Agnė Rutkauskienė ŽANRUI BŪDINGOS ĮTIKINIMO ... - VDU

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VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS

HUMANITARINIŲ MOKSLŲ FAKULTETAS

ANGLŲ FILOLOGIJOS KATEDRA

Agnė Rutkauskienė

ŽANRUI BŪDINGOS ĮTIKINIMO PRIEMONĖS: DIENOS HOROSKOPŲ

INTERNETE ANALIZĖ

Magistro baigiamasis darbas

Taikomosios anglų lingvistikos studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 62Q30002

Anglų filologijos studijų kryptis

Vadovė doc. dr. Jūratė Ruzaitė___________ ___________

(parašas) (data)

Apginta prof. Ineta Dabašinskienė _________ __________

(parašas) (data)

Kaunas, 2014

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GENRE-SPECIFIC PERSUASIVE STRATEGIES: A CASE STUDY OF

DAILY ONLINE HOROSCOPES

By Agnė Rutkauskienė

Department of English Philology

Vytautas Magnus University

Master of Arts Thesis

Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jūratė Ruzaitė

May 2014

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Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 8

1.1 Aim and scope ........................................................................................................................... 8

1.2 Data and methods ....................................................................................................................... 9

2 ASTROLOGY, PERSUASION, AND IMPRECISE LANGUANGE ........................................... 11

2.1 Relevance of astrology ............................................................................................................. 11

2.2 Sub-dimensions of imprecise language ................................................................................... 15

2.2.1 Imprecise language and vague language ........................................................................... 15

2.2.2 Vagueness, generality, abstractness, and loose talk .......................................................... 19

2.3 Hedges and modality ............................................................................................................... 20

2.4 Persuasion ................................................................................................................................ 25

2.4.1. Persuasive language.......................................................................................................... 25

2.4.2 Persuasive strategies .......................................................................................................... 27

3 PERSUASIVE LANGUAGE IN HOROSCOPES AND OTHER GENRES ................................ 32

3.1 Genre variation in the use of hedging adverbs......................................................................... 32

3.1.1 Hedging adverbs in horoscopes......................................................................................... 32

3.1.2 Hedging adverbs in different genres ................................................................................. 36

3.2 Genre variation in the use of modal auxiliary verbs ................................................................ 37

3.2.1 Modal auxiliaries in horoscopes ........................................................................................ 37

3.2.2 Modal auxiliaries in horoscopes and other genres ............................................................ 39

3.3 Genre variation in the use of the pronoun you ......................................................................... 40

3.3.1 The pronoun you in horoscopes ........................................................................................ 40

3.3.2 Pronoun you in horoscopes and other genres .................................................................... 43

3.4 Genre variation in the use of conjunctions .............................................................................. 44

3.4.1 Conjunctions in horoscopes .............................................................................................. 44

3.4.2 Conjunctions in horoscopes and other genres ................................................................... 46

3.5 Genre variation in the use of nominalization ........................................................................... 47

3.5.1 Nominalizations in horoscopes ......................................................................................... 47

3.5.2 Nouns in horoscopes and other genres .............................................................................. 50

3.6 Genre variation in the use of adjectives ................................................................................... 51

3.6.1 Adjectives in horoscopes ................................................................................................... 52

3.6.2 Adjectives in horoscopes and other genres ....................................................................... 53

3.7 Imperative clauses .................................................................................................................... 54

3.8 Inclusive expressions............................................................................................................ 55

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4 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 57

APPENDIX: The corpus of horoscopes (COHO) ............................................................................. 65

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List of tables

Table 3.1 Strong hedging adverbs in horoscopes 34

Table 3.2 Moderate hedging adverbs in horoscopes 35

Table 3.3 Tentative hedging adverbs in horoscopes 35

Table 3.4 Hedging adverbs in horoscopes and other genres 36

Table 3.5 Categories of modal verbs 37

Table 3.6 Modal verbs in horoscopes and other genres 39

Table 3.7 Frequency of the pronoun you 40

Table 3.8 Pronoun you + modal verb 41

Table 3.9 Pronoun you in horoscopes and other genres 43

Table 3.10 Conjunctions in horoscopes 44

Table 3.11 Conjunctions in horoscopes and other genres 46

Table 3.12 Nouns in other genres 50

Table 3.13 Adjectives in horoscopes and other genres 53

Table 3.14 Inclusive pronoun in horoscopes and other genres 56

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SANTRAUKA

Horoskopai – tai dažnai sutinkamas ir daug sociologų, psichologų ir lingvistų dėmesio

sulaukęs žanras. Mokslininkai bando nustatyti sociologines ir psichologines priežastis lemančias

skaitytojų susidomėjimą, atlieka lingvistines savybių analizes, tačiau tarpžanriniams skirtumams

skiria mažiau dėmesio. Pagrindinis magistrinio darbo Žanrui būdingos įtikinimo priemonės: dienos

horoskopų internete analizė tikslas – nustatyti, kokios įtikinimo priemonės naudojamos siekiant

paveikti skaitytoją ir išryškinti tarpžanrinius skirtumus. Darbo uždaviniai – nustatyti ryškiausius

horoskopų bruožus ir palyginti jų santykinius dažnius su tų pačių bruožų santykiniais dažniais

kituose žanruose.

Tyrimui surinktų horoskopų analizei buvo naudojama kompiuterinė programa WordSmith

Tool. Tarpžanrinei analizei buvo naudojamas Šiuolaikinės anglų kalbos tekstynas (angl. Corpus of

Contemporary American English) bei juo paremt Word and Phrase žodžių analizavimo priemonė.

Kiekybiniams rezultatams analizuoti buvo naudojamas tikimybės testas (angl. Log-Likelihood test),

kuriuo buvo nustatomas lyginamų duomenų statistinis reikšmingumas. Svarbu paminėti, kad

tyrimas atliktas naudojant tekstyno inspiruotą metodą (angl. corpus-driven approach), kai gauti

rezultatai analizuojami nesiremiant anotuotais tekstais tam, kad lengviau išryškėtų nauji kalbos

vartojimo modeliai.

Baigiamasis magistrinis darbas susideda iš trijų pagrindinių dalių. Pirmojoje dalyje

aptariama astrologijos reikšmė žmonių gyvenime sociologiniu aspektu, pasisakymus švelninančios

priemonės ir modalumas, ir įtikinimo priemonės. Empirinėje tyrimo dalyje analizuojamos

pasisakymus švelninantys ir sustiprinantys prieveiksmiai (angl. hedging adverbs), modaliniai

veiksmažodžiai, trečio asmens įvardžio vartosena, jungtukai, daiktavardžiai, būdvardžiai, liepiamoji

nuosaka bei frazės su įvardžiu mes. Išvados pateikiamos paskutiniame skyriuje.

Nustatyta, kad horoskopų žanras yra artimiausias šnekamajai kalbai, tačiau, tuo pačiu,

horoskopai pasižymi savybėmis, kurių santykiniai dažnai ir reikšmė rodo, jog jie yra naudojami

sąmoningai. Tyrimas parodė, kad horoskopų autoriai naudoja skaitytoją įtraukiančias priemones,

tokias kaip pasisakymą sustiprinančius prieveiksmius, įvardį jūs/tu, tam tikras temas, kurios

nustatytos pagal dažniausius daiktavardžius ir teigiamą reikšmę perteikiančius būdvardžius. Šios

įtikinimo priemonės naudojamos patraukti skaitytojo dėmesį ir palaikyti užsimezgusį kontaktą.

Tačiau buvo pastebėta, kad kartu su įtaigumą perteikiančiomis priemonėmis naudojami išsamaus

turinio nepateikiantys sakiniai, leidžiantys horoskopų autoriams manipuliuoti kalba.

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SUMMARY

The present thesis is a case study of persuasive strategies of daily online horoscopes. The study is

based on the qualitative corpus-driven method which involves an analysis of the features of

horoscopes in comparison to other genre. The aim of the thesis is to determine what persuasive

strategies are used by horoscope writers. In order to achieve the goal set, the most prominent

features of horoscopes are analysed and compared using the Corpus of Contemporary American

English (COCA). The characteristics of horoscopes have been analysed using the WordSmith Tool;

moreover, the Log-Likelihood test has been employed to determine whether the differences

between horoscopes and other genres are statistically significant.

The present thesis is comprised of three major parts, which include a theoretical overview,

analytical part dealing with the characteristics of horoscopes, and conclusions. The theoretical part

of the thesis presents a discussion about the importance of astrology from a sociological point of

view, terminology related to hedging and modality, and distinct approaches to persuasive language.

The analytical analysis of the study presents the analyses of hedging adverbs, modal auxiliary verbs,

the use of the pronoun you, conjunctions, nouns, adjectives, imperative clauses, and inclusive

expressions.

The analysis of horoscopes has revealed that the characteristics of horoscopes are typical

of spoken language. Moreover, the study has shown that horoscopes possess characteristics that

distinguish them from other genres because of high relative frequencies of the characteristics

identified. The LL test has also shown that the difference between the characteristics of horoscopes

and other genres is statistically significant.

The analysis of persuasive strategies has revealed that horoscope writers use reader

involvement strategies, including hedging adverbs, the pronoun you, nominalization, and positively

loaded adjectives. These strategies are used to establish and maintain a relationship with the reader.

Moreover, it has been observed that horoscope writers use adverbs conveying strong commitment to

the statement; however, the language is manipulated by using those adverbs in general statements.

The use of the pronoun you indicates that the reader is of the primary importance and the

horoscopes authors attempt to make horoscopes sound highly personal. The topics discussed in

horoscopes are distinguished as the means of persuading the audience; moreover, the adjectives

used in horoscopes are mainly positively, which may suggest that they are selected deliberately.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim and scope

Horoscopes are texts that have been published periodically since the 1930s and have attracted keen

interest of the readership. These short texts about future events have been studied from

psychological and sociological points of view in an attempt to ascertain what factors make people

believe in texts which, in some cases, are likely to be written by people who do not have knowledge

in astrology. Linguists have also been interested in the genre of horoscopes and have conducted

empirical research on this genre. However, little research has been done in regard to genre

differences. As a result, it has been decided to highlight the differences between horoscopes and

other genres.

The present thesis deals with an analysis of 536 daily horoscopes collected from Internet

sources. The aim of this study is to determine what genre-specific persuasive strategies are

employed by horoscope writers in daily online horoscopes written for a wide readership. In order to

fulfil the aim, two major objectives have been set:

(1) to determine the most prominent features of horoscopes,

(2) to compare the data acquired with the data available in the Corpus of Contemporary

American English (COCA) and to determine differences between horoscopes and

other genres.

The objectives of the present course paper are set to examine the hypotheses (1) that the language of

horoscopes contains characteristics of spoken language and (2) that horoscopes possess some

features typical of persuasive language.

The present paper consists of three major parts, which are a theoretical overview (chapter

2) an empirical part (chapter 3), and conclusion (chapter 4). The theoretical overview is presented in

chapter 2, which is comprised of an overview of the importance of astrology in people’s life

(section 2.1), terminology related to imprecise language (section 2.1), hedging and modality

(section 2.2), and persuasive language (section 2.4). Section 2.1 presents a discussion about how

astrology has been treated since early ages and how it is perceived nowadays. Section 2.2 is an

overview of terminology involving different instances of language lacking precision and clear

meaning. Over decades, linguists have not agreed on what vague and imprecise language is, and

section 2.2 is aimed at reviewing different approaches to language lacking precision, which is

hypothesized to be the case in horoscopes. Section 2.3 deals with hedging and modality, which are

two inseparable phenomena of speech. This section contains a discussion on hedging-related

terminology and different types of hedging, one of which is modality. As for modality, it is

perceived not only as the use of modal auxiliary verbs but also as the use of other lexical items

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expressing the speaker’s or writer’s commitment. Lastly, section 2.4 deals with a discussion about

persuasive language and persuasive strategies used in different contexts.

Chapter 3 consists of eight sections, which deal with hedging (section 3.1), modal

auxiliary verbs (section 3.2), the use of the pronoun you (section 3.3), conjunctions (section 3.4),

nominalization (section 3.5), adjectives (section 3.6), imperative clauses (section 3.7), and inclusive

expressions (section 3.6). This chapter which deals with an analysis of the characteristics of

horoscopes and a comparison of the characteristics discussed with data obtained from COCA.

1.2 Data and methods

The data for the present analysis have been collected from four websites. In total, 536 horoscopes

have been collected from tarot.com, astrology.com, theastrologer.com, and dailytelegraph.com.au.

The texts were written by astrologers Richard Levine, Mark Lerner, Kelli Fox, and Jonathan Cainer.

The length of the texts collected varies from approximately 70 to 100 words. The texts

have been collected in three stages. First, horoscopes were being collected from 17 to 25 January

2013. Later, in order to supplement the data, horoscopes from 5 to 12 February 2013 were collected.

It was noticed that one of the sources had not been updated regularly; as a result, duplicated content

was found. For this reason, another source was used, and the horoscopes collected are dated from

13 to 19 February 2013.

The data collected needed some manual refinement, before the analysis of the texts

commenced, For instance, all the horoscopes on dailytelegraph.com.au contained identical

concluding lines. In some cases, the reader was offered to click a link provided, such as Now, you

really should hear your new, free week ahead spoken forecast. And see your 2013 and monthly

video forecasts completely free, too. Join the free trial of the 5 Star Service here!. In order not to

affect the results of the analysis, such summarizing sentences that appeared more than once were

excluded.

The study employs both qualitative and quantitative research methods as not only the

descriptions of the data collected are presented but also the frequencies of the categories under

analysis are provided. More specifically, the qualitative research method is used to interpret and

compare the patterns and tendencies that emerge from the data collected. This method is aimed at

determining how and why particular patterns appear in the data. In order to retrieve the most

dominant patterns, the raw and relative frequencies of the characteristics obtained are analyzed.

These two methods are combined in order to ascertain whether horoscopes have any genre-specific

features and how significant the differences between genres are.

The present study is based on the corpus-driven approach, which is the opposite of the

corpus-based approach. In corpus-driven research, possible explanations are driven from the data

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acquired and only when evidence is provided, whereas as in corpus-based research, analysis

primarily involves the use of linguistic theories. The major objective of corpus-driven research is to

highlight genre variation, which usually depends on the context.

The data collected have been analysed using the WordSmith software program and the

Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), edited by Davies (2008-). The WordSmith

Tool has been used to produce the frequency list, obtain typical patterns, and produce raw and

relative frequencies of some categories per 1,000 words. The WordSmith Tool has also been used to

determine the number of words in the selected words. According to the calculations of the

WordSmith Tool, 44,220 words have been used for analysing the data.

Another means of analysing the data is the Word and Phrase utility, which provides

information on 60,000 lemmatized words. Information on the lemmatized words is provided using

the Frequency Lists function, which is available at

http://www.wordandphrase.info/frequencyList.asp (Davies 2012). The list is based on COCA,

which, according to the latest update, contains 464,020,256 words. The Frequency List feature

works similarly to COCA, i.e. it provides the overall frequency of a word and the frequency in

spoken language, fiction, magazines, newspapers, and academic language. It is also possible to

analyse nearby collocates and review the synonyms of the selected word.

Lastly, the data obtained using the WordSmith Tool and COCA was compared using the

Log-Likelihood calculator available at http://ucrel.lancs.ac.uk/llwizard.html to determine whether

the difference between two raw frequencies in different corpora is statistically significant. The

calculator analyses data from two corpora, provides a log-likelihood (LL) value, and indicates in

which corpus a particular feature is overused.

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2 ASTROLOGY, PERSUASION, AND IMPRECISE LANGUANGE

The theoretical framework of the present paper is comprised of a discussion on issues related to

horoscopes and astrology (section 2.1), imprecise language (section 2.2), hedging and modality

(section 2.3), and persuasive language (section 2.4). Section 2.1 is an overview of the origins of

horoscopes and their most significant features identified by different researchers. Section 2.2

contains an overview of terminology used to refer to instances of language that lack precise

meaning, and section 2.3 contains an overview of hedging and modality. The latter section

overviews functions served by hedges and discusses modality as a component of hedging devices.

The last section, section 2.4, focuses on persuasive language and persuasive techniques that are

used to construct a convincing text.

2.1 Relevance of astrology

A horoscope is a text that provides the reader with predictions about his/her life and suggests

possible solutions to different issues. In theory, horoscopes are written by astrologers, who can read

the movement of celestial bodies and draw specific conclusions, which are believed to help the

person manage his/her life. According to Rick Clifton Moore (2012: 448), there are different

interpretations of what astrology is. He provides a general definition of astrology, formulated by

Tester (1987), which is as follows:

The interpretation and prognostication of events on earth, and men’s characters and

dispositions, from the measurement and plotting of the movements and relative

positions of the heavenly bodies, of the stars and planets, including among the latter

the sun and moon. (Tester 1987: 11 as cited in Moore 2012: 448)

Over the centuries, the approach to astrology has changed greatly. Moore (2012: 448–449) argues

that astrology has been strongly related to religion because religious cultures adapted the practice of

astrology. Tester (1987) suggests that astrology has become part of the educated communities

whose texts were written in Latin, which is also related to the fact that early Latin texts, written in

early Greece and Rome, reveal people’s attachment to the observation of celestial bodies (Tester

1987, as cited in Moore 2012: 449). According to Whitfield, ‘the practice of looking to the heavens

for guidance’ (Whitfield 2011, as cited in Moore 2012: 449) was opposed by Christian church;

however, it was still approved by the broader public. Moreover, astrology was criticized by

Reformation readers but none of them managed to abolish it (Whitfield 2011, as cited in Moore

2012: 449). Christianity was not the only religion that opposed astrology. Islam is also known to

have been in conflict with astrological prognostications (Mozaffari 2012: 362).

The zodiac sign system, which was created in the fifth century BC (Campion 2009: 81–82,

as cited in Moore 2012: 448), has been observed to have a great effect on a person’s self-perception.

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In 2011, Parke Kunkle, a professor in Minnesota, argued that the conventional signs had lost their

‘actual relations between earth and their respective star clusters’ (Moore 2012: 447). According to

his discovery, the conventional dates printed next to the zodiac signs should be replaced with new

ones because of an additional zodiac sign, called Ophiuchus, which came into being due to the

change in the earth’s position (Moore 2012: 447). The discovery provoked negative reactions from

the public; the major idea of the responses was that people were satisfied with their current zodiacal

signs and did not want to identify with another sign. Some astrologers replied that there are several

types of astrology and tried to provide their definition. Nevertheless, many of the astrologers did not

show determination to approve the newly suggested system and did not implement any changes in

their astrology (Moore 2012: 454–455). Western astrology now remains unchanged because no in-

depth research has been carried out to agree or deny the professor’s alleged statements (Moore

2012: 455). One of the reflections of on different types of astrology provided by Moore (2012) is

presented below:

For those who treat astrology as a bit of fun, if you don’t like your reading from the

Western zodiac system, you can hop over to the East and see what Vedic astrology

predicts. But for those those who have grown to love their star signs, nothing has to

change. That’s good news for Kirstin Smith, a 20-year-old Dowling College student who is

sticking with her sign. (Angel and Ortiz 2011, as cited in Moore 2012: 455)

People’s reaction to innovative ideas related to astrology suggests that horoscope readers are

attached to their signs and their descriptions and are fond of reading astrological predictions about

their future.

Generally, a great interest to astrological predictions was paid when, according to Campion

(2008), the Sunday Express published a horoscope for Princess Margaret in the 1930s (Campion

2008, as cited in Moore 2012: 449). Due to the public’s responses to the horoscope, the paper hired

the author of the horoscope, astrology lecturer Richard Harold Naylor, who wrote periodic

horoscopes (Moore 2012: 449). The interest in horoscopes has not vanished, and different

newspapers and magazines publish horoscopes on a regular basis. Moreover, horoscopes are now

easily accessible on the Internet so that the reader can access them any time and from any location

(Moore 2012: 449).

Substantial research has been carried to ascertain why people read and believe horoscopes.

The studies show that even when people understand that horoscope columns in the newspapers are

written for a great number of readers, they still find reading pleasurable. For example, the study of

Catherine S. Fichten and Betty Sunerton (1983: 129) has revealed that females are the most

common readers of horoscopes. The two researchers believe that women are interested in

horoscopes more than men because women’s magazines are more likely to include horoscopes.

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As to horoscopes for women, Jacques (2004: 49–52) has observed that horoscopes written

to teenage girls exhibit specific features. For example, horoscopes for teenagers deal with topics

relevant to their daily life, including communication with friends, boys and family members as well

as school issues. Girls are encouraged to take action; however, the encouragement is likely to be

related to attempts to impress others. Additionally, the young reader is also stated to be out of

control of her actions because horoscopes suggest that she is usually rescued by different celestial

bodies, which has been found to depend on the preferences of the magazines. It has also been

discovered that horoscopes for girls encourage readers to concentrate on their feeling and avoid

conflicts, which is believed to be an example of how young girls are taught femininity (Jacques

2004: 49-52).

Moreover, it has been found that knowledge of the personal zodiac sign affects the reader’s

perception of the text and makes it more convincing (Ficher and Sunerton 1983: 123). Snyder

(1974: 577) carried and a study in which three groups of respondents were provided with a single

text and asked to evaluate how accurate the text is. It was hypothesized that the acceptance of a

horoscope increases when the reader is informed that the text is based on a specific date. The first

group of respondents was told that they were provided with a horoscope which matched many

people; the second group was told that the astrological prediction were based on the year and the

month of their birth, whereas the last group was assured that the horoscope was based on the exact

date of birth, including the year, month and day. The hypothesis was confirmed because the

experiment demonstrated that the acceptance of horoscopes depends on how specific the text is

presented to be (Snyder 1974: 577–778). The author argues that ‘high acceptance of horoscope

interpretations partially stems from the general nature of the statements, but also appears to stem

from the individual’s belief that the horoscope is derived specifically on the basis of his her birth

datum’ (Snyder 1974: 580). The same conclusion has been drawn by Fichten and Sunerton (1983),

who argue that ‘one of the reasons for belief in astrology is knowledge of zodiac sign. When sign is

known, as it is in all horoscopes, people may be motivated to ignore predictions that do not fit and

to focus on predictions which do’ (Fichten and Sunerton 1983: 131). Moreover, their study has

shown that a horoscope is regarded as more accurate if the reader has ever read his/her zodiac sign’s

description (Fichten and Sunerton 1983: 133).

Fichten and Sunerton (1983) also suggest that the horoscopes are closely related to the

Barnum effect, which manifests itself through the reader’s acceptance of ‘vague, general personality

descriptions which contain statements with a high base rate of occurrence in population’ (Fichten

and Sunerton 1983: 124). Barnum descriptions have to be general, refer to characteristics that are

known to have a high frequency rate, ‘ostensibly individualized for the person’, and carry ‘the

favourability of descriptions’ (Fichten and Sunerton 1983: 124).

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Horoscopes are known to be written and read for a particular purpose. According to the

studies carried out four decades ago, horoscopes are read in order to reduce ‘the uncertainty, the

ambiguity, and the fear of the future’ (Weimann 1982: 284). Weimann argues that ‘the fear of

future, the anxiety of ambiguity, the uneasy feeling of powerlessness and of being unable to control

date’ (Weimann 1982: 277) has been present in people’s lives for centuries. The use of astrology is

regarded as one of the means of coping with anxiety, and modern media helps to reduce ‘the

uncertainty, the ambiguity and the fear of future’ (Weimann 1982: 277). In contrast to Weimann’s

ideas, Wright (1960) claims that horoscopes serve only the function of entertainment (Wright 1960,

as cited in Weimann 1982: 284), whereas Weimann’s (Weimann 1982: 284) study shows that

horoscopes serve the functions of surveillance and correlation. The scholar suggests that the reader

is provided with information on ‘events, dangers, surprises, and threats’ (Weimann 1982: 284) and

‘interpretation of information and prescription for conduct appropriate to the forecasted events’

(Weimann 184: 285). The scholar states that the horoscope itself may create anxiety and later

suggests a possible solution to a particular problem. In horoscopes readers find ‘prescription,

general recommendations, and basic guidelines for reaction or avoidance of coming events’

(Weimann 184: 285). Additionally, astrological predictions available in press provide the reader

with ‘both information and interpretation that may ease feelings of uncertainty about the future’

(Weimann 1982: 284–285).

Furthermore, Weiman (1982: 285) that the acceptance of horoscopes is related to the

authority of the source of the horoscopes. The newspapers that print astrological predictions are

regarded as authoritative. The very fact that they are written by an expert, an astrologer, makes the

text more believable (Weimann 1982: 285). However, Fichten and Sunerton (1983: 125) believe

that there is no clear information on how reliable and similar daily and monthly horoscopes,

published in newspapers and magazines, for a particular sign are (Fichten Sunerton 1983: 125). In

their analysis, Fichten and Sunerton (1983) have revealed that ‘daily and monthly horoscope

forecasts have little reliability; i.e. forecasts for each sign made by one astrologer were found to be

unrelated to forecasts made by another (Fichten and Sunerton 1983: 130). The two scholars believe

that the discrepancy between horoscopes written for the same sign may be due to the fact that

astrologers attempt to discuss different events in the readers’ life. Moreover, vague wording may

limit the interpretations of paired texts. Lastly, the scholars argue that astrologers may ‘make

different, sometimes even conflicting predictions’ (Fichten and Suterton 1983: 130); however,

‘astrologically based personality descriptions [have been] found to have some reliability (Fichten

and Suterton 1983: 130). As regards readers’ personal opinion, Krisztina Fehérváry (2007: 565)

argues that the respondents of her study on Hungarian horoscopes believe that the texts that appear

in a daily newspaper are alleged to be written by a local journalist.

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From a linguistic point of view, popular horoscopes have been analyzed from different

perspectives. Antonopoulou and Nikifordinou (2011: 2603) state that horoscopes contain many

instances of modality and idiomatic expressions, which are used to describe the personal traits of

the reader. Moreover, there is a belief that the recommendations in the horoscopes are ‘neither

negative nor positive from a linguist’s point of view’ (Pajupuu, Kerge, and Altrov 2008: 179).

Pajupuu, Kerge, and Altrov argue that recommendations provided by astrologers are not necessary

typical of the reader. Moreover, the scholars have observed that ‘the general emotional colouring of

the paragraph [is] neutralised by the strong opposite polarity of the focus at the end of the

paragraph’ (Pajupuu, Kerge, and Altrov 2008: 179). Thus, horoscopes have particular keywords that

lead the reader through the whole text (Pajupuu, Kerge, and Altrov 2008: 179).

2.2 Sub-dimensions of imprecise language

Section 2.2 is comprised of two sections, which present a discussion on terminology related to

imprecise language. Sub-section 2.2.1 contains an overview of terminology regarding different

interpretations of what vague language is according to different linguists, and sub-section 2.2.2

deals with an overview of how vague language is treated in comparison to other instances of a

language lacking precession.

2.2.1 Imprecise language and vague language

In order to communicate a message to a receiver, a person can choose from a variety of options.

Imprecision is claimed to be ‘one of the most important features of the vocabulary of informal

conversation’ (Crystal and Davy 1979: 111). Crystal and Davy argue that precise language is not

necessarily needed in informal occasions, which implies ‘social and personal relaxation’ (Crystal

and Davy 1979: 111–112). There are many terms to refer to different instances of language which

lacks precision, straightforwardness, and concrete propositions. They include vagueness, ambiguity,

indirectness, inexplicitness, abstractness and generality. Due to the lack of agreed opinion on what

terms should be used to refer to instances that do not convey a clear message or that can have

several interpretations, the term imprecise language is used as a cover term in the present paper.

In sections 2.2.1 and 2.2.2, an overview dealing with famous linguists’ approaches to

categories of imprecise language is provided. For example, Crystal and Davy (1979) discuss

imprecision in terms of vagueness. They distinguish four main reasons that may lead to lexical

vagueness, which refers to the use of words that have no concrete meaning, and also discuss distinct

types of lexical vagueness (Crystal and Davy 1979: 111–113). Furthermore, Channel (1994: 35)

argues that vagueness is part of ambiguity, which is a quality of a word or expression to carry more

than one meaning, whereas Cruse (2000: 51) attempts to explain vague language in contrast with

16

generality and abstractness. The discussions of linguists show that imprecise language is not a well-

defined and clarified phenomenon of a language. Distinct types of imprecise language are

contrasted to make definitions more accurate, which implies that there is no single definition of

what imprecise language and its subcategories are.

Vague language is one of the terms that are used to refer to language that carries no precise

meaning. The term does not have a concrete definition but in-depth explanations of what it is are

provided by several scholars. According to Ullmann, vague language deals with (1) ‘generic

characteristics of words’ (Ullmann 1962: 118), (2) context-related meanings, (3) lack of boundaries

that clearly distinguish distinct concepts, and (4) lack of knowledge as to what a word refers to.

First of all, it is argued that vagueness occurs in situations where words referring to classes are

used. Some words are stated to be more typical of a class, whereas there are some words which do

not represent characteristics typical of that class. This instance of vagueness is exemplified by the

class word bird¸ which includes words such as ostrich and penguin. The two birds are not typical

representatives of a bird, which, according to Ullmann, leads to vagueness. Furmermore, Ullman

(1962: 118) argues that a word can be specified only in a particular context because the meaning of

a word is not homogenous. The third aspect of vagueness deals with perception of the world and a

subjective opinion of how physical and abstract concepts should be categorized. One of the

examples of this category of vagueness is the lack of clear-cut boundaries of the concepts girl and

woman. Lastly, Ullmann (1962) states that vagueness occurs when a person uses words without

knowing precisely what they stand for (Ullmann 1962: 118). Ullmann’s approach to vagueness

suggests that vagueness mainly deals with perception of the world and concrete words that are used

to explain that perception.

Another explanation of vague language is provided by Crystal and Davy (1979: 112), who

expand the concept of vagueness. According to the discussion of the two researchers, vagueness

deals with words that carry no or little meaning and have no clear-cut boundaries. Such use of

language is also referred to as imprecision and lexical vagueness, which leads to an overlap of

terminology. Throughout their discussion of imprecise language, the scholars consistency use the

term lexical vagueness, which suggests that imprecision is just a broader term that can be used

interchangeably Crystal and Davy (1979: 112).

In contrast to Ullman’s causes leading to vagueness, Crystal and Davy (1979: 112) argue

that there are four causes leading to vagueness. They argue that vague language can be used due to

the loss of memory, which means that an appropriate word may be simply forgotten. A second

reason for using vague language is the lack of knowledge that a particular word necessary in the

context exists or that the language itself does not have a word which could be used in the utterance

that the speaker wants to produce. It is also possible that the context will not require precision;

17

therefore, some cases of vague expressions are likely to occur. Lastly, vagueness helps to maintain

‘the informal atmosphere of the situation’ (Crystal and Davy 1979: 112). Only the second cause of

the use of vague language coincides with Ullmann’s (1962) idea of how vague language is used,

which shows that vagueness does not have a settled definition.

Crystal and Davy (1979:112) distinguish five categories of lexical vagueness which

appears in conversational English. The five categories are regarded as constituent elements of ‘the

general spectrum of imprecision’ (Crystal and Davy 1979: 112) and include (1) words that are

completely vague, (2) summarizing phrases used at the end of a sentence, (3) generic terms and

collective nouns that pre-modify a noun, (4) approximate numbers, and (5) the suffix –ish. The first

category includes words such as thingummy, thingy, whatsisname, what-do-you-call-it, etc.

According to Channell (1994: 157), these words are called placeholders. They are usually

employed to substitute a word which is not available or known to the speaker. Another instance of

lexical vagueness distinguished by Crystal and Davy (1979:112–113) refers to the items which are

placed at the end of a sentence, such as summarizing phrases. They include expressions such as and

things, and things like this, and so on and so forth, and something. Thirdly, vague generic terms

and collective nouns are distinguished as a distinct type of linguistic vagueness. They include such

expressions as bags of, stacks of, heaps of and a touch of. Furthermore, the category of approximate

numbers and quantities is another important aspect of vagueness. This category includes

expressions which refer to an infinite number of objects. Some of the expressions and words

conveying that the speaker refers to an approximate number include about/round + number and to

get on + number, be + number +give or take a couple, etc. Lastly, lexical vagueness occurs when

the suffix –ish, which can be attached to a great many of nouns and adjectives, is used. The

examples of this flexible suffix are mannish, womanish, and boyish (Crystal Davy 1979: 112–113).

The five types of lexical vagueness discussed by Crystal and Davy (1979) help speakers

manipulate language. Grice (1975: 45) presents four Co-operative Principles, or maxims, that

define how those manipulations should be carried out. The maxims define rules according to which

the participants of a conversation communicate. The rules deal with the quality, quantity, relevance,

and manner of a conversation. The first rule deals with the truthfulness of a statement, which means

that a statement has to be constructed according to evidence. The second rule claims that a

sufficient amount of information should be provided during the speech act. The third rule is related

to the second one, because it stipulates that the speaker has to communicate relevant information to

other participants of a conversation. Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson argue that ‘people will not

pay attention unless they expect to obtain information that is rich enough in effects to be relevant to

them’ (Sperber and Wilson 1991: 144). It suggests that the language user accepts the information

which is considered to be of the highest importance. The last rule states that all the information

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being exchanged during the conversation should be given in a clear and understandable manner

(Channell 1994: 33).

However, Stubbs’ (1986) ideas contradict what Grice means by the rules presented. He

claims that not all cases of language have to be precise, because vague language may be ‘more

effective than precise [expressions] in conveying intended meaning of an utterance’ (Stubbs 1986:

1, as cited in Jucker et al 2003: 1737). Additionally, Williamson suggests that ‘vagueness is a

desirable feature of natural language (Williamson 1994: 4869, as cited in Jucker et al 2003: 1738).

For example, Jucker et al regard ‘the ability to vary the precision of utterances and to use them in

appropriate context’ as a positive factor in ‘the speaker’s communicative competence’ (Jucker et al

2003: 1738). The authors believe that precision in different contexts varies depending on the

necessity of its presence in the given context (Jucker et al 2003: 1738). According to Stubbs, ‘the

speaker’s attitude toward the content’ is conveyed within the proposition uttered (1986: 15, as cited

in Jucker et al 2003: 1761). In addition, a given situation can be evaluated by using vague

expressions, including a little, a bit, and many other expressions (Jucker et al 2003: 1764).

Very often people are not aware that they use imprecise language (Channell 1994: 4),

which, along with different sub-dimensions of imprecise language distinguished by different

authors, is believed to be avoided (Channell 1994: 1). Nevertheless, imprecise language is stated to

be an element of ‘our-taken-for-granted world’ (Channel 1994: 4) and is frequently used by

recognized writers (Channell 1994: 3). According to Jucker et al (2003: 1737), who believe that

vague language includes the categories of lexical vagueness discussed by Crystal and Davy (1979)

and adverbs of frequency and likelihood (Jucker et al 2003: 1737), there are five majors functions

of vagueness. Vague language helps to (1) draw the interlocutor’s attention to something, (2)

express attitude, (3) convey the speaker’s belief, (4) express commitment to the proposition, and (5)

serve social functions, e.g. to soften criticism (Jucker et al 2003: 1737).

The use of this type of language is investigated in texts of different subject fields, including

‘literary criticism, linguistics, psychology, [and] philosophy’ (Channell 1994: 5). Moreover,

vagueness has been observed to be used in advocates’ speech and economic discourse, which

implies that vague language can be used even at the events where precision is logically necessary

(Channel 1994: 5).

Numerous instances of imprecise language can be traced in political speeches, which are

addressed to particular groups of people. For instance, Menegatti and Rubini (2013: 603) argue that

politicians manipulate their voters by giving speeches depending on the audience’s point of view.

According to their research, abstract language is used ‘to convince an audience with a similar

political position, thus trying to generalize and consolidate information that is already shared’

(Menegattin and Rubini 2013: 603). In contrast to imprecise language, concrete language is argued

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to be used to create an effect on ‘an audience with mixed or opposite attitudes’ (Menegattin and

Rubini 2013: 603).

2.2.2 Vagueness, generality, abstractness, and loose talk

Many researchers have attempted to define vagueness by contrasting this phenomenon to other

types of imprecision in language. However, no precise definition of what exactly vagueness in

language is has been agreed on. For example, Channell suggests that ‘some investigators have

argued that many instances of vagueness are really instances of ambiguity’ (Channell 1994: 34).

She states that, according to a traditional assumption, ambiguity refers to expressions and sentences

having more than one meaning, whereas in the case of vague language, ‘distinct meanings cannot

be identified (Channell 1994: 35). Channell (1994) presents Weinrech’s (1966) approach to the

difference between vagueness and ambiguity, which is as follows:

If a word ‘can be understood as ambiguous’ in a neutral context, it has two dictionary entries, if it

cannot be understood as ambiguous in a neutral context, but different meaning seems possible, it is

vague (Weinreich, 1966: 411, as cited in Channell 1994: 36).

This interpretation is exemplified by two words. Weinreich believes that that the verb eat is vague

because there is a difference ‘between the action required to eat soup and to eat bread’ (Channell

1994: 36), whereas the verb file is regarded as ambiguous. However, Channell states that ‘a

sentence or an utterance can be both ambiguous and vague’ (Channell 1994: 37–38).

Another approach towards vagueness is expressed by David Alan Cruse (2000: 51), who

argues that vagueness is different from generality and abstractness. He argues that the phrases I saw

a reptile and I saw a snake are both general, only the latter one provides more information, i.e. the

second example refers to a ‘more inclusive class’. As for abstractness, Cruse suggests that abstract

words can be well defined and not vague. He refers to the word entailment, which is abstract, ‘but

relatively well defined, and therefore not vague’ (Cruse 2000: 51).

Cruse (2000: 51) also distinguishes two sub-dimensions of vagueness and refers to them by

the terms ill-definedness and laxness, the latter of which is stated to be the opposite of strictness. Ill-

definedness includes words that can be discussed on a gradable scale. According to this approach,

the term middle-aged is an instance of ill-definedness. The word has no clear-cut boundaries as to

when a person is regarded as middle-aged. The same issue of the lack of clear-cut boundaries is

discussed by Ullmann (Ullmann 1962: 118:124). Another type of vagueness defined by Cruse refers

to words that are easily defined but used ‘in a loose way’ (Cruse 2000: 51). For instance, the word

circle has a clear definition, but the expression to stand in circle does not mean that people have to

shape a perfect circle in the given situation. These two sub-dimensions of vagueness is another

proof that the term vague is used to refer to numerous instances of lack of precision and strictness in

an utterance (Cruse 2000: 51).

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As opposed to Cruse and other researches (e.g. Crystal and Davy (1979), and Ullmann

(1962)), Sperber and Wilson (1986) argue that vagueness are a component of loose talk (Sperber

and Wilson 1986, as cited at Franken 1997: 135). The two authors believe that an instance of loose

talk is when a person thinks that an exact proposition is not necessary and, thus, communicates a

non-precise utterance which is supposed to be successfully interpreted by the interlocutor (Franken

1997: 135). They also argue that a speech act is based on assumptions which are explicatures and

implicatures. Explicatures are the result of what can be understood from the information encoded in

the utterance, whereas implicatures are the ‘communicated assumptions’ (Franken 1997: 136–137).

In other words, explicature is the meaning which is provided by the utterance, and implicature is the

meaning that is intended by the speaker (Franken 1997: 137).

The interpretations of what language is show that there is no singe accepted definition,

which leads to an overlap of terminology. There is no set agreement on how different instances

should be called, which implies that every instance of language which signals that it lacks precision

can be referred to as vague. Due to the fact that vagueness is also argued to be an instance of

ambiguity and that it is discussed in comparison to generality and abstractness, the term imprecise

language is adopted in this study.

