinistry of Commerce.

Customs authority is carried outby the Commissioner of Customs

202

(see contacts listing) inNouakchott:

• Most customs duties are advalorem.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Mauritania requires governmentalauthorization for the importation oflive plants and animals, seeds,and some plant and animalproducts.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

Mauritania does not currentlyhave any foreign/free trade zonesor export processing zones.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

For further information oninvesting and trading inMauritania, the CommercialSection of the U.S. Embassy inNouakchott and the Country peskOfficer for Mauritania at the U.S.Department of Commerce canprovide guidance and advice.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

As a former French colony,Mauritania continues to havestrong commercial and economicties with France. Through exportcredits, loans and economicassistance, France maintains astrong commercial presence inMauritania.

Mauritania's limited infrastructureand lack of water in many parts ofthe country continue to beobstacles to outside investors andtraders. Several ongoing andprojected development projectsare designed to improveMauritania's infrastructure.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

According to the U.S. Departmentof Commerce's recent CountryCommercial Guide on Mauritania,the following products offer thebest opportunities for U.S.exporters: mining equipment,parts, accessories, tools,agricultural machinery andequipment, water resourcesequipment, building equipmentand materials, grain and foodproducts, miscellaneous cosmeticproducts and toiletries, medicalequipment, refrigerationequipment, fishing vessels andfish processing equipment, well­drilling and irrigation equipment,office equipment and supplies,and computer hardware andsoftware.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code forMauritania is 222.)

Mauritania:

Chambre de Commerce,d'Agriculture, d'Elevage, et desMines de Mauritanie, PO Box 215,Nouakchott, Mauritania. Tel: 2­52214/53895; Telex: 581

Directeur General'des Douanes,Direction Generale des Douanes,BP 198, Nouakchott, Mauritania.Tel: 2-51404; FAX: 2-55615[Customs authoritYJ

Ministry of Fisheries and MarineEconomy, BP 137, Nouakchott,Mauritania. Tel: 2-52476; FAX:2-53146

Ministry of Mines and Industry, BP199, Nouakchott, Mauritania. Tel:2-53225/51318

Ministry of Trade and Tourism, BP182, Nouakchott, Mauritania. Tel:2-53572/57671

U.S. Embassy, CommercialSection, BP 222, Nouakchott,Mauritania. Tel: 2-52660/63;FAX: 2-51592; Telex: AMEMB5558 MTN

U.S.:

Embassy of the Islamic Republicof Mauritania to the U.S., 2129LeRoy Place, NW, Washington,DC 20008. Tel: 202-232-5700;FAX: 202-319-2623

Mauritania, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room2037, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4388

Select Publications:

Background Notes, Mauritania.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofState, Office of PublicCommunication, 1992. [Dept. ofState Publication #8169J

Country Commercial Guide:Mauritania. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Country Profile. The Gambia,Mauritania. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit.[annual publication] NAL call no.:HC1070.A1C69

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Country Report. Senegal, TheGambia, Mauritania. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit.[quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC1045.A1C68

Handloff, Robert E., ed.Mauritania, A Country Study.Washington, DC: U.S.Government Printing Office[Prepared by the FederalResearch Division, Library ofCongress], 1990

Hilling, David, Pierre Englebert,and Edith Hodgkinson."Mauritania." In Africa South ofthe Sahara 1995. London:Europa Publications Ltd., 1994, p.598-614 [annual publication]NAL call no.: DT30.A37

Tuttle, Robin and JaneBuchmiller. "Mauritania's MarineFisheries Offer UntappedCommercial Opportunities for U.S.Business." Business America109, no. 10 (May 9, 1988): 39-40.NAL call no.: HF105.C62

Economy:

This landlocked country of ninemillion people is the most denselypopulated country in Africa.Almost 90% of the workingpopulation is engaged inagriculture, mostly at thesubsistence level. Close to 50%of Rwanda's GDP comes from theagricultural sector. The two maincash crops are coffee and tea,which in recent years haveaccounted for 80-90% of totalexport revenues. The main foodcrops in order of importance are:bananas, sweet potatoes,potatoes, cassava, beans,sorghum, rice, corn, and peas.With a shortage of fertile land,Rwanda has started to haveserious soil erosion anddeforestation problems.

The industrial sector in Rwanda issmall, contributing only 17% toGDP. Most manufacturing islimited to processing ofagricultural products: processingcoffee and tea, refining sugar, abrewery, and a cigarette factory.The tin-bearing ore, cassiterite, isRwanda's main mineral resource,followed by wolframite, smalldeposits of colombo-tantalite andgold, and undeveloped depositsof natural gas.

The Rwandan economy remainsdependent on exports of coffeeand foreign aid. To move fromthese twin dependencies, Rwandawill need to achieve political andsocial stability over the next fewyears.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $68 million in1992. Exports included: coffee,tea, tin ores, and pyrethrum.Major export partners areGermany, Belgium, Italy, Uganda,the U.K., France, and the U.S.

Rwanda

Imports:

Imports consisted of $288 millionin 1992. Imports included:consumer goods (especiallyfoodstuffs), mineral fuels andlubricants, transport equipment,machinery and tools, andconstruction materials. Majorsources of imports are the U.S.,Belgium, Germany, Kenya, andJapan

Port of Entry:

Rwanda is a landlocked country.Imports to Rwanda usually comethrough the ports of Mombasa,Kenya and Dar es Salaam,Tanzania.

u.s. Exports to Rwanda:

U.S. exports to Rwanda wereworth $34.8 million in 1994.Exports include: agriculturalexports which were almost 90% ofthe total (vegetable oils,vegetables, rice, coarse grains),and used clothing.

