Vol.33, No.1, pp.1-15, 2021 Journal of A gricultural, L ife and E nvironmental S ciences REVIEW ARTICLE pISSN 2233-8322, eISSN 2508-870X https://doi.org/10.22698/jales.20210001 미생물이 생산하는 계면활성제에 대한 문헌 연구 권세영 1 , 유도훈 2 , 박은희 3 , 김명동 4,5* 1 강원대학교 식품환경융합학과 박사과정, 2 강원대학교 식품환경융합학과 석사과정, 3 강원대학교 식품생명공학과 박사과정 4 강원대학교 바이오산업공학부 식품생명공학전공 교수, 5 강원대학교 누룩연구소 소장 Literature Review on Microbial Surfactants Se-Young Kwun 1 , Do-Hoon Yoo 2 , Eun-Hee Park 3 , Myoung-Dong Kim 4,5* 1 Ph.D. Course, Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea 2 Master Course, Department of Food Biotechnology and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea 3 Ph.D. Course, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea 4 Professor, Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea 5 CTO, Institute of Fermentation and Brewing, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea *Corresponding author: Myoung-Dong Kim (E-mail: [email protected]) A B S T R A C T Received: 4 December 2020 Revised: 18 March 2021 Accepted: 24 March 2021 Surfactants are compounds that reduce the surface and interfacial tension between liquids. They are used in various industries, such as pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. However, as surfactants are produced from petroleum, they are toxic and non-biodegradable. Biosurfactants have been considered for a wide range of industrial applications because of their biodegradability and low toxicity. Here, we reviewed recent studies on the production and applications of biosurfactants. Microorganisms produce various types of biosurfactants, such as glycolipids, lipopeptides, and high-molecular-weight polymers. Carbon and nitrogen sources, in addition to culture conditions such as temperature and medium acidity, profoundly influence the production of biosurfactants. Additionally, recombinant microbial strains harboring biosynthetic genes for biosurfactant production have been reported. Furthermore, biosurfactants are paving their way for oil recovery, food additives, and remediation of soil. Reduction in biosurfactant production costs will enable their application in a broad range of areas. Keywords: Biodegradability, Biosurfactant, Glycolipids, Lipopeptides, Surface tension Ⓒ Journal of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서 론 친수기와 소수기를 동시에 갖는 양친매성 물질인 계면활성제는 계면의 성질을 변화시켜 분산을 촉진시키는 역할 을 한다(Rebello et al., 2014). 이러한 특성 때문에 계면활성제는 습윤제, 유화제, 가용화제, 분산제 및 윤활제 등으로 (Ribeiro et al., 2020), 의약품, 식품, 화장품, 농약 및 세제 산업에 널리 사용되고 있다(Fenibo et al., 2019; Kim et al.,
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Vol.33, No.1, pp.1-15, 2021
Journal of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences
Surfactants are compounds that reduce the surface and interfacial tension between liquids. They are used in various industries, such as pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. However, as surfactants are produced from petroleum, they are toxic and non-biodegradable. Biosurfactants have been considered for a wide range of industrial applications because of their biodegradability and low toxicity. Here, we reviewed recent studies on the production and applications of biosurfactants. Microorganisms produce various types of biosurfactants, such as glycolipids, lipopeptides, and high-molecular-weight polymers. Carbon and nitrogen sources, in addition to culture conditions such as temperature and medium acidity, profoundly influence the production of biosurfactants. Additionally, recombinant microbial strains harboring biosynthetic genes for biosurfactant production have been reported. Furthermore, biosurfactants are paving their way for oil recovery, food additives, and remediation of soil. Reduction in biosurfactant production costs will enable their application in a broad range of areas.