2.3 Hedges and modality

Different studies on spoken and written language have suggested that hedging or the use of hedges

is a means of creating a particular effect on the hearer or reader and showing the speaker’s or

writer’s personal stance. Hedges, according to Hübler (1983: 157), are among face saving

techniques, which vary depending on the speech act. Durik argues that hedges are ‘words used to

modify the meaning of a statement by commenting on the uncertainty of the information or on the

uncertainty of the writer’ (Durik 2008: 213). Darian suggests that ‘hedges can belong to any part of

speech and lists as examples nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and even articles’ (Darian 1995, as

cited in Markkanen and Schröder 1997: 6). The use of hedges is regarded to be an indicator of

powerless language, which is believed to have little effect on the hearer or reader (Holtgraves and

Lasky 1999: 197). According to Markkanen and Schröder (1992), hedging may hide the writer’s

attitude and prevent negative reactions of the audience. Moreover, this face saving technique can

hide ‘who is responsible for the truth value of what is being said’ (Markkanen and Schröder 1992,

as cited in Cummings 2010: 186). The communicators who frequently use distinct hedges are stated

to be perceived as ‘lacking authority and credibility, making them less persuasive to message

recipients’ (Berney-Reddish and Areni 2013: 9).

According to Lakoff, hedges are words whose function is to make a proposition ‘fuzzier or

less fuzzy’ (1972: 468). Such words include the widely discussed adverbial expressions such as

21

strictly speaking and loosely speaking as well as such adverbs as basically, largely, very, especially,

and literally. Hedges make the statement either true or false, which can be exemplified by the

sentences regarding birdiness. For example, the hedge sort of makes the sentence ‘A robin is sort of

a bird’ (Lakoff 1972: 471) false because the robin is a bird, and this fact cannot be questionable

(Lakoff 1972: 471).

According to the classification of hedges provided by Markkanen and Schröder (1997:

1962), the hedges distinguished by Lakoff belong to the category of non-verbal hedges, which,

according to the classification, includes likely that, is capable of, nearly, usually, evident that, and

the so-called. Another category is verbal hedging, which includes such linguistic markers as claim,

assume, seem, say, believe, suggest, and agree to (Markkanen and Schröder 1997: 162). Cummings

(2010: 186) provides another classification, which includes modal auxiliary verbs, such as may and

might; modal lexical verbs, such as to see, to appear, to assume, to suggest; adjectives, nouns and

adverbs, including possible, probable, assumption, claim, suggestion, perhaps, probably,

practically; approximators, such as roughly, about, often, occasionally; introductory phrases, such

as I believe, we feel that; if-phrases, such as if true; and compound hedges. Compound hedges are

modal auxiliary verbs ‘combined with a lexical verb with a hedging content (e.g. it would appear),

and a lexical verb’ (Cummings, 2010: 186). Moreover, a lexical verb, such as seem, can also be

followed by a hedging adverb or adjective which reinforces the preceding verb. The example of this

combination is it seems reasonable/probable (Cummings, 2010: 186).

A more detailed classification of hedges is provided Emma Dafouz-Milne (2008: 24), who

distinguishes hedges as a constituent element of interpersonal discourse markers. According to the

author, hedges include (1) epistemic verbs, (2) probability adverbs, and (3) epistemic expression.

According to the author’s classification, epistemic verbs include modal auxiliary verbs such as may,

might, and would, whereas probability adverbs include perhaps, probably, and maybe. As for

epistemic expressions, they include phrases that show the speaker’s or writer’s attitude and

commitment to the statement (Dafouz-Milne 2008: 24). Adverbs can also be categorized as

indicating certainty and then distinguished into those that express conviction and doubt. and those

that convey ‘the sense in which the speaker judges what he says to be true or false’ (Simon-

Vandenbergen and Aijmer 2007: 58). It is important to note that adverbs that are used to express the

speaker’s or writer’s attitude towards the situation discussed are referred to as hedging adverbs,

epistemic stance adverbs, and modal adverbs. As for modal adverbs, they are discussed separately

further in greater detail.

In addition to hedges, Dafouz-Milne (2008) distinguishes certainty markers, attitude

markers and commentaries, all of which are regarded as interpersonal metadiscourse markers.

According to her categorization, attitude markers include:

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Deontic verbs

Attitude adverbs

Attitudinal adjectives

Cognitive verbs (Dafouz-Milne 2008: 99).

According to Dafouz0Milne’s (2008: 99) classification, deontic verbs include verbs such as have to,

must, and needs to. Attitudinal adverbs express the speaker’s and include adverbs such as

unfortunately, remarkably, and pathetically. Attitudinal adjectives appear in it-clauses, such as it is

absurd and it is surprising. Lastly, cognitive verbs also help to show the speaker’s relation to the

situation to which she/he refers and include verbs feel, think, believe (Dafouz-Milne 2008: 99).

Similarly to adverbs that express the speaker’s personal stance and attitude towards something, in

general cognitive verbs are also referred to as hedging verbs, epistemic stance verbs, and attitudinal

verbs. Lastly, the third set of interpersonal metadiscourse markers discussed by Dafouz-Milne

includes rhetorical questions, direct address forms, inclusive expressions, such as we all and let us,

personalisations when the reader mentions himself/herself in a sentence (e.g. What the polls are

telling me), and asides, which are additional commentaries of the speaker within a sentence

(Dafouz-Milne 2008: 99).

Dafouz-Milne’s (2008: 108) study has revealed that a combination of various markers has

a particular effect on the reader. The scholar argues that hedges, attitudinal markers, certainty

markers, and markers that make reference to the author are factors which ‘contributed to the

development of a relationship with the reader’ (Dafouz-Milne 2008: 108). For example, hedges

indicate ‘the writer’s reluctance to present or evaluate propositional information categorically’

(Holmes 1988, as cited in Hyland 1998: 443), whilst emphatics (e.g. it is obvious, definitely) which

are called certainty markers by Dafouz Milne (2008), ‘imply certainty and emphasise the force of

the proposition’ (Hyland 1998: 443).

The use and lack of particular linguistic features lead to credibility of a particular degree.

According to Blankenship and Holtgraves, ‘the presence of one or more linguistic features such as

tag questions, disclaimers, hedges, polite forms’ (Blankenship and Holtgraves 2005: 4) is called

powerless language, whereas the term powerful language ‘refers to the absence of these features’

(Blankenship and Holtgraves 2005: 4) More specifically, ‘powerless statements include hedges,

intensifiers, formal grammar and polite forms’ (Blankenship and Holtraves 2005: 4). One of the

studies of the effects of powerless language in the courtroom has revealed that powerful style has

more effect on the witness (Blankenship and Holtgrave 2005: 4). However, there is an opinion that

linguistic power is more influential when the receiver of the message listens to it instead of reading

it on paper (Holtgraves and Lasky 1999: 203).

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Hedges have also been investigated in advertising. A study carried out by Geis (1982) has

revealed that statements containing words such as help, many, may and could are frequent in

television advertising are believed to have no negative effect on persuasion because of their

frequent use. Moreover, Geis (1982) believes that ‘hedges may be successful because they are

effectively ignored. This would mean that the audience is ultimately accepting a stronger claim by

ignoring the uncertainty expressed by the hedges’ (Geis 1982, as cited in Berney-Reddish 2013: 9).

Berney-Reddish states that ‘the use of hedges such as “help” and “could” may be assumed to

express statistically significant generalizations, and for this reason, they may be more readily

accepted by consumers’ (Berney-Reddish 2013: 4). Studies on the use of hedges show that in

different contexts some hedges may have a more significant effect than the others, leading to

particular consequences.

Modal verbs have been found to be closely related to hedging. Modal verbs, or modal

auxiliaries, are used to convey certainty or uncertainty of a certain degree. They can be regarded as

hedges or probability markers, which ‘[signal] that the claim is not necessarily true, and that the

claim compared with [a text] in which no probability marker is present’ (Berney-Reddish and Areni

2013: 7). Modal auxiliary verbs are found to be the most straightforward hedging devices in

English academic language, and they include such modal verbs as may, might, can, could, would,

and should present’ (Berney-Reddish and Areni 2013: 7).

Modality is a feature of language enabling a participant of a speech act to express his or

her idea or attitude towards something with the aid of modal verbs. One idea can be expressed in a

variety of ways, and Trask (1999: 309–310) states that there are different types of statements: they

can express certainty, probability, willingness, or uncertainty. Modality, or the use of modal verbs,

as Trask (1999: 189–190) suggests, can be used to express evidentiality, modalization, modularity,

hedging and vague language. Norman Fairclough argues that modality depends on ‘what people

commit themselves to when they make statement, ask questions, make demands and offers’ (2003:

Fairclough 165).

According to the traditional approach discussed by Ann Hewings and Martin Hewings

(2005: 66), there are two types of modality, which are epistemic and deontic modality, both of

which, according to Biber et al (1999: 485) are also known as extrinsic and intrinsic modality,

respectively. Victorija L. Rubin states that epistemic modality is ‘a writer’s estimation of the

validity of propositional content in texts’ (Rubin 2010: 533). Epistemic modality expresses

possibility, probability, prediction, ability, and assumption and is expressed using modal verbs such

as might, may, should, will, could, must, ought to, and has to (Payne 2011: 297). The definition of

epistemic modality suggested by Lyons (1977) is as follows:

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Any utterance in which the speaker explicitly qualifies his commitment to the truth of

the proposition expressed by the sentence he utters, whether the qualification is made

explicit in the verbal component [...] in the prosodic or paralinguistic component, is an

epistemically modal or modalized utterance (1977, as cited in Markkanen and

Schröder 1997: 8).

As for deontic modality, it expresses ability, permission and obligation; for example, the sentence

You can leave now conveys obligation. First, in order to convey the aspect mentioned, such modal

verbs as can, must and necessary are used (Hewings and Hewings 2005: 66). ‘The archetypical

markers of modality’, as Fairclough (2003: 168) puts it, are the well-known and the widely used

modal verbs such as can, will, may, must, would, and should. De Haan (2012: 703–704) argues that

it is possible to use a single modal in the context in which the modal verb is in-between doentic and

epistemic modality. For instance, the sentence John must work has two interpretations. First, the

sentence may suggest that someone wants John to work, which implies the external obligation and

is regarded as an instance of deontic modality. Second, the sentence may suggest that the speaker

believes that ‘John has a job’ (De Haan 2012: 703-704).

However, modality is not necessarily expressed through the use of the modal auxiliaries

mentioned. There may also be modal adverbs expressing probability or certainty. Some examples of

modal adverbs are certainly, in fact, obviously and evidently (Fairclough 2003: 170). Generally

speaking, modal verbs are regarded as ‘predicates of truth: they qualify the truth of the proposition

expressed’ (Bellert 1977, as cited in Echepare 1998). However, it is not completely agreed what

exactly modal adverbs are. Bellert (1997) suggests that modal adverbs are those adverbs that cannot

have negative forms and are not used in questions. Moreover, in contrast to corresponding

adjectives, modal adverbs cannot occur in conditional clauses (Bellert 1977, as cited in Echepare

1998).

In addition to conventional modality markers, it is also important to mention that not only

the modal auxiliaries or modal adverbs exist. Fairclough (2003: 170–171) suggests that adjectives,

e.g. possible or probable, when used in such expressions as it is possible, can also express modality.

Moreover, the author states that other verbs such as seem and appear can also be used to express

modality. Fairclough’s ideas suggest that uncertainty, probability, or prediction may be conveyed

by using different grammatical categories including verbs, adverbs, and adjectives.

There have been many studies on how modality, including hedging, which is used to

convey ‘the writer’s certainty or doubt towards a proposition’ (Bhatia et al 2008: 122). For

example, Hyland (1999: 102) has conducted research on how academic texts determine one’s

personal stance. Eight distinct fields have been analysed, and the study has revealed that such modal

verbs as may, would, could, and might, and such hedging markers as suggest, indicate, seem and

assume are the most frequent elements used to express the person’s stance. It has been also

25

discovered that the characteristics detected are more typical of ‘the humanities/social science

disciplines than in the science ones Hyland (1999: 102).

2.4 Persuasion

The present section deals with a discussion of persuasive language and persuasive strategies. Sub-

section 2.4.1 provides an overview of what persuasive language and what perspectives are taken to

analyse persuasive language. Sub-section 2.4.2 deals with a discussion on persuasive strategies and

how they differ across different types of texts.

2.4.1. Persuasive language

Persuasion, or persuasive communication, is known to have several definitions. One of them is

provided by Miller, who argues that persuasive communication is ‘any message that is intended to

shape, reinforce, or change the response of another, or other’ (Miller 1980, as cited in Stiff and

Mongeau 2003: 4). Petty and Cacioppo (1986) believe that persuasion is a process of attitude

changing (Petty and Cacioppo 1986, as cited in Murphy 2001: 676), whereas other scholars describe

it as ‘changes in conceptual understanding’ (Dole & Sinatra 1998, as cited in Murphy 2001: 676).

Generally speaking, Murphy adopts the definition which says that ‘persuasion refers to an

interactive process through which a given message alters an individual’s perspective by changing

the knowledge, beliefs, or interests that underlie that perspective’ (Miller 1980, as cited in Murphy

2001: 676).

Stiff and Mongeau state that the definition of persuasion refers to ‘intentional behavior’

(Stiff and Mongeau 2003: 5) and admit that it is possible to regard different instances of

communication as persuasive because of their natural tendencies to arouse the participants’

responses. However, given the definition provided by Miller, they discuss ‘three dimensions of

persuasive activity’, which are ‘the process of response shaping, response reinforcing, and response

changing (Stiff and Mongeau 2003: 5). First, response-shaping is stated to take place in everyday

situations, or through socialization, when people construct their opinions and develop their

impressions by evaluating people, objects, and issues. Response-reinforcing takes place in situations

where an individual has to take a particular decision. It also occurs in advertising industry, which

seeks to make clients loyal to particular products. Lastly, response-changing persuasion occurs

when a person alters his or her point of view (Stiff and Mongeau 2003: 5–9).

Persuasion manifests itself in a variety of distinct forms. A person can be persuaded by a

theme which is being discussed, the position of the speaker, body language, and images (Guerini,

Strapparava, Stock 2008: 22). Joan Mulholland (2005: xv) suggests that language is a powerful tool

because of its applicability for different purposes. It can be used to ‘offer opinions, state facts,

suggest attitudes, create moods, attack or defend views’ (Mulholland 2005: xv). The scholar claims

26

that ‘it can represent any single thing in many different ways’; it can be employed to ‘suit people’s

belief’, and to ‘mention or omit things, or repeat them till they are accepted as normal’. (Mulholland

2005: xv). However, the author argues that persuasion can neither affect ‘people’s fixed prejudices

or long-term habits, nor can it easily modify a belief to which someone has been committed for a

long time’ (Mulholland 2005: xi).

Furthermore, persuasion takes place in different settings, including television and radio,

newspapers, and Internet. According to Iris Breuer and Napthine (2008: 1), in order to affect the

listener’s or reader’s opinion, the writer or the speaker has to be aware of persuasive techniques and

use them. The authors distinguish four factors that are important in persuasion, which include

‘audience, purpose, form and language’ (Breuer and Napthine 2008: 1). Different authors argue that

persuasive texts have to be aimed at affecting the hearer’s or reader’s emotions; hence, emotive

language has to be employed. However, it is also important to address logic and reason. It is argued

that an anecdote may encourage the recipient to agree with the writer’s point of view and

sympathize to him/her, whereas criticism may arouse stronger emotions shared with the writer

(Breuer and Napthine 2008: 4).

Any piece of text usually has a particular function, which may be to persuade the reader to

behave in a particular way (Kamalski, Sanders & Leo Lentz: 2008: 327). A persuasive text,

according to Murphy (2001), possesses several features, which include argumentation,

comprehensibility, emotional nature, and credibility. First, an argument is stated to be ‘the defining

feature of persuasive text’; it consists of a ‘claim, evidence, and a warrant’. By claim, the author

means that an argument has to attract the reader’s attention. Furthermore, some evidence is usually

discussed ‘to support the claim’, and lastly, the warrant, which is either implicit or explicit, is

present to ‘[link] the claim to the evidence’ (Murphy 2001: 678).

Argumentation is not the only feature of a persuasive text. Hovland et al (1953) state that

‘the perceived credibility of the communicator and the message, the compressibility of the text, and

to a lesser extent, the emotional nature of the message’ are important elements of persuasion

(Hovland et al 1953 as cited in Murphy 2001: 679). If the message is not clear, the readers are

‘unable to grasp the meaning or perceive its relevance’, which leads to a lack of persuasion (Dole

and Sinatra 1994, as cited in Murphy 2001: 679). As regards credibility, it is argued that a text is

more credible ‘when the message is judged as unbiased, and the author or communicator is

perceived as an expert’ (Hovland et al 1953, as cited in Murphy 2001: 679).

The emotional appeal is also a highly important aspect in persuasion, especially in

advertising. Hovland et al believe that ‘emotional appeals (e.g. threats or fear or social exile) would

be even more convincing than appeals to rationalism’ (Hovland 1953, as cited in Murphy 2001:

697). For example, the author of a text is supposed to evoke particular emotions to make the reader

27

react accordingly (Breuer, Napthine, O’Shea 2008: 2–3). Moreover, in order to make the text

credible, the author can use various intensifiers, which are defined as ‘language markers that

influence the extent to which a message differs from a neutral position’, and which are referred to as

linguistic intensity (Blankenship and Craig 2011: 186). For instance, Eisenberg et al (2002: 33)

argue that an online persuasive text aimed at making the reader take desired actions should make

the reader feel he/she is the most important and that the text is written only for him/her. This effect

is achieved through an extensive use of the pronoun you. The authors also state that the writer

creates an image of him/herself through his/her selection of words which is construct the reader’s

opinion about the text and the website that the reader is browsing through (Eisenberg et al 2002:

37).

2.4.2 Persuasive strategies

Generally speaking, there is a range of persuasive strategies that are used to make a particular effect

on the header or reader. According to Barbara Johnstone, persuasive strategies ‘are the range of

options from which a speaker selects in deciding on an appropriate tactic or combination of tactics

for persuasion in a given situation’ (Johnstone 1989: 143). She distinguishes three linguistic

persuasive strategies and calls them quasilogic, presentation, and analogy (Johnstone 1989: 145).

Melanie Napthine and Michael Daniel (2013) discuss persuasive techniques, some of which include

an appeal to family values, generalization, and the use of emotive words. The strategies discussed

by the two authors can be applied in different situations, as opposed to persuasive strategies used in

online promotional texts, which are discussed by Eisenberg, Eisenberg, and Davis (2005: 33). These

different approaches to persuasiveness are discussed in detail in the present section.

First of all, three general linguistic persuasive techniques suggested by Johnstone (1989)

need to be discussed. A first one is quasilogical argumentation, which refers ‘to informal,

nondemonstrative reasoning that takes its effectiveness from its similarity to formal, demonstrative

logic’ (Johnstone 1989: 145). The vocabulary of quasilogical argumentation creates ‘the rhetorical

impression that [the] arguments are logically incontrovertible’ (Johnstone 1989: 145). Moreover,

the text that has the characteristics of this persuasive strategy seeks to convince the reader and avoid

rejection from the audience (Johnstone 1989: 154). A text with quasilogical argumentation usually

contains ‘logical connectives’, such as thus, hence and therefore (Perelman & Olbrechts-Tyteca,

1958 as cited in Johnstone 1989: 145), and ‘subordinate structures, such as the conditional clauses,

need to relate premises to conclusion’ (Johnstone 1989: 146).

A second strategy is opposite to quasilogical argumentation because it is used to achieve an

aesthetic effect, typical of poetry. It is called presentational and is ‘characterized by its rhythmic,

paratactic flow’ (Johnstone 1989: 148). Presentational persuasion includes parallel clauses, visual

28

metaphors, which include such verbs as look and see. The use of the words that refer to ‘special and

temporal realms’ (Johnstone 1989: 148), such as here, now, and this, is also typical of this

persuasive strategy, which is supposed to involve the reader in the way poetry does (Johnstone

1989: 148).

A third persuasive strategy, called analogy, is aimed at creating an effect on the reader’s

mind, implicitly or explicitly, through fable-like stories. This strategy focuses on teaching and

reminding the reader of values. Typically, analogical persuasion is similar to storytelling when a

text begins and ends with conventional expressions, such as once upon a time, expressions

indicating chronology, and proverbs (Johnstone 1989: 149).

When writing a persuasive text, the writer can choose from a wide range of persuasive

strategies in order to create a particular effect on the reader. According to Napthine and Daniel

(2013), the receiver of the communicative message can be persuaded by appealing to family values.

This enables the writer to invoke ‘the reader’s desire for emotional security and a protective,

nurturing environment for children (Napthine and Daniel 2013: 9). Another technique is an ‘appeal

to fear and insecurity’, the goal of which is to convince the reader that he or she has to take

measures to ‘lessen the threat to themselves or society by taking the writer’s advice’ (Napthine and

Daniel 2013: 10). A third technique is the discussion of financial issues; however, this technique is

twofold because it is possible to create both a positive and negative impact. The reader may become

pleased about the idea of spending less money or he/she may become annoyed because of his or her

high expenses advice’ (Napthine and Daniel 2013: 10).

Napthine and Daniel (2013: 11) also argue that the writer may also appeal to the

audience’s feelings by referring to a shared identity, loyalty to the country, and patriotism.

Furthermore, it is possible to achieve a desired effect by convincing the recipient of the message

that people have to be responsible in any situation and ‘should be treated equally’ (Napthine and

Daniel 2013: 11). The writer may also attack or praise a particular group or community. Their

position, behaviour or point of view may be criticized or praised, which in return shapes the

audience’s mind. Moreover, factual information presented in an organized way is another important

technique of persuasion. Thus, numbers, diagrams, and figures can show that the writer presents an

objective point of view. Persuasion can also be achieved through rational linkage between an

argument and its supportive ideas, which would show the reader that the viewpoint of the writer is

rational and/or plausible (Napthine and Daniel 2013: 12–17).

Furthermore, according to Napthine and Daniel (2013: 8), alliteration is another persuasive

technique. It is defined as ‘repetition of a consonant, especially at the start of words’ (Napthine and

Daniel 2013: 8). It is employed to attract the reader’s attention and put emphasis on a particular

word. However, in order to achieve a desired effect, alliteration should be used with other

29

persuasive techniques. An anecdote is also believed to make text more persuasive because of its

nature to ‘give a human angle, making the issue more relevant or “real”’ (Napthine and Daniel

2013: 9). Another technique of persuasion is the use of clichés. The authors argue that clichés help

the writer to make the text more familiar to the reader and may have a comic effect because of the

amusing tone. Additionally, the writer can manipulate the reader by using phrases that consist of

differently loaded words. For example, a phrase describing an object may consist of words that are

not usually used to refer to that object. Napthine and Daniel exemplify this technique with the

phrase mum-to-be a brazen thief; the first part of which arouses connotation of a reasonable

pregnant woman, whereas the second part suggests boldness and danger. Language that is loaded

with emotive words is also used to compose a persuasive text. According to the description given

by Napthine and Daniel, the language of a persuasive text should consist of ‘positive and negative

connotations of words to influence the reader’s response’ (Naphine and Daniel 2013: 13).

Napthine and Daniel (2013: 14) believe that in addition to emotive language, it is also

possible to exaggerate, or use hyperbole, which adds a dramatic effect to a text. The two authors

believe that exaggeration is often used along with emotional words; it is typical of headlines.

Emotive words are also important in online texts. According to Eisenberg, Eisenberg, and Davis

(2005: 43–45), every reader has to feel as if the text was written solely for him/her; otherwise, no

connection with the reader is established, which in return leads to no response from the reader.

Generalization is yet another technique of persuasion, and it ‘appeals to a widely held

belief or prejudice’ (Napthine and Daniel 2013: 15). Generalization is also used in the context

which also contains emotive language, and a general statement offers that the something is true for

a particular group or in particular situations.

Another important technique of persuasion distinguished by Napthine and Daniel (2013:

15) is the use of inclusive language, which refers to the use of such pronouns as we, our and us. The

reader is treated as part of some group, which is said to appeal ‘to our desire not to be ‘left out’ or

regarded as an outsider’ (Napthine and Daniel 2013: 15).

Two other techniques discussed by Napthine and Daniel which are used in persuasive

language are metaphor and simile. These persuasive devices help the writer to appeal to the reader’s

emotions because of the striking images that are created through figurative comparisons. However,

a similar effect may also be achieved through puns, which are humorous expressions that are based

on the play of words and their meanings (Napthine and Daniel 2013: 15). The play of words can

also be conveyed through alliteration. According to Jeanne Fahnestock, alliteration ‘refers to

repetition in the initial sounds of words that can produce echoes of phonetic similarity through a

text’ (Fahnestock 2011: 136). She also suggests that ‘repeated opening consonants helps the rhetor

produce the impression of a coherent set’ (Fahnestock 2011: 137).

30

Repetition is widely used in public speeches. It may serve as a means of creating an

insistent tone and can help to add emphasis on some ideas or issues (Napthine and Daniel 2013: 15).

However, Halmari and Virtanen (2005: 231) state that repetition is useful only to some degree

because too much repetition may make the listener irresponsive to the message.

Finally, rhetorical questions provoke the reader’s response even though the answer is

implied by the statement preceding the rhetorical question (Napthine and Daniel 2013: 13–17).

Halmari states that ‘a rhetorical question is [...] used to create an effect by engaging listeners and

making them think, and it is not intended to elicit a reply (Halmari 2005: 116) and refers to

Spurgin’s (1994) idea which suggests that rhetorical questions ‘provide a persuasive conclusion to

the argument’ (Spurgin 1994: 303, as cited in Halmari 2005: 116). Rhetorical questions are also

regarded as politeness indicators (Mulholland 2005: 269). Mulholland states that a rhetorical

question is a means of ‘making an imposition on someone, without loss of face to either party’

(Mulholland 2005: 269). The author suggests that rhetorical questions can be employed to show

annoyance, respond to criticism, criticise, and respond to a statement (Mulholland 2005: 270).

Each of the persuasive techniques discussed above can be used in certain types of text.

However, texts tend to be based only on a limited number of strategies. For example, online

persuasive texts are very often aimed at making the reader a potential buyer and client. First,

advertising writers use so-called formulas for constructing a text. These formulas include AIDA,

ACCA, and 4P’s (Bly 2005: 67). AIDA stands from Attention, Interest, Desire and Actions. First of

all, the reader’s attention is drawn by the headline, which, according to Bly (2011: 67), clearly

shows the reader the benefits of the product or service he/she is going to read about. Puns and

creative wording should be avoided because their presence may distract the reader. As regards

interest, the writer has to arouse the reader’s interest in the product and only then ‘turn that interest

into a strong desire to own the product’ (Bly 2011: 67). The last task of the reader is to encourage

the reader to take action, i.e. to make him/her buy the product. (Bly 2011: 67).

As for the ACCA formula, it stands for Awareness, Comprehension, Conviction, Action

(Bly 2011: 67). Texts that are based on this formula are aimed at informing the reader about a

product and encouraging him/her to acquire it. The writer makes the reader aware of the product,

raises his/her comprehension about it, and convinces the reader to purchase it. Lastly, the reader has

to take action to acquire the product (Bly 2011: 67).

The formula of the 4P’s stands for Picture, Promise, Prove, and Push. By Picture, it is

meant that the writer has to show the reader how the product works. Furthermore, the writer

promises that the product will surely work the way it is supposed to work and proves that by

providing the reader with information on how the same product works for other consumers. Finally,

the writer encourages the reader to buy the product (Bly 2011: 67).

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In order to achieve the desired effect, advertising writers decide what persuasive strategies

will be used depending on the audience. According to Eisenberg, Eisenberg and Davis (2005: 70),

texts should be written in short sentence using active and simple constructions. If the text is aimed

at foreign readers, phrasal and modal auxiliary verbs should be avoided in order not to confuse the

reader (Eisenberg, Eisenberg and Davis 2002: 70). Eisenberg, Eisenberg and Davis (2002: 70) also

point out that negative constructions should be avoided. Moreover, they state that clichés, idiomatic

expressions and slang are not to be used because they do not deliver any meaning to the audience

(Eisenberg, 2002: 70). The authors suggest that those texts which are written from the first and third

person perspectives are not as engaging as those that are written from second person perspective.

The use of the second person pronoun is believed to ‘lead [the] reader to the richest, most satisfying

mental imagery’ (Eisenberg, Eisenberg and Davis 2002: 50).

Additionally, Eisenberg, Eisenberg and Davis (2002: 56) suggest that persuasive online

texts that are aimed at persuading the reader to take particular actions should engage the reader

through verbs but not nouns or adjectives. Moreover, active voice, which focuses on the doer of the

action, should also be used instead of passive voice. (Eisenberg, Eisenberg and Davis 2002: 56).

The author should also use create a pace of the text through the use of short words and minimal or

abundant punctuation, depending on the writer’s intentions. Another technique that can be used by

copywriters is the creation of rhythm, which is the outcome of short and long sentences throughout

the text. Hence, mixture of short and long sentences is believed to impact the reader because of

unexpectedness of the length of the sentences (Eisenberg, Eisenberg and Davis 2002: 61).

Additionally, the authors state that general statements should be avoided because they are less

believable. If the text is aimed at promoting a product, the text has to contain specific descriptions

so that the reader can image the product in a particular way. By using words that trigger the reader’s

senses, i.e., help him/her compose a mental image, the writer of an online text can maintain the

reader’s attention (Eisenberg, Eisenberg and Davis 2002: 64).

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3 PERSUASIVE LANGUAGE IN HOROSCOPES AND OTHER

GENRES

Chapter 3 is comprised of eight sections related to the characteristics of horoscopes and a

comparative analysis of horoscopes and other genres. The first six sections consist of two sub-

sections. In the present analysis, the horoscopes collected are referred to as the corpus of

horoscopes (COHO), which is provided in Appendix.

The first sub-section deals with the characteristics of horoscopes, and the second sub-

section presents a comparative analysis involving the data obtained from COCA. More specifically,

chapter 3 contains analyses of the use of hedging adverbs (section 3.1), modal auxiliary verbs

(section 3.2), the pronoun you (section 3.3), conjunctions (section 3.4), nominalization (3.5),

adjectives (3.6), imperative clauses (3.7), and inclusive expressions (3.8).

The analyses dealing with horoscopes contain the raw and relative frequencies of the items

analysed. It is important to note that all the instances regarding relative frequency are presented per

1,000 words. Additionally, the Log-Likelihood value, indicating whether the difference between

horoscopes and other genres is statistically significant is presented where possible. The difference is

statistically significant when the LL value is higher than 3.84. The higher the LL value is, the more

statistically significant is the difference.

3.1 Genre variation in the use of hedging adverbs

Section 3.1 deals with hedging adverbs in horoscopes and COCA. In section 3.1.1, an analysis of

hedging adverbs is presented. Adverbs are divided into three groups and discussed separately. In

section 3.1.2, the hedging adverbs discussed, and in section 3.1.1 the same adverbs are are

discussed in comparison to the data acquired from COCA.

3.1.1 Hedging adverbs in horoscopes

The analysis of the data collected has revealed that horoscopes contain a variety of adverbs, which

can be categorized into several sets, including adverbs of time, adverbs of manner, and adverbs of

certainty. It has been estimated that the frequency of adverbs in horoscopes varies from 1 token to

261, and there are only two adverbs whose frequency is higher than 100 tokens. These adverbs are

now and even. The adverb now occurs 261 times, whereas the adverb even occurs 138 times. It has

been observed that horoscope writers tend to put emphasis on particular ideas because in addition to

the adverbs now and even, the adverbs really, only, and very are used, and their frequency is 69

tokens, 55 tokens, and 52 tokens, respectively.

The frequency of the adverb now, which is used in the present tense, shows that text

authors make references to the present, and the very adverb functions as a means of emphasizing

33

the fact that the writer is taking about the presence. Present tense is used to make the reader/hearer

feel closer to the situation which is presented by the writer/speaker; hence, the text becomes more

persuasive and emphatic because of the importance of the presence. The adverb even is also used to

draw the reader’s attention to the forthcoming idea and has been found to precede the –if clause.

More specifically, out of 138 tokens in the corpus, the combination even if occurs 55 times, which

makes nearly 40 percent of the total number of occurrences.

Among all the categories of adverbs that can be distinguished in the corpus of horoscopes,

adverbs that are employed to express certainty or uncertainty are of the greatest importance because

they show how the author of a text is committed to the proposition he/she provides to the readers.

As has been mentioned in the theoretical overview, linguists use numerous labels to refer to adverbs

that are used to express doubt and certainty. As has been discussed in section 2.3, various terms are

used to refer to adverbs that serve similar functions. In the present analysis, adjectives that are used

in sentences that carry a shade of doubt or convey a certain degree of certainty or uncertainty are

referred to as hedging adverbs. This decision is based on the fact that there is no agreed opinion on

what criteria should be applied to distinct categories conveying the speaker’s/writer’s attitude,

judgment, and commitment to the statement.

In the present paper, the term hedging adverbs refers to adverbs that show the writer’s

position in regard with the statement, i.e. the writer can show whether he or she believes that the

statement is true or not. Moreover, hedging adverbs include adverbs that express the writer’s

attitude towards the situation discussed and serve an evaluative function.

In the following analysis, hedging adverbs are grouped into three categories, which are

strong hedging, moderate hedging, and tentative hedging. Strong hedging (see table 3.1) includes

the adverbs of course, certainly, indeed, surely, for sure, clearly, and obviously. It has been

observed that the adverb actually is excluded from the category of conviction by some authors.

Additionally, the adverb never is added to this category because it can be used to express certainty

of a high degree as well as certainly and other adverbs. Moderate hedging adverbs include

probably, usually, often, rarely, generally, and seemingly, all of which are presented in table 3.2,

whereas tentative hedging adverbs include maybe, perhaps, negation + necessarily, and possibly,

and are presented in table 3.3. It has been estimated that in total there are 316 tokens of hedging

adverbs, whose relative frequency is 7.19.

First of all, strong hedging adverbs are discussed. The analysis has revealed that the

category of strong hedging adverbs is has the biggest number of adverbs and the highest raw and

relative frequencies. Table 3.1 provides the raw and relative frequency of the adverbs collected.

34

Table 3.1 Strong hedging adverbs in horoscopes

Adverb Raw frequency Relative frequency

really 69 1.59

always 41 0.93

actually 36 0.81

never 24 0.54

of course 13 0.29

certainly 10 0.23

indeed 6 0.14

surely 5 0.11

clearly 4 0.09

for sure 2 0.05

obviously 1 0.02

Total: 211 4.8

As the data in the table show, really, always, actually, never, and of course are five most frequent

hedging adverbs in the horoscopes collected. The raw frequency of adverbs varies from 13 to 69

instances. The use of the adverb really indicates that the author puts emphasis on ideas in order to

show that the situation is real and that the author believes in the statement, which implies that their

propositions is based on their personal opinion even though horoscopes are supposed to be based on

the interpretations of the movements of celestial bodies. However, the adverb adds little information

and conveys informality, which is typical of conversational style. The adverb always (41 token) is a

very convenient adverb because it can be used in generalizations referring to the reader’s personal

traits or the events occurring in his/her life, which helps the writer to reach a wider audience. The

same function is served by the negative adverb never (24 token), whose frequency does not differ

greatly from the frequency of always. The lower frequency of never may suggest that the authors

seek to use positive language instead of providing the readers with the statements containing

negatively loaded ideas. As regards the adverbs of course and certainly, they require strong

commitment to an explanation of the statement, which is avoided in horoscopes. The same applies

to the adverbs indeed, surely, certainly, and obviously, which would normally be used to clarify

statements. The texts in COHO lack explanations even though the presence of the adverbs signals

that the writer would express his/her opinion or provide the reader with some evidence related to the

situation that is being discussed. The adverbs indeed, surely, clearly, and obviously have extremely

low frequency, which varies from 1 to 6 tokens unlike the frequency of really, always, and actually.

According to the data obtained, in horoscopes generality is preferred to specificity, which

makes the text more applicable to a greater variety of audience or situations. This tendency is

shown by the numbers indicating the frequency of the adverbs – the more specificity the adverb

requires, the lower its frequency is. General statements would normally be provided to people who

have no shared knowledge with the person who delivers information to them, which is partially true

in the present case. Horoscope authors do no not know the audience even though they are supposed

35

to be familiar with the characteristics of each zodiac sign, and specific statements are avoided not to

arouse confusion and distrust of the audience.

As regards moderate hedging adverbs, their raw frequency is almost 4 times lower than the

frequency of strong hedging adverbs. Moreover, the number of moderate adverbs is twice as low as

the number of strong adverbs. Table 3.2 contains the raw and relative frequencies of the moderate

hedging adverbs found in the corpus of the present study.

Table 3.2 Moderate hedging adverbs in horoscopes

Adverb Raw frequency Relative frequency

probably 22 0.50

often 16 0.36

usually 10 0.23

generally 4 0.09

rarely 2 0.05

seemingly 2 0.05

Total: 56 1.28

Table 3.2 shows that the total frequency of moderate adverbs is lower than the frequency of strong

hedging adverbs. The frequency of the adverb probably suggests that horoscope writers avoid

expressing certainty or showing that they are doubtful, which could lead to the readers’ distrust.

The adverbs often, usually, and generally are used to express a general tendency; however, their

frequency indicates that horoscope writers avoid evaluating situations. The data also suggest that

horoscope writers may express doubt; however, the total relative frequency is as low as 1.28, which

shows that evaluative expressions are avoided.

Lastly, tentative hedging adverbs include maybe, perhaps, necessarily (which is used with

negation), and possibly. These three adverbs express the writer’s hesitation and doubt about the

truthfulness of the statement provided. Their raw and relative frequencies are presented in table 3.3.

Table 3.3 Tentative hedging adverbs in horoscopes

Adverb Raw frequency Relative frequency

maybe 20 0.45

Perhaps 15 0.34

Necessarily 8 0.18

Possibly 6 0.14

Total: 49 1.11

The tentative adverbs maybe and perhaps are of similar frequency. The adverb maybe is used 20

times, whereas the adverb perhaps is used 15 times. The lack of certainty suggests that horoscope

authors are very cautious about their propositions in order not to provide the reader with the ground

for doubts. High frequency of the adverbs expressing doubt can make a text less persuasive and

may arouse the reader’s suspicion regarding the legitimacy of the text. The total relative frequency

of the adverbs shows that the relative frequency of moderate hedging adverbs is as low as 1.11.

The adverbs discussed in this section show the text authors’ stance. They show how

committed to the propositions the authors are, which can help to establish a connection with the

36

reader. The adverbs always, actually, and never occur over 20 times each, and their frequent usage

implies that the authors should be confident in the statements to which they are added. However,

these frequent adverbs are used in general statements, which can be applicable to numerous readers,

as shown in examples (3.1)–(3.3):

(3.1) You're always searching for something – knowledge, experience, adventure.

(3.2) There is actually only one more thing that you really require, and that is the ability to

recognise what an advantage you have.

(3.3) There are some things that we may never fully understand about one another, even

when we have a close relationship based on respect, admiration and affection.

Given the discussions provided by online text writers, general statements are very often regarded as

non-persuasive; however, the actual effect of a general statement should be investigated separately.

As for adverbs, adverbs such as probably and maybe allow the author to make speculations and

invite the reader to ponder on the idea presented and to implicitly suggest a new point of view. The

scarcity of adverbs expressing a high degree of certainty is an indicator that the authors of the text

do not seek to emphasise certainty with the help of adverbs indicating their stance.