Rwandan Exports to U.S.:

Rwanda's exports to the U.S. wereworth $1.6 million in 1994.Recent exports have included:coffee, tea, and pyrethrum.

Investment/TradeActivities:

The Rwanda franc is freelyexchangeable for hard currenciesat exchange bureaus and banks.

The import of goods has beenpermitted under an open generallicense (OGL) system since 1992.The Central Bank grants globalimport licenses (valid for threemonths; six months for vehicleparts) for some essentialcommodities.

204

Customs authority is carried outby the Directeur General desDouanes (see contacts listing) inKigali:

• Rwanda's two customscharges, customs duties andrevenue duties, are ad valorembased.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports fromfellow-member states of theCommon Market for East andSouthern Africa (COMESA)and from the EconomicCommunity of the States ofCentral Africa (ECSCA).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

The importation of human orveterinary medicines, insecticides,fungicides, herbicides, and othertoxic or potentially toxic chemicalsrequires the approval of Rwanda'sMinistry of Health. Check contractspecifications and/or importer'sinstructions for guidance onRwanda's food, safety, and healthrequirements.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

There are currently no foreigntrade zones or export processingzones in Rwanda.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The U.S Embassy in Kigali,Rwanda resumed consularservices on July 26, 1995. Inaddition to the CommercialOfficerl Office at the U.S.Embassy, the Country DeskOfficer for Rwanda at the U.S.Department of Commerce (seecontacts listing) can provideinformation and advice oninvesting in or trading withRwanda.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Rwanda's infrastructure andservices, includingtelecommunications, roads, water,and electricity, are slowlyrecovering from years of internalstrife that culminated in a civil warin 1994.

Rwanda's estimated per capitaannual income in 1993 was U.S.$800. The market for consumergoods in Rwanda is very small.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

The Rwanda governmentencourages foreign investment.Potential investment areasinclude export-oriented industriesthat use and process local rawmaterials. The agro-industrysector of Rwanda's economy is anarea that Rwanda officials arelooking for U.S. investors toconsider.

Small, niche markets in basicfoodstuffs (rice, wheat flour,vegetable oil, and milk powder),use~ clothing, and computereqUIpment could provide U.S.exporters with opportunities.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and the

country access code for Rwandais 250.)

Rwanda:

Chambre de Commerce etd'industrie du Rwanda, BP 319,Kigali, Rwanda. FAX: 75465;Telex: (0967) 22662

Directeur General des Douanes,Ministere des Finances, BP 718Kigali, Rwanda. Tel: 76194; FAX:76194; Telex: (0909) 22687[Customs authority]

Ministry of Agriculture andLivestock, BP 621, Kigali,Rwanda. Tel: 75324

Ministry of Commerce, Industryand Artisan's Affairs, BP 476Kigali, Rwanda. Tel: 73875 '

Office des Cultures Industriellesdu Rwanda-Cafe (OCIR-Cafe), BP104, Kigali, Rwanda. Tel: 75004;FAX: 73992 [Coffee production,development, and processing]

U.S. Embassy, Blvd. de laRevolution, BP 28, Kigali,Rwanda. Tel: 75601/2/3; FAX:72128 and U.S. Agency forInternational Development, Tel:74719; FAX: 74735

U.S.:

Embassy of Rwanda to the U.S.,1714 New Hampshire Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-232-2882; FAX: 202-232­4544

Rwanda, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room2037, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4388

Select Publications:

Adler, Tina. "Sowing Hope:Saving the Seeds of Rwanda."Science News 147 (Jan 71995):12-13. NAL call no.: 470 Sci24[Seeds of Hope program

205

produces seeds for Rwandan foodcrops]

Country Profile. Rwanda,Burundi. London: The EconomistIntelligence Unit [annualpublication] NAL call no.:HC875.A1C68

Country Report. Uganda, Rwan­da, Burundi. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[quarterly pUblication] NAL callno.: HC840.A1C68

Loveridge, S. "Marketing inRwanda: Imports andInfrastructure." Food Policy 16,no. 2 (1991): 95-104. NAL callno.: HD9000.1 F66

Puyvelde, L. van. "Research,Development and Production ofDrugs Starting from TraditionalMedicine and Medicinal Plants inDeveloping Countries: Exampleof Rwanda." Acta Horticulturae331 (Sept. 1993): 229-235. NALcall no.: 80 Ac82

Vlietinck, A.J. et al. "Screening ofHundred Rwandese MedicinalPlants for Antimicrobial andAntiviral Properties." Journal ofEthnopharmacology 46, no. 1(1995): 31-47. NAL call no.:RS160.J6

Sao Tome & Principe

Economy:

This small, multi-island nation ofabout 140,000 people, located inthe Gulf of Guinea, has beendependent on the production ofcocoa since it gainedindependence from Portugal in1975. The emphasis on cocoaproduction, to the exclusion offood crops, has meant Sao Tomehas had to import nearly 90% ofits food needs. About 70% of thework force is engaged inagriculture (including fishing),which contributes 25% of theGDP. Other crops include:copra, palm kernels, and coffee.Food products include: bananas,papaya, beans, poultry, and fish.Sao Tome is not self-sufficient infood grains or meat.

The industries of Sao Tomeinclude: light construction, shirt­making, soap, beer, fisheries, andshrimp processing. Industrialproduction accounts for 7% of theGDP. Sao Tome has to import allits fuels and most manufacturedgoods.

