MHI STER GOOfY Copy 3 DIE fA-TMENTT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL FOR UHSi tgSICL USE OxNL AGGRESSOR THE MANEUVER ENEMY ESPERANTO LANGUAGE -ROPERTY 0f - .P QUA.RTERMASTER LIR!Af QUtApTEtldTAS'TF?. SCHOCOL AUARTERIAAST'E TRAINI11G COMuAia FORT LI,. VA. IIEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY JULY 1959
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AGGRESSOR THE MANEUVER ENEMY ESPERANTO LANGUAGE59)Esperan… · tion as regards pronunciation: c-like the Is in wits (not like s or k) e-like the ch in ... The verb has one ending
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The purpose of this manual is to provide United States forces, portray-ing AGGRESSOR, with a different language, the use of which will en-hance intelligence play and add realism to field exercises. Included arean elementary grammar of the Esperanto language, an English-Esper-anto and Esperanto-English vocabulary, and special tables on days andmonths, numerals, weights and measures, and approximate conversions.
2. General
a. Aggressor has adopted Esperanto as his official language. Althoughit has not supplanted the regional use of other languages and dialects,it is expected to do so eventually. The adoption of Esperanto as theofficial language does not prohibit the oral use of any local language byprisoners of war, casualties, or other Aggressor personnel, or the writtenuse of any such language in the preparation of documents.
b. This manual has been compiled for use where trained linguists arenot available. Materials may be modified as deemed necessary, toprovide the desired settings for situations' to accomplish trainingobjectives.
c. Esperanto is scientifically constructed and adapts to its own usewordroots from various Indo-European languages. Incorporation ofroots and of internationally accepted words into the language is facilitatedby the extreme regularity and simplicity of Esperanto grammar, Adistinctive characteristic of Esperanto is its use of an ingenious systemof prefixes and suffixes.
2 AGO 6632B
SECTION II. GRAMMAR
3. Rules of Grammar
a. Alphabet. The Esperanto alphabet consists of twenty-seven (27)letters: a, b, c, e, d, e, f, g, g, h, i, j, j, k, i, m, n, o, p, r, s, A, t, u, ii, v, z.There is no q, w, x, or y.
b. Vowels. Esperanto vowels are pure vowel-sounds, unlike the"double" or diphthongal vowels common in English. They are pro-nounced as follows:a-like the a in fathere-like the e in obey (without the y sound)i-like the i in machineo-like the o in show (without the w sound)u--like the u in ruler
c. Consonants. Nine (9) Esperanto consonants require special atten-tion as regards pronunciation:c-like the Is in wits (not like s or k)e-like the ch in chain or lurchg-like the g in gone or bigg--like the g in germ or ridgej-like the y in boy or yokej-like the s in measure or leisures-like the s in sister or glass (never like z)A-like the s in sugar or the sh in cashv-like the w in wilt or coward
d. Consonantal Vowels. Esperanto has two consonantal vowels, eachindicated by two letters of which the second is always a "u" with a markover it: 6. Pronunciation is as follows:ai--like the ow in "Howard"eu-like the ayw in wayward
e. Accent or Stress. Every Esperanto letter has one sound only, andevery letter is sounded. There are no silent letters. Every word ispronounced as it is spelled. In words of more than one syllable,, theaccent or stress is always placed on the next to the last syllable: regi-mento, reh-ghee-MEN-toh; garantii, gah-rahn-TEE-ee. There are noirregularities or exceptions to this rule for position of stress-accent.
f. The Sixteen (16) Basic Rules of Grammar.(1) There is no indefinite article (a, an). There is a definite article
la (the) which is used for all the genders, both cases (nominativeand accusativej and both numbers (singular and plural).
(2) All nouns end in o. The plural is formed by adding j. Thereare only two cases: nominative and accusative (objective).The accusative is formed simply by adding n to the nominative,singular or plural. Example: rozo, a rose. La knabino havas
AGO 653ZB 3
rozon. The girl has a rose. La knabinoj havas rozojn. Thegirls have roses.
(3) All adjectives end in a and agree in number and case with theword modified. The plural is formed by adding j and the ac-cusative by adding n to the singular or plural. The comparativedegree is expressed by using the word pli before the adjective.The superlative degree is expressed by using plej before theadjective. Example: nova, pli nova, plej nova; new, newer,newest.