3.1.2 Hedging adverbs in different genres

In order to determine whether the use of the hedging adverbs discussed in sub-section 3.1.1 is

typical of a particular genre, the data has been compared to the information obtained from COCA.

Table 3.4 presents the relative frequency of the adverbs discussed. The words in bold indicate in

which genre a particular word has the highest frequency, and the adverbs are presented in

descending order. Moreover, the overall relative frequency of the adverbs selected in different

genres is estimated.

Table 3.4 Hedging adverbs in horoscopes and other genres

Horoscopes

Spoken Fiction Magazine Newspaper Academic Adverb Raw

frequency

Relative

frequency

really 69 1.59 0.32 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.03

always 41 0.93 0.09 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.05

actually 36 0.81 0.12 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03

never 24 0.54 0.13 0.20 0.12 0.11 0.05

probably 22 0.5 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03

maybe 20 0.45 0.08 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.01

often 16 0.36 0.03 0.03 0.09 0.06 0.11

perhaps 15 0.34 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.05

certainly 10 0.23 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

usually 10 0.23 0.02 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.03

necessarily 8 0.18 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01

possibly 6 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

surely 5 0.11 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01

clearly 4 0.09 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03

generally 4 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.03

for sure 2 0.05 0.09 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.01

37

rarely 2 0.05 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

seemingly 2 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01

obviously 1 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Total: 316 7.19 1.27 0.97 0.75 0.61 0.58

It has been estimated that in horoscopes hedging adverbs equal 3.08%. The data presented in the

table show that the hedging adverbs collected are most typical of spoken language. The total

relative frequency of the adverbs in spoken language is 1.27. Moreover, as the data obtained from

COCA suggest, the adverbs really, actually, probably, certainly, possibly, for sure and obviously

are mainly used in spoken language. At the very top of the table, every second hedging adverb falls

to the genre of fiction, which indicates that the most frequent hedging adverbs are also common in

the genre of fiction, which also includes dialogues. The data suggest that even though the total

frequency of hedging adverbs indicates that the adverbs are typical of spoken language, some of the

adverbs in the horoscopes are also frequently used in fiction, which imitates commercial style.

The data obtained in the study have also been analyzed using the Log-Likelihood (LL)

calculator. The LL value has been estimated at 3922.20, which indicates that there is a statistically

significant difference between horoscopes and spoken language.

3.2 Genre variation in the use of modal auxiliary verbs

Section 3.2 includes an analysis of modal verbs used in horoscopes and a comparison between the

data obtained from horoscopes and COCA. In sub-section 3.2.1, an analysis of modal auxiliary

verbs of horoscopes is presented. In sub-section 3.2.2, modal auxiliaries are analysed in comparison

to the data acquired from COCA.

3.2.1 Modal auxiliaries in horoscopes

The extensive use of modal auxiliary verbs is another characteristic of horoscopes under

investigation. The analysis has revealed that horoscope writers use a wide variety of modal

auxiliaries, and their raw frequency varies from 23 tokens to 309 tokens. Table 3.5 below presents

modal verbs of different categories in order to demonstrate the general tendency of the usage of

modal verbs

Table 3.5 Categories of modal verbs

Category Modal verb Raw frequency Relative frequency

possibility of a high degree can, could 430 9.72

possibility of a low degree may, might 336 7.60

future will 249 5.63

necessity need 131 2.96

giving advice should 89 2.01

obligation must, have 89 2.01

imaginative situation would 40 0.90

Total: 1364 30.81

38

Table 3.5 shows that horoscope writers tend to provide readers with possibilities rather than

straightforward statements regarding future events. The modal auxiliaries verbs can and could are

employed to refer to events that are very likely to happen. The use of the modal verbs can and could

suggests that horoscope writers present their opinion about the situation and allow readers to see the

situation discussed from several perspectives and choose a particular option. Moreover, it has been

observed that the modal verb can is used to refer to general truths. By using generalizations, the

authors of the texts create a situation which can make the reader more aware about the people

around him/her.

In terms of modality, the modal auxiliary verb which expresses the writer’s or

speaker’s attitude and judgement is attributed either to epistemic or evidential modality. The

difference between these two types of modality is that in the case of evidential modality, the writer

provides the evidence for the statement. In the genre of horoscopes, the evidence possessed by the

writer cannot be checked; hence, there is no clear-cut boundary between these two categories. The

possibilities expressed in the text may also be speculative, which can be approved or denied only by

the author of the text. Moreover, in contrast to the frequency of the modal verb would, which is

used to refer to imaginary situations, horoscopes are still future-oriented even though their authors

choose to use modal verbs conveying possibility, which naturally refer to the future. It implies that

horoscope writers want to protect their ‘face’ and remain neutral instead of being accused of

providing misinformation.

As regards the modal auxiliaries expressing possibility of a lower degree, they enable

horoscope writers to introduce imprecise ideas related to readers’ thoughts and feelings. They are

employed in order not to provide too straightforward propositions or not to misinterpret other

people’s statements that are being referred to. The modal auxiliary verbs may and might help to

protect the writer’s face, which is typical of spoken language. The two modal verbs are attributed to

the category of epistemic possibility because they indicate the writer/speaker’s uncertainty and/or

the lack of confidence.

Furthermore, the relative frequency of will is 5.6, and it is lower than the relative frequency

of the modal verb can, which appears in COHO 309 times. Given the fact that horoscopes are

future-oriented texts, it is interesting that the modal verb can is more frequent than the modal verb

will. However, it has been observed the very idea that follows will is abstract. Two examples

illustrating the case are presented in examples (3.4)–(3.5):

(3.4) You will feel boxed in by fate and destiny.

(3.5) There will be a tough decision for you to make today – are you going to do what you

know you should do, or are you going to do what you want to do?

Examples (3.4) and (3.5) show how the reader is introduced to a situation, which, according to

his/her horoscope will take place any time; however, the circumstances under which it will take

39

place are not given. The use of general statements instead of specific statements allows the reader to

interpret different situations as the ones referred to in the horoscopes. Even though horoscope

writers use a modal verb that is used to discuss specific issues, horoscopes writers manipulate the

language to discuss about future events in general terms.

As regards the modal verbs expressing necessity, advice, and obligation, it has been

observed that modal verbs such as need, should, must, and have are less frequent than the modal

verbs can, may and will. The lower frequency of the modal auxiliaries expressing necessity and

advice suggests that horoscopes writers avoid advising or using straightforward directions, which

would normally show a personal attitude. Since horoscopes are texts that are assumed to be based

on the interpretations of celestial bodies, personal opinion may not sound as convincing as the

reading of the stars. For example, the modal verbs conveying obligation appear only 2.01 times per

1,000 words, which shows that the use of the modal verb is very minimal and that it is avoided not

to impose on the reader.

The analysis of horoscopes has revealed that horoscope writers tend to provide readers

with possibilities and future-oriented predictions. Through the use of the modal verb can and could,

the writer can expresses its commitment to the proposition and also suggest the reader some

guidelines for future actions. However, the modal verbs are followed by general statements, which

are applicable to a wide variety of audience and situations. Horoscopes also contain modal verbs

expressing possibility of a low degree, including may and might, which indicate that there is some

doubt in what is being said and that the situation is not necessarily going to occur. Lastly, it has

been observed that horoscope writers do not given straightforward advice by using the modal

auxiliary verb should but use other modal auxiliaries to encourage and provide readers with

recommendations.

3.2.2 Modal auxiliaries in horoscopes and other genres

In order to determine whether the modal auxiliary verbs discovered in COHO are typical of this

genre, the data acquired from COCA has been employed. Table 3.6 below lists the raw the relative

frequencies of the modal verbs in horoscopes and the relative frequencies of the same words

obtained from COCA. The numbers in bold indicate in which genre the word has the highest

frequency.

Table 3.6 Modal verbs in horoscopes and other genres

Horoscopes

Spoken Fiction Magazine Newspaper Academic Modal

verb

Relative

frequency

can 6.97 0.60 0.38 0.58 0.40 0.43

will 5.63 0.72 0.47 0.54 0.57 0.30

may 3.91 0.13 0.04 0.19 0.11 0.27

40

need 2.96 0.16 0.12 0.15 0.12 0.11

might 3.69 0.09 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.10

could 2.74 0.28 0.50 0.25 0.23 0.18

should 2 0.18 0.11 0.14 0.12 0.17

have 1.49 0.21 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.03

would 0.9 0.54 0.56 0.36 0.39 0.31

must 0.52 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.12

Total: 30.81 2.95 2.50 2.46 2.16 2.02

According to the data obtained from COCA, the modal auxiliaries found in horoscopes are typical

of spoken language. The total relative frequency of the genre of spoken language is 2.95 tokens.

The LL value regarding the use of modal verbs in horoscopes and spoken language is estimated at

4682.6. As the LL test shows, the difference between the use of modal verb in horoscopes and the

use of the same modal verbs in spoken language is statistically significant. Two most frequent

auxiliary verbs, which are can and will, in horoscopes have the highest relative frequency in spoken

language as compared to the other genres. In total, the column indicating spoken language has give

digits in bold, which shows that the modal auxiliaries used in horoscopes are most typical of spoken

language.

3.3 Genre variation in the use of the pronoun you

Section 3.4 presents an analysis of the pronoun you, which serves as a reader involvement

technique. In sub-section 3.4.1, the use of the pronoun you in horoscopes is analysed. It has been

observed that this pronoun is commonly used in the pattern you + modal verb, and, therefore, this

pattern receives the main focus in sub-section 3.4.1. In sub-section 3.4.2, the pattern you + modal

verb is discussed in comparison to the data obtained from COCA.

3.3.1 The pronoun you in horoscopes

The pronoun you is one of the explicit means of addressing the reader, and the analysis of the data

collected has revealed that this pronoun is used extensively. More specifically, in COHO it appears

3,790 times and its relative frequency is 85.7. Through the use of the pronoun you, the writer can

establish a relationship with the reader and make the text more personal and persuasive. It helps to

draw the reader‘s attention to particular events and provide him/her with recommendations and

statements referring to the reader‘s personal traits. Different instances of the usage of the pronoun

you are presented in table 3.7.

Table 3.7 Frequency of the pronoun you

Pronoun Raw frequency Relative frequency

you 2162 48.89

your 1179 26.66

you’re 198 4.48

yourself 151 3.41

41

you’ll 48 1.09

you’ve 35 0.79

yours 9 0.20

you’d 8 0.18

Total: 3.790 85.7

By using the pronoun you throughout the whole text, the author maintains a relationship with

readers. The use of this pronoun is supposed to convince the reader that the text is highly personal,

and the reader is of primary importance, which is one of the means of persuasive writing. The

relationship with the reader is established not only through the pronoun you but also through the

content of the sentence in which the pronoun you is used. More specifically, the second person

pronoun is used to refer to the reader’s personal traits, emotions, and preferences. For example, it

has been observed that the texts collected contain lexical bundles such as you are, you feel, you

know, you do, and you get, which are used over 30 times each. These patterns show that the pronoun

you is used to declare statements about the reader, which shows the writer’s certainty and

confidence in what he/she is talking about. However, hedging through the use of the pattern you +

modal verb is more prominent, and it is discussed below in greater detail.

In horoscopes the pronoun you is frequently used in the combination you + modal verb.

The reader is advised, encouraged, and instructed by using modal verbs of various degrees of

certainty. Table 3.8 presents the raw and relative frequencies of the combination you + modal verb.

Table 3.8 Pronoun you + modal verb

Modal verb Raw frequency Relative frequency

you can 173 3.91

you will 85 1.93

you may 63 1.42

you should 52 1.18

you need (to) 49 1.11

you could 36 0.82

you have to 23 0.52

you would 9 0.21

you must 9 0.2

Total: 499 7.39

Following the data presented in table 3.8, the most frequent pattern which contains the pronoun you

and a modal verb is the pattern you can. It is appears in COHO 173 times and has the relative

frequency of 3.9 tokens. By using this modal verb, the horoscope author can provide the reader with

a variety of options and discuss future possibilities. The modal verb can is used to encourage the

reader to act in a particular way, as in examples (3.6) and (3.7):

(3.6) Be flexible and you can overcome the blockages that prevent you from experiencing

the intimacy you seek.

(3.7) You can make a real difference in people’s lives, just by extending your helping

hands.

42

Examples (3.6) and (3.7) show how the modal verb can is used to express statements that lack

precision and can be interpreted differently by every reader. The meaning of the pronoun can in

such sentences becomes ambiguous because the modal verb can express possibility and factual

information about the reader. In the examples given, the modal verb can is used to refer to the

reader’s abilities, which cannot be verified. Nevertheless, the modal verb can allows the author to

suggest the reader some positive outcomes of his or her actions if the recommendation provided by

the author is followed.

Another frequent expression that consists of the pronoun you and a modal pronoun is the

pattern you will. Its raw frequency is 85 tokens with the relative frequency of 1.61 tokens. Since the

texts are future-oriented, it is natural that they contain future references, which, interestingly, are

not as frequent as the combination you can. Such results imply that the construction you will has

some limitations. The modal verb will requires precision and strong commitment to the statements;

however, it has been observed that in horoscopes, the modal verb will is followed by general

statements, whose interpretation depends on individual situations. Moreover, the difference in the

frequency of the modal verbs can and will suggests that instead of providing readers with

propositions about what will definitely happen in the near future, horoscope authors tend to describe

a setting in which the reader could choose a particular way of action. The writers avoid precision in

order to appear to a large audience so that the combination you + modal verb can be interpreted

from various perspectives. The combination you will requires more precision, which is impossible

in horoscopes. As a result, future events are presented in abstract language as given in examples

(3.8)–(3.10):

(3.8) Before tomorrow, you will know which way to go, and that’s all that matters.

(3.9) You will witness or overhear an exchange of ideas between two people that will be

hilarious to you — and very interesting to other people.

(3.10) You will soon manage to clear up much that has lately been confused.

Examples (3.8)–(3.10) examples express strong certainty; however, the validity of the statements

depends only on the reader, i.e. the statement will be valid if he or she recognizes the idea provided

in a real-life situation and accept it as a realization of the statement.

As opposed to the frequency of the phrases you can and you will, the frequency of you

may, you should, and you could shows that horoscope writers also use face-saving techniques. The

phrase you may is mainly used to refer to the possible feelings of the reader in the situation

presented by the writer. The modal verb may allows the writer to speculate about the reader and

avoid accusations of providing imprecise predictions because the modal verb may means that it is

possible that the event mention will not occur. As for the frequency of you should, which occurs 52

times, the results suggest that horoscope writers avoid giving straightforward advice, which would

43

sound rather personal. Some doubt is also conveyed by the pattern you could, whose frequency is 36

tokens with the relative frequency of 0.81 token.

In conclusion, when the reader is addressed directly using the pronoun you, the horoscope

writer has to be more careful in giving instructions or explaining what is going to happen in the

future. The use of less straightforward modal verbs neutralizes the statement. Instead of receiving a

concrete future description, the reader is provided with options that he or she may choose in a

particular situation. It has been observed that the more concrete or straightforward a modal verb is,

the lower its frequency is. It can be exemplified with the extremely low frequency of the modal verb

must, which appears only 9 times.

3.3.2 Pronoun you in horoscopes and other genres

In order to determine in what genre the above discussed phrases are used most frequently, they have

been checked in COCA. According to the data obtained from COCA, the pronoun you has the

highest frequency in spoken language, and the total relative frequency of the pronoun you is 7.4,

whereas in horoscopes it is 85.7. The LL value regarding the usage of the pronoun is 11396.37,

which shows, that the difference is statistically significant.

Following the analysis of the pattern you + modal verb, it has been observed that this

pattern is most common in spoken language. Table 3.10 below contains the relative frequencies of

the phrases in horoscopes and the relative frequency obtained from COCA. Numbers in bold

indicate in what genre the phrase is the most frequent.

Table 3.9 Pronoun you in horoscopes and other genres

Horoscopes

Spoken Fiction Magazine Newspaper Academic Modal verb Relative

frequency

you can 3.91 0.159 0.073 0.125 0.063 0.016

you will 1.93 0.025 0.024 0.019 0.009 0.006

you may 1.42 0.012 0.006 0.019 0.005 0.003

you could 1.18 0.037 0.037 0.017 0.012 0.003

you should 1.11 0.017 0.020 0.017 0.005 0.002

you need (to) 0.82 0.019 0.014 0.022 0.007 0.003

you have to 0.52 0.043 0.013 0.018 0.017 0.003

you would 0.21 0.034 0.022 0.010 0.007 0.003

you must 0,2 0.005 0.014 0.007 0.003 0.002

Total: 7.39 0.351 0.225 0.254 0.128 0.041

According to the data acquired from COCA, the expression you + modal verb is most typical of

spoken language, where interlocutors usually have some shared knowledge or be familiar. In the

case of horoscopes, familiarity is expresses only by the writer. Through the lexical choices,

horoscope writers show their will to establish a relationship with the reader and make him/her

believe what is being suggested. The more familiar language is, the more likely it is that the reader

44

will believe the information that is being provided. However, the content of the sentences

containing the pattern you + modal verb has showed that instead or precise statement horoscope

writers use general statements.

As table 3.9 shows, you can and you will, with the relative frequency estimated at 3.91 and

1.93 respectively) are two most frequent patterns, and they are mostly used in spoken language. As

regards the LL value related to spoken language, it has been estimated at 2679.69, which indicates

that the difference between the usage of the pattern you + modal verb in horoscopes and spoken

language is statistically significant. As compared to spoken language, horoscopes contain a large

number or expressions conveying the speaker’s attitude towards the reader. The results show that

the reader is of the main importance and that horoscope writers constantly remind the reader that the

text is written for him/her, which should make the texts more persuasive and emphatic.

3.4 Genre variation in the use of conjunctions

Section 3.5 deals with an analysis of the use of conjunctions. In sub-section 3.5.1, 9 most frequent

conjunctions used in horoscopes are presented and discussed, whereas sub-section 3.5.2 deals with a

comparison of the use of the same conjunctions in horoscopes and the genres represented in COCA.

3.4.1 Conjunctions in horoscopes

In the present analysis, 9 frequently used conjunctions whose raw frequencies are higher than 20

tokens have been collected, four of which have frequency higher than 330 tokens, including and, if,

but, and or. All the conjunctions collected are used in different positions in the text and serve

various functions. They are used to link more than one object or clause in a sentence, show contrast,

and provide explanations. Table 3.10 presents the raw and relative frequencies of the conjunctions

under investigation.

Table 3.10 Conjunctions in horoscopes

Conjunction Raw frequency Relative frequency

and 912 20.60

if 392 8.86

but 320 7.24

or 311 7.03

that 199 4.5

because 65 1.47

as 63 1.42

although 25 0.57

whether 21 0.47

Total: 2285 43.30

The most frequent conjunction in horoscopes is the conjunction and, whose raw frequency is 912

tokens, and the relative frequency of this conjunction is 20.6 tokens. The conjunction is used to

45

joint two clauses or items within a sentence. The conjunctions if, but, and or have relatively similar

frequency, which is 311 tokens, 320 tokens, and 392 tokens respectively.

As regards the conjunction and, it has been observed that is used in a highly specific

pattern. The most frequent pattern with and includes two clauses, the first of which ends with the

time adverb today. Such patterns, according to the Wordsmith tool are estimated at 28 times.

Another pattern retrieved from the data collected is akin to the first one. The conjunction and is

used to connect two clauses, the first of which ends with the adverb now. This pattern occurs 20

times.

As for the conjunction if, it allows horoscope writers to make manipulate the reader by

providing him/her with astrological predictions that will be true in particular situations. In order to

treat the prediction as valid, the reader has to look for the setting mentioned in the text.

Simultaneously, if-clauses enable horoscope writers to provided reader with encouragement and

recommendations, as in examples (3.11) and (3.12):

(3.11) If you try to have a good time, you will.

(3.12) This is perfect if you're in the planning stages of a project.

Additionally, the data of this study shows that the conjunction if is frequently used in the

combination even if, which is used to put a greater emphasis on the sentence or clause. The

combination even if appears 55 times, and the frequency of this pattern is 1.24.

Another highly frequent pattern containing the conjunction if is the pattern if you, whose

frequency is 188 (47.95%) tokens out of the total number of 392 tokens. The conjunction is used to

draw the reader’s attention to a specific situation and makes the reader of the greatest importance.

However, instead of providing the reader with concrete statements, horoscope writers discuss

possible situations, which are presented in general statements.

Similarly to the conjunction if, the conjunction but is used to draw the reader’s attention to

a specific topic or issue. The conjunction but raises the reader’s awareness of something else that,

according to the writer, is worth attention. The conjunction but enables horoscope writers to provide

the reader with exceptions, which makes the text less homogenous. A variety of options may imply

that horoscope writers refer to specific exceptions; however, the contradicting ideas prove to be

rather general, as in the cases with modal auxiliary verbs presented in examples (3.13) and (3.14)

(3.13) If a certain idea or subject catches your interest, you might be satisfied with your

nose in a book or scouring the Web, since learning and teaching are highlighted now.

But information found in a book is rarely as meaningful to you as the lessons you

absorb through experience.

(3.14) There may be problems but there are also solutions.

It has also been observed that the conjunction but is used to start a new sentence, which is a typical

feature of spoken language.

46

The last conjunction whose frequency is higher than 300 tokens is the conjunction or. In

the corpus of the present study, this conjunction appears 311 times, which makes 7.03 word per

1,000 words. The conjunction or is used to discuss similar or related issues and make the text more

personal and reader-oriented, as presented in the following examples (3.14)–(3.16):

(3.14) You can take a new route to work or school, wear an old pair of shoes from the back

of your closet, or book yourself a flight out of the country.

(3.15) If you do have to sign a contract or make an important decision now, make sure you

understand all the information before signing on that dotted line.

(3.16) There is always a danger in keeping things to yourself because if you don't vent

some of your anger or passion, it can leak out in other ways.

Examples (3.14)–(3.16) show that the conjunction or can be used to compare similar and diverse

objects or topics. Example (3.14) shows that the age of the reader is kept in mind because the writer

refers to work place and school. Example (3.15) illustrates how the conjunction or can be used to

refer to two situations, one of which is more precise than the other. Signing a contract is more

concrete than making an important decision, and, if the reader does not have to sign a contract,

he/she may have to make a decision throughout the day because making some decisions is part of

people’s everyday life. As regards example (3.16), it shows that two completely different types of

feelings are brought up to the reader, which allows the writer to get closer to the audience. By

proving the reader with different ends of an emotional scale, the writer has more chances of

appealing to the reader.

3.4.2 Conjunctions in horoscopes and other genres

In order to determine whether the conjunctions used in horoscopes are typical of a particular genre,

the relative frequencies of conjunctions have been compared with the relative frequencies obtained

from COCA. Table 3.11 below presents the relative frequencies of the conjunctions and, if, but, or,

that, because, as, although, and whether. The numbers in bold indicates in which genre a particular

word is the most frequent.

Table 3.11 Conjunctions in horoscopes and other genres

Horoscopes

Spoken Fiction Magazine Newspaper Academic Conjunction Relative

frequency

and 20.60 5.06 4.72 5.15 4.59 5.60

if 8.86 0.60 0.50 0.46 0.36 0.26

but 7.24 1.08 0.97 0.82 0.81 0.49

or 7.03 0.55 0.44 0.82 0.55 0.85

that 4.5 2.28 1.04 1.53 1.35 1.78

because 1.47 0.38 0.14 0.18 0.17 0.16

as 1.42 0.49 0.74 0.60 0.49 0.70

although 0.57 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.11

whether 0.47 0.08 0.02 0.05 0.06 0.07

Total: 43.30 10.54 8.60 9.67 8.41 10.02

47

According to the data obtained from COCA, the genre of spoken language has the highest total

relative frequency, which is 10.54 tokens. Conjunctions in horoscopes account for 5% of the total

number of words, and the total relative frequency of the conjunctions collected is 43.30 words,

which is four times as big as the total frequency of the same conjunctions used in spoken language.

Table 3.11 shows, the relative frequencies of the conjunctions are very similar across different

genres, which suggests that conjunctions are important in both spoken and written language. As

regards the difference between conjunctions in horoscopes and spoken language, the LL test shows

that the difference is statistically significant because the LL value is estimated at 3625.97.

According to the data presented in the table, the conjunction and, which is the most frequent in

horoscopes, is the most frequent in academic language. However, the same conjunction is relatively

frequent in the other genres, too. As regards the difference between the relative frequency of the

conjunction and and the relative frequency of the same conjunction in spoken language, it is evident

that horoscope writers tend to join phrases, clauses, and items more often than it is typical of spoken

language.

The second most frequent conjunction in horoscope is the conjunction if. The relative

frequency of the conjunction if in horoscopes is 8.86, whereas in spoken language this conjunction

appears only 0.6 times per 1,000 according to COCA. It implies that unlike in spoken language, in

horoscopes writers tend to use if-clauses for a particular effect. In general, the relative frequency of

each conjunction used in horoscopes is higher than the relative frequency of the same conjunction

in the genre of spoken language. As the results show, conjunctions in horoscopes are more frequent

than in spoken language, which shows that it is one of the dominant characteristics of horoscopes.

According to the LL calculations, conjunctions in horoscopes make 5%, whereas in COCA

conjunctions in spoken language make 1.05%. The calculation has showed that conjunctions in

horoscopes are overused with the LL value estimated at 3625.97.

3.5 Genre variation in the use of nominalization

Section 3.6 contains a discussion about nouns. More specifically, sub-section 3.6.1 provides an

analysis of the most frequent nouns in horoscopes, whereas sub-section 3.6.2 presents an overview

of a comparative analysis of the nouns in horoscopes and other genres.

3.5.1 Nominalizations in horoscopes

Nouns are a part of speech that indicates what topics are being discussed in a text. In order to

determine what issues are referred to in horoscopes, nouns whose frequencies are higher than 20

tokens have been selected. There are 7 nouns whose relative frequency is higher than 1 token. The

table containing the nouns collected is presented in sub-section 3.5.2. The most common nouns in

48

COHO is the word time, whose frequency is 173 tokens, whereas the relative frequency is 3.91.

Through the use of the noun time, the reader is provided with references to the present (it’s time for

you) or some moment in the future (by the time you get to it) and recommendations to spend some

time for him/self and to engage in some activities (this is a good time to). The meaning of the word

time does not have clear-cut boundaries, which helps to create a setting that lacks precision. Time

may be leisure, whose span is not indicated; the word time can be used to indicate a starting point at

which the reader has to start making some changes in his/her life, or generally it may refer to the

reader’s life. Therefore, topics introduced using the word times are wide open for different

interpretations.

Even though the relative frequency of the nouns collected is not high, it is possible to

distinguish several topics discussed in horoscopes. The seven most frequent nouns suggest that

people are one of the major topics in horoscopes. Such nouns as people (168 tokens), friends (56

tokens), and family (21 tokens) are the most frequent references to humans. Additionally, the noun

relationship(s) (42 tokens) is also used. The findings suggest that the reader is constantly provided

with references to the people surrounding the reader, which is also one of persuasive strategies.

Another important topic is the reader’s emotional state. This topic involves more nouns

than the topic involving close people and overlaps with it because people mean relationships, and

relationships are inseparable from feelings. In order to discussed the reader’s reason and mental

state, horoscope writers use words such as mind (62 tokens), feelings (44 tokens), sense (40 tokens),

ideas (36 tokens), heart (26 tokens), idea (24 tokens), love (22 tokens), emotions (21 tokens), and

mood (21 tokens). The word mind is used mainly to make a statement about the reader’s feelings,

which makes a text highly personal. The horoscope writer describes the reader’s state of mind or

draws the reader’s attention to a specific issue using the expression keep in mind. Similarly to the

above-discussed cases, the statements containing the word mind are rather general, as presented in

examples (3.17)–(3.19):

(3.17) Money is going to be on your mind right now.

(3.18) You are opening your mind to new ways of living.

(3.19) Open your mind to concepts you hadn’t considered before.

The examples provided illustrate how horoscopes refer to the future (example (3.17)) and to the

present (example (3.18)). Example (3.18) shows how the reader is advised to change his/her view

point. Sentences containing the noun mind resemble recommendations that are provided by spiritual

guides, who claim to be able to read people’s mind.

Feelings is yet another frequent and highly abstract term used to introduce the topic of

emotions in horoscopes. The raw frequency of this noun is 44 tokens. The term can be used to refer

to a wide range of emotions without specifying them as presented in the following examples.

49

Interestingly, horoscope writers incorporate this word in various sentences and situations without

focusing directly on feelings, as in examples (3.20)–(3.22):

(3.20) Staying open to your feelings may be the first step to freeing yourself from limiting

thoughts.

(3.21) You might prefer to set your feelings aside and take a completely unsentimental

view of things, but that may not be possible.

(3.22) However, this can still be a tense time when your feelings don't always match what

you are showing others.

The noun heart is another word that is used to refer to readers’ emotions. The noun

performs the same function as the noun feelings, because the phrases listen to your heart and

explore your heart refer to a person’s emotions and encourage him/her to analyse his/her feelings.

The use of the expressions containing the word heart does not require the writer to be specific, as

presented in examples (3.23) and (3.24):

(3.23) Explore your heart to discover what you truly want.

(3.24) Narrow your focus and just respond with your heart to the current circumstances.

The reader is encouraged to analyse his/her emotions and act in the way that is appropriate. In this

case, the horoscope writer disclaims responsibility for his/her recommendations because he/she only

encourages the reader to ponder on some issues. Such expressions as the two examples show that

recommendations can be provided using general terms.

A third topic that can be distinguished in the horoscopes of the present study is the reader’s

career and money. The words that are frequently used to discuss this topic include work (42 tokens),

goal (20 tokens), money (20 tokens), and success (20 tokens). The frequency of these words

indicates that this topic is important even though it receives less attention that the other topics.

Instead of discussing money related issues, horoscopes focus on relationship, emotions, and people,

which are the topics that are distinguished as means of persuasions.

Among the most frequent nouns in horoscopes, there are some nouns that cannot be

attributed to any topic. Such nouns include world (48 tokens), situation (48 tokens), future (44

tokens), problems (25 tokens), trouble (25 tokens), chance (24 tokens), information (24 tokens),

reason (23 tokens), sign (23 tokens), change (22 tokens), house (22 tokens), attention (20 tokens),

perspective (20 tokens), ways (20 tokens), and words (20 tokens). These words are used to refer to

abstract situations which lack precision and can be interpreted subjectively. For example, the word

world is used figuratively to refer to the reader’s life and encourage him/her to make some changes

in his/her life, as presented in example (3.25):

(3.25) The world around you is wide open to your suggestions right now, so it's time to

throw your biggest hopes and wishes out to the universe and see which ones come

into being!

50

Another word that has the same frequency as the word world is situation. The latter word is

used to introduce an event or occurrence in the reader’s life without specifying it. The usage of the

noun is exemplified in (3.26) and (3.27):

(3.26) There will be a situation where you just won't be able to oblige people as much as

they would like you to.

(3.27) You can stabilise your situation now and get to the point where a potential problem

is no longer posing a threat.

Moreover, horoscopes also contain the noun future, which appears in the texts 44 times. The

sentences carrying the noun future encourage the reader not only to be ready for forthcoming events

but also to be focused on the present. Nevertheless, when referring to the future directly with the

noun future, horoscopes do not provide precise information and leave some room for interpretation,

as presented in examples (3.28) and (3.29):

(3.28) Keep your eyes on the future while managing your relationships in the present

moment.

(3.29) Worries about your present or future stability are crowding in, demanding your

unwilling attention.

In general, the most frequent words in horoscopes are words that seem to have a meaning but lack

specificity especially when decontextualized. By using such general words, horoscope writers can

refer to abstract situations, which can convey different meanings to every reader individually.

3.5.2 Nouns in horoscopes and other genres

The relative frequency of the nouns collected from the corpus of the study has been compared with

the data obtained from COCA. Table 3.12 below lists the relative frequencies of the nouns whose

frequency is 20 tokens and over, the relative frequency of the nouns per 1,000 words, and the

relative frequency of the same nouns obtained from COCA.

Table 3.12 Nouns in other genres

Horoscopes

Spoken Fiction Magazine Newspaper Academic Noun

(lemma)

Raw

frequency

Relative

frequency

time 173 3.91 0.42 0.37 0.38 0.03 0.28

people 168 3.8 0.64 0.18 0.28 0.33 0.20

mind 62 1.41 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.03

friend 56 1.45 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.03

energy 54 1.22 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.03 0,05

world 48 1.09 0.14 0.09 0.16 0.15 0.17

feelings 44 1 0.22 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02

future 44 1 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.08 0.13

work 42 0.93 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.10

relationship 42 0.93 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05

situation 41 0.93 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.06

sense 40 0.9 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.03

ideas 34 0.77 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.03

51

heart 26 0.59 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02

problem 25 0.57 0.14 0.04 0.10 0.09 0.14

trouble 25 0.57 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01

chance 24 0.54 0.38 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.01

idea 24 0.54 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.04

information 24 0.54 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.12

reason 23 0,52 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.06

sign 23 0.52 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

change 22 0.5 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05

love 22 0,5 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02

house 22 0.5 0.05 0.15 0.10 0.12 0.04

emotions 21 0.47 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

family 21 0.47 0.13 0.07 0.13 0.14 0.11

mood 21 0.47 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01

attention 20 0.45 0.03 0.03 0.03 002 0.04

goal 20 0.45 0.01 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.06

money 20 0.45 0.12 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.03

perspective 20 0.45 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04

success 20 0.45 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.04

ways 20 0.45 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.18 0.17

words 20 0.45 0.07 0.11 0.06 0.04 0.07

Total: 1311 150.57 3.37 2.04 2.36 1.95 2.26

The frequency of the nouns whose raw frequency is 20 tokens and over makes up 1311 tokens in

total. The total relative frequency of the nouns is 150.57. According to the data obtained from

COCA, the selected nouns are most typical of spoken interaction. The relative frequency of the

nouns collected in spoken language is 3.37 tokens. The LL test shows that the difference between

the two genres is statistically significant (LL= 3379.47). The relative frequency of the nouns used in

horoscopes is approximately 45 times higher than the frequency of the same nouns used in spoken

language.

Normally, the participants of a speech act have some shared knowledge, which does not

require the participants to provide the explanations of the issues that are being discussed.

Horoscopes contain words that are used in spoken language and discuss topics that are relevant to

the audience; however, horoscopes are relatively short texts, and the limited number of words and

the necessity to refer to different topics within a single text lead to the use of a great variety of

nouns.

3.6 Genre variation in the use of adjectives

Section 3.6 presents an analysis of adjectives used in horoscopes and a comparative analysis of the

same adjectives in other genres. The analysis is divided into two sections. Sub-section 3.6.1 deals

with an overview of the most frequent adjectives used in horoscopes, whereas sub-section 3.7.2

presents a comparative analysis of horoscopes and the data obtained from COCA.

52

3.6.1 Adjectives in horoscopes

In order to determine what adjectives are employed in horoscopes to modify nouns and affect the

reader, adjectives whose raw frequency starts at 20 tokens have been selected for close

investigation. The data obtained has shown that horoscope writers use non-sophisticated adjectives,

which are likely to be employed in order to avoid misunderstanding. According to copywriting

experts, online texts should be written in simple language so that the reader easily grasps the idea of

the message, which seems to be especially important in horoscopes.

According to the data obtained from COHO, two most frequent adjectives, whose

frequency is higher than 100 tokens, are good and new. The adjective good, including its

comparative and superlative forms, occurs 221 times, whereas the adjective new is used 101 times.

The two adjectives are used to refer to the start of a new period of the reader’s life or a change, to

provide descriptions, and to encourage him/her to take new activities as in examples (3.30) and

(3.31):

(3.30) You're good at both physical work and emotional advice, and lending a hand will

make you feel great.

(3.31) Learn something new today. Don't cut yourself off from that.

As regards the adjective good, the reader is encouraged and praised by using the adjective good,

which should lead to the reader’s satisfaction. The reader is perceived as a hard working and

dedicated person. Moreover, in some horoscopes the reader is informed about some good future

changes or events. As for the adjective new, it is also a positively loaded noun. New people and

changes in the future are presented as events that are worth waiting for. Something new is regarded

as a significant start of a new stage in the reader’s life.

It has also been observed that the adjectives collected are mainly positive adjectives. The

strategy of using positive statements is commonly discussed by copywriting experts, who argue that

negations should be avoided in order not to create a negative mood in the text. A full list of the

adjectives collected is presented in section (3.6.2).

It has been observed that among the adjectives collected there are only three negatively

loaded adjectives. They are hard (47 tokens), difficult (27 tokens), and bad (24 tokens). It has also

been noticed that the statements containing the adjective difficult precede contrasting ideas to show

the reader that he/she can change the situation as presented in examples (3.32)–(3.33):

(3.32) Even if it's difficult, slow down and deal with your emotions.

(3.33) This might be difficult for you to do, since you can be a bit set in your ways.

But even the slightest deviation from your usual methods can bring surprising

results.

The fact that horoscope writers use positively loaded adjectives shows that they attempt to provide

the reader with positive ideas, which are likely to inspire the reader.

53

It has also been observed that more than half of the adjectives collected are non-gradable.

There are some cases of adjectives in their comparative and superlative forms; however, the base

form of an adjective is of the highest frequency. The findings suggest that horoscope writers tend

not to use gradable adjectives; instead, they provide straightforward statements even though their

content may be rather abstract.

The analysis of the adjectives shows that horoscopes contain a large number of positively

loaded adjectives, which are used to encourage and inspire the reader. Positively loaded adjectives

serve a persuasive function because they make texts more appealing. It has been observed that

negatively loaded adjectives are followed by explanatory statements that encourage the reader to

stay positive.

3.6.2 Adjectives in horoscopes and other genres

The adjectives whose raw frequencies are 20 tokens and over have been compared with the data

obtained from COCA. Table 3.13 shows the raw frequencies and the relative frequencies of the

adjectives used in horoscopes and the relative frequencies of the same adjectives obtained from

COCA. The numbers in bold indicate in what genre an adjective has the highest relative frequency.

Table 3.13 Adjectives in horoscopes and other genres

Horoscopes

Spoken Fiction Magazine Newspaper Academic Adjective

(lemma)

Raw

Frequency

Relative

frequency

good 221 5.14 0.278 1.764 0.161 0.142 0.074

new 101 2.28 0.178 0.107 0.264 0.256 0.215

hard 47 1.06 0.052 0.041 0.051 0.042 0.018

long 46 1.04 0.063 0.105 0.077 0.061 0.042

sure 44 1 0.089 0.088 0.048 0.035 0.014

important 39 0.88 0.079 0.023 0.065 0.045 0.124

emotional 31 0.71 0.009 0.004 0.012 0.008 0.020

great 37 0.85 0.137 0.072 0.118 0.088 0.112

light 31 0.71 0.111 0.071 0.052 0.040 0.021

big 43 0.97 0.146 0.106 0.126 0.138 0.022

open 30 0.68 0.019 0.046 0.031 0.038 0.023

real 28 0.63 0.078 0.054 0.060 0.059 0.038

usual 28 0.63 0.003 0.012 0.008 0.006 0.005

difficult 27 0.61 0,038 0.013 0.029 0.028 0.041

possible 27 0.61 0.035 0.023 0.042 0.031 0.067

happy 25 0.57 0.036 0.035 0.025 0.021 0.006

high 28 0.63 0.075 0.064 0.131 0.136 0.191

positive 23 0.52 0.014 0.003 0.015 0.012 0.049

strong 26 0.59 0.038 0.027 0.043 0.040 0.047

true 22 0.5 0.052 0.036 0.037 0.026 0.034

bad 24 0.56 0.085 0.080 0.064 0.065 0.024

different 21 0.47 0.091 0.042 0.072 0.054 0.119

old 22 0.5 0.084 0.187 0.113 0.093 0.071

Total: 971 25.22 1.791 3.004 1.642 1.463 1.377

54

As shown in table 3.15, the relative frequency of the adjectives is 25.22 tokens. The total relative

frequency of the adjectives used in horoscopes is nearly 7.5 times higher than the total frequency of

the same adjectives used in the genre of fiction. According to the data obtained from COCA, the

adjectives collected for the analysis are most typical of the genre of fiction, where the relative

frequency is 3 tokens. However, out of 23 adjectives, 10 adjectives are most common in spoken

language. As regards the difference between the total raw frequency of adjectives in horoscopes and

the total raw frequency of the same adjectives in the genre of fiction, the LL test has showed that

the difference is statistically significant. The LL value is estimated at 4067.16, which shows that

adjectives are overused in horoscopes, which makes it a distinctive feature of horoscopes.