The islands of Sao Tome andPrincipe, with their tropicalclimate, spectacular volcanicmountains, beautiful beaches,and rare bird and wildlife species,have a tourism potential. One ofthe objectives of the recentlypassed foreign investment code isto develop a sustainable touristindustry with outside investmentassistance.

Sao Tome and Principe willcontinue to be dependent onoutside assistance in theimmediate future. Diversificationof the agricultural sector (awayfrom dependence on cocoa),expanded fishing and fishprocessing capabilities, anddevelopment of facilities for thenascent tourist industry, couldprovide the means for Sao Tome

and Principe to achieve economicgrowth and a stable politicalclimate.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $5.5 million(f.o.b., 1993 est.). Exportsinclude: cocoa, copra, coffee,and palm oil. Export tradepartners include: TheNetherlands, Germany, China,and Portugal

Imports:

Imports consisted of $31.5 million(f.o.b., 1993 est.). Importsinclude: machinery and electricalequipment, food products, andpetroleum. Sources of importsinclude: Portugal, Japan, theU.K., Spain, France, and Angola

Port of Entry:

Sao Tome, Santo Antonio, andNeves are the main ports of entry.Fuel imports and the fishingindustry are based at Neves.

u.s. Exports to Sao Tome& Principe:

U.S. exports to Sao Tome &Principe were worth $13 million in1994. Exports have included:food products andcommunications equipment.

Sao Tome's Exports toU.S.:

Sao Tome's exports to the U.S.were worth $114,334 in 1994.The major export has been cocoa.

Investment/TradeActivities:

The International Bank and threeforeign exchange bureaus

206

conduct all foreign exchangetransactions, according toguidance and instruction from theCentral Bank.

Import licenses are granted andrecorded by the Directorate ofExternal Commerce for statisticalpurposes. The import licensespecifies the quantity and value ofthe item to be imported. Importersare required to be registered toengage in import activities.

For information on customs dutiesand regulations contact theMinistry of Commerce, Industry,Fisheries, and Tourism (seecontacts listing) in Sao Tome:

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community of theStates of Central Africa(ECSCA).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

There are no free trade zones orexport processing zones in SaoTome and Principe.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Commercial Section of theU.S. Embassy in Gabon canprovide information on Sao Tome

and Principe. In addition, theCountry Desk Officer (seecontacts listing) at the U.S.Department of Commerce is asource for investment and tradeassistance on Sao Tome andPrincipe.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

The geographic isolation,smallness of the internal market,and use of Portuguese (theofficial language) all contribute tothe difficulty of setting upinvestments in and trading withSao Tome and Principe.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Since Sao Tome and Principe isdependent for most of its foodsupply, manufactured goods,fuels, and many consumer goodsfrom outside sources, some smallniche oppo.rtunities for U.S.exporters exist. The best exportprospects include communicationequipment, food products,beverages, fuels, lubricants, andvehicles.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for SaoTome & Principe is 239.)

Sao Tome & Principe:

Camara de Comercio, Industria etArlesanto, CP 368, Sao Tome.Tel: 21400; FAX: 21784[Chamber of Commerce]

Ministry of Agriculture and RuralDevelopment, Sao Tome. Tel:22714

Ministry of Commerce, Industry,Fisheries and Tourism, Sao Tome

Ministry of Economy and Finance,CP 168, Sao Tome. Tel: 22142;Telex: 225

Ministry of Foreign Affairs andCooperation, CP 201, Sao Tome.Tel: 21714; FAX: 22597

U.S. Embassy, CommercialSection, Boulevard de la Mer, BP4000, Libreville, Gabon. Tel:241-762003/4; FAX: 241-745507[The U.S. Ambassador to Gabonis accredited to Sao Tome andPrincipe on a non-resident basis.]

U.S.:

Honorary Consulate of Sao Tomeand Principe, Mr. WilliamStevens, 2125 Biscayne Blvd.,Ste. 350, Miami, Florida 33137.Tel: 305-576-5049

Office of the Permanent Missionof Sao Tome and Principe to theU.N., 122 East 42nd St., Room1604, New York, NY 10168. Tel:212-697-4211; FAX: 212-687­8389

Sao Tome and Principe, CountryDesk Officer, U.S. Dept. ofCommerce, Room 2037, 14th St.and Constitution Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-4388

Select Publications:

Background Notes, Sao Tomeand Principe. Washington, DC:U.S. Dept. of State, Office ofPublic Communication, 1991[Dept. of State Publication #8871]

Costa, H.P. da. "Towards AnAlternative Development Policyfor Sao Tome and Principe." InThe Political Economy of SmallTropicalls/ands: The ImportanceofBeing Small. Exeter, UK:Exeter University Press, 1992, p.112-122

Pelissier, Rene and W.G.Clarence-Smith. "Sao Tome andPrincipe." In Africa South of theSahara 1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 760­769 [annual pUblication]. NALcall no.: DT30.A37

207

Pontes, S.S. "The ForestResource and Its Importance inSao Tome and Principe." WorldBank Environment Paper no. 1,1992. NAL call no.:SD414.A35C66 1992

Sequeira, V. "Medicinal Plantsand Conservation in Sao Tome."Biodiversity and ConseNation 3,no. 9 (1994): 910-926. NAL callno.: QH75.A1B562

Torp, Jens Erik. Mozambique,Sao Tome and Principe:Economics, Politics and Society.New York: Columbia UniversityPress, 1989

Economy:

Sierra Leone, a country of 4.8million people, is well-endowedwith agricultural, mineral, andfishery resources. Agricultureemploys about two-thirds of theworking population andcontributes 40% to the GOP.Subsistence farming dominatesthe agricultural sector. Majorcash crops include coffee, cocoa,and palm kernels. Rice is a foodstaple of the diet in Sierra Leone.Rice production meets about 80%of domestic needs. Other foodand subsistence crops includecassava, bananas, vegetables,sweet potatoes, ginger, peanuts,and citrus. Annual fish catchaverages over 50,000 metric tons.