Ⓒ Journal of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
서 론
친수기와 소수기를 동시에 갖는 양친매성 물질인 계면활성제는 계면의 성질을 변화시켜 분산을 촉진시키는 역할
을 한다(Rebello et al., 2014). 이러한 특성 때문에 계면활성제는 습윤제, 유화제, 가용화제, 분산제 및 윤활제 등으로
(Ribeiro et al., 2020), 의약품, 식품, 화장품, 농약 및 세제 산업에 널리 사용되고 있다(Fenibo et al., 2019; Kim et al.,
2 ∙ Journal of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences Vol. 33, No. 1, 2021
2005; Mao et al., 2015). 현재 산업적으로 생산되고 있는 대부분의 계면활성제는 석유를 원료로 하여 생산되며, 이용
범위가 광범위하지만 독성이 있거나 쉽게 생분해 되지 않는 단점이 있다(Fenibo et al., 2019; Kim et al., 2009). 화학
합성 계면활성제는 거품을 형성하여 빛과 산소를 차단하며, 세척력 증진을 위해 첨가되는 인은 인산염이 되어 부영양
화 현상을 발생시켜 물을 오염시킨다(Sim and Park, 2006). 반면, 생물 계면활성제는 상대적으로 낮은 독성과 우수한
생분해성으로 꾸준히 주목을 받고 있다(Jahan et al., 2020; Marchant and Banat, 2012). 급속한 산업화에 의한 환경오
염으로 인체에 유해한 제품에 대한 각종 규제가 점차 강화되는 추세이며, 이에 대응하기 위한 방안의 하나로써 생물
계면활성제의 산업화는 필수적인 문제로 인식되고 있다(Kim, 2013; Rebello et al., 2014).
생물 계면활성제는 미생물, 동물, 식물에서 얻을 수 있는 표면활성물질(surface active compound)로 1947년 최초
로 보고되었으며(Zobell, 1947), 생체 내 생합성 과정의 해석, 유기합성 및 바이오매스의 원료화 등 다양한 분야에서
활발한 연구가 진행되고 있다(Joo and Kim, 2011; Kumar et al., 2007). 미생물은 동, 식물 세포에 비해 성장 속도가
상대적으로 빨라 생산기간이 짧고, 간단한 배양과정을 통해 목적하는 물질을 생산할 수 있다는 장점이 있다(Kim et
al., 2005; Rebello et al., 2014). 또한, 당지질, 지질 펩타이드 등 미생물에 따라서 다양한 종류의 생물 계면활성제가
생산된다(Pacwa-Płociniczak et al., 2011). 생물 계면활성제의 생산에는 탄소원, 질소원, pH, 배양온도 등 다양한 요
인이 영향을 미치며(Jahan et al., 2020; Santos et al., 2016), 최근 유전자 재조합기술을 이용한 생물 계면활성제 생산
에 관한 연구도 진행되고 있다(Santos et al., 2016).
본 문헌 연구에서는 생물 계면활성제의 종류 및 생산성 향상과 관련된 최근의 연구결과를 조사하였고 생물 계면활
성제의 다양한 산업적 이용 가능성을 살펴보았다.
본 론
계면활성제
계면활성제는 서로 다른 두 상의 계면장력을 감소시키는 양친매성 물질로써 친수성기와 소수성기를 함께 갖는 물
질이다(Sim and Park, 2006). 계면활성제가 물에 확산될 때, 친수성기는 극성을 띠는 물 쪽으로 향하고 소수성기는 공
기 또는 소수성 물질의 방향으로 위치하여 미셀(micelle) 구조를 형성한다(Lee and Lee, 2015). 소수성 분자 간 상호
작용에 의해 소수성기가 집합체를 이루고 친수성기가 표면에 위치하는 미셀이 형성되면 용해성이 증가하는데 열역학
적으로 미셀을 형성하는데 적합한 농도를 임계 미셀농도(Critical Micelle Concentration, CMC)라고 한다(Santos et
al., 2016). 계면활성제는 식품과 화장품, 유화제, 보습제로 많이 사용되고 있으며, 대표적인 계면활성제로는 ethylene
oxide와 linear alkylbenzene 등이 있다(Kim, 2013). 그러나, 이들 물질은 분해가 잘되지 않기 때문에 환경오염의 주
요 원인 중의 하나로 대두되고 있으며(Fenibo et al., 2019), 인체에 피부염을 유발하는 문제점도 보고된 바 있다(Kim,
2013).