The findings suggest that the language of horoscopes contains simple adjectives that can be

used to modify a great variety of nouns. As opposed to spoken language, the relative frequency of

adjectives in horoscopes is very high, which implies that such variation of adjectives is a deliberate

authors’ deliberate choice.

3.7 Imperative clauses

The fact that people read horoscopes means that people are interested in their future. Readers may

look for comfort or advice, and indeed advised by horoscope writers or astrologers. Advice can be

given in several forms, but the most straightforward one is the imperative. Through the use of the

imperative, the author positions him/herself closer to the reader and concludes his/her prediction.

Straightforward commands can be given by both strangers and very close people, including family

member or friends.

The instructions or commands in the horoscopes are of two types. The reader is either

encouraged to do something or advised against taking some action or thinking in a particular way.

For example, the reader is encouraged to be bold, creative, hard working, rational, honest,

supportive, and caring about others, which are normally highly appreciated personal traits. Both

negative and positive forms of advice referring to these traits are usually very general and could be

applied to various fields of life and to an infinite number of readers. The imperative usually

provided at the end of the horoscope is illustrated in examples (3.34) and (3.35):

(3.34) Think as big as you want, but take small steps instead of changing everything all at

once.

(3.35) Create something incredible!

Both examples can be addressed to any reader, no matter what his or her zodiac sign is. It has also

been observed that the concluding sentences are quite inspiring, encouraging, and comforting,

which is likely to be one of the reasons why people read such texts. Out of 536 horoscopes, 187

horoscopes (34.8%) end with the imperative, which is used to mainly begin the sentence.

55

It has also been observed that the encouragement is usually expressed in a positive clause.

Out of 183 instances that end with the imperative, only 26 concluding sentences have the negative

imperative form don’t. However, negatively expressed imperatives encourage the reader to think or

act in a particular way which should lead to satisfactory results. One of such cases is presented in

the following example:

(3.36) Don't worry about what others think today; take a risk and do something that's

wonderfully weird.

The reader is encouraged to ignore negative feelings and thoughts that may be caused by others and

continue living by focusing on his or her life goals.

To sum up, according to the data collected, horoscope writers tend to conclude their

forecasts with imperative forms, which are mainly positive statements. The imperative in

horoscopes draw guidelines for the readers, which are supposed to help them find solutions to their

problems. The reader is educated to seek new goals and develop him/herself to be a better and

successful person, and it is being done by providing the audience with generalizations that could be

used in any context and for any individual.

Due to the scope of the present study and the technical characteristics of online corpora,

imperative clauses have not been checked in COCA. However, the use of imperative clauses is also

traced in online copies aimed at persuading the reader to take a particular action. Copywriting

experts (Eisenberg, Eisenberg and Davis 2002) argue that readers have to be provided with

straightforward propositions stating what readers have to do, and the imperative is one of the most

straightforward ways to make the reader take action. Horoscopes do not promote products and

services; however, their concluding sentences do encourage readers to take some action.

3.8 Inclusive expressions

Generalizations in horoscopes are provided not only by employing modal auxiliary verbs but also

by using inclusive expressions with the pronoun we and its object form us. The pronoun we can be

interpreted in two ways. The pronoun we may refer to a group of people which excludes the reader.

He or she is only informed about a particular group of people. The same pronoun may also be used

to include the reader in a particular group. In horoscopes, the pronoun we is used to make the reader

feel a part of a group. Through the use of the pronoun we, horoscope writers refer to general truths,

which are not necessarily relevant to the reader. The pronoun we is also used to make criticism less

straightforward and not to direct it to the reader directly. Moreover, a single expression containing

the pronoun we can be used to address a very wide audience, which eases the process of writing.

56

Since the present section deals only with one pronoun, the raw frequency and the relative

frequency of the pronoun we and its object form us is provided alongside the data acquired from

COCA in table 3.14.

Table 3.14 Inclusive pronoun in horoscopes and other genres

Horoscopes

Spoken Fiction Magazine Newspaper Academic Inclusive

pronoun

Raw

frequency

Relative

frequency

we 150 3.36 1.86 0.72 0.66 0.61 0.41

us 50 0.79 0.32 0.19 0.14 0.10 0.08

Total: 200 4.15 2.19 0.91 0.80 0.71 0.49

The data in the table show that the pronoun we is used 150 times and has the relative frequency

which is estimated at 3.36. The object form us is used 50 times and its relative frequency is 0.79. It

has been observed that the use of the pronoun we is most typical of spoken language. In total, the

relative frequency of both we and us is 4.15, which is approximately twice as big as its relative

frequency in spoken language represented COCA. The LL test has shown that the difference

between the two genres is statistically significant (LL value is estimated at 84.02).

In the horoscopes collected, the pronoun we is used to provide general statements and

invite the reader to ponder on his/her personal traits and society, which is illustrated in examples

(3.36)–(3.38):

(3.36) We learn, we digest, we grow wiser and more experienced.

(3.37) We are visitors to this world, not permanent residents.

(3.38) We are usually reluctant to criticise successful people. We may find fault with them

behind their backs but, well, if someone is clearly reaping a reward, it seems silly to

waste time telling them what they are doing wrong!

The use of the pronoun we helps a horoscope writer to save his/her face because he/she does not

have to be highly specific and precise, which is not quite possible in daily horoscopes written for a

wide readership. Examples (3.36)–(3.36) illustrate how the pronoun we can be used to provide

readers with general statements, which can be interpreted as general characteristics of the whole

human-kind and attributed to a single individual separately. The reader can identify him/herself

with the people discussed and draw particular conclusions even though the statement may have

nothing in common with the individual. The pronoun we is also used to generalize about negative

characteristic of the human-kind. The criticism expressed in a plural noun is less straightforward,

and the writer shows that he/she is also associated with the issue discussed, which creates the sense

of unity.

57

4 CONCLUSION

Different authors suggest that persuasive strategies have to be selected according to the context and

the purpose the text. The reader can be persuaded by discussing specific topics or issues, by

appealing to emotions and through the use of linguistic persuasive techniques, such as simile,

alliteration, repetition, and cohesion markers. In the present study, it has been observed that

horoscopes possess persuasive techniques that can be traced in distinct genres, including online

copies and public speeches.

The present thesis is comprised of an analysis of hedging adverbs, modal verbs, the

pronoun you, conjunctions, adjectives, nouns, imperative clauses, and inclusive expressions. The

analysis of hedging adverbs has shown that horoscopes writers tend to emphasise their statements

and ideas by using the adverbs really, always, and actually. It has also been observed that hedging

adverbs precede general statements even though an adverb would normally require precision for the

idea expressed.

The analysis of modal verbs has also revealed that two most frequent modal verbs in

horoscopes are the modal verbs can and will. The modal auxiliary can is used to provide the reader

with possibilities. By employing this strategy, horoscope writers do not fully commit themselves to

the statement but allow the reader to choose from a range of options regarding his/her future

actions. Moreover, the analysis has shown that the modal verb can is used to discuss general truths.

As regards the modal verb will, it conveys the writer’s commitment to the statement; however,

similarly to the modal verb can, the propositions in which this modal auxiliary is used carry

imprecise ideas and can be interpreted differently depending on a situation.

The data obtained for the present study has shown that horoscopes employ some reader

involvement techniques. The most significant one is the use of the pronoun you. In order to make

the reader feel part of a community or a group, the pronoun we and its object form us is used.

Moreover, horoscope writers appeal to the reader’s emotions by making references to his/her close

people and feelings. Conjunctions and imperative clauses are used extensively to provide the reader

with contrasting ideas and encourage him/her to take action.

In the horoscopes analysed, the pronoun you is used 3,790 times. Out of 3,790 tokens, the

pronoun you is used in the phrase you + modal verb 499 times. This pattern is employed to inform

the reader about future events, possibilities, and general truths. The expression you + modal verb

involves a variety of modal verbs, but it has been observed that horoscope writers avoid

straightforward expressions with modal verbs conveying commitment to the statement. In the cases

where the modal verb would normally require precision, the reader is provided with a general

statement that can be applied to a wider readership. General propositions are less persuasive, and

58

the presence of general statements in the sentences containing modal verbs which require precision

shows that horoscope writers manipulate their readership.

Horoscopes also contain the third person pronoun we and its object form us. The analysis

has revealed that even though horoscope writers make propositions that involve the reader, the

propositions lack precision and do not provide the reader with specific information. It shows that

horoscope writers manipulate the language to involve the reader but simultaneously provide him/her

with non-specific information. General statements are less persuasive than concrete statements, and

in horoscopes, general statements are provided with references to the reader, which may make the

generality less noticeable to the reader.

Another prominent persuasion-related feature of horoscopes is the use of keywords related

to the reader’s family members, friends, and relatives. The closest people usually are the most

important people, the topic of which also arouses strong feelings. In horoscopes, the reader is

advised to focus on or be attentive to the people surrounding him/her in order to achieve desired

results. Additionally, the topic of feelings is discussed alongside the people related to the reader. No

specific references to different types of feelings are made; the reader is also encouraged either to

analyse his/her feelings or leave them aside. According to the frequency of nouns, people and

relationships are the topics of primary importance. By making references to readers’ close people,

horoscope writer evoke particular emotions. Moreover, the topic of the reader’s personal feelings is

also widely explored. The topic concerning emotions is discussed using a greater variety of

keywords than in the case of people and relationships.

Conjunctions, which are one of the means of cohesion, are another type of manipulative

language because they enable horoscope writers to discuss options and contrasting ideas and also

make the text cohesive. The most frequent conjunctions are and, if, and but. The conjunction and is

employed to join objects and clauses, whereas the conjunction if is used to provide the reader with

conditions and exceptions. The conjunction but is used to provide the readership with contrasting

ideas, refer to exceptions, and encourage the reader.

In order to encourage the reader to take some action, horoscope writers also use imperative

clauses. The analysis has shown that approximately a third of horoscopes end with imperative

clauses, which also function as concluding sentences. The reader is provided with positively loaded

and inspiring sentences encouraging him/her to act in a particular way. In terms of persuasion,

imperative clauses are commonly used in online copies, the goal of which is to make the reader take

particular action, including clicking, purchasing, etc. In the case of horoscopes, imperative

sentences give directions and show the writer’s attitude towards the reader, i.e. the horoscope writer

treats the reader with easy familiarity by addressing, or directing, the reader straightforwardly.

59

When comparing the data obtained from COHO and COCA, it was observed that the

categories under analysis are most typical of spoken language; only adjectives have been estimated

to be mostly related to the genre of fiction. The fact that the nouns, modal verbs, and the other

features of horoscopes discussed in the present paper are related to spoken language and other

genres suggests that horoscopes are texts aimed at establishing and maintaining a relationship with

the reader. Horoscopes are written texts, and their purpose is to provide the reader with future-

oriented predictions. Moreover, horoscopes are written for a particular zodiac sign, and the reader is

addressed directly as if the text were written for a single person. The total relative frequencies

obtained when analysing different features of horoscopes have showed that nouns, adjectives,

conjunctions, and the other features are overused in comparison to other genres. The findings are

confirmed by the Log-Likelihood test, which leads to the conclusion that horoscopes possess some

characteristics that distinguish them from other types of texts.

The analysis of horoscopes and persuasive strategies used in them has revealed that

horoscopes possess both persuasive strategies and features that are regarded as the opposite of

persuasive strategies. Horoscopes possess characteristics that would normally require precision and

factual information, which is more persuasive than generalizations. However, general propositions

are very often used jointly with those lexical choices that are used to convey precise ideas. Mixed

results show that horoscopes are texts that do not convey precision and factual information; thus,

some generalizations applicable to a wide audience are used. As a result, the combination of general

statements and persuasive strategies distinguishes horoscopes from other genres.

As for recommendations for further research, the analysis could be expanded by increasing

the number of horoscopes so that more precise characteristics of horoscopes could be determined

and more persuasive strategies identified. Due to a wider scope of the corpus more statistically

significant patterns and persuasive strategies may be determined, which would lead to richer

conclusions. Moreover, a greater variety of the characteristics of horoscopes may be determined in

case of a bigger corpus of horoscopes. The analysis could also be expanded by comparing the

characteristics of horoscopes across different languages.

60

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APPENDIX: The corpus of horoscopes (COHO)

Reconnecting with your ambitions can be rewarding today, especially if you are willing to make some hard

choices. Personal desires might need to be set aside in order to accomplish your career objectives. Or, you

may have to pay a professional price if you resurrect an old flame. Either way, something is lost and

something is gained. Don't get too distracted by the temptation of immediate gratification; concentrate your

attention on the long-term goals, instead.

You're not content to talk with friends about safe topics like sports or the weather today. You need to get

right to the magic filling that is hidden at the center of the piece of hard candy. Thankfully, you're able to

move mountains to get to the juice of your emotional and sensual life. However, you needn't worry about

reaching satisfaction now; just commit to a path that inspires you to get the most you can out of life.

You might not be able to sidestep your partner's intensity today. Uncomfortable issues keep popping up in

different places and in different forms, no matter what you do. Paradoxically, the messenger changes while

the primary message stays the same. Keep in mind that you have much to learn from anyone who can put

you in touch with your passion. Staying open to your feelings may be the first step to freeing yourself from

limiting thoughts.

You could become a bit obsessive about someone close to you today. Often, there are things that are better

left unsaid, yet now these same unacceptable feelings might have a grand moment in the light. There's no

reason to share your deep secrets casually, but remember that focusing on the truth may initiate a dramatic

change. Every negative situation can be transformed by love and acceptance.

Perhaps you have lost your temper in the past, followed by regrets. Ironically, you can throw a tantrum today

and actually end up stabilizing a relationship in the process. Nevertheless, it's wise to tread carefully because

fear of rejection may not be enough to prevent you from sharing your heart's deepest desires. Consider the

consequences or you might end up disclosing something better off kept to yourself.

Expressing a strong opinion in a relationship might bring you face to face with a challenging emotional issue

today; however, it isn't as dangerous as it appears. Your concern about unimportant details could make the

situation more problematic than necessary. Be flexible and you can overcome the blockages that prevent you

from experiencing the intimacy you seek.

You are in your element when playing the role of the diplomat, looking for the sweetest possible way to

deliver a difficult message. Although you want to be liked, you might have to be the bearer of bad news now.

It doesn't matter; take off your velvet gloves and tell it straight, even if you offend someone. Just don't push

an issue too far once you get started. Knowing when to stop is your ultimate saving grace.

You may be redefining who you are now and what's most significant to you as attractive Venus aligns with

your key planet, Pluto. Even if you feel more like a caterpillar on a leaf, you're in the process of magically

morphing into a magnificent butterfly. Once you start stretching your wings, you will be well on your way to

flying. Remember, anything is possible once you believe in yourself.

The conjunction of beautiful Venus and dramatic Pluto emphasizes the cluster of four planets in your 2nd

House of Self-Esteem. Although you're uncharacteristically self-critical now, others are willing to forgive

your shortcomings quicker than you are. However, they may magnify your negative feelings as their

perceptions reflect back to you, forcing you to acknowledge your shadow. Shining the light of your

awareness wherever conversations lead you can help put things back into proper perspective.

You experience emotional turmoil today as vulnerable Venus aligns with potent Pluto in your sign. However,

others might not even realize that you're upset. There is always a danger in keeping things to yourself

because if you don't vent some of your anger or passion, it can leak out in other ways. Your reactions may

upset someone now, especially if you respond to something that hasn't even been said. Laying your cards on

the table stops the drama before it gets out of hand.

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A colorful vision or a vivid dream may seem so real today that you look for ways to make it come true.

There is an unusual intensity to your desires, drawing you into unfamiliar landscapes. Luckily, you can

receive help from your higher self if your mind is open. Don't be afraid to entertain an unrealized fantasy

because others might just join your party and support you along the way.

Your social life may be a source of a significant power struggle now, even if you don't understand why the

dynamics are so tense. You still might find yourself in the middle of an intense melodrama. Thankfully, self-

control isn't required for you to succeed. Find ways to express your most passionate and honest feelings,

since releasing the emotional pressure allows everyone to move on.

Your emotions are strong but inconsistent now that the Moon is back in your excitable sign. You may think

you're receiving conflicting signals from a friend or partner today, but it's probably your interpretation that is

mixed, rather than what is actually said. Be careful if you're making plans that impact someone else;

checking out your assumptions by asking questions is more considerate than waiting until after the fact.

Although you are feeling quite grounded today, your imagination is taking off as if it has a life of its own.

You are usually quite sensible, but now you could flip between being anchored in reality and having your

head in the clouds. Nevertheless, be daring! Let your enthusiasm lead you forward, but don't lose sight of the

practical matters that still concern you.

You might try to avoid a deep discussion about your feelings with someone at work today. You prefer to

keep conversations lighthearted, but you're less interested in clever repartee now than getting to the truth.

There will be time for casual banter another day. Instead of sharing idealistic dreams, just stick to the facts.

Strengthening the foundation of a relationship can have lasting value.

A memorable vision may come to you in a daydream or in your sleep, and you have a chance to touch a deep

spiritual truth now if you surrender to your intuition. However, trouble stems from your unsettled feelings

that add confusion to your current perspective. Don't get sidetracked by the apparent inconsistencies. Just let

the day unfold naturally as you continue to explore the hidden meaning behind the events.

You try to stay on a straight and narrow path today, but you may end up misleading others or they could

mislead you. The confusion might be intentional or simply the result of someone jumping to an inaccurate

conclusion. No matter what happens now, try to clarify facts you don't understand. If you attempt to steer

someone in a wrong direction on purpose, be prepared to deal with the fallout sooner than you think.

If something is bothering you physically today, the cause of your symptoms may be elusive. Even if you are

feeling great, there is potential for fuzzy thinking when it comes to a relationship. You often excel at linking

a cause to an effect, but now everything seems more nebulous than usual, no matter how hard you try to find

clarity. Don't get yourself overly frustrated by forcing a solution. Let the uncertainty ride for a day or two

before digging for the truth once again.

A friend or associate may seem overly pushy today, yet you're able to hold your ground without exerting too

much effort. Your key planet Venus receives solid support from stabilizing Saturn, empowering you to take a

realistic approach to relationships. You know what you want and don't need anyone else's approval now. Let

others do what they must without trying to change their behavior. The only actions you can control are your

own.

The magic of love feels nearby today, along with the frustration of realizing that your current attractions are

based more on illusion than reality. You can use the excitement of infatuation to spark the romantic fires, but

any attempt to create a lasting basis for your feelings may be futile. Enjoy the beauty of the moment instead

of attempting to bottle it for some future date.

You might be dealing with a struggle between connection and separation today. On one hand, your vision of

having a perfect home and family life may be idyllic -- and you're eager to do whatever is required to achieve

this goal. On the other hand, you can't allow yourself to grow too attached to a relationship that has the

possibility of failure. Don't sabotage your chance for happiness based upon your past experiences; focus your

attention on manifesting your dreams in the present moment.

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It's wise to reread something that you write today since you may not be as clear and straightforward as you

think. Your words can flow off your tongue or through your keyboard in a magical manner that makes you

sound more poetic than usual. This is good news if you are writing a novel, composing a song or courting a

new love. But don't back down once you have expressed your truth; let your conscience be your guide.

Your dreams seem so real now that it's difficult to know exactly what's going on. Although you may want to

take a quick escape into your fantasy world, too much activity in your daily life prevents you from retreating.

Nevertheless, your desire for success will likely outweigh any lack of concentration you might be

experiencing. Thankfully, setting specific goals for the day can help you stay on track. If your mind wanders,

gently refocus your attention on what's most important.

You have stepped into the carnival fun house and are standing in the Hall of Mirrors, where everything is

distorted. Nothing is exactly as it appears now -- especially you. Your self-image is about as far from reality

as it can get. Don't wear a mask -- physically or emotionally -- to cover up your own inadequacies. You are

in much better shape than you think today.

The spontaneous Aries Moon tempts you with the delicious possibility of immediate gratification if you have

the courage to express your needs. But several planets traveling through calculating Capricorn tell you to

wait for a better moment to move forward with your plans. Address your realistic concerns before taking a

major risk. Combine the conflicting strategies to make your dreams come true.

You're inclined to take sides in a conflict at work today, but you can be more effective if you maintain

neutrality. Look ahead by visualizing the various options and use your practical outlook to convey the good

in both points of view. Be smart and let truth be your guide instead of your own desires. Speak your piece

and then remain quiet, letting the chips fall as they may.

Even if you're not trying to lead the pack today, you still may feel as if you are a reluctant trendsetter. You

could be worried about being the first one to run into opposition because you can see obstacles ahead that

others cannot. Instead of wasting energy on situations that might not manifest, just do your best and deal

with the resistance if and when it arises. Your positive attitude sets a fine example for everyone else.

You feel happy when you nurture those you love, but you might do it so passionately today that you run the

risk of being overprotective. Fighting another person's battles now could be more about your own issues of

self-worth than being of real assistance. Unfortunately, others may ultimately resent you for smothering

them, so don't attempt to control any situation that isn't your direct concern. Channel your excess energy

toward taking care of your own needs first.

There's no need to be overly intent on attaining satisfaction today because forcing results can leave you

feeling unfulfilled and frustrated. Fortunately, rewards may come as early as next week if you just control

your impulsive tendencies now. Think about others before attending to your needs. Instead of seeking the

adrenaline rush from a short-lived pleasure, work toward sustaining valuable relationships at work and play.

You're motivated to give one hundred and ten percent toward your job to ensure a smoothly functioning

work environment. Unfortunately, you cannot do it entirely by yourself now, even with a superhuman effort.

Thankfully, you have a healthy perspective on the current situation and are quite effective in collaborating

with others as long as you don't gloss over any potential problems. An ounce of prevention today really is

worth a pound of cure.

Although your energy level is high today, feeling so good could get you into trouble. You may attempt to

suppress a strong opinion that might be offensive, only to find that someone else says exactly what you are

thinking. Ultimately, your inner conflicts can mysteriously work their way out into the open even if you keep

them to yourself. You might as well express yourself honestly, kindly, and with a receptive heart.

The ardent Aries Moon stimulates the heat of passion, but your sense of propriety prevents you from casually

sharing your desires. Although you want to do the right thing, your feelings might not dissipate today until

you acknowledge them by shining the light of awareness on to your emotions. Thankfully, you're able to

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defuse an uncomfortable situation by confiding in a trustworthy companion who can help you sort yourself

out.

There is an obvious relationship between how much of your feelings you get out into the open today and the

amount of resistance you encounter over the next few weeks. Even if it's difficult, slow down and deal with

your emotions. Avoiding them by quickly moving to what's next won't help you in the long run. Explore

your heart to discover what you truly want.

You can accomplish more than you think by concentrating on what's directly in front of your nose today.

Avoid distractions; even if something sounds like a great idea, let it pass for now. You don't have to go out to

conquer the world or lead a parade; instead, staying close to home could bring you all the acknowledgment

you currently need.

It's tempting to wag your tongue without even considering the consequences today, for whatever you think

now slips through your lips without much resistance. Handling the ramifications of your words can raise

serious concerns, but ultimately, you'll be better off speaking up than if you keep your feelings private. Don't

worry about a worst-case scenario; getting the issues out into the open works to your advantage.

You aren't completely sure what you want to do yet, but your plan is growing clearer day by day. At least

you understand what's most important now, and can start making choices based upon your priorities, instead

of just flying by the seat of your pants. Be certain to consider your finances in your current decision-making

process. Covering all your bases improves your chances for success.

The lights seem to glow brighter today, and something you couldn't see previously is growing more visible.

You're moving into a more active social cycle and yet, at the same time, you are being cautious about what

you actually put on your calendar. Don't lose track of your commitments, but do something for yourself that

makes you feel free as a bird. Ultimately, you will be more productive now if your choices are your own.

Although you may be looking farther into your future now, this visionary tendency doesn't mean you are less

sensible than before. In fact, your back-to-basics approach is a significant part of your current healing

process. Thankfully, you can have it both ways. In other words, look forward to the possibilities while fixing

whatever is within your reach in the present moment.

You are open to receiving the messages that the universe sends you today. However, you might not know

how to use your heightened sense of anticipation. You may vacillate back and forth, feeling open and chatty

at first. One minute everyone is your friend, but then you want to withdraw when you realize that you should

be more cautious about what you say. Instead of wondering what to do next, stay quiet long enough to hear

the wisdom of your inner voice.

This is a weird time of year because you're inclined to dig yourself into your cave, hibernating the winter

away. However, a glint of awareness sparks your soul now and sets your thoughts on the upcoming spring --

even if it's still far away. Hold on to your images of warmer emotional weather ahead. But in the meantime,

give yourself permission to hide safely behind your protective walls as you work out the details of your next

adventure.

You may be a little overwhelmed now as friends and associates confront you with facts that you need to

integrate into your plans over the next several weeks. Communication in relationships is emphasized as

talkative Mercury and the willful Sun join expressive Mars in your 7th House of Companions. Although you

feel confident in your ability to say what you mean, it's still difficult to put your emotions into words today.

Deliberate first and then speak later.

You are entering a new phase when your behavior may be quirkier than normal -- not that anyone else

necessarily knows the details about your private life. Your fantasies are growing stronger and you're eager to

show everyone what you are capable of doing. But instead of taking time to offer long explanations and

rationalizations, just demonstrate your competence through direct action. Don't worry about what others

think today; take a risk and do something that's wonderfully weird.

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This can be a very positive time of year for you with both the Sun and Mercury traveling through idealistic

Aquarius, a fellow Air sign. Ironically, the rational emphasis supports your natural creativity now, helping

you to express yourself more spontaneously. Your current ingenuity enables you to solve problems that

seemed insurmountable in the past. Don't hold back; a more playful attitude toward work could bring success

if you trust in the process.

You may start the day feeling a bit on edge because it seems as if there aren't any easy solutions for your

current scheduling dilemma. But things start to fall into place and by afternoon some of the earlier stress

begins to settle down. However, this can still be a tense time when your feelings don't always match what

you are showing others. Pay attention to the differences between your inner and outer worlds so you can

navigate your way back to a place of emotional balance.

Your phone is ringing and your inbox is full as all forms of interaction and communication intensify. You

may travel more -- even if only locally -- because of your work or your role in the community. No matter

how complicated your life becomes in the weeks ahead, don't lose sight of your own personal goals. Think as

big as you want, but take small steps instead of changing everything all at once.

You might feel as if the spotlight isn't following your every move any longer -- and this newly found

anonymity is just fine with you. You can get back to your real work now, instead of being required to

perform for an audience. Rediscover your natural pace during the weeks ahead while taking care of business

on a very mundane level. Set priorities, stick with what's most important and you can accomplish a lot.

The radiant Sun and trickster Mercury enter your friendly sign today, encouraging you to connect with others

and express what's on your mind. You've been waiting for the right time to take action and, finally, there's no

need to practice self-restraint any longer. If you're prepared to work hard for your dreams you will be

pleasantly surprised by what happens in the upcoming weeks.

Unfortunately, you may find yourself tangled up in the nets of your own imagination now. But even if you

thrive on the excitement of temporary chaos, amazing opportunities to smooth out the waves are on the way.

Tie up as many loose ends of your life as possible while you still have time. If you take care of all the little

things today, you'll be ready for the big changes ahead.

Your friends probably mean well by encouraging you to spend money on yourself today, but your current

financial condition might not warrant an unplanned outlay of cash. This is especially true if everyone else is

more excited than you are about the potential purchase. However, jeopardizing your stability isn't an

acceptable price to pay for something you don't really want anyhow. Trusting your own intuition makes more

sense now than listening to the advice of others.

Members of your family or community may expect you to participate in social events now, but you have

your own ideas about what's important. However, you might upset someone's delicate feelings when you

share your real intentions, even though you are simply just trying to be honest. Ultimately, you need to do

what works best for you. Nevertheless, a little extra kindness on your part will smooth out feathers even

before they start to ruffle.

There will be a tough decision for you to make today -- are you going to do what you know you should do,

or are you going to do what you want to do? Take a step back and look at potential problems that could

develop if you take the easy route. The longer you delay doing the necessary work, the bigger these

challenges will grow. The best attitude for you today is to just dive in and get things over with. Tomorrow

you will have a lot more flexibility to do what you want.

You should know by now that perfection simply does not exist, and that sacrificing your precious free time

in pursuit of it is a complete waste of time. Readjust your expectations and relax a little! Sometimes, being

lax on details doesn't make you lazy -- it makes you smart, in a big-picture kind of way. So today you can

feel free to skip over some of the smaller facts and figures and look at things through a larger lens. Don't

worry about figuring everything out to the last decimal point.

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Too much of one thing is boring and stifling to your energy level. After all, variety is the spice of life. So

today, you have got to try to mix things up and change your daily routine around. It doesn't matter how you

do it. You can take a new route to work or school, wear an old pair of shoes from the back of your closet, or

book yourself a flight out of the country. Just do something that puts you in an unfamiliar situation or place

today! It will energize you.

Turn your attentions toward resolving unfinished business today. Is there a project you left half-finished? A

person who is waiting to hear from you? An errand you need to run? Get to it as soon as you can, this

morning. Minor slip-ups could turn into major headaches if you're not careful. Don't be shy -- you need to

come out of your shell and make as many phone calls as it takes to reconnect with the people you need to

speak with. You'll be grateful you went through all the effort.

Join in on a team effort today with gusto, and you will get a rush out of getting involved -- even if you don't

think there is much in it for you. Start taking a more impersonal point of view of things today, and motivate

yourself to act for the greater good, not just for your own happiness or comfort. Give up your seat for an

older person, loan someone your umbrella, let someone else get that killer parking space -- make a gesture

that's generous, simple and polite.

Today, beware of someone who is using their sex appeal to get what they want. This person and you are both

negotiating, right now, with someone is quite likely to fall for a flirty come-on over strategic, logical ideas.

This certainly doesn't mean that you should add any inappropriate sizzle to your argument. However, it

might mean that you should re-think how important this particular victory is for you. If the judge is so easily

swayed, then what does their approval mean?

An unexpected turn in the spotlight is something you should embrace today. Any stage fright is unwarranted,

because the audience you'll be in front of is extremely friendly. Above all else, be calm. Everyone is rooting

for you, and you can feed on that positive energy to get the strength you need to make an impression. Your

heart is struggling with a choice -- share your dilemma with someone who's unfamiliar with your past and

get a fresh perspective.

There is a time and a place for mixing finances with your friendships, but that time is most certainly not

today! All signs say you should keep your money and your friends very separate today. This includes

generous gestures, so do not even offer to buy someone a cup of coffee -- and let others know, kindly, that

you can pick up your own tab if they want to treat you to lunch. There is a high likelihood that someone

could end up feeling taken advantage of.

It is not only perfectly reasonable to utilize your emotions in a business context, it is highly recommended,

today! You have a sixth sense about what other people are thinking, and that could be incredibly helpful for

everyone involved in an important project. Look at the people whose actions seem very inconsistent with the

philosophy they like to talk about all the time. They are not coming clean about something, A few well-timed

questions could help them reveal all their secrets.

Let your eyes and body language do all your talking today. A lot can be communicated with an arched

eyebrow, nod of the head or clap of the hands — and often what they say has a lot more impact than

anything you could think to say verbally. This does not just apply to a romantic flirtation. Even in business

meetings or other professional environments, you should try to say things with as few words as possible.

Today, nonverbal communication is the best way to get your point across.

The stage is set for you to make quite a debut today ... and the folks in the audience are huge fans of yours!

You shouldn't be worried about making a good impression. You should only worry about staying too long in

the spotlight -- a couple of delicate egos are in the scheduled lineup. You can afford to be generous with your

time, so you should -- it would be a wise political move. You can own any event today, from a sizzling social

affair to a staid business meeting.

Despite the overwhelming good energy that is zooming through the air today, you might not be feeling like a

very happy camper. What could be causing you to feel so out of sorts? If you're completely honest with

yourself, you might admit that you have been taking things a bit too personally lately. You would do well to

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add another layer to your armor -- if you let people's careless comments get you down, you won't stay

focused on the right issues right now.

One of your friends keeps going on and on about how they are changing and growing, but you've yet to see

any real evidence of this transformation. Before you call them on their baloney or tell them that they are

fooling themselves, think about what they really need right now -- your support, not your criticism. So be

patient and understand that sometimes real change takes real time -- it doesn't always happen dramatically.

Encourage them to keep going, and they'll be able to.

If you have been too self-indulgent recently, today you need to try to rein it in. People are starting to wonder

whether or not you have the right priorities, so cut out excessive activity and get back to a simpler way of

living for now. You'll welcome it, even if you haven't been craving it. Drink water instead of wine, cook at

home instead of dining out, shop at a thrift store instead of at a luxury boutique. All these little substitutions

will make you appreciate your pampering all the more.

Today the people around you may be behaving in some unexpected ways, but you probably will be as well --

there is a lot of uneven energy around you. But this unpredictability can add a lot of fun to the day, too. So if

someone who is usually introverted suddenly starts talking a mile a minute, just play along and go with the

flow. Try being more submissive than you usually are, and see what this normally shy person has to say.

You'll get joy out of seeing them get their moment in the sun.

It's been tough keeping up with all of the changes that have been going on with the people in your social

network, so why not host a small dinner party so everyone can get up to speed on what is going on in

everyone else's lives? You are the perfect person to serve as the cornerstone for everyone else. Relationships

are a living thing -- they continually grow and evolve, so make sure you're encouraging them to grow in a

healthy and happy direction for everyone.

Today, try to open up just a little bit and let the world see the part of yourself that you are sometimes too

afraid to reveal. Talk about that hobby you're still trying to get the hang of, or sing a few bars of the song

you've been working on with your vocal coach. You might not be ready for prime time, but so what? Have

pride in your imperfections and show the world that you are a work in progress (just like the rest of us!).

People are very attracted to imperfect people.

You see the problems that arise today before anyone else does, but you have to be careful about how you

alert everyone to them. If all you do is point fingers and complain about how things are not what they could

be without offering any constructive ideas, you are whining -- not helping. So before you raise any red flags,

think of a possible solution. That way, when you are pointing out a problem, you are also pointing out a way

to fix it -- and thereby making yourself invaluable.

You might not have all the knowledge in the world, but you have a lot of heart -- and that will count for a lot

today. By using your kindness and compassion to make stronger friendships with people, you'll be able to

utilize their skills to get closer to what you want. Don't think of it as using someone, because you're not. It's

perfectly acceptable to align yourself with people who add value to your life. After all, they choose to have

you in their life because you add so much, too.

Any business transactions you participate in today should be given your most intense concentration. Make

sure you get the correct change at the drugstore. Re-read a contract before signing on the dotted line. Save

that receipt from the big box store. Take nothing for granted. No one is necessarily trying to trick you or

cheat you, but you need to start protecting yourself more conscientiously. It doesn't take any more effort, and

will save you a lot of money and headaches down the line.

Not even the smallest of details will escape your notice today! You are tuned in. If a friend or coworker got a

new haircut, you'll be the first to notice. If they've lost weight, you'll see their progress immediately. And if

they've got that gleam in their eye -- well, you'll know that their love life is doing just fine! This expertise in

observation should serve you well in more than just assessing other people's personal lives. It should help

you negotiate a very tricky deal, too.

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Thinking ahead may seem impossible -- right now, you really don't know what's coming. Since you don't

have a crystal ball, you won't be able to figure it out without more information. But maybe you shouldn't get

so caught up in thinking in terms of a certain timeframe. Instead of figuring out what the next week, month

or year holds, think in bigger and less specific terms. This is a good time to indulge in fantasies -- imagine

what you want your life to be like, in general.

You're going to be busy today -- busy with little errands and household chores like cleaning out the closets or

reorganizing drawers! It might not be the ideal way for you to spend your day, but at least you're not going to

be bored. Hour after hour, something is going to pop up that needs your attention, but you're not going to feel

frustrated by it at all. In fact, you're likely to feel energized by the constant pace of the day. Time will fly and

night time will come before you know it.

If you're looking for a romantic partner, you are looking the wrong way. The flirtatious kind of romance is

far too predictable for someone as unique as you. Instead, you need to embrace romance in its every

incarnation -- use music, poetry and film as vehicles to explore your heart and discover new ways of

maneuvering through new relationships. Spend less time worrying about how you look and more time

thinking about how you communicate who you are. Date less and talk more.

The little emotional obstacles that have been making a new relationship complicated are behind you -- and

today you two can really gain some ground. Make sure you spend some quality time with this person and try

to spend it in face to face situations. Talking on the phone or texting will do in a pinch to keep you two

connected, but right now you both need to soak up each other's energy if you really want to cement things.

Show them that you are serious about them.

Your new-found happiness can bring joy to a lot of other people today. They appreciate this good news

almost as much as you do, you know! So spread the good word and let everyone in on what has been making

you smile lately. You'll be amazed at how supportive they will be. Reaching out to other people like this

connects you more closely to them -- and it ensures that there will always be someone there to reach out and

share happiness with you some day.

Stories from the past are great places to find inspiration for your future, so start a few conversations with

family members soon. Ask some probing questions and try to learn as much as you can about who you used

to be -- from their perspective. Some of what they say will probably surprise you, and some of what they say

will definitely flatter you. But everything they tell you is the truth. Count yourself lucky that you have so

many people who care so much for you.

There is a place and a time to be diplomatic, but today ain't it. You need to flex your muscles and take

control -- all of this nice stuff is keeping people from arguing, but it's not helping get anything done. You

need progress. And to get it, you need to push your agenda. Don't worry -- people around you are going to be

more receptive to your suggestions than you think. They're getting frustrated with the lack of headway, too.

So spring your ideas on them as soon as you can.

Just because you are right about something today doesn't mean that everyone else is wrong. You've got to be

magnanimous about your opinions and understand that there are many different ways to see an issue. If you

don't, then people are going to start avoiding you like the plague. No one likes to hang out with someone

who doesn't respect the ideas of others. So resist the urge to gloat or rub your victory in anyone's face. Being

arrogant is a very effective way to ruin your reputation.

It might feel like the rest of the world (and the people in it) don't have much to offer you right now -- but try

not to spend the entire day by yourself. Getting involved in smaller groups will be bearable, so don't skip out

on a social event you've agreed to attend just because you don't think you'll have fun. If you try to have a

good time, you will. It's just the bigger events like concerts and major parties that might not be a good fit for

you, for now.

A friend of yours has been walking on the wild side for a bit too long -- you might want to give them a

reality check today before they start taking things too far. While it's not your job to tell other people how to

live their life, you'd be shirking your responsibilities as a friend if you didn't voice your concerns -- in a non-

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judgmental, supportive way, of course. There's no telling how they will react, but that shouldn't stop you

from saying something.