Major industries in Sierra Leoneinclude mining (rutile, bauxite, anddiamonds), small-scalemanufacturing (beverages,cigarettes, footwear, andprocessing agricultural products),petroleum refining, tourism, andforestry. Sierra Leone is theworld's second largest producer ofrutile, a vital ingredient of paintpigments. Sierra Rutile, is thelargest, non-petroleum U.S.­owned investment in West Africa.

Sierra Leone has the naturalresources to be an attractive areafor trade and investment. TheGovernment of Sierra Leone istrying to increase outsideinvestment in agriculture, mining,and fishing. The economic andsocial infrastructure is in need ofextensive rehabilitation. With anInternational Monetary Fund­mandated austerity program inplace, Sierra Leone will continueto need outside developmentaland economic aid if it hopes toincrease private investment in itssubstantial natural resource base.

Sierra Leone

Exports:

Exports consisted of $149 million(f.o.b., 1993). Main exportsinclude: rutile (48%), bauxite(25%), diamonds (16%), coffee,cocoa, and fish. Main exportpartners are the U.S., U.K.,Belgium, Germany, and otherWestern European countries.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $149 million(c.iJ., 1993). Main importsinclude: foodstuffs (48%),machinery and equipment (32%),and fuels (9%). Main sources ofimports are the U.S., EUcountries, Japan, China, andNigeria.

Port of Entry:

The main port of entry is thecapital, Freetown, other ports arelocated at Bonthe and Pepel.

U.S. Exports to SierraLeone:

U.S. exports to Sierra Leone wereworth $24.2 million in 1994. Themajor exports include: processedfoods, agricultural inputs, andrice.

Sierra Leone's Exports toU.S.:

Sierra Leone's exports to the U.S.were worth $51.2 million in 1994.Major exports include: rutile,bauxite, diamonds, coffee, andcocoa beans

Investment/TradeActivities:

Transactions in foreign exchangehave been delegated toauthorized commerical banks.Exchange policy is formulated by

208

the Ministry of Finance, inconsultation with the CentralBank.

Customs authority is carried outby the Comptroller of Customsand Excise in Freetown (seecontacts listing).

• Most customs duties are advalorem, based on assessedc.Lf. value of imports.

• Most imported processed fooditems, raw materials, and spareparts are charged 10-30% advalorem duties. Items thatenter duty free include:cereals, vegetable oils, milk,fresh vegetables, margarine,and agricultural machinery.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Sierra Leone requires sanitarycertificates for the importation ofanimals, animal products, plants,and seeds. To import plants,seeds, or soil, a writtenapplication to obtain a permit mustbe sent to the Chief Agriculturistin the Department of Agriculture inFreetown.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

There are no free trade areas inSierra Leone.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Economic/CommercialSection of the U.S. Embassy andthe Chamber of Commerce inFreetown, can assist potentialinvestors and traders withinformation and guidance on theinvestment! trade opportunites inSierra Leone.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Many sectors in Sierra Leone'seconomy continue to be state­controlled or state-owned (like theSierra Leone Produce MarketingBoard-the sole exporter of thecountry's crops). However. thegovernment of Sierra Leoneannounced in 1994 that publicsector enterprises will start to beprivatized, divested or liquidated.

Sierra Leone has substantialmineral, agricultural, and fisheryresources, but its economic andsocial infrastructure is not well­developed. The physicalinfrastructure has suffered fromlack of maintenance and fundingand war-related disruptions.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

The best opportunities for U.S.exporters include: processedfoods, consumer goods,equipment for mining, fishing. andagriculture, textiles. transportequipment, and vehicles.

With the divestiture andprivatization of several publicsector enterprises, investmentopportunities exist in severalareas of the economy. Contactthe Perdic Secretariat (see

contacts listing) for moreinformation on the privatizationprocess.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011. and thecountry access code for SierraLeone is 232.)

Sierra Leone:

Comptroller of Customs andExcise. Customs and ExciseDept., Customs House, Freetown,Sierra Leone. Tel: 22-50025

Minstry of Agriculture andForestry, Youyi Bldg., Freetown,Sierra Leone. Telex: 3418

Ministry of Trade and Industry,Ministerial Bldg., George St.,Freetown, Sierra Leone. Tel: 22­25211; Telex: 3218

The Perdic Secretariat, PO Box1025,11 Rawdon St., Freetown,Sierra Leone. Tel: 22-228883;FAX: 22-229677 [Contactagency for information on theprivatization of state-controlled/owned organizations]

Sierra Leone Chamber ofCommerce, Industry, andAgriculture, 5th Floor, GumaBldg., Lamina Sankoh St.. POBox 502, Freetown, Sierra Leone.Tel: 22-226305; FAX: 22-228005

U.S. Embassy, Corner of Walpoleand Siaka Stevens Sts.,Freetown, Sierra Leone. Tel: 22­226-481 through 485; FAX: 22­225471

U.S.:

Embassy of Sierra Leone to theU.S., 1701 19th St., NW,Washington, DC 20009. Tel:202-939-9261; FAX: 202-483­1793

Sierra Leone, Country DeskOfficer, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,Room 2037. 14th St. and

209

Constitution Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20230. Tel:202-482-4388

Select Publications:

Background Notes, Sierra Leone.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofState, Bureau of Public Affairs,1994. NAL call no.: D16.25.B3[Dept. of State Publication #8069]

Country Profile. Guinea, SierraLeone, Liberia, 1994-95. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit,1994 [annual publication] NALcall no.: HC1030.A1Q84

Country Report. Guinea, SierraLeone, Liberia. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC1030.A1C68

Mitchell, Peter K., ChristopherClapham, and Soule M. Funna."Sierra Leone." In Africa South ofthe Sahara 1995. London:Europa Publications Ltd., 1994, p.803-819 [annual publication]NAL call no.: DT30.A37

Sierra Leone--Fishing IndustryProfile--IMI950328. Washington,DC: U.S. Dept. of Commerce,International TradeAdministration, 1995 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Economy:

Somalia, with a population ofclose to 7.5 million people, is oneof the world's poorest and leastdeveloped countries. There arefew natural resources available toSomalia. Agriculture is the mostimportant sector of the economy,with the livestock sectoraccounting for 40% of the GOPand about 65% of export (mostlylive animals and hides and skins)revenues. Nomads or semi­nomads make up close to 70% ofthe population and, to a largeextent, are dependent onlivestock for their livelihood. Cropproduction generates only 10% ofGOP and employs about 20% ofthe work force. Bananas are themain export crop. Sugar,sorghum, and corn are grown forthe domestic market. During the1980s, Somalia was the world'slargest producer of incense.

Somalia's small industrial sectoris based on the processing ofagricultural products (meat andfish processing, textiles andleather goods) and accounts forless than 10% of the GOP.Natural resources include:uranium, and largely unexploitedreserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum(has some of the world's largestdeposits), bauxite, copper, andsalt.

Somalia's ongoing civil unrest hascontinued to affect its agriculturalbase adversely. With no officialgovernmental representation,Somalia continues to survive onhumanitarian and emergencyassistance and subsistenceagriculture based on nomadiclivestock herding.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $58 million(f.o.b.) in 1990. Main exports.include: livestock, bananas, fiSh,

Somalia

hides and skins, and myrrh. Mainexport markets are Saudi Arabia,United Arab Emirates, Yemen,Italy, and Germany.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $249 million(c.Lf 1990). Main imports include:petroleum products, foodstuffs,and construction materials. Mainsources of imports are the U.S.,Italy, Germany, Kenya, Djibouti(transshipment), and the U.K.

Port of Entry:

Mogadishu, Berbera, Merca, andKismayu are the main ports ofSomalia.

u.s. Exports to Somalia:

U.S. exports to Somalia wereworth $30 million in 1994. Themajor exports include foodstuffsand medicines

Somalia's Exports to U.S.:

Somalia's exports to the U.S. wereworth $117,574 in 1994.

InvestmenUTradeActivities:

The Central Bank administersexchange controls. Letters ofcredit must be used for allpayments for private imports.

Most goods may be importedfreely. Some items which requireprior approval to be importedinclude alcohol, tobacco andtobacco products, medical andpharmaceutical products, crudeoil, precious metals and jewelry,and minerals.

Customs authority is carried outby the Director General ofCustoms, Ministry of the Treasury,

210

(see contacts listing) in Mogadishu.

Most customs duties are advalorem and range from zero to100%.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

There are no free trade zones orexport processing zones inSomalia.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Country Desk Officer forSomalia at the U.S. Department ofCommerce (see contacts listing)can provide information oninvestment and tradeopportunities in Somalia. Also,the recently reopened U.S.Liaison Office (see contactslisting) in Mogadishu can provideconsular services and adviseprospective investors and traderson the current economic situationin Somalia.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Somalia continues to suffer civilunrest, to experience an absenceof organized and representativegovernment, and to have itseconomic and physicalinfrastructure continue todeteriorate.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

Opportunities for U.S. investorsand traders include agro-industryproducts, pharmaceuticals,medicines, and fishing equipment.

If political and economic stabilityreturns to Somalia, U.S. investorsand exporters may haveopportunities in the rehabilitationof Somalia's economic andphysical infrastructure.

List of Contacts:

(Direct telephone service from theU.S. to Somalia is currently notavailable. Operator assistance isrequired.)

Somalia:

Agricultural Development Corp.,PO Box 930, Mogadishu,Somalia. Telex: 713 [State­controlled organization thatsupplies farmers with inputs]

Chamber of Commerce, Industryand Agriculture, PO Box 27, ViaAsha, Mogadishu, Somalia

Director General of Customs,Ministry of the Treasury, PO Box2594, Mogadishu, Somalia

Ministry of Agriculture,Mogadishu, Somalia. Tel: 1­23025

Ministry of Commerce,Mogadishu, Somalia. Tel: 1­33089

National Agency of Foreign Trade,PO Box, 602, Mogadishu,Somalia

U.S. Liaison Office, USLO Unit64105, APO AE 09831-4105;[Via Afgoi, Km 5, PO Box 574,Mogadishu, Somalia]. Tel: 1­39971; Telex: 789

U.S.:

Combined Consulate General andSomali Mission to the U.N., 42561st St., Ste. 703, New York, NY10021. Tel: 212-688-9410

Somalia, Country Desk Officer,U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Room2037, 14th St. and ConstitutionAve., NW, Washington, DC20230. Tel: 202-482-4564