미생물 유래 계면활성 물질의 종류
생물 계면활성제(biosurfactant)는 살아있는 세포에서 합성되는 양친매성물질 이다(Cho et al., 2011). 미생물에 의
해 생산되는 생물 계면활성제의 친수성 부분은 아미노산, 펩타이드, 탄수화물 등으로 구성되며 소수성 부분은 주로
장쇄 지방산으로 구성되어 있다(Santos et al., 2016). 생물 계면활성제는 분자량을 기준으로 당지질(glycolipid), 인지
권세영 외 / 미생물이 생산하는 계면활성제에 대한 문헌 연구 ∙ 3
Table 1. Biosurfactants produced by microorganisms
Type Biosurfactants Microorganisms References
Glycolipid
RhamnolipidPseudomonas aeruginosa Zhou et al. (2019)
Thermus thermophilus Řezanka et al. (2011)
Trehalolipid Rhodococcus wratislaviensis Tuleva et al. (2008)
Sophorolipid Starmerella bombicola Kurtzman et al. (2010)
Lipopeptide
Polymyxin B Bacillus polymyxa Godoy et al. (2019)
Gramicidin S Bacillus brevis Yang and Yousef (2018)
Lichenysin A Bacillus licheniformis Czinkoczky and Nemeth (2020)
Surfactin Bacillus subtilis de Faria et al. (2011)
High-molecular- weight polymer
Emulsan Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Mujumdar et al. (2019)
Biodispersan Acinetobacter calcoaceticus Mujumdar et al. (2019)
Mannoprotein Saccharomyces cerevisiae Martínez et al. (2016)
질(phospholipid) 또는 지질단백질(lipopeptide)을 포함하는 저분자 계면활성제(low-molecular-weight microbial
surfactant)와 다당류, 단백질, 지질다당류와 같은 고분자 중합체(high-molecular-weight polymer)로 분류된다
(Cameotra and Makkar, 2010; Jahan et al., 2020).
당지질(glycolipid)
당지질은 생물 계면활성제 중에서 연구가 가장 활발히 진행되고 있으며, 탄수화물이 장쇄지방산인 aliphatic acid
또는 hydroxy-aliphatic acid와 결합된 형태로 rhamnolipid, trehalolipid, sophorolipid 등이 알려져 있다(Cameotra
and Makkar, 2010) (Table 1).
Rhamnolipid는 하나 또는 두 분자의 rhamnose가 하나 또는 두 분자의 β-hydroxydecanoic acid와 결합한 형태이
다(Abdel-Mawgoud et al., 2010; Kaskatepe and Yildiz, 2016) (Fig. 1A). Rhamnolipid 계열의 생물 계면활성제는 대
부분 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 균주에 의해 생산 되며(Costa et al., 2010; Zhou et al., 2019), 구조에 따라 mono- 또
는 di-rhamnolipid로 구분된다(Sekhon Randhawa and Rahman Pattanathu, 2014). Thermus thermophilus,
의 회수율을 나타냈다(Balan et al., 2017). 중유(heavy oil)는 높은 점도로 인해 금속 파이프라인을 통한 원유의 이동
성이 감소하게 되는데 생물 유화제인 emulsan은 중유의 점도를 감소시켜 원유의 이동성을 개선시키는 것으로 보고되
었다(Mazaheri Assadi and Tabatabaee, 2010).