Today, fresh air is the best treatment for whatever ails you, from a blue mood to a headache. So get out there

into the wide-open outdoors and breathe deeply! Being in a physically expansive space will help you expand

your mind, as well. You're more interested in a very distant-seeming goal than ever before. And if the

weather isn't hospitable, then open up your mind by talking to someone who disagrees with you on a lot of

things. Challenge your beliefs and you'll find new a passion for them.

Your popularity has been soaring lately, but today it might have to come back down to earth -- at least for a

while. There will be a situation where you just won't be able to oblige people as much as they would like you

to. You're flexible, but you can't bend over backwards for the sake of someone else's happiness. Maybe you

don't have the time, or maybe you just don't think it's the right thing to do. Either way, stand up for yourself.

But be prepared to make someone frown. They'll get over it.

Your imperfections are unique, and they do have positive affects to your life -- if you will only let yourself

see that! You know how to set your own parameters and come up with something extraordinary, and that

kind of creativity does not come along very often. Today you'll see for yourself that it's a huge waste of time

to try to be perfect all the time. Besides, there's too much conformity in perfection, and who needs to

conform? Embrace yourself -- warts and all.

Try to spend some time interacting with the few people who don't always agree with everything you say.

Whether they hail from different backgrounds, cultures or religions than you, they see the world from a

different perspective -- and it can be very interesting to hear what they have to say about recent events. At

the very least, it will be a good learning experience. When you only hang out with like-minded people, you

miss out on some opportunities.

If you are thrilled with a new relationship, today is the right day to start putting more effort into encouraging

its growth. And while emails are convenient, they aren't the best way to stay connected -- nothing can replace

the sound of your voice and the look on your face. So get together with them in person to create a better

environment for encouraging clear communication. Show them that they are important to you by giving them

the most valuable thing you have: Your time.

Your odds of having a good day will increase dramatically if you choose to put a smile on your face as soon

as you wake up in the morning. Not only will it start you on a positive path, it will remind you that the world

is yours to see however you want to see it. It can be boring and annoying, or it can be delightful and

fascinating. It's up to you. It's too easy to let other people tell you how to feel. How about making yourself

feel how you want to feel?

The world around you is wide open to your suggestions right now, so it's time to throw your biggest hopes

and wishes out to the universe and see which ones come into being! Don't waste a minute of time. As soon as

you wake up in the morning, start thinking about what you want. Visualize that person you want to ask you

out, that corner office on the top floor, the restored health of a loved one. Daydreams are free, but they are

also an invaluable road map for the universe to follow.

Opening up and letting someone into your heart is easier said than done. So if you are in the midst of a

budding relationship, cut yourself some slack. Don't be so hard on yourself, worrying about what you're

doing right and what you may be doing wrong. Just be you! That is the only thing that matters. Sure, you can

be totally flirtatious, but if you're not feeling like batting your eyelashes, then don't. Be genuine and act the

way you feel. It's very unwise to play a role.

Today, you may be feeling a lot more than you are thinking, which could cause a misunderstanding if you're

not careful. You have to work harder to know when your feelings are relevant -- and when they are not.

Emotions magnify everyone's behavior with exuberant energy and communications may be misinterpreted --

you might think people are insulting you or doubting your motives, when in fact they are not. So hold off on

any major decisions until you know you're dealing with the facts.

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In one of your groups, there has been a vacancy in the leadership position for some time now -- folks need a

leader, and you should give serious consideration to nominating yourself for the job. People enjoy the unique

perspective you bring to the scene, and they will react well to your new ideas for how to run things. Pull

someone aside today and ask them what they think about you stepping up to the plate. They'll have some

very encouraging feedback for you.

A lot of information will be coming at you today, but you will have a gift for keeping cool. Perhaps it's your

solid focus on the finer details that will save the day, but then again perhaps it's your ability to see the big

picture and not let yourself get caught up in the minutiae that helps you keep your head together. It pretty

much looks like you can't screw up today no matter what tact you take! So it's the perfect day to try

something you have never tried before -- you'll be a success.

There is no room for excuses today -- the only thing standing in your way is you, so it's time to stop playing

the blame game and start getting things done. If you don't have all the information you need, then ask more

compelling questions. If no one will stop what they are doing and help you, then just do it yourself. It isn't

any fun to have to do more work than other people are doing, but at least when you are done you can feel

proud of yourself for not just sitting around and complaining.

Why are you trying so hard to hide your imperfections around new people? These are the small details about

your personality that people need to see in order to understand who you really are -- so you need to not

hesitate to show them. In fact, be proud of them! Those little quirks and unusual affectations you have are

what make you memorable and special in the eyes of your friends, so don't you think they'd impress new

people, too? Bare more of your true self -- it will pay off.

The social games used to be fun and charming, but lately they've become too predictable and tiresome -- it's

time for a change in your plan. People who are all talk and no action need to be avoided -- instead, you need

to spend more time with people who commit to things and know how to follow through. You need to align

yourself with people you can depend on. Shifts happen from time to time in your relationships, and this one

is a necessary one.

You have the time to be more charitable, today, so put yourself in the service of someone who can't do

everything they need to do for themselves. An elderly friend or relative would really appreciate help with

something, and it won't be much of an inconvenience for you to make a huge difference in their day. They

will make it worth your while, too -- they know someone who you should get to know. A potentially life-

changing introduction could be coming soon.

You might not be in the midst of a sizzling affair, but there is certainly something exciting brewing between

you and another person. Someone is on exactly the same page with you, either in a professional or social

situation, and today brings you an opportunity to connect with them on a whole new level. It might be up to

you to get the conversation going, but once you do, the other person will drive most of the talking -- and

you'll start to feel like you've known them all your life.

If you spend too much time thinking about another person's motivations, right now, you'll only get

overwhelmed. You won't be able to predict what they will do next, so why even try? Let them be them and

just focus on doing your thing. If you're waiting for them to make a decision before moving forward, then

you're giving them way too much power. Go your own way, and if they want to come along they will let you

know. It's not healthy to depend on someone to any great extent right now.

Everyday emails, text messages or voice mails won't help you to really connect with that certain someone,

today. You need to use creative communication that has your special brand of flair imprinted on it. So

express yourself by writing them a poem, a song, or even a script! Do whatever it takes to make your

message stand out from everyone else's. You need to break away from the rest of the crowd right now, and

you have all the skills you need to do it.

One of your friends or family members has been acting out of character lately, and it's time for you to find

out just what the heck is going on with them. Start a conversation and be careful not to get to your point too

quickly. They will only get defensive. But if you ask them to give you their latest life update, the key

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information will be divulged soon enough. Chances are they are in a situation that you can help them with, so

get ready to be their knight in shining armor.

It's easier today than usual to put your ideas into words. You have a clever, articulate way of expressing

yourself, so use it! Seek out the right people to discuss important subjects and ideas. Just a few well

calculated conversations could get you on the road toward a new goal. Of course, simply chatting with

friends and strangers is fun now, too. You may even be in the mood to get your flirt on.

It's a good day for fact-gathering and analyzing details. Your mind feels like a self-sharpening instrument --

the kind that gets keener the more you use it. Your work goes well, especially if you're in a field related to

information, communication or customer relations. Reading books and articles is especially fun now, too.

One idea sparks another, and soon you're piecing together a captivatingly interesting puzzle.

Mental dexterity is one of your strong points, and today more than ever. Puzzles are no problem for you to

unravel, whether you're tackling them for work or for play. Speaking of which, you're in quite a playful

mood, keeping things light with friends and coworkers. Silly, flirty exchanges, whether in person or via

email or Instant Message, are a lot of fun. Just make sure they don't get in the way of getting something

accomplished!

Communication takes center stage today. Self-expression can sometimes be tricky for you. It's hard to put

your deepest feelings into words. It's easier at the moment, since abstract emotions and images are more

readily translated. If you have to address a sticky situation with a friend or coworker, a wry, dry sense of

humor will help. Making a joke at your own expense softens up the other side.

You're at your best today. Your energy is high, which is a good thing. The phone is ringing, emails are

bouncing in one after another, and you're multitasking like a champ! You could get a lot accomplished by

evening if you keep all those balls in the air. Thank goodness you're an excellent performer. You get a charge

out of juggling in front of a crowd. And they certainly enjoy watching you do what you do so gracefully!

You like being thorough, no matter what you're doing. Whether you're at work or at home, you want the

satisfaction of knowing you've done a job right. But today, that sense of satisfaction may be missing, or at

least delayed. It seems like you start one project, only to be distracted by some other pressing need. Go with

the flow as best you can. This might just be 'one of those days.'

Communication with other people takes up much of your day. Conversations, phone calls and email or

instant message exchanges are enjoyably stimulating. And they reveal plenty of information you can use

later. Be sure to keep a pen and paper handy to jot down all the ideas that come to you. Don't try to decide

now whether or not they're viable. Just get them down, and decide later if you can use them.

Taking yourself too seriously today would be a mistake. Yes, other people may seem silly as they giggle and

chitchat their way through the day. But sometimes it's good to lighten up. You tend to have a naturally deep

focus. Why not go surface-level for a while? Trade jokes and quips with your coworkers. Blow off some

steam. Then you can dig deeply again into your project, past, emotions or what have you.

Conversations offer an interesting diversion today. Ideas are like bright, shiny pennies on the sidewalk, just

waiting for you to happen upon them and scoop them up! Of course, a penny may be all they're worth. Don't

cling too tightly to any particular plan or theory that occurs to you today. For now, it's fair game for all of

them. Keep tossing them around with other people. Soon, the best ones will emerge.

People are being a little too wild and willful today for your tastes. If you manage a group of employees,

students or children, you could go crazy trying to keep everyone on task. They're all over the place! And

you're all too aware that they're giggling behind your back, probably at how tense you seem. Maybe you

should loosen up and join the fun. Go on, crack a joke!

You're in an upbeat mood today, and your mind is working fast. In any conversation, you're like a master

chess player, thinking several steps ahead. This is a great mindset for anything involving networking,

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strategy or simply convincing others to see things from your point of view. If you have a cause to champion,

today is a great day for it. With such high energy and a silver tongue, you're irresistible!

Today could be a lot of talk but very little action. Thoughts and ideas are whirling around in your head. This

might be interesting, or it might actually be unsettling! But don't let wishy-washiness throw you off balance.

Just enjoy the deluge of images that comes as you interact with other people. There's no reason you should

have to codify all that information right now. You can make sense of it later.

Today you feel young at heart, no matter your age. A zippy, zesty mood has you talking to strangers in line

at the grocery store or grinning at the mail carrier. You have a funny quip for everyone you meet! Why not

put this newfound flair for words to good use? Promote your skills to a business associate or negotiate a

better deal on a purchase. Use that tongue while it's still silver!

Welcome to a day full of phone calls, emails and other back-and-forths. Don't wear yourself out! Do what

you do best, as a grounded Earth sign: Pace yourself. For example, if you know you have a bunch of phone

calls to make, do them in small batches. Run errands in batches, too. Intersperse all of it with breaks. On an

active day like this one, you need your downtime.

It's that time of the month again. A brand-new personal cycle has begun for you. Lunar energy is bringing

you a serious boost, turning your thoughts toward the next month of your life. It's a great day for setting

goals and making plans. Whatever you come up with, be sure to put it into words. Telling a friend your goal

will hold you accountable for reaching it. Writing it down helps, too.

Today you may feel as if you're on information overload. And talking things out doesn't seem to help. In fact,

the more information you gather, the more confusing things seem! If it's a problem of too many distractions,

turn off your phone ringer, email chime or television. Go for a walk to clear your head. And don't feel

pressured to make decisions. If you don't know, that means you aren't ready to commit.

Networking and brainstorming go especially well today. Obviously, these are tasks that are accomplished far

more effectively in a group. So don't hole away in your office! Or if you do, keep your phone ringer and your

Instant Message alert turned on. It's important to be reachable now. And in this age of advanced technology,

there's no reason you can't keep in touch, even if you're all by yourself.

Details, details. Normally, you adore digging into them. Today, they're driving you crazy! Or maybe the

problem is that you can't dig into the details, because chatty coworkers or needy children keep distracting

you. Close your office door if you can, or turn off your phone's ringer. If that's not possible, you may have to

resign yourself to a day full of sound and fury that ends up signifying nothing.

You're in a playful mood today! It's fun to chat with coworkers or flirt with your honey. These exchanges

aren't just an empty diversion, either. They actually feed your people-loving soul. But though you're feeling

happy and talkative, your mind is keen. You can get lots of work done if you divide up the tasks on your to-

do list. Think quick, short bursts of activity. That's the most productive approach now.

It's hard not to feel a little moody today. The phone keeps ringing. Emails pile up in your inbox. It's hard to

concentrate on one thing at a time. If work just isn't, well, working, try a different approach. Divide up your

duties into several smaller tasks. Make it a personal challenge to get as much accomplished as quickly as

possible. Keep interactions with other people short and sweet. That will help you stay positive.

Your mind might feel like a pinball machine today. Your thoughts are here, there and everywhere. Focusing

on one activity could be impossible! If so, roll with it. Being flexible is your forte, after all. Instead of trying

to stick to one mind-numbing task, diversify. Schedule several quick errands, meetings or phone calls. If you

have to work on just one project, brainstorming could be a fun way to mix it up.

There's a lot going on today. The phone might ring off the hook, or your mobile or email program might

keep chiming to let you know you have a new message. It's easy to get frazzled in such a high-energy, fast-

paced environment. It seems like everywhere you turn, there's someone asking a question or just wanting to

chat. You may need to shut your office or bedroom door for a few minutes to regroup.

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Being spontaneous is the name of your game today. You're thinking on your feet, which may mean you'll

make several quick changes in ideas or plans before the day is through. You aren't normally one to change

your mind -- but just go with it. Being able to react quickly to new information is a real talent. And today, it's

one you're utilizing better than most. You could end up impressing everyone, including yourself!

It's not a good day to commit yourself to any particular course of action. If you do have to sign a contract or

make an important decision now, make sure you understand all the information before signing on that dotted

line. Getting the perspective of a trusted friend or professional will help, too. Better yet, postpone the

decision. Even just an extra day or two will help you get your thoughts aligned.

High energy makes you especially attentive and expressive today. Suddenly, you're noticing nuances of wit

or language you might ordinarily miss. You always appreciate a good joke, but now you're drawn to sharply

intelligent humor. Take in a political satire or a 'mockumentary,' or to read a book or article that challenges

your intellect. It's just so enjoyable to revel in ideas now, and explore them past their boundaries.

Your mind is working double-time today. One fast-paced thought builds on another. It's a good idea to keep

a notebook or voice recorder nearby, so you can record any strokes of brilliance. This is perfect if you're in

the planning stages of a project. You're extra creative now, and not as limited as usual by issues of

practicality. You can worry later about whether your ideas will hold water.

Let your thoughts and ideas roll today. Your mind is racing anyway, and your energy is high. You're tuned in

to everything that's happening around you. You're the first person to get a joke or solve a puzzle. You grasp

new concepts quickly and easily, so if you're taking a class or teaching yourself a new subject, you could

take several strides forward now. Enjoy all this mental activity!

Quick thinking and interesting conversations keep you on your toes today. You're talking, laughing, and

really coming out of your shell. This could be quite enjoyable, but it could also make you nervous. Be sure to

cater to your emotions and energy level. If you need some alone time, take it -- even if you have to steal a

few quiet moments to decompress somewhere in private.

High energy could make you restless today. But if anyone knows how to channel this edgy, dynamic vibe,

it's you. You have the focus and determination needed to turn a good idea into something truly creative --

and actually feasible. Bring this skill to your day job, your hobby or your passion. You'll enthrall your

friends and business associates as you blaze ahead with brilliance.

It may be difficult to get much accomplished today. It's hard to concentrate. Your mind is moving a mile a

minute, and your mouth may be doing the same. Conversations speed ahead in fits and starts -- and you may

notice that you aren't actually communicating all that much, despite the information exchange. Oh, well. If

you can't focus, it's just the effects of today's lunar energy. It will pass soon.

A lively mood lifts your spirits and brightens your day. You find just about anyone and everyone interesting

now, and you're open to pretty much any topic of conversation. This is one of those days when you might

learn something important, or make plans for the future. But it's more likely that you'll simply have several

enjoyable interchanges with other people -- discussions that make you think and jokes that make you laugh.

Communication takes on extra importance today. In fact, you might get so caught up in trying to get

something across to a friend or business associate that you actually become obsessive about it. Try to avoid

this! And be sure to listen as well as pushing your own ideas or needs across. It's easier for other people to

hear you when they feel understood, themselves.

Today might be a lot of talk but very little action. You're full of ideas, but the motivation it takes to carry

them out is a separate issue. Why not use today to plan a project? You can network with supportive people

and brainstorm creative ideas. Toss strategies around, and don't limit yourself to mundane concerns like

practicality or available resources. That can come later. For now, just let your mind run.

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You don't feel as grounded today as usual. You might find yourself nervously tapping your fingers when

working quietly at your desk, or talking a mile a minute instead of listening carefully. Some days are just like

this. Blow off steam with physical exercise or a few minutes of deep breathing. Or, tailor your day to match

your mood. Making phone calls or running errands helps you maximize this energy.

You're in your element today, and at your creative, intellectual best. All synapses are firing quickly and

efficiently, that much is certain. Ideas come to you in bursts. Best of all, you're smart enough to know which

ones are fanciful and which just might work. So enjoy the exciting, kinetic vibe that both fills you and swirls

around you now. Put it to good use. Create something incredible!

Lots of people feel scatterbrained today. So if you're having trouble concentrating on the task at hand, you

aren't alone. Just do your best to focus. And if that's simply impossible, adjust your activities to

accommodate your attention span. For example, running several quick errands may be more productive than

tackling one project that requires close attention. That is, unless you end up driving in circles around town!

You may be feeling a little touchy today, and it isn't as simple as the world conspiring against you. In truth,

your emotions are just a little more tender than usual -- and you aren't used to feeling this sensitive. Your

temper may be stirred up by the simplest, most innocent comments. If so, try not to react too rashly. Take a

deep breath, and when in doubt, talk it out.

A sweet, sentimental mood sets in today, warming your heart. Your sense of compassion for other people

deepens. You understand their feelings and their problems even better than usual, which makes it easy to

reach out to them in a warm, natural way. Lend your support to someone who needs it, or let a friend know

how much you care for them. Even the smallest acts of generosity can make a big difference.

You're in a resourceful mood today. You have the mental tools you need to deal with just about anything.

You're able to judge each situation that arises on its own merits. Don't be surprised if you're more shy than

usual. It's okay to withdraw from daily life sometimes -- especially if you're feeling a bit sensitive. It's a great

day to hole up alone or with your family and take care of business.

Today, your emotional life is an interesting mixture of sensitive and strong. You're feeling sentimental, and

harsh words or hard situations could hurt your feelings. But that very tenderness is what makes you so

compassionate, and compassion makes you powerful. You can be a true nurturing force now, and really

make a difference in someone's life -- a friend's or a stranger's. Tap into that feeling, giving side of yourself

today.

Spend time with family today, or your closest friends -- you know, those people who might as well be

family. You aren't in the mood for the company of strangers. In fact, having to chat up someone you don't

know could make you nervous, despite your natural warmth and charm. So stick to familiar people and

places as much as possible today. Soon, you'll feel outgoing again.

Your attachment to your home base -- friends, family, even your house or apartment itself -- feels deeper

today than usual. And there's no better way to demonstrate your soul-deep commitment to these familiar

people and places than through selfless service. Caring for an elderly or ill family member is a declaration of

love. Cooking dinner for a friend is a gesture of affection.

It's easy to get a little clingy with your loved ones today. You're feeling a bit insecure, and you crave the

comfort of familiar faces. Of course, if you're stuck on your own, you'll have to find a way to calm your own

nerves. And no, that doesn't mean calling up every old friend in your address book! Today offers you a good

opportunity to learn to rely on yourself when you're feeling emotional.

Today, you're most at home in familiar surroundings, where you know you're in control of your environment.

Spending time with strangers, such as at a party or a professional conference, may put you outside your

comfort zone. On the other hand, you're mentally strong enough to turn any situation to your own advantage.

Just remember, you're at your best when spending time with people who draw out your genuine, nurturing

side.

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Your usual happy-go-lucky demeanor is dimmed slightly today. Worries about your present or future

stability are crowding in, demanding your unwilling attention. This is a good time to use your natural

flexibility to rise to the challenge. If your relationships or your finances are on shaky ground, ask yourself

today what you can do to improve that situation. Listen to your intuition for the answer.

Deep down, you're experiencing some worries that you haven't acknowledged or processed yet, and they're

making you a bit defensive today. But the people who know you best will see through your moody behavior

to the anxiety that lies beneath. There's no point in pretending you're fine if you aren't. In fact, opening up

about your worries will make you feel better, in part because it will remind you that you can lean on your

friends.

Sticky, messy emotions bog you down today, getting in the way of whatever you're trying to accomplish.

You might prefer to set your feelings aside and take a completely unsentimental view of things, but that may

not be possible. Sometimes, life has a way of pushing you into a corner and forcing you to face your feelings.

At least you can take comfort in the fact that this will pass quickly.

Your emotional life takes on a deeply subjective hue today. It's easy to read the people around you if you just

tune in to what your instincts are telling you. You want to help them, especially if you sense that they're

feeling worried or upset. Be as nurturing as possible without taking on someone else's negativity. Sometimes

you're like a sponge for others' feelings, Pisces -- good and bad!

This could be a challenging day, even if it's bright and sunny outside. You're easily irritated now, so do

things to release tension before difficult moments arise. Get a good sleep, go for a walk or a jog, or turn on

loud music and sing in the car on your way to work. Anything you can do to blow off steam will help you

through this brief, moody period.

Today, a traditional approach to a situation or problem feels best. You're in a cautious, conservative frame of

mind, which helps you forge a practical strategy. This isn't a time for taking unnecessary risks or throwing

your support behind something you know won't work out long-term. So use your head and tap into the

wisdom you already possess inside you. Follow your instincts and you can't go wrong.

A foreign person will have a very positive influence in your life today, especially if they are a person from

your past. What they have to say is going to surprise you, but you should give them the benefit of any doubt.

They are reaching out to you, and it is a very good idea for you to reach right back. Exploring a different

culture will be fun when they are your guide, and they are eager to show you things that are familiar to them

— take them up on any invitations they extend to you.

Today will bring you a wonderful chance to stir up your normal routine. So if you want to get a real

adrenaline rush, you are in luck! The only catch is that in order to feel this rush, you have to be prepared to

take a risk — not a big one, but one you might not be comfortable with. Put yourself into an uncertain

situation where you could be rejected or come out with less than you put in. Trust yourself and just see what

happens. No matter what the outcome is, you will be better off.

Are you feeling overwhelmed by someone or something new in your life? Whether you’re overwhelmed in a

good way or a bad way, today brings you the chance to get the control you so desperately need. Once you put

one last clue into place, things will start to click. You will be able to steer the situation right where you want

it to go. Overall, your life is becoming a lot less erratic, and you’re experiencing a lot more calm and quiet.

Make the most of your free time by relaxing by yourself tonight.

At work, you have to remind yourself that not everything is resting completely on your shoulders — stop

putting so much pressure on yourself, because no one else is. Coworkers are there for a reason. They’re not

only there to do their job, but to fulfill their roles in the team. So if you need them to step it up a bit, then you

should feel free to ask them to. Just do it face-to-face. An email won’t convey the right tone, and could ruffle

their feathers.

If you have been trying to start a new romance or are just looking to amp up the romance level in your

current relationship, today will give you a wonderful opportunity to do just that! You can create the perfect

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environment for some sizzling moments, and show a certain someone how much you value them in your life.

After all, isn’t romance all about making someone realize how special they are? Flirting and flattering is one

thing — being open and vulnerable about how you feel is another.

You have been waiting for the right time to go out on a limb and take that risk, and that time could come

today! When you see that the right people are finally opening up their minds and coming around to your way

of thinking, today, you should take that as your green light to move full-steam ahead. It’s going to feel a bit

scary at first, but it is also going to feel very invigorating! Don’t be surprised if a friend asks to come along

on the adventure. The more the merrier!

Ugly emotions are burbling up inside you today, and it doesn’t matter why — you’re feeling out of sorts, and

you need to deal with these feelings by sharing them. Be more expressive about your emotions than you

typically are. For example, if you are upset with someone, don’t suppress it. Don’t underestimate other

people by assuming they will react negatively. They have a lot more empathy than you think, and they are

ready to listen. Be vulnerable and tell them how you feel.

Don’t rein in your instincts, today. If something doesn’t seem right, then it isn’t right. Even if you are in the

middle of a business deal, you should listen to your gut if it tells you to walk away at the last minute. Your

mind is tuned into the energies of other people very tightly today, and you will be able to sense when

someone is lying through their teeth — as they smile right at you and tell you that they’re trying to help. This

hyper-suspicious phase is going to be very brief.

Meeting new people can sometimes feel like a chore, but today it will feel like an adventure when a

distractingly fascinating person moves into your orbit. Before you engage in conversation, observe them for

a while. Listen to what they say, how they say it, and how people react to it. This is a person who likes to be

taken seriously, so you shouldn’t send out any messages that you don’t really stand behind. Go slowly with

this one, and don’t get caught up in the excitement.

Today you’ll be moved more by facts and figures than by tears or treacle. You’re hungry for analytical

thinking right now, and your mind wants to see things in black and white terms. You’re willing to see the

other side of an argument, but you’re not going to give people credit for sob stories. Therefore, you will get

along best with people who aren’t interested in making small talk or being charming all day long. You are in

the mood to get things done — and you will.

Keep in mind that your friends have their own lives — and be careful not to start getting too needy, right

now. Yes, they have always been there to listen to your problems and encourage you, but try to handle some

of your stuff on your own for a while. Not only is it good to learn to be more independent, but they will

appreciate a little break. Blurring the line between friendship and therapy is never a wise idea. Avoid it at all

costs to keep your friendships healthy.

Thanks to a recent accomplishment, you should be feeling much more confident! Today you’ll get a great

opportunity to gain more authority over your life and put some new ideas into play. Your independence is

something you should savor — go out for a solo date and treat yourself like royalty (or as much like royalty

as you can comfortably afford). Luck will be on your side in terms of any upcoming travel plans. There

won’t be any delays, and you might even get a nice little upgrade!

Seek out someone who you really respect or admire and find out how they do it. If you love how they handle

themselves in a meeting, ask them for pointers on how to improve your verbal communication. If you admire

the way they always get the party started, find out how you can become more outgoing. Whatever you want

to learn today, the best way to get your education is by asking someone who’s already doing it well. They’ll

be flattered and will start seeing you in a more positive light.

Why waste all of your charm on new people who you don’t know very well? Today, you should focus on the

people who already know and appreciate you. They deserve the benefit of your wonderful wit and warmth

more than anyone else, don’t you think? If you spend all of your energy trying to put on a show every time

you encounter someone new, what will you have left over for the people who stand by you through thick and

thin? Let new people work harder at impressing you, for a change.

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Be careful of making any solid assessments of people today — your impressions could be way off the mark.

Something is distracting you from seeing others objectively, and you will probably see things through a

filter. Don’t be too dogmatic in your opinions about new people on the scene right now — there is simply too

little information to go on, and you don’t want to sing someone’s praises when they haven’t yet proven that

they deserve them. Just give things time.

Being on your own has its merits — after all, you can do what you want, however you want to do it. But

don’t you miss the team spirit? If so, then you need to focus on getting more involved with people, today.

Pitch in and volunteer your services to a coworker or friend in need. You can make a real difference in

people’s lives, just by extending your helping hands. And you’ll be getting something out of the experience,

too — like a much clearer understanding of how important you are to others.

Whether you’re just starting a relationship or are in one already, you can expect your quiet little romance to

get amplified quite a bit! Suddenly this person wants to be wherever you are, doing whatever you want to do

— and they have a lovely way of showing it! If there is no special someone in your life right now, the

romance you will feel today will show itself in one of your friendships. A thoughtful gesture will bring you

almost to the point of happy tears.

If family obligations are the center of your world right now, they might not need to be — especially if they

are causing a conflict in your social life. It might be hard to balance the two worlds, but you can balance

them — you just have to try a little harder. Let your family know how important your friends are to you and

they will understand if you need time with them. Don’t be afraid to ask for what you need — the people who

love you want you to be happy.

It’s definitely important to keep a balance in your life, but don’t beat yourself up if you just can’t do it,

today. Sometimes you get into phases where all you want to do is relax — and sometimes you get into

phases where all you want to do is work. It’s not the end of the world. You can’t force yourself to mix things

up if you just don’t feel like it. Cut yourself some slack and don’t try to be perfect. No one expects it of you,

so why would you expect it of yourself?

Are you regretting a recent impulse buy? It’s not surprising — you’re growing a lot more mature and

conservative about your purchases, and now you’re looking at that silly gadget, overpriced trinket or too-

trendy outfit with new eyes. If you can return it, do so as soon as possible. It might not be convenient, but it

will make you feel better about yourself. If you can’t return it, consider giving it to a friend who may enjoy it

more than you. You can address this feeling — and fix it.

Your unique charm will enable you to hold your own with a wide variety of people, today, so it’s a great day

for socializing with or meeting new people who could have some exciting career opportunities for you. Just

make sure that you deeply engage with the people you’re talking to — skip past all the ho-hum comments

about the weather or weekend plans. Go deeper. Ask people about their dreams, what makes them happy,

and what they want out of life.

Try to take a casual attitude toward any dramas that pop up today — not only will it help you persevere and

get through each of them more quickly, it will keep you be happier and healthier. Some people just love

throwing up their hands and running around in a panic, but all that does is get them a lot of negative attention

and generate a lot of stress. If you can learn how to take things in stride, you will be much better off. So be

careful not to blow things out of proportion.

It’s time to take another look at your upcoming social calendar — does it have a few too many holes in it?

You can’t always wait to be invited to things. Sure, it would be nice to always be at the top of everyone’s

invite list, but that’s just not always possible. If you want people to think of you the next time they’re

organizing a group event or party, then you need to invite them along to events that you put together. Be

more proactive about your social life and create your own fun.

You have the opportunity to learn some valuable lessons today, but you will have to get a lot of face time

with the authority figures in your life — parents, teachers, bosses, whomever. You have to recognize that to

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other people, you might look like you are trying to be someone’s pet — but get over it! When it comes to

getting the training, advice or education you need, you cannot let peer pressure stop you. Think of yourself.

Then do what is best for you!

Just because you have extremely positive feelings about someone doesn’t mean that everyone else does, so

make no assumptions today. If no one is as excited about them as you are right now, don’t worry about it.

You need to tone down your excited feelings anyway — and let other people see for themselves what’s so

great about this person. Only then can they understand why you are feeling the way you do, and only then

can they come over to your way of thinking.

Your exciting upcoming travel plans are on your brain today, and they could be distracting you from some

excitement right here at home. People are eager for your input on a project at work, but if you’re busy

thinking about the shopping list for your trip, you will miss out on this major opportunity. It’s important to

live in the present. Not only will it help you get farther ahead, but it will help you enjoy that trip all the more

when it does happen.

If you have been struggling to make a decision or confused about which strategy to adopt, today is the

perfect day to look at the situation again. Your vision is clear as a bell — and suddenly, the right choice

might be embarrassingly obvious. This clarity may unfortunately also reveal a few problems you have to deal

with, but so what? Before tomorrow, you will know which way to go, and that’s all that matters. It’s better to

know what you’re up against.

Have you ever thought about how you come across to others? Image is not something that should drive your

personality, but it is something you need to consider — especially in your professional life. Today, having an

awareness of how you sound, how you look and how you work with other people is especially valuable. Use

your sharp instincts to read the people you’ll be dealing with and adjust yourself accordingly. You’re not

compromising who you are — you are just customizing your approach.

Someone you care about will throw a wrench into your plans for today, and you will have to do your best to

avoid getting angry about not getting what you want. Work with them to solve their problem, and not only

will you be seen as a helpful and kind person, you will help remove that old wrench and get things back on

track. See — sometimes being selfless and helping someone else enables you to actually help yourself!

That’s what you call a real win-win situation.

All you need to fulfill your next life goal — the missing link, if you will — is a person, and this person could

be coming into your life today. If you are at work, look for someone who isn’t new on the scene but has

recently taken on a different role. They have some helpful information you need to hear. If you are at school,

keep an eye out for that kid who always seems to have the answers. They have the answers for you, too.

Strike up a conversation with this person and see where it goes.

All relationships are unpredictable from time to time, but today one of your more confusing friendships will

get a lot more predictable. Watch out for a clue to come early in the day that will make it simpler for you to

guess what this person really wants out of your relationship. They’ll make an offhand comment that, if you

hear it in the right way, will explain how they think and let you grow to become a much more valuable friend

to them.

You and a friend have opposing ideas about what to do for fun this weekend, and the tension might be

getting so hot that you’re thinking of calling it off altogether. So what’s the best way to solve this problem?

Compromise! It is no surprise that in order for you both to get what you want, you will both have to give up

something you want. Approach them with a suggestion that makes you both happy, and stop this silly tug of

war. Power plays have no place in this relationship.

You have a powerful person on your side, and you have to be strategic about how you take advantage of their

recent generous offer. Rather than take them up on it right away, you should save it for later — when it will

be much more valuable to you. And don’t worry, you will recognize that day when it comes! In the

meantime, rely on yourself to get what you want. You can do it! Just because someone offered to do you a

favor does not mean that you have to let them do you that favor.

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Sensitivity could get in your way today — trying to dance around the truth just so you won’t hurt some

insecure person’s feelings is exhausting, and you might not have the patience for it right now. If you end up

barreling ahead and stepping on one or two people’s toes, don’t worry — they will be quick to forgive you.

It’s wisest to give everyone some extra space today, just in case. Play nice but avoid even having to deal with

people who can’t take the cold, hard truth.

If you keep your head down today, how are you going to see the opportunities that are parading right by you?

Whether you are looking for a new romance, a new investment opportunity, or a new job, it’s out there right

now — you have simply got to get out of your own head long enough to see it! Special note: When you meet

someone new today, this could be the person who changes your life. Of course, they might just be a nice

person — but either way, you should engage with them in a genuine way.

Your personal problems are not going to be bugging you right now, because you are probably going to be

much more distracted by the activities your group of friends or coworkers are involved in. Make sure you are

contributing your fair share of ideas and energy toward a collaborative effort — now is not the time to sit in

the background and watch everyone else take care of things. You need to try to get things moving. Get your

allies together. They need your involvement.

Without even realizing it, you have quickly ascended to the top of a powerful person’s list. Just by doing the

right thing in the right way, you are succeeding! If you are looking to accelerate in your career, this could be

the beginning of a very active phase. It’s not yet clear how things are going to change for you, but the

changes are coming soon — so get ready. Your reputation is your top concern, so it’s a wonderful thing that

you’re only going to shine right now.

Some of your family members seem to be meddling too much in your life right now, but step back and think

about why they are doing what they are doing. They love you! So try to take a fresh perspective on the

relationships you have by putting yourself in their place. You will soon see how much they love you and

want you to be happy, because you would want the same for them. Listen to what they have to say. Whether

you follow their advice or not, you know it’s meant to help.

If you’re going to be working in a team with other people today, you can expect to be held back in terms of

your progress. One team member is going to be a little bit more interested in improving his or her social

status than in doing what needs to be done. It stinks to have to depend on other people, but resist the urge to

take over their share of the work for them. Just stick to your own responsibilities. It might take longer to get

things done, but you can’t go setting dangerous precedents.

Why are you holding back? There is no shortage of charming energy inside you right now, but it looks like it

will need a little bit of coaxing to come out. It’s understandable for you to be intimidated by someone, but if

you let your nerves get the best of you, you’ll never get what you want. Take a risk! Start that conversation

in a light tone and it will evolve naturally, don’t worry. You’ll soon see that this person doesn’t bite. In fact,

they will turn out to be as gentle as a kitten.

You’ll receive an invitation today, but you won’t be immediately sure whether you want to go or not. It

could be fun, it could be boring. You can certainly delay making any sort of real commitment to the person

who invited you, but just don’t make this person think that you’re not happy to be on guest list! Show your

enthusiasm and assure them that you are happy to be considered. Buy some time by telling them you have to

check your calendar. Sleep on this and you’ll know how to answer soon.

Your healthy ambition is starting to move things forward a lot more quickly today, and your coworkers are

really starting to notice! And the funny thing is, the people you are worried might get jealous are actually

going to be your biggest supporters — and the people you expect congratulations from are going to be over

the moon. Now is a wonderful time to build your network and make more connections. People love your

style, and they are ready to be there for you when you need them.

Whenever a person from your past comes back into your life, it usually stirs up all sorts of confusing

emotions. But today, a blast from the past will do nothing but delight you! They’ve gone through some major

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changes, and the person they were bears no resemblance to the person they are. Make time to hang out with

them. You will love getting reacquainted. Show them how much you’ve changed too — and marvel at the

fact that you’re still the same together.

Your ambition is growing larger than your current schedule can actually accommodate right now — so you

might find it pretty difficult to fit in any new projects, today. Maintenance is going to take up more of your

day than new brainstorming will, but you will find a quiet comfort in it — it’s going to be a nice change of

pace from all the hustle and bustle you’ve been experiencing for so long. Concentrate on finishing things —

you’ll love checking things off your list.

Any business transactions you have today will have a long-lasting effect on your financial health, so you

would be wise to take a very conservative approach to them. Don’t spend any more of your hard-earned

dollars than you absolutely have to, right now, and that also applies to buying gifts for people. Instead of

wowing the birthday boy or girl with a night on the town, how about making them a nice home-cooked

meal? They’ll appreciate your efforts more than your money.

Unexpected expenses are piling up, and so are your stress levels. But good news is coming! Today brings

you a little bit of relief, and it will help keep you smiling all day long. Just be careful not to interpret this

reprieve as a signal that you should feel free to go back to your old attitudes about money. With a little bit of

discipline, you can make a huge impact on your financial situation and prevent further little scares like this

from happening. Reexamine your spending habits, today.

Someone who often rubs you the wrong way will be true to form today, spouting off about things they know

nothing about. This person is not someone you should tolerate, so either get your distance from them, or tell

them to quiet down — it all depends on the mood you’re in right now. If you are feeling combative, don’t

fight it — fight them! But if you want to avoid any conflict, just keep your head down and pretend that this

person doesn’t exist.

It is easy to lose respect for someone in a position of authority who repeatedly lets you down, but try not to

let any disillusionment turn you against other people who had nothing to do with it. You have to remember

that one bad apple does not always spoil the whole bunch. Withhold any judgment, today, and give people

the benefit of the doubt. There is a lot more good in the people you’re working with now than bad, but you

might have to have some patience to find it.

Seek out conflict today — it might sound crazy, but only friction with another intellectual equal will give

you the burst of energy you need so much. Besides, you could use one more practice round at stating your

case and pushing your side of an argument. The future holds some even bigger battles for you, so you should

use today to get in fighting shape! You will be always be able to see the problems at hand, but you should

develop more skills around doing something about them.

Do not be afraid to get dirty today — the hard workload ahead of you requires some sweat, and you have all

the energy you need to jump in and get some stuff done! It’s important to get as active as you can as quickly

as you can — if you act too conservatively or take too long to get going, you will only waste time and waste

a good opportunity. This is a day that is chock full of potential, so if you want to achieve some major goals,

it’s time to roll up your sleeves and get going!