Select Publications:

Country Profile. Ethiopia, Eritrea,Somalia, Djibouti. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[annual publication] NAL call no.:HC840.A1C682

Country Report. Ethiopia, Eritrea,Somalia, Djibouti. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit[quarterly publication] NAL callno.: HC840.A1C69

Farah, A.Y. The Mjfk of BoswelliaForest: Frankincense ProductionAmong the Pastoral Somali,Uppsala, Sweden: EnvironmentalPolicy and Society, 1994[Production, trade, uses offrankincense produced inNortheast Somalia]

Lewis, I.E., Patrick Gilkes, andMiles Smith-Morris. "Somalia." InAfrica South of the Sahara 1995.London: Europa PublicationsLtd., 1994, p. 820-838 [annualpublication] NAL call no.:DT30.A37

Metz, Helen Chapin. Somalia, ACountry StUdy. 4th ed.Washington, DC: Headquarters,Dept. of the Army, [For sale by theSupt, of Docs., U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office], 1993. NAL callno.: DT401.A7 1993 [Availablethrough the National Trade DataBank]

Samatar, Ahmed I. The SomaliChallenge: From Catastrophe toRenewal? [Boulder, Colorado]:Lynne Rienner, 1994

211

Samuelsson, G. et al. "Inventoryof Plants Used in Traditional Med­icine in Somalia. I. Plants of theFamilies Acanthaceae-Cheno­podiaeae." Journal ofEthnopharmacology 35, no. 1 (Oct1991): 25-63. NAL call no.:RS160.J6 [Each inventoryincludes medicinal use,preparation, dosage for eachplant, as well as, botanical nameand local name]

Samuelsson, G. et al. "Inventoryof Plants Used in TraditionalMedicine in Somalia. II. Plants ofthe Families Combretaceae toLabiatae." Journal ofEthnopharmacology 37, no. 1(Aug 1993): 47-70. NAL call no.:RS160.J6

Samuelsson, G. et al. "Inventoryof Plants Used in TraditionalMedicine in Somalia. III. Plantsof the Families Lauraceae­Papilionaceae." Journal ofEthnopharmacology 37, no. 2(Sept 1992): 93-122. NAL callno.: RS160.J6

Samuelsson, G. et al. "Inventoryof Plants Used in TraditionalMedicine in Somalia. IV. Plantsof the Families Passifloraceae­Zygophyllaceae." Journal ofEthnopharmacology 38, no. 1 (Jan1993): 1-29. NAL call no.:RS160.J6

Economy:

With an area just over one-fourththe size of the U.S., the Sudan isthe largest country in Africa. Thepopulation of 30 million people,depends, to large extent, onagriculture. About 80% of thework force is engaged inagriculture, mostly subsistencefarming. Major products include:cotton, oilseeds, sorghum, millet,wheat, gum arabic, and sheep.The main earners of exportrevenues include: cotton, gumarabic (world'S largest producer),sesame, livestock, sorghum,hides and skins, and peanuts.Agricultural products account forover 90% of Sudan's exports.

The Sudan industrial sector isconcentrated in agriculturalprocessing and food productionand employs about 10% of thelabor force. Cotton ginning,textiles, cement, edible oils, sugarprocessing, soap, footwear, andpetroleum refining are the majorindustries in the Sudan.

Sudan's natural resources includepetrOleum, iron ore, copper,chromium, zinc, tungsten, mica,silver, diamonds, uranium, andgold.

Sudan has great agricultural andmineral potential. Theimprovement of Sudan's physicaland economic infrastructureremains the key to any long-termpotential for economic andpolitical stability anddevelopment.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $419 million(f.o.b. FY93/94). Exportcommodities include: gum arabic(29%), livestock/meat (24%),cotton (13%), sesame, andpeanuts. Major export marketsare Western Europe, Saudi

Sudan

Arabia, Eastern Europe, Japan,and the U.S.

Imports:

Imports consisted of $1.7 billion(c.Lf. FY93/94). Imports include:foodstuffs, petroleum prOducts,manufactured goods, machineryand equipment, medicines andchemicals, and textiles. Majorsources for imports are WesternEurope, Africa and Asia, the U.S.,and Eastern Europe.

Port of Entry:

Port Sudan, on the Red Sea, isthe Sudan's major port of entry.

u.s. Exports to Sudan:

U.S. exports to Sudan were worth$54.5 million in 1994. The majorexports include: foodstuffs(wheat), chemicals, andmanufactured goods

Sudan's Exports to U.S.:

Sudan's exports to the U.S. wereworth $35.1 million in 1994. Majorexports include: gum arabic,oil seeds and oilseed products,and spices

Investment/TradeActivities:

Foreign exchange control isadministered by the Bank ofSudan. Authorized banks areallowed to act as exchangehouses.

It is a requirement for all importersand exporters to register with theMinistry of Trade. Importlicenses, for the most part, are notrequired.

Customs authority is carried outby the General Administration

212

Manager of Police Customs (seecontacts listing) in Khartoum.

• Specific and ad valorem ratesare both used in the Sudanesetariff. Ad valorem duties rangefrom free to 1,000 percent.

• The tariff schedule used inSudan is based on theHarmonized SystemConvention.

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Sudan has special licenserequirements for the importationof live plants, cotton seed, seededcotton, and most textile/apparelproducts. Fresh fruits andvegetables do not require animport permit, provided they arepresented to the proper customsofficer and are certified by aquarantine officer. Quarantineregulations apply to theimportation of live animals, plants,and seeds.