의약품
생물 계면활성제는 항균, 항바이러스, 항접착제, 효소 억제제로 의약품에 광범위하게 사용되고 있다(Banat et al.,
2014; Joshi-Navare and Prabhune, 2013; Smith et al., 2020). B. polymyxa가 생산하는 polymyxin은 그람음성 간균으로
인한 감염치료에 사용되며, P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae 또는 Stenotrophomonas
maltophilia와 같은 약물내성 균주로 인한 질병의 치료제로서도 이용되고 있다(Giamarellou and Poulakou, 2009). B.
brevis균주가 생산하는 gramicidin A는 항생물질의 일종으로 그람양성균을 억제하지만 독성이 있어 감염치료를 위
해 국소적으로 사용되고 있다(Khandelia et al., 2008). B. subtilis 균주가 생산하는 iturin A는 K562 골수성 백혈병 세
포의 사멸을 억제함으로써 만성 골수성 백혈병 치료제로 잠재력을 나타낸 바 있다(Zhao et al., 2018). Rodococcus
ruber IEGM231 균주가 생산하는 당지질 계면활성제는 인터루킨(IL-12, IL-18)을 활성화하여 항염증 효과를 나타내
기도 했다(Chereshnev et al., 2010).
권세영 외 / 미생물이 생산하는 계면활성제에 대한 문헌 연구 ∙ 11
식품첨가물
생물 계면활성제는 점도 향상, 병원성 미생물 증식 억제, 빵반죽의 질감 개선의 목적으로 식품산업에서 다양한 활
용 가능성을 나타낸 바 있다(Nitschkea and Costa, 2007). B. subtilis SPB1 균주가 생산하는 생물 계면활성제는 쿠키
의 응집력을 상용 계면활성제 보다 약 1.5배 향상시켰으며(Zouar et al., 2016), Candida utilis UFPEDA1009 균주가
생산하는 생물 계면활성제는 쿠키에 첨가되었을 때 견고성을 20% 이상 감소시켜 쿠키의 질감을 개선하였다(Ribeiro
et al., 2020). 또한, C. utilis UFPEDA1009 균주의 생물 계면활성제는 마요네즈의 제형을 30일 동안 유지하여 식품유
화제로써 사용가능성을 제시하였다(Campos et al., 2015).
Lactobacillus plantarum CFR2194 균주가 생산하는 생물 계면활성제는 식품위해균인 E. coli, Yersinia enterocolitica,
Staphylococcus aureus에 대해 생육억제 효과를 나타내어 식품의 안전성을 높일 수 있는 첨가제로써 제안되었다
(Madhu and Prapulla, 2014).
결 론
석유로부터 생산되는 계면활성제는 계면장력 또는 표면장력을 감소시키는 물질로서 의약품, 식품, 화장품 등 다양
한 산업에서 사용되고 있지만 독성이 있거나 쉽게 생분해 되지 않는 단점이 있다. 반면, 미생물이 생산하는 생물 계면
활성제는 낮은 독성과 우수한 생분해성으로 다양한 산업 분야에서 이용을 위한 연구가 꾸준히 보고되고 있다. 본 문헌
연구에서는 다양한 생물 계면활성제의 특성과 생산방법 등 최근의 문헌을 조사하였다. 미생물은 당지질(glycolipid),
지질 펩타이드(lipopeptide) 고분자 중합체(high-molecular-weight polymer)등 다양한 형태의 생물 계면활성제를 생
산하는 것으로 보고되고 있으며, 탄소원, 질소원, 온도 및 산도와 같은 미생물 배양조건이 생물 계면활성제 생산에 크
게 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 재조합 유전자 기술을 이용한 생물 계면활성제의 생산에 관한 연구결과도
보고되고있다. 이러한 생물 계면활성제는 원유회수, 토양복원, 식품산업 등에 사용되기 위한 발판을 마련하고 있으
며, 생산단가 절감을 통해 보다 다양한 산업에 적용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.
사 사
This work was carried out with the support of the “Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science &
Technology Development (Project No. PJ009477)” Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea.
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