A mellow friend has some advice for you — they want you to slow down and just let the rat race go by, for a

while. And you should listen to them, for once! Their influence in your life is good, so you should welcome

their input and give it a try. It might be uncomfortable for a while, but soon enough you will discover how

going slower in your life is actually a great way to get greater contentment. It’s time to enjoy the people you

are with, not try to beat them.

Your gut instincts might be an invaluable asset when you’re trying to figure out what to order for dinner or

what movie to go to, but it’s not going to help you out when it comes to your money! Research and facts are

what you need to get a handle on your finances — and getting a handle on your finances should be top on

your priority list. Do a detailed review of what money you have — and more importantly, what money you

owe. You will catch things just in time if you act now.

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Everyone will be laughing at something that you don’t think is all that funny today, but try not to get grumpy

about it. If you feel like you’re missing out on the joke, don’t let it unnerve you or weaken your self-

confidence. You’re just a bit out of synch with other people right now, mostly because you’ve been so

wrapped up in your own stuff — and rightly so. It’s just going to take a little bit more time to get back into

the swing of things, so be patient with yourself.

You won’t need thunder and lightening to indicate when you’ve come upon a huge revelation today! All you

have to do is to be open-minded and watch for signs to appear. Keep in mind that they might not look like

what you expected — a new person could indicate a new opportunity, an unexpected delay might set you up

to be in the right place at the right time, and bad weather might send you a message you’ve been waiting for.

There is no telling how an answer will be communicated.

Money is going to be on your mind right now, but it is also on the mind of a dear friend. They’ve got some

serious debt troubles and could be turning to you for help today. While you should try to understand what

others are going through right now, you should avoid talking too long about financial issues with anyone

today — especially someone you care so much about. Your generosity could get you into trouble. Lend them

your ear, but do not lend them any money!

The time for new experiences and new ideas has come — so be open to exploring new places! It’s a great

time to plan a trip to a foreign country, or to a place closer to home that you’re not so familiar with. Take

your blinders off and look at the world through fresh eyes to see how things are for a different culture. You’ll

gain some insights that will help you get along a lot better with a new person in your life. You are opening

your mind to new ways of living.

The higher your hopes, the farther you could fall if they are not realized. Just be cautious right now and

admit that while you want things to go well, you can’t ensure that they will. Keep an open mind and be

prepared to accept whatever happens. Take each hour as it comes and do not try to control the day. If you do,

you will only end up getting frustrated — and probably frustrating other people in the process. Focus on

collaboration, not on having total control.

There is no time like the present to get started on your future! Someone close to you is excited about

something new in their life, so talk to them and find out how you can get your own new adventure off on the

right foot. They have that little bit of insight (and a whole lot of encouragement) that will help you hit the

ground running on your own goals. Whether it’s beginning a diet, revising your resume, or just planning

your next vacation, today’s a great day to start something super.

Your social life is going to start getting a lot hotter a lot sooner than you had anticipated, so get ready!

Dedicate some of your time today to getting a few boring errands out of the way. If you have been putting

off cleaning the house, today is the day to get it out of the way. Soon enough, you will not have a moment to

spare for such household tasks. If you get chores out of the way quickly, you will be all the more relaxed and

able to enjoy the good stuff that’s coming!

You are so busy getting new things started today that it will incredibly difficult for you to step back and

relax. But you need to quiet things down before your energy gets too drained. So give yourself a break later

in the day — make sure there’s time to just sit around and do nothing. Resist the urge to fill up your free time

for the sake of getting further ahead on a project. You’re doing fine on your current timetable, so don’t get

carried away.

Bringing your visions into reality is going to be quite easy today — you’ve got the creativity, you’ve got the

time, and you’ve got the support of a heck of a lot of people. It’s time to stop looking behind you and

wondering what went wrong. Instead, look ahead and see what is possible. Your negative thinking and

worrying has done more to hold you back than anything else has, so have faith in yourself. You can do

whatever you want to, and you can do it well.

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The day ahead of you is a big mystery, so try to take each hour as it comes and see what happens. Let the day

unfold as it unfolds, and try not to push things in any single direction. It might feel a little weird to have no

idea of what you will be doing later on in the day, but it sure will be fun finding it out! And if this day is

already scheduled down to the minute, that’s okay, too. Just make a note to leave a free day in your schedule

the near future.

Your life has been somewhat calm lately, but it looks like that was just a precursor to the storm that will start

rumbling through your world today. But a part of you has been longing for some type of adventure or

conflict, so this little bit of drama in your day will be welcome — you’re going to get a juicy issue that you

can really sink your teeth into. A change in your surroundings will increase your chances for excitement

more than it increases your stress level.

You have been on quite a roll lately, so there’s nothing wrong with taking it a bit more slowly today. Your

journey has been exciting, but if you keep going at this rate, you could miss out on some important

landmarks. Adjust your schedule to create more free time, and keep your eyes open for new social

opportunities. Learn to be flexible about what you do instead of sticking to every last detail of your agenda.

Put on your very-patient outlook. Save the foot race for another day.

If someone from a different background gets on your nerves today, you need to try extra hard to be patient

with them. The disconnection you are having is only due to poor communication, which is something you

can fix with time and compassion. Try to see this situation as an opportunity to get an inside glimpse on a

whole other way of looking at life. When you deal with someone who doesn’t speak your language — either

literally or figuratively — you always learn something.

You could be feeling a bit extra-sensitive today, especially when folks start giving their feedback about your

recent idea. It may feel like people are being too critical of you but you’re going to have to toughen up and

take it. They are offering constructive criticism instead of choosing to be just plain old critical and you have

to appreciate that fact. This is a big learning day for you, and it will give you important lessons to take into

your future.

It’s all about using your creativity today — take something you aren’t happy with and try to imagine it in a

new and improved form. Visualizing the way you want things to be is the first step toward making things

better. Because once you know the way you want things to be, you can start taking action to make them that

way. Don’t forget to share your plans with folks who always know how to boost up your confidence. They

will give you the right kind of motivation to get going!

You deserve to stop and look at where you are in life with pride. Sure, the journey here hasn’t always been

easy, but it’s been interesting — so now it’s time to relax and enjoy a stroll down memory lane. You can

gain a great deal of insight by looking backwards and reflecting on both the good decisions and the bad

decisions you’ve made. Your brain is open to new ideas based on old experiences. So think about a big

mistake. Be grateful that you’ll never make it again.

You’re going to find yourself smack dab in the middle of a juicy situation today, one that will hit your gossip

antennae and get you all excited. You will witness or overhear an exchange of ideas between two people that

will be hilarious to you — and very interesting to other people. When you have good insider information,

you have a lot of power, so be careful. Don’t go blabbing what you know all over town. Choose the one or

two people who need to know what you know.

It might be challenging for you, but you need to conserve your money right now. Any upcoming events that

might cause you to dip into your wallet a bit too much should be avoided. Friends will understand if you

have to scale things back, because they have been there before. And this is definitely not the time for

shopping sprees, no matter how good of a bargain hunter you are. Get creative with the things you do for fun

— ask a frugal friend for some ideas.

Someone you thought would never ever budge in their opinions is starting to think about things in a different

way today. Something you said to them recently has been bouncing around in their head for a while, and they

need clarity. This is your big chance to really sway their opinion in a direction you think is better for them.

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Your excitement might shock them, so try to play it cool when you talk to them. Let them think they’re

coming to this realization all on their own.

Just because you had some extremely weird dreams last night doesn’t mean you should spend the whole

today trying to make sense of them. What’s the point? Sometimes, odd dreams are just odd — there are no

hidden meanings, no secrets to uncover. They’re just your brain getting some exercise while you sleep. Don’t

waste time today trying to figure out your dreams. You’ll have new dreams tonight, and whatever confused

you before will be a distant memory.

Any bad news you get today is really not going to be bad news at all — and it won’t cause a real problem for

you or your people. The person who will be telling you the news thinks things are different than they really

are, so they’ll be happy when you set their mind at ease. All in all, you can expect this day to be neither

totally fun nor utterly frustrating — it’s a kind of gray day where nothing is going to get finalized but

nothing can really get started, either.

Now is not the time to go solo — your energy is contagious and you will be practically irresistible to other

people. It’s a great day for making new connections, especially if you will be in a mixed group of people you

know and people you don’t know well. In these kinds of social contexts, you get the safety of familiar faces

and the excitement of new ones — and it’s an invigorating combination. Go ahead and introduce yourself —

get some new conversations started!

Even if it puts a stress on your free time, you should start accepting any and all invitations that come your

way — especially the ones that come from unlikely sources. The way you get involved with other people

affects your reputation and how other people see you, so be as enthusiastic as you can be! Your outgoing

nature is growing stronger and it is making people want to have you around more. This is a very promising

time for you in terms of building a better career network.

Today all of your friends are going to help you maintain the good energy in your life — and show you how

to get rid of the bad energy that has been creeping in lately. These people know you better than almost

anyone, and they know exactly what to say to help you see the glass as half-full, not half-empty. You should

choose to spend time only with people who are positive influences in your life. Let the relationships that

bring you stress fade away and dissolve naturally.

All that glitters is not gold — especially today, when someone is going to be saying whatever it takes to get

their way, even if it’s not totally true. In order to make sure you listen only to those who speak the truth, you

might have to avoid listening to anybody for the time being. Be critical, be objective, and be skeptical. It

might not make you the most fun party guest right now, but it will keep you safer, richer and wiser in the

long run.

This is a day when you can make a lot of headway working through a love, friendship or work relationship

issue. More than ever, your mind is prepared for open and honest communication — which is essential for

effective dialogue and respectful disagreements. You can’t wait any longer to tell someone your true

feelings, and they are ready to get to the bottom of things just as much as you are. By the end of the day all

of the unpleasantness will be way behind you both.

It looks like that issue you were worrying about will turn out to be a fat load of nothing, so get ready to

breathe a huge sigh of relief today! This wonderful release of tension will keep you smiling all day long and

make more than a few people notice how cute you are when you’re happy. Take this feeling of freedom and

put it to good use — it’s a great time for a spontaneous adventure or last minute road trip. Get your sweetie

or best friend to join you if you can.

The dreams you’ve had about your life are starting to come true — at least partly. A new person comes into

your life today, although their role might be so minimal that you won’t even notice them there. But you will

soon enough! This is a good time to get rid of emotional baggage and attain closure on any outstanding

unrequited loves you’ve been wallowing in. This new person could represent a huge leap forward for you in

terms of romance and the future.

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Your ambitions take you far forward in life, but have you ever stopped to think about what (or who) they

may have forced you to leave behind? Take some time today to remember the people, places and things that

you miss. It won’t be unpleasant — you’ll love reminiscing about the old days. You will get a fresh new

perspective on where your life is at now. If you feel the urge to visit those long-lost places or people, put a

plan together to do just that.

Be happy if a few people reach out for some assistance today, not annoyed. You should be only too glad to

help the people who have helped you so much in the past. And aren’t you flattered that they think you have

what it takes to make their life better? There are many erratic energies humming around your circle of

friends and family right now, and you seem to be the only person who has the antidote. You have a calmness

about you that people love to feed off of. Share it generously.

If you are holding joint assets with anyone right now, you should check in with them. You need to make sure

that things are still in the status you thought they were in. It’s not that you shouldn’t trust this person, it’s just

that things could have changed and you need to stay on top of it. You share the responsibilities and you share

the benefits, so no one should feel like they are losing ownership. There is no need to worry, though —

everything is fine or will be fine soon.

Today, why not treat yourself to a few of your favorite things? Buy yourself something that you’ve been

wanting for a while. Take yourself out for an extra special dinner at your favorite restaurant. Relax a little

longer in bed — or maybe schedule in a nice long nap! Whatever special thing you do for yourself doesn’t

have to be expensive or extravagant. It just has to be completely unnecessary. Right now, no one is better at

putting a smile on your face than you!

Yesterday, we were discussing some of the slightly more far-fetched, yet not entirely impossible

eventualities that might arise whilst Venus is passing through your sign. I got so carried away with the

romantic possibilities, I forgot to mention the economic ones. People's finances often take a turn for the

better under this astrological influence. Even if it is just a slight turn and not a major revolution, you can

soon expect to feel less stressed about you material situation. There may be problems but there are also

solutions.

Can't you try a little harder? Can't you go a little faster? Can't you cram a little more into every minute, every

hour, every day? Why not? You are rapidly becoming maxed out. You have got too much on your plate and

it just isn't fair. But when you stop and look at what it is that you actually have on your plate, you can see

much to be glad of. Your problems are problems that other people might count themselves lucky to have. But

you can only see that when you stop long enough and stand far enough back. Try to do that today.

How are your levitation exercises going? Have you managed to refine the technique of floating a few inches

above the ground? It is tricky, isn't it? Indeed, to tell you the truth, I have never managed it myself. Maybe,

you should aim for something just a little less ambitious. But just a little less. There is no need to retreat into

a state of total defeatism. Indeed, there is every reason to set your expectations high. Perhaps not as high as

levitation, but certainly as high as the satisfaction of a somewhat more practical need.

What will you eat for breakfast, three years, five weeks and two days from now? Who cares? You can worry

about that much closer to the time. Probably, you won't ever need to worry about it. Breakfast then, will be

as normal and natural as ever. Yet, there is no law to say that you can't worry about it if you want to. It is a

free world. You are at liberty to become anxious about any matter that you choose to get upset by. But even

your biggest concern now, is about as irrelevant and unnecessary as that opening question.

Don't park your car in that spot. Can't you see the sign? Just think of the penalty you will have to pay and the

trouble you will get into. Imagine the expense, the hassle, even the legal repercussions. Hang on a moment.

Why are we imagining any of this? You haven't parked there. Nor are you going to. All those consequences

are hypothetical and theoretical. What on earth are you letting them unnerve you for? Even if you actually

were to park there, things might not be so bad. Don't worry so much today.

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Yesterday, I tried to illustrate how annoying it can be when someone constantly questions you. They say,

'What's wrong?' You say, 'Nothing's wrong.' They say, 'No, something is wrong.' Eventually, you conclude

that the only thing that is really wrong is the fact that they keep trying to push you into an answer that you

don't really want to give. Somewhere, in your life now, that syndrome is starting to arise. Don't get caught up

in an unnecessary conversation and avoid questions which will only take you round in circles.

Will the sun rise tomorrow? Scientists, who love to be very practical, can't bring themselves to answer this

question with a 'yes'. They only feel comfortable about talking in terms of 'probability'. All would agree that

the probability is extremely high but there must be some chance, however slim, of 'the end of the world'

occurring. It's that niggling element of doubt that can potentially destroy so many comfortable agreements

and arrangements. 'Probably there won't be a problem but what if there is?' But there isn't. And there won't

be.

Remember those old Tom and Jerry cartoons? Next door lived a bulldog called Spike. In some episodes, he

would offer to protect the mouse from the cat. He would just tell Jerry to holler for help. There is a sense in

which the heavens are now offering you a similar level of assistance and protection. It is still not advisable to

get yourself into trouble or to push your luck too far. But then, that is never advisable. Nor is it the kind of

thing you would do. Just don't feel as if you won't be able to put things right if they start going wrong.

If you suspect that a question isn't going to be easy to answer, you should go ahead and ask it anyway. Even

if you don't end up with a conclusion that makes any sense, at least you will be able to understand something

from the way in which the unsatisfactory reply is given, you will get a clue, you will gain an insight, you will

be able to start piecing together a picture. If that picture somehow confirms your suspicion about a possible

loophole in a law or an exception to a rule, be reassured by this.

When you think back on the many trials and tribulations you have lately had to face, you begin to wonder

how you have possibly managed to survive. Events have taken so much out of you and you have had to find

such courage, just to cope. Although it now seems as if things are starting to get better, you are

understandably apprehensive. What if this is a false dawn and your hopes are being raised so that they can be

dashed once more? But there is really no need to be so nervous.

Wednesday morning at five o'clock, as the day begins...' So begins one of The Beatles' most famous songs.

It's a melancholy piece all about a sad situation. All these years later, She's Leaving Home can still bring a

tear to the eye of the listener. But not if, just for a change, life has stopped presenting them with reasons to be

nervous and has begun instead to offer much-needed signs of support and reassurance. The question now is

not, who or what is leaving? It is, who or what is arriving? You are going to like this next visit.

People generally turn towards religious beliefs at times of stress, strain and sadness. When we feel happy, we

may spare a passing thought for whoever or whatever created this universe. We may even feel gratitude. But

mainly, we just want to enjoy what is good. It is when things are not so good that we yearn to develop a

deeper bond with the divine. Whatever you believe, coming events will strengthen your sense of confidence

in the notion that there is a grand plan - and there really is a good place within it for you.

Don't refer back to how things were. Don't think about what was once wrong. Don't dwell on what didn't

work the last time you tried it. Just be open-minded and willing to embrace fresh hope! Be aware, too, that

under your current celestial circumstances, the rules have changed! You are effectively emanating an

extremely attractive air; a form of magnetism that is capable of bringing you much more than romantic

attention. You can now draw into your life all the help you need with the project that now means the most to

you. Now, do you need a guide to the future? Let me write you one.

Mars is still in your sign. You need to get used to the pace and the pressure. Life is likely to remain edgy and

intense for a while to come as you grow ever more keenly aware of all you need to accomplish and how

quickly you want to get it all done. Is this unrealistic? You can't know unless you try. But if you do try, you

may yet end up with some surprisingly inspiring results. Put aside your reservations and be willing to

embrace fresh possibilities. They're not fanciful. They're actually a fair representation of what's possible.

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It's not just the art of levitation that requires mind over matter. Similar feats of concentration are reportedly

required by 'astral travellers' who stay in one place while their minds go on long journeys. And, according to

Tibetan legends, there are monks who can 'transmute'; teleporting themselves so that they vanish from one

place and reappear in another. You don't believe it? You don't have to! But you'd better believe the magic

that's happening in your life. It's a bit mind-boggling but it's going to turn out good!

What did the Kellogg brothers eat for breakfast on the day they invented cornflakes? They didn't,

presumably, just leap out of bed one day in the late nineteenth century, race down to the kitchen, soak some

pieces of corn, roll them out, bake them and then serve them with milk! Even if they did, it must have taken

them long past breakfast time to get all that done! Does it matter? There's one key issue to deal with today.

Everything else is ultimately just diversion and distraction! Remember to focus.

What should you fear? Who need you be intimidated by? Which rules must you respect and which can you

consider yourself free to bend or ignore? You may or may not be able to get away with behaviour that

nobody else is necessarily going to notice. But you can't escape your own conscience so easily. Right now,

you're very aware of a moral responsibility that you don't want to shirk. But if you're acting within the

boundaries of your own highest, personal ethical principles, little else needs to hold you back.

Perfection, if it exists at all, is surely a state of mind not a physical condition. We can so easily take any item

or object, any arrangement or plan and find fault with it. Everything may look good but if we pick at it

critically, long enough, there will be flaws and failings of some kind. Yet conversely, we can breathe out, let

go, rise high and reach for our brightest, most hopeful frame of mind. And in doing so, we can find

forgiveness for so much. You can't necessarily 'fix' a problem today. But you can rise above it.

What makes you feel nervous? We are all born blessed with a natural capacity to experience apprehension. If

we didn't have this, we might step into the shower without first checking if it is too hot for us. Or fail to look

before we cross the road. Similarly, we may develop a sense of discomfort about a situation or a person for a

good reason. But often too, we end up becoming anxious for no really good reason - and once such a mood

arises within us it can be hard to shake off. Today, though, there's honestly nothing to fear!

Omamori Himari is a Japanese cartoon character who protects a boy called Yuto. She's a 'protective spirit'

who goes to great lengths to protect her charge, though there are times when she cannot be as helpful as she

(or he) might wish because of her allergy to cats. But then, that's the nature of all protective spirits from

culture to culture. Sometimes they rush to the rescue. Sometimes they get delayed. Yours may not be

responding quite as swiftly as you might wish to a current challenge. But help is still on the way.

Don't be overly polite today. There are some questions that you need answers to, some insights that you need

if you are to make intelligent decisions about sensitive matters. Yet you suspect that if you seek explanation

from someone, you will touch upon some delicate topic and thus provoke an over-defensive response. That's

a reason to choose your words with care but it's not a reason to say nothing at all. Someone knows something

that you need to know. It's not right or fair for this information to be withheld.

What's the difference between a false hope and a real hope? People with real, justified hopes may find that

when they subject their positive expectations to stringent, critical tests, they come across questions that can't

be swiftly, satisfactorily answered. They may then back away from a commitment that they really should

continue to give - or seek. Yet many 'false hopes' have somehow become (or have led to) 'real change'

largely due to the sheer faith of those who have clung to them. Trust what looks hopeful to you today!

'In the tiny piece of coloured glass my love was born And reds and golds and yellows were the colours in the

dawn... ' These words come from an old song by Donovan, called Jersey Thursday. It offers us a nicely

poetic tone for a day that may yet bring you much to appreciate. So far this week, you've been deftly

avoiding reasons to worry and sources of antagonism to react to. You've seen the good that's hiding even

behind the apparently bad. Haven't you? Even if not, you can be blessed by such an inspiring vision today.

Something up there somewhere must be looking out for you. Why would you be singled out for such

attention? Why might you consider yourself entitled to heavenly protection? 'Why' is a question asked only

by mere mortals. Immortal forces don't trouble themselves with this. They know there is simply no answer to

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'why' other than 'because.' Why not? Why shouldn't this be? Why can't your day be filled with joy and

celebration as it becomes clear you can transcend a fear? No reason. This can really happen!

Is there a song in your heart? Is there a skip in your step? Do you feel a little glow of excitement each time

you think about a particular possibility and the pleasure that this may be able to afford you? Really, this

encouraging thought should now be helping to chase all cares and concerns from your mind. If something is

still eating away at you, you must be giving it far too much attention. While Venus remains in your sign, it is

inappropriate for you to be letting worry get the better of you. Save feeling bad for some other weekend.

Now, do you need a guide to the future? Let me write you one.

People who have Mars passing through their sign, don't tend to be very good at acting reasonably. The

phrase 'chill out' doesn't usually mean very much to them. They are constantly aware of all that they want to

accomplish and of the very short time they seem to have available. They often become very successful but if

they aren't careful, they upset companions with sharp remarks. You have got Mars in your sign these days.

Go gently on someone's feelings, even though you must remain determined this weekend.

For some strange reason we seem to imagine that miracles need to be dramatic. They must involve things we

weren't expecting, things we can't explain, things that somehow make no sense. But is a flower not a

miracle? And what about snowdrops? Does not every atom, every molecule, every tiny building block of this

amazing universe represent a miracle in its own way? And what about you? Aren't you made out of

miracles? Why then would miracles not happen around you? Don't rule out a miraculous weekend.

The tiniest thing can sometimes seem to make such a difference. We wake up in the morning, we reach for

all the things that represent our regular routine. If something is missing, if it cannot be found or it cannot be

had, we may end up feeling as if we have been thrown into disarray. What else may be about to go wrong?

For how many more disappointments should we steel ourselves? Yet, for all that it is disorienting you,

something is starting to work itself out just about perfectly this weekend.

Imagine what trouble I would be in, if, as your astrologer, I advised you to break the law. 'Oh, it's okay, the

Moon is here and Venus is there. Feel free to rob a bank this weekend.' Suppose you got caught? I could be

summoned to give evidence at the trial. I might even become a co-defendant. There are so many reasons why

it is really not a good idea for astrologers to be so cavalier with their advice. So I can't suggest any such thing

for you this weekend. But I can say, this is a good time to trust your own judgement.

If something is 'as good as it is ever likely to get', doesn't that make it as good as you could ever hope for it

to be? Even if it is flawed or has downsides and drawbacks, shouldn't you be grateful for the fact that you

have come close to the fulfilment of an ideal? Or perhaps you secretly feel as if 'as good as it gets' just isn't

good enough for you? But that is a bit of an unreasonably high standard to uphold, isn't it? Consider, this

weekend, whether you may be begrudging something you ought to be celebrating.

This time next week, an asteroid is going to pass surprisingly close to the earth. There is absolutely no

chance of a collision but this has not stopped some people from becoming very anxious. 'Oh, but what if it

hits us?' That is like standing by the side of a freeway, watching the traffic race by and thinking, 'If one of

those cars spun off the road now, where would I be?' Such doomy thoughts are easy to entertain, especially if

they are based on an idea that sounds viable, even if it isn't. Banish them this weekend.

Here is your forecast. 'Knock knock.' 'Hello? Okay then. I will do.' Sorry about that, I have just been passed a

note and asked to read it to you. It is from your guardian angel. It says, 'Sorry if you appear to be in a bit of a

tricky position at the moment. I have been unavoidably detained whilst solving another problem on your

behalf. Meanwhile, I have arranged an invisible force field to protect you, until I can get there and lift you

fully out of harm's way. It may look as if you have trouble this weekend, but actually, you are fine.'

People say, 'Oh, that Mr Cainer. His words are always so cheerful. It is as if he just can't bring himself to

give anyone bad news.' That's not fair. I would be derelict in my duty if I didn't alert you to possible pitfalls

and problems. But I can usually see how to turn troublesome situations into advantageous ones. I would also

be letting you down if I didn't pass on such advice. Just imagine if things were really due to be dire for you

this weekend. I would have to say something. And I'm not saying that, am I? So relax.

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When researchers test new medicines, they give the real formula to one group of patients and supply another

group with sugar pills. Even doctors aren't told which is which. It is a key part of the scientific process. It is

not true to say that the sugar pills never help anybody. Some people get better, even if that is all they ever

take. The very belief that they are getting what they need, somehow helps them to heal. Don't let anyone tell

you that your faith in a positive possibility is false. Give it all you have got this weekend.

'When Black Friday comes, I'm gonna dig myself a hole...' Like so many songs by the wonderful Steely Dan,

the lyrics are enigmatic. We never do find out why Friday is so black or what the vocalist means when he

says that by lying in that hole, he will satisfy his soul. But we get the general tone. We know that this is a

song of dread about one particular Friday. Here, we can identify with your own mixed feelings about this

Friday and how things may pan out. Actually, your whole weekend is due to be surprisingly good.

None of us are here forever. We are visitors to this world, not permanent residents. Sad though that may be,

just imagine what life would be like if it went on forever. If you were immortal and everyone else wasn't,

you would soon grow lonely. And if we all became eternal beings? We would bore each other senseless. The

Creator's decision to make every existence brief, was a wise one! It serves as a reminder of the need to

treasure every moment. You have so many reasons to be thankful this weekend.

To open an enormous door, you only need a tiny key. To solve a baffling mystery, you only need a small

clue. It currently seems as if something vast and daunting is preventing you from making progress. Yet all

you really require is a little piece of information. A word or two from the right person. An idea from the right

part of your own imagination. A seemingly trivial discovery is about to make a very big difference. Venus is

in your sign. Prepare for a Valentine's week that turns out far better than you expect it to.

Even jazz musicians rehearse some aspects of their spontaneity. They practise solos. They explore variations

on themes. They build a platform of experience and ability before they depart from it on the spur of the

moment. You're dealing with a situation that you don't feel fully at home with. The luxury of time and

research is not available. But in the midst of all that's unfamiliar, there's one thing you know well. Use that as

a basis and improvise on it this Valentine's week. Your heart will yet lead you to the right choices.

If things never slowed down from time to time, we'd miss the excitement of watching them speed up. If pipes

(and processes) never clogged up, we'd not realise how pleasing it is to see a fast throughput. There's a

reason why something in your life has become stuck or stale. It's so you can now have the joy of breathing

new life back into it. First, you've got to work out how you ended up where you didn't want to be. Then, to

your delight this Valentine's week, you can start moving fast towards an overdue change.

What would we all do without you? That's a worrying notion. Slowly but surely, we have come to rely on

you. We know that whatever happens, you will be there for us. So, if we make mistakes, we need not worry.

If our judgement proves poor, we will escape the repercussions. If we get ourselves into trouble, you will get

us out of it. It's awfully good of you. Are you sure you don't mind? Don't you feel a teeny bit put upon?

Remember that you do have the right, this Valentine's week, to let someone clear up their own mess.

State your preference. Announce your intention. And then? Just do all you can to attain your objective. You

may not fully succeed. Mercury's movements this week don't assure you an ability to get exactly what you

want, when and where you want it. But they do offer you the certainty that there is no harm in trying to reach

the highest goal. You will learn something. Remember, this Valentine's week, that the upshot of this

educational process, could well prove the stepping-stone to a future that's far happier in many ways.

I know this is going to sound a bit odd coming from a fortune-teller but early information about what lies

ahead is not always as useful as we imagine. When we're too aware of what's in store, we stop properly

giving our energy to the present. We dwell on what may be coming up yet, unless there's a definite step we

can take to influence the outcome of a process, what's the point in knowing? The future is ahead. By the time

you get to it, you'll be ready for it. For best results, this Valentine's week, try to 'live in the now'!

Must life be an endless battle? Must every moment be tense and troublesome? Can't there ever be ease and

peace, comfort and security, respectful co-existence and joyous celebration? Well, of course there can. And

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sometimes, we go through a phase when life really does seem to be worth living, regardless of all that's

disappointing or aggravating. This Valentine's week, Venus is passing through your opposite sign. That

speaks of a better emotional balance in your personal life soon. Now, you really should hear your new, free

week ahead spoken forecast.

Mars and Mercury both pass through your opposite sign this Valentine's week. That suggests intense

conversations, some of which are 'informed' by difficult memories. When we're stirred up by a hurtful

recollection, we tend to become defensive, keeping at bay some of the very support and understanding we

most crave. Others are inclined to reach out to us till they sense that we may be more inclined to shut them

out than let them in. But if you are now open to inspiring new changes in your life... they can occur!

Do you sometimes feel that the more you give, the more someone else seems to take? Does a relationship

seem to involve a process of endless negotiation? Or does it even seem as if you are so isolated that there's

nothing to negotiate about? Valentine's week doesn't automatically guarantee a happy-ever-after but there are

other signs in the sky that suggest you've got good things to look forward to. Ignore your own secret fear, of

'winning the wrong battle' and set out in search now, of the change you truly desire.

You wish a sensitive situation made more sense, somehow. You're willing to understand the circumstances,

happy to make allowances for pressing problems, keen to do all you can to reduce tension and facilitate a

sweeter, easier future. Yet the more you try to see another person's point of view, the more confused you

become. Is there something they aren't telling you? Is there an issue you're simply not able to see in the right

light? This Valentine's week brings insight, awareness and, from that, trust and fulfilment.

Most people, even when they go to fancy-dress parties, find it hard to keep up a persona. Soon, they revert to

the person they are in the 'real world'. Yet our jobs and lifestyles are also masks! We do ourselves a great

disservice when we judge each other by these... or by the social status we hold. If, this Valentine's week, you

focus less on who you feel you ought to be, or would like to become and more on who you truly are in your

heart of hearts, all the right hearts will resonate with yours and all the right things will happen.

If yesterday was the first day of the rest of your life, today must be the first day of the rest of the rest of your

life. And tomorrow? Well, yes, you've guessed it. But Saturn, as it now starts to 'stand still' in the zodiac,

really could be about to bring you a fresh start you never forget. No matter what's tiring you, boring you,

exhausting you or disempowering you, there's a reason to feel hopeful about the future. This Valentine's

week, you'll discover a lot more about what you have to be grateful for and why you need not worry.

Every time you try to catch your confidence, you find yourself fishing in a seemingly empty pool. Or you

cast your line and sense a bite, but you just reel in the rusty tin can of an old disappointment or the

abandoned boot of nervous fear. You simply cannot afford to be despondent or upset. The task before you

requires good judgement, enthusiasm and... well, we're back to that word again, confidence. Coming

developments in your emotional life should help to bring back your self-belief with a vengeance.

How has it happened? Which lessons should be learned? It is always tempting, when things don't turn out as

expected, to conduct a critical investigation. We want to get to the bottom of it all and make sure that

mistakes are not repeated. This idea, though, presupposes a logical universe. It implies that there are rights

and wrongs running through this world, like railway lines for the trains of our lives. Maybe the flaw in the

plan was to have a plan in the first place. Be spontaneous in your emotional life now. I have just recorded

your latest in-depth week-ahead prediction.

Our ideas alter with the passage of time and the deepening of understanding. We learn, we digest, we grow

wiser and more experienced. Yesterday's irritations become today's amusements. The anxious fears of the

past become the acceptable realities of the present. Our tastes alter along with our preferences. This is

normal. Natural. Healthy. Only retentive people are doggedly consistent. Don't apologise for the change in

the way you feel and the way it is affecting your emotional life. Celebrate it.

They say you don't know what you are capable of until you try. And if you don't try? You will never find out.

But when you are confronted with a challenge in which the stakes are high and the price of failure is

daunting, such advice begins to sound empty. Surely, you should put yourself in the hands of the experts and

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leave unfamiliar territory to explorers who have already passed that way. But, right now, nobody but you can

perform a particular role and make a crucial emotional choice. Fear not. You will do it well.

Miracles happen all the time. When we don't notice them, it is often because they happen slowly. We expect

them to be instant. Nature, though, is notorious for taking her time. She is quite happy to allow stalactites

centuries to develop. So when she causes a flower to blossom in a few short days, she is actually being rather

speedy. We, though, don't have quite as much time as nature. So we get restless and then become unable to

see life's gifts. Slow down and wise up for the sake of your heart!

Give your energy to the deal that needs negotiating, the plan that needs making or the complicated situation

that needs ironing out. Launch yourself with enthusiasm into the most hopeful, positive course of action.

Don't persuade yourself that the impossible is somehow feasible. But do feel entitled to treat the current

drama in your emotional life as a promise that daunting difficulties can be definitely defeated, as long as

you're prepared to put in enough effort. Something is going to give a lot back to you!

Some people like to do things the hard way. They walk when they could cycle. They cycle when they could

drive. They drive when they could take the train. They take the train when they could fly. They fly when they

could just decide to not bother even going! There's always an easier option - or at least an option that looks

easier on paper. Ease, though, is not the be-all and end-all of existence. What you are reaching for in your

love life now involves depth, complexity and quality. That's worth a little effort.

What binds you to an awkward situation? How tight are the knots, how strong are the ropes, how hopeless is

your dream of escape? A lot depends on how deeply and sincerely you want your situation to change.

Perhaps, despite all that's wrong, a part of you likes the devil it knows. Possibly, in your heart of hearts, you

are keeping a connection alive because you fear that without it, you will feel lost. There are issues you need

to look at honestly... fairly fast. Deal with them... and you'll move on happily.

Some days are good; some days are not so good; and some days, well, actually, some days are not so bad as

you might fear. The days you are living through now fall into a different category entirely. They have the

potential to become the kinds of days that you never forget. You will remember them not because of what

went wrong, but because of all that went so wonderfully well. While there is no guarantee of success in

everything you do, most of what you attempt will lead to at least some emotional satisfaction soon.

You have high hopes and great expectations. Rightly so. Your opportunities are good. You know, though,

that before you can start to seize these, you have to resolve something. You are conscious of a difficulty that

won't go away. You are tired of the trouble that it keeps causing and you feel inclined to take aggressive

action. Take care! You can't sort it out swiftly - and if you try, you will give rise to antagonistic energy that

rebounds on you. Develop a patient strategy if you want to succeed. Soon things will get easier.

The legendary emperor has not gone away. His new clothes are on full public view every day. It's just that,

they no longer take the form of garments. Nowadays, you find them in art galleries. Doubtful paintings. On

sale for millions. Because someone, somewhere, has declared them priceless. Once an item becomes an

investment, it is hard to question its worth. In the realm of emotional investment too, wild assumptions are

sometimes made with no regard to merit. Now you're seeing through a facade!

The world is full of people who reckon they know. It doesn't matter what the topic is, they've got the final

word on it. How long will they keep on bluffing in a tone of voice that sounds like it simply cannot be

challenged? Until events suddenly bring total proof that they are clearly talking rot. Even then, if you give

them half a chance, they'll keep blustering on. A politician's answer is not what you now need. Somewhere in

your world, there's someone willing to be more honest and realistic. Listen to them.

You have got what you need. What else do you need to know? Perhaps what you need is not the only thing

that you've got. A-ha! Perhaps you need to know the difference between what you need and what you don't

need. If you don't know that, then having what you need may not do you much good. Indeed, if you think

that you need the thing that you really don't need, you may yet make a series of regrettable errors. So, how

can you be clear about the difference this week? Just be honest with yourself.

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You now have a strong instinctive feeling about a situation. You reckon you know what is needed and you

have a strong sense of who you can trust. So, that's fine, isn't it? It's not as if you've ever been wrong before,

is it? Have you once or twice felt absolutely certain of something, only to discover later that you had good

grounds for doubt? A-ha! I thought you might say that. So, let's try another test. What does your intuition tell

you about your own intuition? Should you trust it? You simply have to trust it this week!

If you have got something to be grateful for, then you have got the potential for trouble. What if you lose it?

What if it goes wrong? There is no point in letting gratitude feed insecurity - but sometimes it can be hard to

prevent such a process from taking hold. On the other hand, the reverse is also true. If you have trouble, it

can only be because you have something to feel grateful for. If there wasn't something (or someone) who you

cared enough about to protect, why would you worry? This week's trouble is good trouble.

Some people lack a sense of conscience and responsibility. They feel entitled to walk away from situations

that seem uncomfortable or which have begun to prove problematic. If they see that it is possible to get out,

they will just take that chance, leaving it to others to sort out the mess. How can they be that way? Well,

maybe when the universe was handing out a sense of duty to each one of us, you got given their share as well

as your own! But then, maybe that is all the more reason to give it back to them this week!

You will just have to try your best. And if it isn't enough, if it doesn't do the job, if it fails to bring the desired

result? Well then, what else are you supposed to do? Your worst? You are already doing your best, aren't

you? It is hard to imagine how anyone could strive with greater sincerity or dedicate more time and energy

towards the fulfilment of an important goal. Is the goal wrong? Might you be pursuing an inappropriate plan?

Don't trouble yourself with such distracting doubts. Just stick with what you have started.

Fortune-tellers are dangerous. I know I shouldn't really say this. I'm a fortune-teller, am I not? But that just

plays on my conscience. Once someone in my profession tells you what they foresee, what chance do you

have of changing that? You will feel boxed in by fate and destiny. It is bad enough to surrender your power

to a clairvoyant. But what if you are telling your own fortune? And what if your crystal ball is faulty? If you

think that you now see something bad on your horizon, you are wrong. Go seek a second opinion.

The shops are full of cards and gifts. It is boom time for jewellers and the florists. This week, everyone is

supposed to be in love - and they are supposed to be declaring it too. And what kind of love does St

Valentine signify? Neither brotherly love, sisterly love, nor the adoration that we feel for our parents and our

offspring. Neither the love of creation, nor the 'unconditional love', that some believe the Creator has for us.

Surely, that is the only kind of love that is worth having, isn't it? Be careful for what you settle for this week.

Think of how things could have been if only you had done this instead of that. What if you had made some

other choice at a vital moment? How might your life have turned out differently? So, have you made a

mistake? Must you now pay a price forever? Is this your punishment for some past misjudgement? If you

look at it like that, you can soon see a reason to dismiss everything in your life right now, as a small problem

just waiting to turn into a bigger problem. But that is not how to look at it, nor as it is - as soon you will see.

Are the odds in our favour or are they against us? We all ask ourselves questions like this when we feel

unsure of a move that we might be about to make. But why? What difference is it going to make? Not every

race is won by the favourite. Not every outsider with a slim chance of success comes to grief. Not every

decision can be made on the basis of an assessment of statistical likelihood. There is a chance. That is better

than no chance. Now, what do you want to do? Think about that chance? Or seize it?