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

According to the Sudan PublicInvestment Corporation, free tradezones will be established in PortSudan (Sudan'S main shippingport of entry), Junaynah, andMelut.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

Investors and exporters interestedin the Sudan should contact theCommercial Section of the U.S.Embassy in Khartoum. TheSudan-U.S. Business Council andthe Sudan Chamber of Commerce(see contacts listing) in Khartoumare also sources of information onSudanese trade and investmentregulations and opportunities.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

The key barrier to investment andtrade development in the Sudancontinues to be the lack of anadequate physical infrastructure,needed to take full advantage ofSudan's extensive naturalresources.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

The export of agricultural productsfor emergency and humanitarianrelief, offers some opportunitiesfor U.S. exporters of unmilledwheat, coarse grains, vegetables,vegetable oils, animal fats andoils, and feed grains.

Opportunities for the export ofagricultural equipment,machinery, and inputs, could beenhanced if Sudan's agriculturalsector continues to recover.

List of Contacts:

(Direct telephone from the U.S. tothe Sudan is not currentlyavailable. International operatorassistance is required.)

Sudan:

Director Customs, Department ofCustoms, PO Box 323, Khartoum,Sudan. [Provide information oncustoms classification of importgoods]

General Administration Managerof Police Customs, PoliceCustoms Headquarters, PO Box323, Khartoum, Sudan. Tel: 249­11-772525; FAX: 249-11-79895;Telex: (0984) 23103

Ministry of Agriculture, Food andNatural Resources, Attention:Under Secretary, PO Box 285,Khartoum, Sudan. Tel: 11-72300.Ministry of Commerce,Cooperation and Supply, TradeInformation Centre, Gamaa St.,PO Box 194, Khartoum, Sudan.Tel: 11-72540; FAX: 11-72540

State Trading Corp., PO Box 211,Khartoum, Sudan. 11-78555;Telex: 22355

Sudan Chamber of Commerce,Attention: Secretary/General, POBox 81, Khartoum, Sudan. Tel:11-72345

Sudan-U.S. Business Council,Attention: Fath-AI Rahman AI­Beshir, Chairman, c/o SharafGroup of Companies, PO Box1828,Khartoum,Sudan

U.S. Embassy, CommercialSection, Sharia Ali Abdul Latif, POBox 699, APO AE 09829,Khartoum, Sudan. Tel: 11­74700/74611; Telex: 22619AMEM SD

U.S.:

Embassy of Sudan to the U.S.,2210 Massachusetts Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20008. Tel:202-338-8565; Office of theInformation Attache'--Tel: 202­466-6281; FAX: 202-745-2615

Sudan, Country Desk Officer, U.S.Dept. of Commerce, Room 2037,14th St. and Constitution Ave.,NW, Washington, DC 20230.Tel: 202-482-4564

Select Publications:

Allen, J.A., Miles Smith-Morris,and Dede-Esi Amanor. "Sudan."In Africa South of the Sahara

213

1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 877­909 [annual publication] NAL callno.: DT30.A37

Background Notes, Sudan.Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. ofState, Bureau of Public Affairs,1991. [Dept. of State Publication#8022] [Available through theNational Trade Data Bank]

Bebawi, FF and L. Neugebohrn.A Review ofPlants of NorthernSudan: With Special Referenceto Their Uses. Eschborn,Germany: GTZ, 1991. NAL callno.: QK404.B431991

Craig, G.M. The Agriculture of theSudan. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress, 1991. NAL call no.:S473.S7A49

Metz, Helen Chapin. Sudan, ACountry Study. 4th ed.Washington, DC: Headquarters,Dept. of the Army [Prepared bythe Library of Congress, FederalResearch Division], 1992. NALcall no.: DT154.6.S931992

Economy:

Togo, with a population of 4.4million people, is dependent onsubsistence agriculture. Overthree-fourths of the labor force isemployed in agriculture, which,along with fishing, contributesclose to 50% of the country'sGOP. Togo's main cash cropsand major earners of foreignexchange are coffee, cocoa, andcotton. Food crops include yams,cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet,and sorghum. Livestockproduction is not significant.

The industrial sector includesphosphate mining (the mostimportant activity), agriculturalprocessing (palm oil extraction,coffee roasting, cassava flourmilling, and cotton ginning),cement production, handicrafts,and textile and beverageproduction. Togo's phosphatedeposits are the richest in theworld.

Commerce has traditionallyplayed a leading role in Togo'seconomy. Togo has a history ofserving as a regional trade center.It has been an importanttransshipment center for goodsgoing to Nigeria, Ghana, BurkinaFaso, Mali, and Niger. Togo'sinfrastructure, including the port ofLome, airport, roads, andtelecommunications system andits liberal trade policy will continueto provide an advantageous tradeand investment climate.

Exports:

Exports consisted of $253.6million (f.o.b. 1994). Majorexports include: phosphates,cotton, cocoa, and coffee. Majortrade partners are EuropeanUnion countries (especiallyFrance), regional Africancountries, the U.S., and Japan.

Togo

Imports:

Imports consisted of $238 million(c.iJ. 1994). Major importsinclude: machinery andequipment, consumer goods,food, and chemical products.Major trade partners include:France, other European Unioncountries, regional Africancountries, the U.S., and Japan.

Port of Entry:

The capital city of Lome has oneof the best ports in WesternAfrica.

u.s. Exports to Togo:

U.S. exports to Togo were worth$12.4 million in 1994. The majorexports include: processed foodproducts, machinery, andequipment.