Some people are hard to get along with. They may not respect social protocol. They may even deliberately

adopt antagonistic stances. If we are wise, we don't jump to immediate conclusions when we first encounter

such attitudes. We make allowances. We think, 'Perhaps they are having a bad day.' Or we remember that

some of the most affable and amenable personalities, ever to walk the earth, have disguised secret dark sides.

Let a little more time pass before you reach a conclusion about someone this week.

Back in the old days, stage magicians used to pull rabbits out of hats. I'm not sure if animal cruelty laws still

permit this but for the sake of our analogy today, let us imagine that they do. Let us also imagine that you

have trained in the illusionist's art and are about to perform such a trick. You swish your wand, you reach

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into the hat and then you freeze with fear. What if the rabbit isn't there? What if you are only bluffing?

Concerns of this kind are now starting to erode your confidence. Ignore them! All will be fine.

They say, 'The definition of insanity, is to keep doing the same thing, over again, expecting that one day, you

will get a different result.' None of us is that crazy. If we are repeating exercises, it is either because we gain

some pleasure or benefit from them, regardless of how much we may protest otherwise. Or, it is because

every so often, once in a while, we do enjoy a different outcome. In which case, the activity is not futile.

There is at least some chance that it will produce vindication. Don't be too quick to dismiss a plan.

Don't expect the worst. Don't steel yourself for trouble. Don't assume that someone wants to make your life

difficult - or that a disappointment is waiting round the corner. Don't swing to the other extreme either - and

anticipate a victory so easy that it doesn't even have to be worked for. If you are going to err towards any

view, err on the side of optimism. Today, if you expect things to go reasonably well, you won't go far wrong.

You will soon manage to clear up much that has lately been confused. Later this year, an amazing comet is

expected to change all our lives.

Put your best foot forward. No, not that one, the other one. Actually, come to think of it, perhaps the first one

was better. Although, come to think of it, even if it was... how can you keep on putting it forward first?

You'll end up hopping instead of walking if you do that. You've got to find a way to make both your feet

equal. And to stand on them firmly whilst relying on them to get you where you need to be. If you really

want to do your best now, just keep on moving. And just stop worrying so much today, about what's best.

People say, 'Life is too short for tension and trouble.' Actually, it isn't! If life were longer, if we all expected

to stick around for centuries or even a millennium, we would soon learn not to let anything make us angry,

upset or irate. We would grow out of petty feuds and awkward feelings. They would just seem tiresome to

us. It is probably precisely because life is short that we don't have time to refine the higher aspects of our

own characters. But, hey, it's not that short! If you want to do the best and the wisest thing today, you can.

Later this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

Do you know anyone who doesn't look both ways before they cross the road? Well, if you did know them,

you wouldn't know them for long. They wouldn't last long! And how silly would you be if you felt obliged to

follow them everywhere they went, reminding them of the need to be wary of traffic at all appropriate

points? And then, who would shadow you, reminding you to be wary whilst you were reminding the other

person? There comes a point when we have to stop worrying and start trusting. Remember that today.

There is a big, significant difference between a 'what if' and an 'if only'. A 'what if' is a constructive line of

enquiry. Ask it enough times and you may come up with a creative plan that brings great success. An 'if only'

is an expression of regret. What a shame, what a pity, what a waste. What if, in your future, you found

yourself regretting the amount of regret that you had ever allowed yourself to experience? If only you were

to ask more 'what ifs' today, you might find that you have many fewer 'if onlys' to dwell upon later. Later this

year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

How is the reception on your crystal ball? Does the signal strength fluctuate since you switched from

analogue to digital? Have you thought about subscribing to an additional pay-per-view transmission? But if

you are still getting cloudy spots and moments when it seems as if you can see nothing at all, don't worry.

That is natural, even for the most well-equipped psychic. There are moments when nothing is obvious to us -

and that is a blessing. Such times represent chances to shape the future, not just to accept it.

An easy life. Is that really what you want? Are you sure? It's just that, well, some of the things that you seem

to be doing look very much as if they are calculated to make your existence more demanding and

challenging. There is absolutely nothing wrong with that. Plenty of great people actively seek out an

opportunity to stretch themselves. Generally, though, life is much more enjoyable if we are able to make

ourselves conscious of our true motive and intention. Don't be in denial of your appetite for excitement!

Are you indulging an idle fantasy or working to a very particular plan? Your answer to this question could

yet make an enormous difference. Forget, for a moment, the possibility of deep self-delusion. It really isn't

relevant here. Just reach within yourself for some genuine honesty. Once you begin to feel confident about

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the integrity of your reply, trust this and plough ahead. If such confidence eludes you, keep reaching for it.

You can now achieve tremendous success, but only by sticking closely to what you are sure of.

Chess players like to think things through. They plan their next move, the move after that and (subject to

several variable but easily foreseeable possibilities) the move after that. Some Librans play chess very well.

None, though, are willing to lead their personal lives on such a calculated basis. You really don't like to think

about what lies behind the next corner... and most certainly never the corner after that. Spontaneity, to you, is

all. So you had better look away, if you really don't want to see the obvious today! Later this year, an

amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

Some people enjoy not liking other people. Sometimes, for example, you get two people who relish being

each other's enemy almost as much as they might enjoy being one another's friend. 'Nemesis' is an engaging

role to play. It provides a sense of purpose and ensures that life is never dull. But you can't be someone's

nemesis unless they let you. Albeit unconsciously, or unwittingly. A new way to look at an old difficulty is

now being offered. There is also a choice to heal a wound - or to deepen it. Choose well.

Deity or mortal? Professional or amateur? Expert or bluffer? Solvent or bankrupt? The distinctions are not

always as clear-cut as we might want them to be. Apparent opposites, closely connected... states that can

seem definitive and unquestionable one moment yet, as soon as one small development takes place... can

switch to the very opposite. You rarely, of course, think of yourself as a deity. Yet you have amazing

powers. You need to use them now to turn something wrong into something right - and to get some

perspective. Later this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

They say that in the moment when something begins, there is always a clue to the way it will end. That may

be so, but sometimes you have to be like a detective to see it. And, although you could argue that this is a

rather strange question for an astrologer to be asking, why do we want to keep peering into the future? Can't

we just relax and allow ourselves to be surprised? Where the writing is not on the wall, you don't need to see

it. And where it is? Make sure that you know how to read it, before you heed it.

Impulsive? You? Yes -- today even more than usual! You have a taste for something fresh, and you don't

want anyone or anything to limit you. You'll probably react against rigid expectations from others, such as

having to tackle a project in a particular way. But you're extra creative now, so you can come up with

ingenious ways of getting around these restrictions and finding the freedom you crave.

Today your curiosity is aroused. New people or experiences seem to beckon in their very strangeness! Open

yourself up to this spirit of inquiry. The biggest mistake you could make under the current influence would

be to close yourself off to something because it seems too odd or unfamiliar. There's a time and a place for

everything, and right now, the emphasis is on venturing outside your comfort zone.

It's a great day to learn something new. Open your mind to concepts you hadn't considered before. Explore

fresh realms of inquiry. Mental flexibility is one of your strengths, so this should be enjoyable for you. Your

only difficulty might be getting the big-picture perspective that's so important right now. Don't allow

yourself to get caught up in minor details that don't matter in the grand scheme of things.

Run-ins are possible today with people whose ideas don't match your own. If you find yourself enmeshed in

an argument about the big stuff -- morals, values, ethics -- take a step back to gain a broader view. Instead of

getting all heated up over specific issues that are meaningful to you, adopt a fresher, more inclusive

perspective. That might help you find common ground with the other side.

There's a fun, party-like atmosphere infusing the air today. You're interested in everyone you meet. The more

different they are from you, the better you like it. Differences of opinion can lead to some very interesting

debates! And you're open to having your position reversed through the course of a stimulating dialogue. Visit

someplace new, especially with a culture different from your own, to broaden your mind.

It's important not to let your strong opinions and perceptions get in the way of maintaining an open mind.

You see things a certain way, and you sorted out your morals and ethics long ago. But just because you have

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a strong sense of right and wrong doesn't mean you can't revise your views every now and again. Learn

something new today. Don't cut yourself off from that.

You're impulsive today, in the best possible way. You have a fun, vibrant sense of possibility. Somewhere

within your mind or heart, you understand that your best opportunities will come through a willingness to

take risks. On that note, if there's some personal choice or life change you've been considering but you

haven't been certain about whether to go forward or not, this is the time to capitalize on your sense of

adventure.

Do you feel it? That sense of excitement, that slight quickening of your blood? Today's cosmic energy

tempts your gaze toward the horizon. Suddenly, your usual experiences seem a little dull. If you're craving

something new, just make some small change to your routine. Strike up a conversation with someone you

don't normally speak to, or research a trip to someplace you've never been before. Embrace the world of

possibility.

Today is not a day for quiet, low-key activities. If a certain idea or subject catches your interest, you might

be satisfied with your nose in a book or scouring the Web, since learning and teaching are highlighted now.

But information found in a book is rarely as meaningful to you as the lessons you absorb through experience.

So get out into the world and get involved with life, Sadge!

Your ideals, values and principles are highlighted today. You have a strong work ethic, not to mention a keen

sense of duty toward your family, your employer or anyone for whom you feel responsible. Today, those

values may be called into question, or they might simply be on your mind. Don't be afraid to question your

beliefs. This process is an important part of making sure you're living according to your ideals.

Venture into unknown territory today. This might be in your thinking or your research, but it could be in a

more physical, geographical sense. It doesn't matter, as long as you maintain a sense of exploration in

whatever you're doing. Rules and restrictions don't seem as limiting as usual today. If they present serious

obstacles to your adventures, you can probably find creative ways of getting around them.

You possess an especially flexible, open mind today. Generally speaking, that's an advantage in most

situations. You have an accepting attitude that puts other people at ease. And your sense of discovery enables

you to learn something fascinating and unexpected. But do set some boundaries, when appropriate. There is

such a thing as being too flexible, especially in social situations. Don't let anyone take advantage of your

willingness to accommodate them!

Turn your attention today toward matters affecting your future. Your job or career may be on your mind. It's

important to focus and make careful plans. Going on impulse probably won't work out. Make the effort to do

a thorough job, and you'll reap the rewards. And if that seems too boring, just remind yourself -- there's a

time and a place for everything, including hard work!

Today you're in your element. You're feeling centered and calm, ready to tackle whatever might be on your

agenda. Fulfilling your responsibilities is no problem. More than that, it's deeply satisfying. Even if you

usually don't bother, setting reasonable limits for yourself actually feels good now. This is especially true if

you're working toward a concrete goal for the future, one that's personally meaningful to you.

Ambition kicks in today. If you're lucky, this will help you pursue a certain goal. Long-term objectives are

highlighted now, and hard, careful work is favored. But if you're the type to get distracted easily, you won't

make as much progress as you should. The same goes for frittering time away on small details that don't

matter. Keep one eye firmly on the end result -- that treasured goal -- to stay focused.

You may be in a serious mood today, but that's okay. You're just focused on what needs to be done. And

you're finding the best, most efficient and yet thorough way to work through your task list. Good for you!

That's exactly the right use of the current cosmic energy, which helps you tackle big projects gracefully. It's a

good day to prove yourself in a professional setting, since you're extra trustworthy.

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Your ambitions come to the fore in a big way today. You know just what you want to do. Keep a vision in

mind of a treasured goal, since it keeps you focused. But don't be too hard on yourself if you get distracted or

things don't progress quite as you'd planned. Just regain your focus, keep putting one foot in front of the

other, and trust the process.

Today you're working within set boundaries, and you're quite comfortable with that. Perhaps you're

following a strict set of rules on a project at work, or adhering to a limited budget at home. These limitations

engage your mind at a problem-solving level. It's actually fun to figure out how to get around obstacles and

restrictions! This is exactly the kind of thing you're good at. Hard work brings positive results.

Today's energy isn't right for taking time away from your goals. In fact, it's the opposite: Now is the time to

make a plan and put it in action. This shouldn't be tough, since you're goal-oriented by nature. Tap into that

take-charge energy that drives you. Use it to make solid progress on a particular endeavor. You might wish

you could rely on teamwork, but you'll probably have to work solo.

Your capacity for reason is strong today, as is your sense of honor. Set a good example for others as you

work through your task list and fulfill your promises. Doing a good job is just a small part of why you're

working so hard, though. It's satisfying to be dependable. But you also have real, solid goals in mind. Now

you'll make measurable progress toward attaining them.

It's a good day to buckle down and get something important accomplished. You aren't always much for

follow-through, but today's cosmic energy gives you an extra boost of focus and determination. Plus, you're a

visionary. Take that lofty aspiration you have in your mind and turn it into a reality. Use your creativity, but

be sure to be practical, too. That cuts down on false steps and outright blunders.

Today you're at your calm, rational and hardworking best. You're receiving a boost direct from the cosmos,

and it's helping you stay extra disciplined. Putting in long hours at the office? Or trying to finish a complex

project at home? You have the determination needed to see it through to the end. Just try not to wear yourself

out unnecessarily! Part of maintaining a steady output is taking regular breaks.

Today is a good day to put a favored theory to the test. Your best bet will be to work with known quantities

and carefully evaluated risks. You're an inventive person by nature, but that part of your personality may not

get much expression right now. Instead of being creative, be practical. Assess a situation with a real-world

eye for the bottom line. Then decide how to move forward, and proceed.

You aren't driven by materialistic urges. Still, today is a good day to keep your future in mind, and especially

your financial stability. You're more grounded than usual, which helps in making solid decisions about

money and other resources. You have a good sense of which risks are smart and which aren't. Plus, you're

willing to work hard now to make gains in the future. That's what maturity and responsibility are all about.

It's a good day to know your limits and keep your impulses in check. No, that's not the most fun way to

channel your energy! But it's the smart way to manage your resources right now. That includes time and

money. Stay away from the stores and other places that tempt you to overspend. And budget your time

wisely. Making a list of to-dos and working through it methodically should help.

Your best strategy for today is to make a plan and follow it. That way, you can maximize your efficiency and

avoid wasting even a minute of precious time. You'll be surprised by how much you can accomplish by the

end of the day! On the other hand, maybe you won't be surprised at all. Your legendary work ethic is only

enhanced by the current cosmic energy. Use it to your advantage!

It's important to be responsible today. Live up to your responsibilities and honor others' expectations of you.

This applies both at work and at home. A serious attitude may not be your style, but it's really the best way to

get through a day like this. The emphasis now is on applying yourself to the task at hand, whatever that may

be. Slacking off could be seen as unreliability.

Your cautious nature kicks in today in a big way. You aren't normally given to taking unreasonable chances,

and now most risks seem especially uncertain. That's smart thinking, since right now, reckless acts aren't

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favored. Use your strong instincts to help you calculate risks and determine whether or not they're likely to

pay off. You can also give good advice to someone whose common sense isn't quite as well honed as yours.

Your duties at work or at home loom large in your mind. Fortunately, you have excellent strength and

stamina. You can push through anything, no matter how complicated or extensive. Keep in mind that this

isn't a day for indulgence. Push through those moments when you might prefer to take a break or a nap.

Resist the urge to treat yourself for your hard work. Bigger rewards will come later!

Work systematically through your list of tasks today. Moving forward in a methodical way works out

wonderfully. You might even find ways to streamline processes that have already been established. There's

nothing wrong with cutting corners, as long as the end result is of high quality. And you wouldn't settle for

anything less, Virgo! This is the kind of day when you're sure to impress anyone who's tracking your

progress.

Your responsibilities may weigh heavily upon you today. Work may be on your mind, or issues at home.

You feel the weight of the world on your shoulders! The best way to handle this is to trust yourself to bear

the burden. If you need help from someone, ask for it -- but know that they're probably busy tackling their

own duties. That's just the kind of energy that's in effect right now.

Today is all about keeping your nose to the grindstone. While other people may complain and resist their

responsibilities, it shouldn't be tough for you to do what needs to be done. You're in the mood to take charge.

Getting something accomplished feels great. At the end of the day, you can see how far you've come. And

you have the satisfaction of knowing you're that much closer to the finish line!

You aren't one to care overmuch for status symbols. Other people may care about all the fancy things they

can buy with their hard-earned cash, but you? Not so much. Still, a dependable income has lots of benefits

besides extra spending money. Today highlights the importance of putting in your time at work and reaping

the rewards -- for starters, a steady paycheck. Learning more self-discipline couldn't hurt, either.

You're a workhorse today. You have a specific plan in mind, and you know just how you want to set it in

motion. You won't let any obstacles set you back! It's great to be so committed. Just don't neglect the value

of flexibility. Sometimes, rather than blasting through a roadblock, it's better to find an alternate route around

it. Then you can congratulate yourself on your inventiveness!

Rules and regulations aren't really your thing -- at least, not when they're in place for no good reason. You

want to see the logic behind a set of restrictions. If you don't, you won't submit to them! But today's energy

favors working within the rules. Boundaries are there for a reason. Sometimes they're to be crossed, or at

least expanded. But now, it's best to respect their limits, and your own.

Staying focused on a certain goal isn't always your strong point. But today it's a lot easier than usual, thanks

to a little extra help from the stars. Be sure to tap into this goal-oriented energy. It offers a great opportunity

to work hard and accomplish something meaningful. The best objectives to pursue now are those with

measurable, tangible results. Being able to mark your progress means even more than usual.

Data analysis is one of your talents now, whether you're working or hanging out with friends. The latter is

better, though, and not just because it's more fun. Connecting with like-minded people leads to good

opportunities for everyone involved. Gather a group for dinner and bounce ideas off each other about

possible team projects in which you share an interest, like high school sports. You could make a difference

today.

Smooth, calm stability is your favorite state of mind, but it eludes you right now. Instead, you're on a sudden

roller coaster ride of emotions. What's at the base of it? Only you can say. Maybe pressures at work are

getting you down, or maybe it's a friendship or love affair that's on the rocks. Either way, you'll need to take

steps to stay cool and collected today. You might just have to fake it till you make it.

Life is about to get pretty interesting, so hold on to your hat. Of course, changes and uncertainty don't make

you nervous; quite the opposite, in fact. Instead of letting the unusual conditions today bother you, you'll

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thrive under them. Just be sure to stay witty, and keep an open schedule. Anything could come up -- an

impromptu road trip, an exciting invitation from a friend, even a brand-new, engaging acquaintance -- and

you want to be ready for it.

It can be a shock when people notice you, and an unpleasant one when they make fun of your behavior. They

may mean it all in good fun, but you take it as mocking. And when you tell them to stop, they don't. You

hate disrespectful behavior, but maybe you should take this as a lesson. This is a day of many personal

interactions, so adjust your viewpoint. Don't slip into defensiveness.

Make every effort today to channel that strong will of yours along socially acceptable paths. That means that

instead of insisting on having things your way, you should at least attempt to see the other side of the issue,

and to find a compromise. It's important to maintain a foundation of respect with your friends and colleagues,

after all. These are the people you depend on when the going gets rough.

Traditional wisdom isn't coming through for you right now. Heaven knows, you've tried -- you've read the

dogma and gone over the rituals, and it's just not working like it should. So why not toss out conventional

means and embrace the karmic today? It certainly lends a bigger picture. This won't give you control, but it

does increase your understanding. Try those more traditional methods again later, after your world view has

been restored.

It's time for tension and arguments to dissolve. Do your part by cooperating instead of challenging anyone.

Their point of view is as valid as yours, after all. Calm any doubts with a smile. Once everyone's ruffled

feathers are smooth once again, you can heave a sigh of relief. You deserve a day off! No one should have to

deal with opposing forces on a regular basis. Good thing you're such a natural at diplomacy and bringing

people together.

Something's gotten under your skin, and you've made it your personal mission to right this wrong. The only

trouble is, you're not even certain what's wrong, or who bears responsibility for it. But you're hollering about

it anyway. And the louder you become, the more you convince yourself that someone owes you something.

But now it's time to take a step back. Consider whether this was what you were really after. Seek a different

outcome.

You're always searching for something -- knowledge, experience, adventure. Maybe all three at once. And

today, you might just find what you seek. You're perceptive, as if you've been gifted with temporary x-ray

vision. Other people's behavior is suddenly crystal-clear to you. You're laughing to yourself in sheer joy at

how things have snapped into focus. But just because you have an insider's view of the workings of the

universe, don't hold it over other people.

You prefer old-school, traditional methods and tend to frown on other people's habit of trying new things.

But as if to challenge your skepticism, even tried-and-true methods present surprises today. They bring a

new twist on old information. Try blending your usual method with a new approach. Things aren't always

what they seem. You may not like this, but you have no choice but to move forward.

The universe is your playground now, and this new, potentially brilliant cycle starts today. Of course you

should enjoy yourself and take pleasure in the company of your many friends. But you have a chance now to

start the ball rolling on some endeavor that's very close to your heart. If you play it right, you can socialize

with friends new and old, while drawing future allies your way -- people who can help you further your

cause when the time comes.

You think you're ready to move on, but the past isn't over yet. The drama of your life continues. Old plot

elements play out today, and characters reappear. Everything has meaning in this potent time. Learn to be a

versatile actor on a changeable stage. Your job now is to integrate what you've learned so far, and prepare to

face the changes demanded by the future. Flexibility is a survival skill in this crazy world.

Making your own future is easier now than usual, as long as you stay realistic. It's not that you're suddenly

operating on previously undiscovered psychic powers; it's that you're staying open to the many possibilities

life has to offer. You're ready to step forward toward something exciting and meaningful. Whatever you

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want to make happen today, consider all the factors involved so you'll know what's actually possible. Don't

limit yourself.

Instead of acting like a grouch, take a deep breath and treat everyone with the respect they deserve. If you

feel angry, you're practical enough to recognize that holding back your temper is a smart move. If you get

overly worked up, you might be out of a support network, and you don't want that. So keep your

relationships happily intact by finding a more constructive way to ease your temper.

Will wonders never cease? That's how life feels to you now: like a thrill a minute. Your world is your own,

private amusement park, filled with exciting rides and delights around every corner. Best of all, you're

flexible enough to change along with everything that's happening around you. Soon, you'll feel like a

completely different person. You might even look back and chuckle at how naive you were when this all

began!

You tend to toe the line, bowing to the usual way of doing things and upholding tradition. But sometimes

disorder and rebellion are necessary. Every now and again, they're unavoidable responses to the

claustrophobic world that surrounds you. Today you'll surprise everyone by sticking up for the individual

instead of the group. Just don't act childish or lash out unreasonably. It's possible to be mature even as you're

rebelling.

Self-awareness is one of your strengths. Tap into it today by concentrating on what's going on beneath the

surface of your own thoughts. There's a lot to discover, much of it really good stuff. You may realize you

have some worries or feelings about a particular relationship that you hadn't realized till now. Talk it out, or

write it down so you can come back to it later and make more sense of it.

Traditional wisdom isn't coming through for you right now. Heaven knows, you've tried. You've read the

dogma and gone over the rituals, and it's just not working like it used to. Why not let go of conventional

means and embrace the karmic route today? This won't give you control, but it does give you a good reason

to stay where you are. Try those more traditional methods again later, after your world view has been

refreshed.

There's a lovely symmetry to giving and taking. That's just one of the things you appreciate about a mutual

relationship. Today, you'll strike the perfect balance with someone you really care for, and in so doing, you'll

turn relating into an art form. Remember this useful skill for later, when the universe doesn't seem quite as

indulgent as it does now. You'll be able to create these good feelings again when you really need them.

Stubbornness is one of your less attractive qualities, and it could be on full display today. You seem so fixed

in your ways that other people are starting to call you an old geezer. But things could change as a result, and

that's good news. It's time to get ready for whatever lies ahead. Remind yourself that you're strong and

resilient. Perhaps that will help you greet life's ups and downs more gracefully.

Next time you start talking, notice all the people listening attentively to everything you have to say. You're

just expressing yourself off the top of your head, but others are finding your insights extremely profound,

and your fan base is growing. Use this to your advantage. Find some outside support, or look for someone

special among the group of your admirers whom you'd like to know a little better. Go for it!

You know a lot about many things, since you're practical by nature, yet you're always curious about learning

something new. You're certainly teachable, but today, you'll have to work for any knowledge you gain. You

can't have everything handed to you, after all. Think of this as the tradition of the masters, carried forward to

the future. Direct research and experience are a must now. Strive to understand the deeper implications of

what you're doing.

Whatever you do, trust your perceptions today. You've been working on something important, brainstorming

it from all angles, and you're closer than you realize to a lucky breakthrough. This could turn out to be a big

win for you, so don't ignore the potential of this brief period. What looks and feels like a good opportunity

probably is, and people who seem like allies are most certainly on your side.

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Sometimes you aren't so sure of yourself, and today is one of those days. Even forward thinkers who are

usually on their toes suddenly develop brain freeze. There seems to be a mist surrounding everything. The

good news is, everyone's feeling this way -- uncertain of their visions, their futures and themselves. That's

not so bad, is it? Take a day off trying to figure things out, until your radar is less clogged.

Things feel like they're coming together for you. Instead of feeling restless, your current outlook is calm and

cerebral. Somehow you've got it all figured out: Your facts and figures are in a row, and you even have a

refreshing, ingenious idea for a solution. You've decoded the underlying meaning, too. Normally you're

happiest being an independent player, but today it feels great to be a member of the team.

This is an excellent day to break out of your usual routine. This might be difficult for you to do, since you

can be a bit set in your ways. But even the slightest deviation from your usual methods can bring surprising

results. So make it a point to be open-minded and curious today. It's amazing what you can learn from your

friends and acquaintances, if you're willing to pay attention.

You're more than just alive today -- you're bursting with curiosity and mental energy. And somehow, instead

of scattering yourself, you're able to stay focused and connected. You bring together facts and details that are

already in your broad array of knowledge, and correlate them with astounding insight. This is how you

weave a new fabric of knowledge that will be the basis for many valuable garments.

So many people are in sociable moods today, but you aren't one of them. In fact, you feel more like being

alone than ever. Everyone's getting under your skin, maybe because you're tired out after recent events. Even

going out with friends doesn't sound appealing. You'd just as soon curl up with a good book. Do whatever

feels right. Soon you'll come out again and grace the world with your presence.

Your fan club is making noise -- clamoring, really, something about individual rights and independence. If

their words are falling on deaf ears, it's time for you time to listen up. There's no doubt that you're special,

but everyone is special in their own way. Even your faithful followers like to be acknowledged and to have

their good points noticed. The more you do this, the more they'll look up to you. Oh, and the clamoring will

stop.

This is an excellent day to turn your practical, detailed nature toward ideas and inventions that can make the

world a better place for everyone. This is actually a very natural way for you to express yourself, since you're

inclined to help others from behind the scenes. Don't forget to check what people before you have done

already, so you don't reinvent the wheel. That would be a waste of your precious time and valuable energy!

Your vision is extraordinary today. You're able to imagine the best possible future for the planet, or at least

the people in your home or community. That's the beauty of those rose-colored glasses you wear. They help

you give everyone an ideal to live up to! And looking on the bright side of life helps compensate for all the

negative people in the world. So envision the future as a pleasant, uplifting place to be.

You believe everyone should have as much independence as they can handle, as long as they don't step on

your toes. If they do, they'll hear about it in no uncertain terms! Today is one of those days when someone

could really get under your skin. Let's face it: People can be annoying. But practice being tolerant.

Remember that everyone has their individual point of view, and not everyone sees things your way.

You feel refreshed and revitalized today, as if you've been somehow renewed. And you probably have:

People are starting to pay attention to your idea or project. You knew you were on to something good, and

now others are agreeing with you. And this is just the beginning -- they're adding their ideas to yours,

making the application broader and more useful. You couldn't imagine anything better if you tried.

You may not see eye to eye with everyone today. You're interested in protecting your own possessions or

beliefs, but the people around you are concerned with the general good -- and probably at the cost of the

individual. It's hard to see how the two sides can coexist, but your challenge is to find a way. Seeking

common ground sure beats a face-off. Avoid taking sides, and see if you can make everyone satisfied.

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There's a change in the wind today -- a fresh breeze that's bringing in a different viewpoint and a new way of

doing things. You're more than ready for this shift. The moves you make today will affect the next month of

your life, so plan carefully. Regard everything and everyone around you in a whole new way. Think about

what you'd like to accomplish in the next few weeks, and then take the first step.

Anyone who wants to pin you down today is likely to be disappointed. Detachment is even easier for you

now than usual, and making a firm commitment might be out of the question. Soon, you'll be ready to make

a new start -- on your terms. But today, rather than outright refusing someone who asks you for an answer,

you'll probably evade them and hope they get the message. Remember, it's kinder just to be honest.

You're more emotional today than usual, and though you can sometimes be a bit self-focused, now you're

more attuned to others' needs and feelings. Do something today to benefit someone else. Bring dinner to the

elderly couple that lives next door, walk your neighbor's dog, or ask a friend if they need to talk out a

problem. Selfless acts of service or charity will make you feel good about yourself.

You're in a gentle, sentimental mood -- perfect for enjoying the company of your loved ones. You're in a

nurturing frame of mind today, so cook comfort foods at home or find other ways of making yourself and

your friends and family feel loved. Soon, you'll have to get back to the business of your daily life, but today

it's okay to steep yourself in sweet, deep emotion.

Like most people around you, your feelings are all stirred up today, and you're feeling vulnerable -- but

unlike some, you really don't like this state of mind. You prefer sharp logic and clever wit to soggy, tender

emotions or general, pervasive confusion. But maybe you should try embracing your feeling side, Gemini.

What messages is your subconscious mind trying to send you? Revel in your senses today, and welcome any

impressions that arise.

Spend some time with the people you love best today, or reach out to them via phone or email if you can't be

physically together with them. Of course, you're extra intuitive now, so it feels as if you're together, even if

you're actually very far away. You've always been able to tune in to your loved ones' feelings, needs and

wants, Cancer, and now this skill is especially strong.

Your mood could be a bit tricky today, because you aren't sure how to handle the emotional ups and downs

you're currently experiencing. Any feelings of confusion or melancholy are passing, but your tendency now

is to blow them out of proportion -- which isn't the most fun way to spend the day. Just try to stay calm, Leo.

Be gentle with yourself and others. Any moodiness will pass soon.

Normally, you like to spend the day working, cleaning, organizing or making sure in some other way that

everything in your life is in order. But don't be hard on yourself today if your energy is low and you just

don't feel like focusing. You could even feel confused, as if your objectives are unclear. Don't struggle

against this feeling. Just accept it and wait for it to pass.

You're in a softhearted mood today, and spending time with good friends and family soothes your soul. Don't

let feelings of self-doubt and discouragement creep in. Resolve to stay cheerful and optimistic. Don't waste

time worrying about what's going to happen in the coming weeks or months. Trust that the universe will

bring you everything you need in order to grow, improve and be happy -- because it will!

You're in an unusually self-sacrificing mood today, and there's no hidden agenda here. You sincerely want to

help others, which is one of your natural strengths. Plus, you're even more intuitive than usual, so reach out

to someone who needs some good advice or a compassionate ear. When you help someone, you're creating

good karma, Scorpio. This is sure to come back around to you sooner or later.

You want to greet the day with your usual excitement and optimism, but someone near you is being overly

emotional -- or maybe you're the one who's feeling all stirred up. It's easy now to get discouraged, especially

if you feel confused about your goals or a project you've been considering taking on. Don't push yourself to

be very focused or active today. Just take it easy, and enjoy the imaginative ideas that come your way.

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You're always hard at work on your own endeavors, pushing toward your own goals. But while focusing on

your future is always a good idea, it's also smart to spend some time focusing on other people, too. Maybe a

friend needs some help today with building something or solving a personal problem. You're good at both

physical work and emotional advice, and lending a hand will make you feel great.

You love people and you're a true humanitarian, but sometimes you hold yourself apart from others. You can

seem aloof or even uncaring, though that's far from the truth. Today, access your warm, affectionate side.

Call or get together with the people you care about most, and let them know you love them. This could be the

start of a brand-new you, Aquarius. Be the person you hope to be for the rest of your life.

Today marks the beginning of a new, month-long period of personal growth -- lucky you! Set a goal, such as

a project you'd like to tackle or a habit you'd like to kick or develop, and start working toward it. The next

phase of lunar influence will be an energetic one, so set your goals now. Then capitalize on the boost of

energy you'll receive in just a couple of days.

Patiently waiting for a better time to take action isn't your normal style, but you might consider a more

passive stance now as the energy shifts. However, this doesn't mean doing nothing. Instead, retreat just

enough to take care of your own needs before heading out to change the world. Even if you have big plans,

you don't have to share more than is absolutely required until you are ready.

Although your antennae extend into the social sphere today you might not be ready to make any definite

plans yet. You just know that you want to spend more time with friends and your community now that

interactive Mercury is gallivanting through your 11th House of Networking. You may not have sufficient

information to plan your day in detail. Playing it by ear isn't as scary as you might think, so don't make any

commitments until you have more clarity.

You may be unwittingly building your castle on shifting sands now. Even if you are creating a strong

foundation that can withstand change, it's still critical to know that you will be steadily supported in your

work. Focus your attention on re-evaluating your motivations and beliefs to make certain they are in tune

with your current actions. Having faith in yourself makes it easier for others to believe in you, too.

You might think that you have the ability now to absorb data directly from your environment as if you were

lying on a beach and soaking in the sunshine. Overt action is not needed today; instead, use your intuition.

Have confidence that your instincts are leading you in the right direction. If you're experiencing doubt, trust

that feeling, too; it may be wise to wait until you are more certain about what you want to do next.

Unfamiliar emotional territory can be intriguing today, yet you might be too busy to explore something that

distracts you from a project. Ironically, surrendering to your imagination is an important learning experience,

even if it doesn't help your productivity. Don't worry if you're lured off track for a while. Instead of trying to

justify your behavior, enjoy your adventure into the land of fantasy while it lasts.

You are entering a phase now where relationships bring challenges because others may seem confused or

unwilling to make a commitment. Your need for clarification is emphasized as your key planet Mercury

moves into your 7th House of Partners. Keep in mind that your power isn't diminished just because you are

missing information. Work with what you know, rather than what you don't.

Your presence alone may be healing to others today, but, ironically, you might not know what you can do to

help yourself. Your lack of certainty could raise issues of self-doubt, making it difficult to know where to

start. However, you don't need to have a specific goal in mind to take the next step in a relationship now.

Narrow your focus and just respond with your heart to the current circumstances. The larger picture will

develop in time.

Transforming your vision into a real journey can be the most important part of your life in the weeks ahead.

If you are already thinking about your future, it's probably time to move your planning to the next phase.

However, it's not time to take direct action yet. You are in the game for the long haul, so it's more productive

to refine your strategy than to run off too quickly in the wrong direction.

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You may be uncomfortable with energetic shifts that pull you into a more contemplative phase as mental

Mercury slips into sensitive Pisces. Disjointed feelings can alienate you from your reality. Further

complications could arise from mundane issues that you would rather avoid. Thankfully, taking care of

logistics first frees you up to spend more time on your spiritual pursuits and creative fantasies.

The next several weeks might bring unexpected complications as the pace of life speeds up. Normally, you're

a champ at long-term planning, but now your focus shifts to what's happening day to day. The current cosmic

conditions suggest that you are wise to lighten your schedule for a while. Even if you're overly ambitious,

there will be time to climb the ladder to success later on. Adopting a more flexible attitude allows you to

successfully manage the surprises heading your way.

It's time to soothe your nervous system by slowing down and gaining a deeper understanding of your own

self-worth. Sometimes you get so caught up in the present moment that you forget how much intelligence

you can bring to a difficult situation. Your thinking may be fuzzy now and trying to concentrate might only

make you more anxious. Don't worry; your clarity will return. In the meantime, let your dreams be your

guide.

It's a very emotional time with logical Mercury moving into your sign for an extended stay through mid-

April. Your dreams are growing even more vivid than usual, but it could be difficult to apply what you

experience in your imagination to real life. Nevertheless, your thoughts are setting the tone for what will

happen throughout the year, so don't hold back. Exploring your visions and fantasies now can reveal

alternative paths to success.

Your social life is improving, but you still might have to deal with stress that won't magically disappear.

Even with so much happening now, find time to enjoy your friends. You naturally stay focused in the present

moment when your passions are aroused, but don't use your pointed concentration to avoid an important

issue. Prepare for the future by setting a realistic goal instead of scattering your attention all over the place.

This can be a fantastic day as your key planet Venus harmonizes with surprising Uranus and auspicious

Jupiter. Instead of being so set in your ways, remain open to the extraordinary potential that exists in each

moment. You won't benefit by being afraid of the future. Focus your intentions on finding simple ways to

make your life more beautiful. Instead of denying yourself pleasure in order to meet other people's

expectations, do what makes you happy today.

An unexpected event may cause your friend or partner to pull in the reins now. Unfortunately, you don't like

it when someone else tries to control you. At another time in your life, you might have gone along with the

change of plans, but you are more than ready to stand up for your needs today. Speak from your heart;

luckily, your sincere interaction leaves you with a more enduring and honest connection.

Even if you continue to ride the roller coaster of your feelings today, they won't carry you away from a very

sweet encounter that's on your radar. However, your fear could close the door to a magnificent experience

before it even happens. If you commit to keeping your heart open now, the potential love that is all around

you has a chance to take flight.

Fantastic news could come your way today, but you have to be receptive to the message or it will pass you

by unnoticed. The reward or acknowledgment you receive now might not be what you expect. You may be

lucky enough to get an unexpected cash windfall or meet a very special person. Keep your eyes open but

don't try to control the flow of events; just enjoy the good fortune while it lasts.

It's healthier to express your feelings than to keep them to yourself, even if you're anxious about the reaction

you might receive. Although this assertive behavior may be contrary to your natural inclination, taking a risk

is a really good idea now. Give yourself enough time because once you begin to share your emotions, it may

be difficult to stop. Stir up whatever seems most stuck and expect your words to be catalytic in creating

positive change.

It feels as if everything will turn out for the best now because your key planet Venus is harmonizing with

ingenious Uranus and lucky Jupiter. But don't be lazy today; waiting for something incredible to happen is

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not a smart strategy. Step outside of your normal comfort zone to manifest the beauty that you experience in

your space of dreams. Your creations will be appreciated by your peers, so take a chance today and make

some magic of your own.

Your positive attitude remains the ultimate key to your happiness today, even in the most difficult situations.

Although material success might be a lingering problem, don't let your goals get in your way now. Do

whatever makes you feel good about yourself and the money will follow. If there are feelings that need to be

expressed, share them with abundant love. But don't push too hard yet; you will know when the time is right.

Your key planet, extravagant Jupiter, receives a delicious kiss today from Venus the Lover. Even if you have

been struggling recently, it's difficult for you to be negative now. Others, too, are more optimistic while in

your presence. And, for this reason, they might seek you out, putting you on the most wanted list -- not for

punishment, but rather for fun and games. If invited, just say yes.

The stress at work could be temporarily released because your bosses and associates suddenly see you as

more graceful and charming than before. You're eager to encourage others today and your current optimism

is reflected back at you. Don't dilly-dally; you could make money or increase your status by thinking big and

taking decisive action now while your ambitions are supported by auspicious cosmic timing.

You may be able to get away with some mischief today, but don't push your luck too far or your day could

implode. However, even if you go overboard, you should be able to get everything back on track quickly.

Your charm is working in your favor, so give yourself permission to joyfully accept the love that's around

you without being greedy and wanting more than is available. Seek satisfaction from what you have now,

rather than longing for something else.

Unexpected events can be shocking, even when they only occur in your fantasies or dreams. However, your

destiny is within your control if you decide to consciously wake up and change the channel. Instead of

focusing on your fear of the unknown, concentrate on the positive energy and the encouragement that is

wending its way to your door. Receive the good news without resistance. Opportunity may be knocking, but

you must let it in to make something amazing happen.

At first, nearly every opportunity sounds good today and you're tempted to say yes before you even have all

the facts. Although the power of positive thinking can impact your day, there may be a point at which

enough is enough. The problem is there could be silver linings in all the clouds now, not just the dark ones.

Nevertheless, exercising common sense saves you from being caught out in a storm.

Your good luck could be the envy of others at work today because it appears as if everything is going your

way. The support you receive now encourages you to feel confident and act generously. You are inclined to

spread cheer and good will. Nevertheless, don't take the easy life for granted. Be willing to work for what

you want rather than just expecting the rewards to fall in your lap.

You may be feeling very lucky today, but it's still not a smart idea to bet the farm on an intuitive hunch at

this time. It's not that you are destined to lose; you could even win big. However, there's an inherent

instability in overextending your energy or resources. Although you can rationalize your risk-taking, you're

better off playing it safe for now. A practical approach could bring you more happiness than you expect.

You are being drawn into a deep emotional mystery that involves complicated interrelationships and

unresolved feelings. Although your initial approach may be intellectual now, your curiosity motivates you to

investigate places you've never been. Follow your intuition, no matter what twists and turns life places in

front of you. Let go of your fear of the unknown and open your heart.

You could have a challenging time setting limits today. However, it's even more likely that others in your life

are frustrated with your lack of boundaries. It's tough to maintain a clear perspective now because you're

very confident in your own abilities and in the potential of what you are doing. Practice turning down your

volume and see if you receive a more positive reaction. Softening your approach won't be any less fun, and it

might be more effective in the long run.

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You may have fallen into the giant Jupiter trap of dreaming about future success. It's not that you lose touch

with reality; you don't. It's just that you can get swept up in the potential comforts that go along with material

rewards. However, it's healthy to consider the creative possibilities, too. You might be ready to take a risk --

as long as it's not too big. It's better to successfully hit your mark than set it too high and end up

disappointed.

Once again you find yourself in that all too familiar place where both sides of a dilemma are equally

attractive. No doubt, you love your freedom now. But you might have to give up some independence to gain

the security of love that you also want. You could be leaning toward the side of intimacy and inclusion, but

keep your travel options open, nonetheless. Fortunately, you can enjoy yourself today without making a final

choice.

Getting along with others isn't always easy for you because of your low tolerance for trivial matters.

However, you may be feeling more confident about your role in relationships now. People in your immediate

environment might attempt to use you in their quest for power today, but you're more interested in seeking

meaning. Even if your goals aren't material ones, it's time to reap some of the rewards from the seeds that

you've sown.

More of anything seems like a good idea now as delicious Venus harmonizes with your key planet Jupiter.

You agree with William Blake, who wrote that the road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom.

Unfortunately, it can also lead to the house of exhaustion. Even if you believe you know when to stop, you

still might push it just one step too far. Thankfully, a more reserved approach enables you to indulge in the

best of both worlds.

Your vision inspires you to work harder now, especially if you love what you're doing. But don't get sucked

up into expansive Jupiter's inflationary spiral, or you might not be able to work your way back to Earth. Use

your core values as your compass and then stick to your plan of action. Even if everything is sailing along,

remember that good business sense and rational thinking will set the most successful course.

You might talk yourself into thinking that all is in good working order at this time. However, you can also

see the weak spot in the big picture and you believe your direct intervention could save the day. But it's not a

good idea to over-commit your resources to a project that's built on the blue sky of Jupiter's rosy optimism.

Keep the ultimate goal in mind while focusing on your actions in the present moment.

You may be exuberantly shining in all your glory today when sexy Venus kisses your key planet Jupiter. Sit

back and enjoy the perfection of your own imagination while also extending it outward into your local world.

Others can see the twinkle in your eye now, but they won't necessarily know the source of your excitement.

Don't stop to explain your behavior; just continue to spread your magic wherever you go.

It's difficult to sit quietly in the back of the room because irrepressible Mars, your key planet, aligns with

Mercury the Communicator. You know what you want to say and you think you can inspire others into

action. Unfortunately, your message might be confusing unless you have all your facts in order. Avoid

overreacting by counting to five before opening your mouth. But don't worry; you will get the chance to

share what's needed when the time is right.

You might be the one in the group who stands up and speaks your mind today. Fortunately, you're able to

draw on poetic images and creative visions that are normally beyond your reach. However, you may not feel

comfortable with your forceful words, for they can offend your delicate sensibilities even as you say them.

Nevertheless, don't talk yourself out of sharing what's on your mind. Your friends and associates will

appreciate your honesty and your attempts to think outside of the box.

You may be feeling upset at the way things have gone down at work, but there isn't much you can do about it

today, except talk about it. Expressing your concern with compassion wins you the support you seek as your

key planet Mercury joins energetic Mars in your 10th House of Status. Use any means necessary to get your

message out there, even if it means shouting it from the rooftop. You could be surprised with the positive

response you receive if you are clear and direct in your delivery.

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You are inspired to fight for what you want today, and chances are that you may actually get it. If you ever

considered writing a letter about a familiar gripe or going to your boss about a lingering issue, this is the day

you've been waiting for. However, you could inadvertently offend someone with your uncharacteristically

forceful approach. It's easier to restrain your anger by softening your words than it is to deal with the mess

you can make by being carried away with your emotions.

You may feel lighter on your feet today because there's less responsibility weighing on your shoulders.

Nevertheless, you're not in the mood to play games, and someone who gets in your way might be surprised

with the speed and fury of your response. However, defending yourself by going on the offense isn't as

effective now as revealing your true feelings. This time words speak louder than actions.

Sparks may fly if someone oversteps your boundaries today. It really doesn't matter who you are with now;

you might feel as if others are trying to get your goat. You can respond to these situations with a display of

anger if you feel the need to protect yourself against the apparent attack. However, the best strategy is to chill

out and not take yourself so seriously. Allow a day or two for your perspective to evolve and then readdress

the issue.

Sparks may fly if someone oversteps your boundaries today. It really doesn't matter who you are with now;

you might feel as if others are trying to get your goat. You can respond to these situations with a display of

anger if you feel the need to protect yourself against the apparent attack. However, the best strategy is to chill

out and not take yourself so seriously. Allow a day or two for your perspective to evolve and then readdress

the issue.

You have the sweet power of persuasion at the tip of your tongue now. Messenger Mercury aligns with your

key planet Mars, adding the strength of conviction to your words. Just don't come on too strong or you could

defeat your own purpose before you even have a chance. However, acknowledging your emotional intensity

enables you to communicate your vision in a gentler and more compassionate manner.

It may feel as if something isn't quite right, but you can't put your finger on the source of the problem. You

might be afraid that you won't get your needs met, even if satisfaction is within reach. Some event in the past

comes back to haunt you today and you could become discouraged before you even ask for what you want.

Remember that this is not history repeating itself. Push through your fears by staying in the here and now.

Quicksilver Mercury catches up with warrior Mars in your 3rd House of Communication today, making it

difficult for you to hold your punches. If you have experienced an injustice or are angry with someone, you

might be more aggressive than you intend. Pay attention to the tone of your words now because you will be

more persuasive with a firm but gentle approach to drive home your point.

You may be more emotional than you prefer when the evocative Moon enters your sign today. Even if you

try to avoid complicated feelings, you might be overwhelmed by your reactions now. Don't resist your

changing moods just because they make you uncomfortable; relax and take a ride on the water-slide of life.

Things will lighten up after this weekend's New Moon, enabling you to regain the clarity that comes from an

objective perspective.

You aren't often this pushy, but you are ready to say what needs to be said now as chatty Mercury lines up

with feisty Mars in your sign. However, you may not clearly know what you want to communicate because

your thoughts are muddled by secret desires. Tone down your rhetoric until you decide your next move. In

the meantime, do what you can to untangle your wild imagination from your rational intellect.

Although you may be restless today as you wait for the opening to make your move, you intuitively know

that the time isn't quite right yet. Sit back and let your anticipation build until you just can't bear it any

longer, and then take action. However, consider everyone else's perspective before you set off on a course

that can be more disruptive than you intend. Success is more likely now with the encouraging support of

your friends and family rather than striking out on your own.

You may be receiving the green light from everyone else today, but you're not certain you can handle the

extra workload. Even if you're determined to reach your goals, you might be afraid of taking on more than

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you can deliver. Instead of compensating by being overly cautious now, going along with someone else's

expectations enables you to accomplish much more than you think possible.

Although you can see the potential of your current efforts today, you might also be setting yourself up for a

fall. Your hard work may pay off, but the rewards won't necessarily meet your lofty expectations. You're

looking at the future through rose-colored glasses now and everything seems better than it actually is. Be as

realistic as possible to avoid facing disappointment in the days ahead.

Your imagination is running rampant today and you believe that you can dream your way out of a difficult

situation. However, your desires may play tricks on you now, so be careful not to lose touch with reality. If

you're romantically inclined, you could be so idealistic that you misinterpret someone's actions. Don't rely on

your assumptions; ask for a second opinion and then pay close attention to what is actually said.

It's difficult to take anyone at face value today. In fact, you might be deceiving yourself about your current

social life. Even if you are attempting to be rational, someone could be purposefully misleading you. No

matter how perfect everything seems, delay your most important decisions for a day or two until you have

more clarity on the situation.

It's easy to miss an important fact when talking with a close friend or partner because you may be blinded by

your own optimism now. Don't take what you hear as the absolute truth; do a little extra research before

making an assumption that might get you into trouble. Giving someone you trust the benefit of the doubt is

normally a sensible strategy, but today you can stretch the power of positive thinking too far.

Your runaway imagination may bring on strange physical symptoms now. Thankfully, this doesn't mean that

you're ill, but it's still smart to get any serious complaints checked by a health professional in order to put

your mind at ease. Do whatever you can to foster a positive attitude. What you currently think today lays the

foundation for what you build tomorrow.

Even if you have a lot of work to do today, there's an inner child waiting for its chance to come out and play.

It's challenging to suppress your desire for fun because you believe that you have waited long enough as it is.

Go ahead and enjoy yourself, but don't overdo it. Setting sensible limits enables you to have a pleasurable

time without worrying about going too far.

You might be riding a wave of optimism that is based upon your expectations and fueled by the

encouragement of your friends. Ironically, the support you receive today further motivates you to go for the

gold, even if it means disregarding the details, as mischievous Mercury activates exaggerating Jupiter in your

7th House of Relationships now. Fortunately, you can regain your hold on reality if you take the time to put

all the facts in order.

Philosophical Jupiter is receiving a valuable lesson from cerebral Mercury now, but it may not be what you

think. Paradoxically, this is exactly what you need to learn -- that what you see isn't necessarily what you get.

Soften your position and allow your uncertainty to influence your choices. Sometimes the most important

things are not the most obvious.

You may overestimate your bank balance today and spend more money than you should. However, your

intentions are good and you could even believe that you are making a wise choice. But extra caution is

advised because it's too easy now to misjudge the value of what you are acquiring. Don't be afraid to

negotiate, but think twice before buying anything that might exhaust your resources.

Your current self-confidence may be an overreaction to what you don't know. Unfortunately, you could draw

others into your plan without realizing that you might be jeopardizing a larger strategy. Your lesson now is to

understand that you are part of a greater whole. Nurture your connections with those around you because it

really does take a village to succeed.

Your future may be looking bright now that the Aquarius New Moon lands in your 11th House of Hopes and

Dreams, making it difficult for you to contain your excitement. However, you must be careful because you

could be more gullible than usual. Your friends' schemes for world domination might not be as sound as you

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think. Solutions appear closer than they actually are now, so keep your enthusiasm up while proceeding with

common sense.

You may be stressed out by your own career plans now as you realize the commitment of time and energy it

will take to achieve your goals. The Aquarius New Moon falls in your 10th House of Public Responsibility,

yet you might feel restrained by the expectations of your partner or parents. Unfortunately, you can't easily

choose between work and family, so split your time equally during the next couple of weeks. Keep your eyes

on the future while managing your relationships in the present moment.

You have so many things going on all at once that it may be difficult to finish everything you start. Your

goals are set high and the Aquarius New Moon in your 9th House of Big Ideas has you believing you can

accomplish more than usual. Although you have the skills required to do the job, you still might not be able

to reach the stars. Avoid disappointment by finding satisfaction in each and every little task you do.

You could have unusual ideas about how to work with your colleagues today, but you might want more

freedom of movement than you actually have in your current situation. The innovative Aquarius New Moon

activates your 8th House of Transformation, yet you don't have much latitude for experimentation now. If

you want to gain the cooperation of others, don't risk muddying the waters by revealing too much about your

feelings. Instead, maintain clear boundaries between your personal and professional worlds for the best

results.

You are like a magnet for brilliant people now that the eccentric Aquarius New Moon stimulates your 7th

House of Relationships. Unusual companions will likely play an important role in your immediate future.

However, your assertive approach can complicate a situation, so it's wise to let others take the lead in social

interactions today. Although you may be infused with self-confidence, stay cool and work toward being

more cooperative rather than blazing your own trail.

Clean your closets, organize your information and sort through your files today. But do it in your own unique

way because the individualistic Aquarius New Moon's presence in your 6th House of Self-Improvement is a

cosmic permission slip to be weird as you go about your chores. Don't worry about involving others now as

you establish your routine. An early spring cleaning will give you a new lease on life.

Use whatever technology is available to share your creative and fun-loving side today. The futuristic

Aquarius New Moon falls in your 5th House of Self-Expression, inspiring you to try something new. But

your idealistic desire for spontaneity is at odds with your practical need to finish your chores. Take a

computer break to draw a picture, write a poem or play a game before getting back to more serious

endeavors. Be responsible, but give your inner child permission to come out and play.

You might have unavoidable domestic responsibilities that require you to stay home and take care of

personal business today rather than heading out into the world. The unpredictable Aquarius New Moon lands

in your 4th House of Emotional Security, encouraging you to find shelter from the storms of life within the

safety of your family. Don't worry about any other activities you are missing; there will be plenty of time to

chase your dreams another day.

Today's Aquarius New Moon in your 3rd House of Communication may make your life rather hectic as the

complexity of your schedule increases. You might want to let the less critical issues slide, but you probably

enjoy the energy as you bounce around from one thing to another. Just be sure to follow through on the

details or they will come back to haunt you later on. Thankfully, your friends and family can help you stay

on track with their confidence in your success.

The Aquarius New Moon activates your 2nd House of Possessions, emphasizing money issues over the next

couple of weeks. Maybe there is growing uncertainty in your cash flow or, perhaps, you need to juggle

resources to cover expenses. Be wise and plan how to use the days ahead to stabilize your financial

condition. Although you might be overly optimistic one moment and cautious the next, tempering the

extremes is your best bet.

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Insightful mental flashes bring you a new awareness about a current relationship as today's New Moon in

your sign puts you in touch with your emotions. You may need to explore ways to increase your personal

freedom if you feel constrained by someone close to you. However, if you are already feeling independent,

you might actually seek security from a partnership. Either way, stand between your dreams and reality so

you can draw the two closer together.

Oftentimes your dreams are elusive and slip away before you have an opportunity to write them down. Now,

as the electric Aquarius New Moon stimulates your 12th House of Soul Consciousness, the images are more

vibrant than ever and can even overflow into your waking life. Fantasies may be subtle but are also quite

powerful. Making time to drift into the hidden recesses of your imagination inspires you to realize your

fullest potential.

It's difficult to accept that you can't get everything you want now. If you try to satisfy all your needs,

fulfillment may grow even more elusive. Unfortunately, your anger can get the best of you if you aren't

careful. Don't blame anyone else if you're feeling frustrated; striking out against others only pushes them

farther away. It's healthier to expend your physical energy today by doing hard work or exercise. You'll be

more fun to be around once the tension is released.

Your efforts to socialize on the job today may be met with a cool reception or even a cold shoulder.

Although you might feel as if someone is raining on your parade, making significant connections isn't out of

the question. Austere Saturn's square to loving Venus requires you to set aside exciting fantasies of

lighthearted fun. Thankfully, putting in the hard work that builds a strong foundation creates meaningful and

enduring relationships.

The zodiac's Twins are typically lighthearted and quick-footed, and seem capable of having a good time no

matter what is happening. Now, however, you may be too anxious to fully enjoy yourself. You might be

afraid that you're going to lose what goodies you already have and this makes you want to clench your jaw

and hold your breath. Unfortunately, this suppression will have just the opposite effect of what you desire.

Instead, relax into the present moment and remember this stress will soon pass.

The fear of the unknown lurks within your subconscious mind now. Of course, you can easily succumb to

this self-induced uncertainty and withdraw from encounters in the outer world. Or you could face your

demons by consciously overcoming your own instinctive resistance and bravely engaging them. The more

light you shine on hidden places, the better you'll feel about life in general.

It's time to pull back into the safety of your home and family as the tides of change wash upon your shore.

You may be feeling a sense of urgency, but it's important to know that you won't lose your chance if you

don't act today. This is your opportunity to tie up loose emotional ends now so that you can launch into a

new cycle in the days ahead.

You have a better handle on your feelings today, but the real problem is that with your new focus comes the

need to take decisive action. However, you are being pulled in the direction of separation now, rather than

connection. Thankfully, you have the potential to fix something that's been bothering you but it will take

revealing your vulnerability first. Listening to your heart won't lead you astray.

Running into financial trouble may be a sign that you've been neglecting your responsibilities lately. On the

other hand, the stress you feel might not involve money; it could raise issues of your own self-worth,

especially pertaining to love and relationships. If your confidence is low, don't base your value on what

someone else thinks or says about you. Finding your strength from within enables others to see the real you.

You're experiencing emotional pressure from the expectations of loved ones, but their needs might be so

unrealistic now that you're tempted to just withdraw without even trying. Your sense of isolation could be

exasperated by an apparent lack of support from those who profess to love you. However, much of your

current experience is based upon memories of difficult times. Fortunately, healing is just around the next

corner if you are willing to forgive and then let go of the past.

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You may feel that you're past any attempt to suppress a rush of emotions. However, it's healthy to remember

that others might be overwhelmed by your energy as you release pent-up tensions. It's your

uncharacteristically pragmatic vision of the future now that can pull you through times of disappointment.

Do what you Archers do best: aim your thoughts at a distant goal and take the high road to follow them to

your destination.

You might try to avoid your friends as you go through a period of self-imposed isolation. At first, the idea of

socializing sounds as if it could boost your morale by making you feel more connected with the people in

your immediate environment. However, conversations may fall short of your current expectations. Don't be

overly harsh on yourself or others; a bit of alone time gives you an opportunity to listen to your inner voice.

You will be able to catch up on the fun with everyone else soon enough.

Tying up loose ends is your first order of business today. You want to have fun with pleasurable Venus in

your sign, but reality is your taskmaster now. You have to do what's being asked of you, even if it requires

you to temporarily set aside your notion of personal satisfaction. The rewards will come in due time if you

apply yourself in a practical and disciplined manner.

No matter what you do today, it feels as if your actions won't alleviate your current sense of disappointment.

If you must postpone some long-term plans now, keep in mind that this isn't necessarily a permanent

cancellation; more likely it's a temporary delay. In the meantime, if you patiently tend to the important

issues, you may be able to fix whatever prevented you from reaching your goals in the first place.

Children have emotions that come naturally to them - and others that they have to develop, From the age of

seven or so onwards, they deliberately start experimenting with sorrow and happiness, becoming more upset

than they need to be about some matters and more excited than can possibly be justified about others. It's part

of the process by which they explore their own potential for feeling. And of course all adults are still children

at heart. Right now, if something is too much, make less of it! Later this year, an amazing comet is expected

to change all our lives.

'Be careful what you wish for lest you get it.' Why should that be a problem? Well, sometimes our wishes are

not wise. We wish for what we think we can have, not what we truly want. Or we pour too much heart and

soul into some idle passing fancy. We carelessly think, 'Oh, I wish I could have that.' And it just so happens

that a guardian angel is passing by at that moment. Even though it has failed to honour your last, more

serious request, it hears this one. And it grants it. All your wishes won't come true soon, but some will. Later

this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

Why do we let things get to us? Why do we suddenly find ourselves feeling vulnerable or volatile? Why can't

we be imperious and impervious, too high, too lofty, too self-possessed and too intrinsically wise to know or

care whether a situation is ridiculous, unreasonable or unfair? Because every bit as much as we are adults,

we are still children. Within us all there are squabbling toddlers and sulky adolescents. Life's challenge for

you now, is to rise above an inappropriate impulse and manifest a greater form of wisdom. Later this year, an

amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

There are so many things we could worry about. So many things we could be apprehensive of. Just think

about what could go wrong at any moment in your world. Given the vast number of possible potential

disasters, it is faintly miraculous that you worry about so few of those dismal eventualities. Can't you be

more imaginative and come up with some additional causes for concern? I'm sure you could but why would

you bother? You don't need yet another anxiety-evoking issue today - and you don't have to have one! Later

this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

We see someone who is in a position that is more uncomfortable than our own and we think, 'I wouldn't want

to trade places with them.' Generally, though, we come across people who seem to be bemoaning their lot for

no good reason. We think, 'You call those problems? Many people would be glad if that were the only

difficulty that they faced.' But it is all relative. What none of us can quantify is how much a difficulty or a

challenge represents to anyone else. Try to make a greater allowance for someone else's sensitivity today.

Later this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

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They say that if you really want the tarot cards to work, you must resist the urge to use them for games of

whist. It is, apparently, okay to employ them for poker and pontoon. You can even play snap if you take out

the Major Arcana. But there are some who say that all this compromises the power of the pack. Frankly,

though, you are now better off using your tools for clairvoyance in a frivolous fashion. If you are really

looking for a clue to the future, here it is. You have, today, the power to make it what you want it to be. Later

this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

People love to tell one another what to do. It's not just authoritarians or power-crazed megalomaniacs that

enjoy this. Even the humblest among us have a tendency to criticise one another, or to deliver advice in

strong terms. To some extent we all do it because others 'invite us to do it'. As much as we like giving orders,

we secretly like being given them. It can be comforting to feel you don't have to think for yourself.

Comforting but not clever. Only you can decide what's appropriate now. You have more choices than you yet

realise. Later this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

So much has happened in the last few days, that you must be wondering how you will cope if life continues

to put you under so much pressure. There's so much to take care of, think about, focus on and deal with.

Complicated decisions must be made. Difficult propositions must be thoroughly understood. It's tiring and

tiresome, yet it's also inevitable and essential. The good news? You have already made the hardest choice of

all. Implementing it will yet prove surprisingly easy - as you will discover over the next few days. Later this

year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

Do you absolutely know for sure what you are doing? Of course not. You are a human, not a robot. The best

you can ever hope to do is hazard a guess as to the true nature of your situation. Invariably, you are going to

be a little confused. Now various doubts and dilemmas are beginning to emerge. You are not as sure of

yourself as once you were. That does not mean, though, that you are doing anything wrong. It's healthy to

recognise that you don't have (and can never get) ALL the answers! Later this year, an amazing comet is

expected to change all our lives.

The rulebook is being rewritten as we speak. The story line is changing. The tale is being told from another

perspective. Don't get left behind. Yesterday's priorities are irrelevant today. So are several of yesterday's

problems. We are all, though, creatures of habit. We find it easier to carry on doing what we've always done,

than to start doing something new. Catch yourself, the next time you start following an old entrenched habit-

pattern. You really do have an amazing chance to change the future for the better. Later this year, an amazing

comet is expected to change all our lives.

There is a great mystery unfolding before your eyes. Don your deerstalker hat and start looking for clues.

Make sure that you don't start playing the role of Dr Watson or the bumbling chief inspector. These

characters are traditionally unable to perceive anything other than the obvious. Their unimaginative attitude

is unhelpful. You need to be optimistic about your ability to form a more subtle, accurate appraisal. Think

positively and inventively. Explore the inspiring options. You are going to crack this case! Later this year, an

amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

To be a Capricorn is to be a firm believer in the process of cause and effect. Whenever something happens,

something else happens because of it. You feel that nothing happens in isolation. Everything happens for a

reason. I'm not saying that this is right... or wrong. I'm just pointing out that it's the way you tend to think.

You look for explanations - and though you often find them, sometimes, you just become ever more baffled.

Something that makes no sense is happening now. Just accept it and relax. Later this year, an amazing comet

is expected to change all our lives.

So, is it Valentine's Day? Or is it your day? Are you thinking about what the world seems to think you ought

to be thinking about? Or are you big and brave enough to say, 'I'm following my own agenda and anyone

who can't respect me for that and accept it, can hardly be the right sort of person for me to be having a

relationship with.' The big astrological influence in your life now describes a process by which you move

ever further from the artificial expectations that have coloured too many of your past choices. Later this year,

an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

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'Okay. Listen carefully, Cupid. Sit down over there and shut up. I don't want to hear any more from you

today, unless I ask you for a contribution. And the same goes for you Valentine. We've heard more than

enough of your nonsense already.' Mars is in Pisces now. This makes you fully entitled to give orders to all

the saints and angels. They will willingly do your bidding - as, indeed, will the rest of us. We know who is

boss. We know who not to argue with. We know why you deserve our full attention and appreciation. Later

this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

We all want to be childlike, but none of us would wish to be thought of as childish. It is good to have a sense

of wide-eyed wonder and enthusiasm. It is not so good to throw tantrums or lapse into unreasonable sulks.

Likewise, when it comes to conducting ourselves in relationships, we always do better when we are open and

honest with each other. But that doesn't mean that we have to share every last detail or reveal too much

information. When dealing with life's more sensitive issues today, try to strike that balance. Later this year,

an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

The trouble with dedicating one day of the year to a celebration of romance is that this doesn't allow room

for spontaneous expression. You might have felt inspired to give someone flowers yesterday. They might

feel equally inspired to do the same for you tomorrow. But if it doesn't happen on the day of the year when it

is supposed to happen, what does that say? Yet how much meaning should you really read into all that is

happening today? For best results, take each moment as it comes for whatever it happens to contain. Later

this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

If people think Santa Claus leads a busy life, they should spare a thought for poor old St Valentine. All the

man in the red furry hat has to do is deliver parcels. Today's hero has to make people fall in love with each

other, and as the world grows more cynical year by year, that job gets ever harder to do. Fortunately, he

won't have to work so hard on your behalf today. There is a natural sense of empathy, affinity and respect

between you and a particular person now. And that counts for far more than gifts, cards or flowers. Later this

year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

The most famous form of romantic divination involves the petals of a flower. Tradition dictates that these

must be peeled away, one at a time, whilst ultimately uttering the phrase, 'He (or she) loves me, he (or she)

loves me not.' The phrase that accompanies the removal of the last petal is considered to be the true

indication of the state of the would-be partner's heart. But isn't that a question so big that it cannot possibly

be right to leave the answer to chance? You can make someone love you now - if you really want to! Later

this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

Only very passive people sit around wondering what kind of message they are going to receive on

Valentine's Day. Most feel that they are unlikely to be surprised by the day's developments - and if

something unexpected does occur, it should be a bonus. You already know where you stand with a particular

individual now and you consider it most unlikely that what transpires today will alter this. You may be right,

yet you may also be about to discover that you have far more power than you realise over the future of this

relationship. Later this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

remains in your opposite sign, it is entirely appropriate for you to keep discovering that you have more fans

and admirers than you knew. I would be saying something along these lines to you now, even if it weren't

Valentine's Day. What good is that to you? Does it represent more than a boost to your ego that you might

not even feel the need for? Well, that is what is interesting. It does. Somewhere in what is happening now, is

a deepening of an extremely important and meaningful connection. Later this year, an amazing comet is

expected to change all our lives.

They say that falling in love is comparatively easy. It is breaking up that is hard to do. They may be right.

That may not only explain why some relationships end so stressfully, but why some keep rolling on long

after an outside observer might have suspected that a connection had gone beyond its natural expiry date.

What is going on in your world now? Are you trying to breathe life back into a situation that has somehow

run out of steam? Be careful. You may yet discover that you are more successful than you ever expected to

be! Later this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

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You can, if you choose to, waste a lot of time thinking about how things were. You can waste even more

time thinking about how they may be one day in the future. But this is Valentine's Day. Even if not one item

on your agenda is remotely related to romance, there is still a very big message to be taken from the spirit of

the day. It is a time for celebrating the moment. For making the most of the here and now. And you will yet

find that today truly brings you something that is worth making the most of. Later this year, an amazing

comet is expected to change all our lives.

How is Valentine's Day going to turn out for you? Well, you know that already. You are not allowing

yourself to hold, in your heart, so much as a single expectation that is unlikely to be fulfilled. Even if all you

are expecting is 'nothing', it is the kind of 'nothing' that you are not just resigned to, but happy about. You

wouldn't want things any other way than the way they are likely to turn out today. Although, just possibly,

you might find it easier to bring future change into your life, if you were to be a little more open to fresh

possibilities. Later this year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

The world, today, is ready for romance. All over the globe, you can hear vases being filled with water, ready

for fresh flowers. Bottles of bubbly, slowly chilling in the fridge. Cards, dropping on doormats and arriving

in inboxes. And is any of this happening for you? Well, even if it is, it isn't. You are beyond gestures and

tokens. You see further than symbols and suggestions. Something is either real or it isn't. What you can be

comfortable about is that the things in life that most matter to your heart are absolutely real now. Later this

year, an amazing comet is expected to change all our lives.

Some of the world's greatest actors have never won an Oscar. Some of the finest musicians have never had a

hit. Fame, is only one measure of success. And, when we stop to think about the people who are extremely

well known, even though they seem to have little talent, we can see why. Reputation is a funny thing. But if

you really want to be thought well of, you surely want to earn the appreciation of those who truly recognise

the depth and artistry that you bring to an activity. That much acclaim, at least, comes your way soon.

Imagine a daffodil, proud and vibrant, blooming brightly, in a field. Does it secretly think, 'Oh, I wish I had

been a rose?' Yet how often do we overlook the importance of the role that we are playing or the life that we

are living, and pine instead, for some distant dream? We make false comparisons. We develop unrealistic

expectations. We fail to see the magic of 'what is' because we are so busy thinking about 'what was', or 'what

could be', or, 'what could have been.' You deserve so much more than that this week.

Things could be worse. Indeed, they could be a whole lot worse. But then, they could be better. So can we

conclude that the fates are not being particularly kind to you, yet nor are they conspiring to make your life a

misery? Well, that's not really such a comforting view. Perhaps we should look more closely at the one factor

that is giving you most cause for concern. What is really bad about it? The way things actually are? Or the

way in which they could potentially turn bad? That worst-case scenario may not actually occur.

Times change. So too do people's attitudes and expectations. What displeases one pope may be seen as

perfectly acceptable by another pontiff. We all have to get used to the process of evolution and it helps us

greatly in this regard if we are not overly attached to the way things were. The more you now refer back to a

previous point of reference, the more uncomfortable you become about a current situation. There is really

nothing wrong with what's going on, other than it's not quite the way things used to be.

Opinions are like life rafts. Whenever the seas get choppy beneath the ship of daily life, we start looking

anxiously in the direction of those safety vessels. We think, 'I shall take some refuge here.' But unless a life-

raft is regularly tested, it may not provide much protection should an emergency occur. Perhaps, in your life

now, there is an idea in which you have become overly reliant. Put more faith today in what you know to be

actually true beyond all doubt and pay less to what you merely believe to be right - or wrong.

It is only ever wise to follow the path of least resistance if you don't much care where it leads. If you have

got a particular destination in mind, if you have a strong preference about whether you want to get there, you

will see the point in travelling along the trickier road, even if that turns out to be a much more demanding

journey. This week's easier options may seem tempting but they really may not bring you as many benefits as

you might eventually wish to enjoy. It will be worth putting in a little bit more effort.

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They say, 'before you judge someone, you should walk a mile in their shoes.' But what if their shoes don't fit

your feet? Even if they are the same size, the other person may have a walking pattern that wears down the

sole unevenly. That's still uncomfortable. There are some things that we may never fully understand about

one another, even when we have a close relationship based on respect, admiration and affection. But this

week, you can at least get a little closer to a better rapport with someone important.

I've recently been holding a discussion about how to distinguish between an intuitive inner-voice and some

other expression of need, fear or desire. It's quite an art. It's also confronting. None of us like to feel that

there are several iterations of our personality that do not all agree with each other. Doesn't that suggest we

may be slightly mad? It does... but then, we are! All of us are! The ones who pretend to be sane are the

craziest of the lot! You know full well what your deepest intuition is telling you now. Trust that this week.

To all intents and purposes, you have now got what you need. There is actually only one more thing that you

really require, and that is the ability to recognise what an advantage you have. For as long as you can't see

this, you will keep looking for things that you have already found, unable to appreciate their true value! That

will waste a lot of time and energy during a phase of your life when you really need to be as focused as

possible. Begin this week as you will need to go on, by taking a good look at where you already are.

They say, 'when one door closes, another one opens.' But there are exceptions to this rule. Sometimes when

one door closes, another closes too. That may be for the best. There can, for example, be some great need for

several doors to close. Only once you have bravely closed one door, can you see the need to close the next

one. Possibly, only after all the doors are closed, will you ever know which one you need to reopen. If you

really want to something to start, this week, you must first allow something else to stop.

We are usually reluctant to criticise successful people. We may find fault with them behind their backs but,

well, if someone is clearly reaping a reward, it seems silly to waste time telling them what they are doing

wrong! But the moment that same person briefly loses their foothold on the tightrope wire of life, everyone

has something to say. 'Ah, yes, no wonder. You did it that way when you should have done it the other way.'

Don't so be vulnerable this week that you end up listening to the wrong kind of advice.

Are you asking for too much? Are your sights set too high? Are your standards too demanding? I'm not

asking this in an attempt to persuade you to lower your standards. I'm just attempting to articulate a fear that

you may already be experiencing. You keep looking at what you want and thinking, 'I'm not entitled to this.'

But why shouldn't you be? Why shouldn't you want it? Why shouldn't you get it? Don't create an artificially

pessimistic limit to the amount of progress that you are able to make this week.

We all like to feel appreciated. When other people can clearly see that there is something good about us and

they are not afraid to say so, it gives us a nice warm feeling. But we like it better if others admire a quality

that we feel justly proud of. And we feel a little odd if it seems as if we are gaining recognition for some

action that we regret or some attribute that we may even be slightly ashamed of. You may feel that the

appreciation you are attracting now, is misguided. But you can rest assured it is sincere.

As Mars continues to pass through your sign, you continue to stand on the threshold of great achievements.

You are making things happen. You are pushing for change. You are summoning your willpower and

wrestling with all the forces that can so often stand in the way of success. And is it working? Hey! Give it

time! That's the thing about persistence; you have to carry on persisting! You are doing better than you think,

even in the areas of life where you suspect that you are not doing very well at all.

When people talk about 'karma', I'm always doubtful. I understand the idea of actions having consequences

but how can you reap a harvest that was sown in some previous lifetime? If you can't even remember what it

is that you did or if, indeed, you even did it, how can it be appropriate to accept either a punishment or a

reward? By the same token, you should not feel that you have somehow incurred the wrath of an unco-

operative cosmos and will thus remain forever destined to suffer frustration. A breakthrough can yet occur.

If there is someone you love, allow yourself to love them. If there is someone you trust, allow yourself to

trust them. And if there is someone you are not sure of? Don't allow this to become the reason why you

refuse to respect a word they ever say. Many things can explain an odd reaction to a particular person. It may

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say as much about a failing on our part, as a fault in theirs. I'm not suggesting that you become naive or that

you ignore your instincts entirely; but be a little generous with the benefit of the doubt.

Whilst it may not always be wise to keep trying to reinvent the wheel, we should consider ourselves entitled

to embark on such a mission if the wheel we have already got isn't turning very smoothly. The trouble is,

once we think we've have found an answer to a question, we don't feel inclined to subject it to any more

scrutiny. Yet there may be many better ways to resolve particular problems or explain away various

processes. As Mercury now slows down, you need to speed up your review of an old idea or policy.

When scientists set out to test hypotheses, they seek 'statistically significant' success rates. They do not care

about the odd fluke or flash in the pan. They are interested only in results that can be replicated. Yet some of

the most amazing things in this world are the experiences that come and go quite randomly, without apparent

explanation. Who knows whether what feels right to you now will always feel right - far less ever be proved

to be right. But as you know in your heart, it's right for right now!

The queen of the fairies is supposed to ride on the back of a swan wherever she goes. No wonder. Swans

appear to glide with such grace. Yet in reality, their feet are paddling like crazy just below the waterline. It is

an illusion. And are fairies illusory too? Well, the world is full of things that we can't see. Some are

definitely there and others... well, seeing isn't always believing and believing isn't always seeing. But that

doesn't stop you from slipping smoothly towards success with the choices you make today.

If you know what's wrong, why can't you fix it? If you don't know, why can't you find out? What's the big

problem? Where is the insurmountable obstacle? There is a difficulty, for sure. It is not imaginary, it is real.

But it is not bigger than you. You are bigger than it. It cannot and will not defeat you unless, somehow, you

take it so seriously that you lose your cool, and thus your sense of perspective. Stay calm and become clear.

There is a way forward from here. Don't resent it when you see it, just follow it.

We all like the things that are no good for us. We all have some unhealthy habits and our perverse

preferences. We also know that once we start giving things up, we can go on forever. The glow of the halo

above the renunciate's head soon starts to fade once it becomes clear that there's more to be abstained from.

So, is there any point at all in seeking an improvement now? Absolutely! One small step could yet make an

enormous difference. But a small step is the only kind of step you need to make now.

There will always be trouble of one kind or another. That will never change. You can, though, have some

choice over the particular kind of trouble you end up in. You can also decide how seriously you want to take

it. Usually, things become toughest for us when we try to establish definitive answers to difficult questions.

Complicated issues are often best left defused, but unresolved. You can stabilise your situation now and get

to the point where a potential problem is no longer posing a threat. What more than that do you need?

How late is too late? You feel that something ought to have happened ages ago. You can't quite believe that

you're still waiting for someone to make a commitment, or recognise an obvious truth. It has been so long

since you asked the universe to help you bring about a change that you have almost forgotten why you

wanted it to come about. But you do still want it and there is still plenty of time to benefit from it. You have

misgivings, uncertainties and anxieties. That's natural, even healthy. But it doesn't mean you should reject a

gift or an invitation.

You suspect you know why a problem keeps occurring. Yet you are not so sure about the best medicine to

apply. You can't just wave a magic wand and put everything right. And you rightly suspect that all other

solutions will have side-effects. Yet you cannot sit around and do nothing - especially when you are so

keenly aware of what's wrong. What you need is just one more insight. Events today should provide you with

it. Then, you won't just have a solution; you'll have a positive new direction to take.

Is there more to life than success and popularity? There is plenty more! There is happiness (which is not

always a natural by-product of success) and integrity (which doesn't invariably accompany popularity). You

fully understand these distinctions. You give far more thought to such matters than most folk do. The choices

that you must now make in your life, all relate, to some extent, to issues which arise from an ethical question

and a matter of true personal preference. It is important to honour your deepest feelings.

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Welcome to the world of tomorrow. It is a bit like the world of today, but slightly more futuristic! In

tomorrow's world, today has become yesterday. Oh, hang on. I see what you mean. This isn't really

tomorrow at all, is it? It is just another today! Or is it? Sometimes, every so often, little windows of

possibility open up before us. They present us with choices which, if made well, really can cause us to start

travelling down a very different road. And there is something about what's happening now, that definitely fits

that description.