Togo's Exports to U.S.:

Togo's exports to the U.S. wereworth $4.1 million in 1994. Majorexports include: phosphates,coffee, and cocoa

Investment/TradeActivities:

The control of foreign exchange isadministered by the Minister ofEconomy and Finance.

Import licenses are not requiredfor the most part. Someexceptions which require licensesor special permission include:cement, wheat flour, used cars,used tires, sugar, rice, alcoholicbeverages, tobacco, andcigarettes.

Customs authority is carried outby the Director General desDouanes (see contacts listing) inLome:

214

• Most customs duties are advalorem c.iJ. based. Tariffsrange from 5% to 25% of c.Lf.value.

• Preferential treatment isextended to imports from theEconomic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS).

Food/Health/SafetyRegulations:

Togo requires special approvalfrom the Ministry of Commerceand Transport for the importationof sugar, rice, wheat flour,alcoholic beverages, tobacco, andcigarettes. The importation ofvarious plants, seeds, andanimals requires permission fromthe Ministry of Agriculture or theMinistry Public Health. Rawagricultural materials requiresafety certificates

Please refer to Part I, OtherContacts for information on thefollowing: Food Safety andInspection Service, ExportCoordination Division; ForeignAgricultural Service, Office ofFood Safety and TechnicalServices; or Animal and PlantHealth Inspection Service(APHIS).

Free/Foreign TradeZones/Export ProcessingZones:

Togo has a free trade zone atLome, where goods can bestored, moved, processed, orreplaced without the payment ofcustoms duties. In addition, in1989 the government of Togoapproved an export processingzone (EPZ) law.Companies/investors setting upbusinesses under the EPZ lawenjoy customs duties benefits andseveral tax breaks.

Investment/TradeAssistance:

The Commercial Section of theU.S. Embassy in Lome and theCountry Desk Officer for Togo atthe U.S. Department ofCommerce (see contacts listing)can provide information andguidance on investment and tradewith Togo.

Investment/Trade Barriers:

Although English is widely spokenin Togo, French is the language ofcommerce and the country'sofficial language. The Togolesemarket is dominated by Frenchgoods, although U.S. goods areviewed favorably and generallycompete successfully with Frenchand other products.

Since late 1990, Togo hasexperienced some politicaldifficulties, including an eight­month general strike in 1992 and1993. The political difficultieshave had a dampening effect onTogo's economy.

Best U.S.Export/InvestmentProspects:

The U.S. Department ofCommerce's recent CountryCommercial Guide on Togoidentified the following leadsectors for U.S. exports andinvestment: agricultural products­-wheat and wheat flour [Togo hasone flour mill that imports much ofthe wheat it mills], and turkey tails[prior to a since-repealed ban onimported frozen meat, turkey tailswere very popular with localconsumers}; non-agriculturalgoods and services-­telecommunications equipment,pharmaceuticals (especiallygenerics), cosmetics/toiletries,and used clothing/used shoes.

List of Contacts:

(The international telephoneaccess code is 011, and thecountry access code for Togo is228.)

Togo:

CEREKEM Exotic Togo, BP 2082,Lome, Togo [Company thatspecializes in the cultivation andprocessing of aromatic plants}

Chamber of Commerce,Agriculture and Industry, BP 360,Angle Ave. de la Presidence,Lome, Togo. Tel: 21-70-65; FAX:21-47-30; Telex: 5023CHAMCOM-TG

Directeur General des Douanes,Administration de l'Economie etdes Finances, BP 353, Lome,Togo. Tel: 21-26-57/59; FAX:21-85-81

Institut de Recherches du Cafe,du Cacao et Autres PlantesStimulantes (Research Insitute forCoffee, Cocoa and OtherStimulant Plants), BP 90,Kpalime, Togo. Tel: 41-00-34

Ministry of Industry and State­Owned Companies, BP 2748,Lome, Togo. Tel: 21-07-44;Telex: 5396

Ministry of Trade and Transport,Ave. du 24 Janvier, Lome, Togo.Tel: 21-09-09U.S. Embassy, CommercialSection, Rue Pelletier Caventouand Rue Vauban, BP 852, Lome,Togo. Tel: 21-77-17/21-29-91;FAX: 21-79-52

U.S.:

Embassy of Togo to the U.S.,2208 Massachusetts Ave., NW,Washington, DC 20008. Tel:202-234-4212; FAX: 202-232­3190

Togo, Country Desk Officer, U.S.Dept. of Commerce, Room 2037,14th St. and Constitution Ave.,

215

NW, Washington, DC 20230.Tel: 202-482-5149

Togo Information Service, 1706 RSt., NW, Washington, DC 20009.Tel: 202-667-8181; FAX: 202­265-5663

Select Publications:

Church, R. J. Harrison, PierreEngelbert, and Edith Hodgkinson."Togo." In Africa South of theSahara 1995. London: EuropaPublications Ltd., 1994, p. 947­965 [annual publication} NAL callno.: DT30.A37

Country Commercial Guide.Togo. Washington, DC: U.S.Dept. of Commerce, InternationalTrade Administration, 1995[Available through the NationalTrade Data Bank}

Country Profile. Togo, Benin,1994-95. London: TheEconomist Intelligence Unit, 1994[annual publication} NAL call no.:HC1015.A10832

Country Repott. Togo, Niger,Benin, Burkina Faso. London:The Economist Intelligence Unit,1994 [quarterly pUblication} NALcall no.: HC1015.A1083