(4) The basic (cardinal) numerals, which do not change form, are:unu, du, tri, kvar, kvin, ses, sep, ok, nau, dek, cent, mil. Tensand hundreds are formed by combining the basic numerals.Ordinals are formed by adding a to the cardinals; multiples, byadding obl; fractions, by adding on; and collectives, by addingop. Example: tria, third; triobla, triple; triono, one-third;triope, by threes.
(5) The personal pronouns are: mi, vi, li, Ai, ki, si, ni, vi, iii, oni.The possessives are formed by adding a. The declension is thesame as that of nouns.
(6) The verb has one ending only for each of the separate tenses;the ending does not change to indicate first, second, or thirdperson, or singular or plural number. The verb endings are asfollows: present tense, -as; past tense, -is; future tense, -os;conditional mood, -us; imperative mood, -u; infinitive mood,-i. The active participles end in, -ant, -int, -ont. Example:donanta, (is) giving; doninta, (was) giving; dononta, (will be)giving. The passive participles end in -at, -it, -ot. Ex-ample: donata, (is) given; donita, (was) given; donota, (willbe) given. The passive voice and all compound tenses of theactive voice are formed by using the only auxiliary verb in thelanguage: esti, to be. There are no irregular verbs and there isno subjunctive mood.
(7) The adverb ends in e. Comparison is expressed as for adjectives.Example: brile, brightly; pli brile, more brightly; plej brile,most brightly.
(8) All prepositions are followed by the nominative case.(9) Every word is pronounced as it is spelled.(10) The accent or stress is always on the next to the last syllable.(11) Compound words are formed merely by joining together the
desired words. Hyphens are not necessary, but they are com-monly used in certain numerals and geographical names.
(12) The negative word ne (no, not) is omitted from a sentencewhen another negative word is present. Example: Li havasnenion por mi. He has nothing for me.
(13) The ending of the accusative case, -n, is added to a word in
4 AGO 6532B
order to express "direction .towards." Example: Li irisgardenon. He went to the garden ("gardenward").
(14) Each preposition has a definite meaning; but if the direct sensedoes not indicate which preposition should be used, the "gen-eral" preposition je is employed. Example: Ili venis je grandajnombroj. They came in great numbers.
(15) No change is made in "international" words nor in most of theproper names, except to make them conform to Esperantospelling. Examples: mikrofono, microphone; mikrofona, micro-phonic; mikrofone, microphonically. Londono, London.
(16) The final vowel (o) of a noun and (a) of the article may some-times be dropped and be replaced by an apostrophe. Thiselision occurs almost solely in poetry.
g. Prefixes and Suffixes. These are used in Esperanto, to give richnessand flexibility to the language. Translators will find that a thoroughknowledge of them is extremely valuable.
COMMON PREFIXESbo-relation by marriage; patro, father; bopatro, father-in-law.dis-separation, dispersal: doni, to give; disdoni, to distribute.ek-beginning, brief or sudden action: ridi, to laugh, ekridi, to burst out
laughing.eks--ex-former or (the) late: prezidanto, president; eksprezidanto, ex-
(2) remoteness in past time; tempo, time, pratempa, primeval.re-again, back: iri, to go: reiri, to go back, go again.
COMMON SUFFIXES-ae-contempt, disgust: hundo, a dog; hundaeo, a cur.-ad-continuation of action: pafo, a shot; pafado, firing or shooting.-a--concrete ideas, something made from or having the quality of:
nova, novajo, novelty, news. Heredi, to inherit; heredajo, heritage,inheritance.
-an-member, inhabitant, adherent: klubo, club, society; klubano,club member. Parizo, Paris; parizano, Parisian.ar-a collection of things: arbo, a tree; arbaro, a wood or forest.
-ebl-possibility: kredi, to believe; kredebla, credible.-ec-abstract ideas: libera, free; libereco, freedom, liberty.-eg-enlargement, intensity: domo, a house; domego, a mansion.
Varma, warm; varmega, hot.-ej-place where an action occurs: pregi, to pray; pregejo, a church.
Lerni, to learn; lernejo, a school.-em-tendency, disposition: kredi, to believe; kredema, credulous.
Ataki, to attack; atakema, aggressive.
AGO 65632B 5
-er-unit, one of a collection: mono, money; monero, a coin.-estr-chief, ruler, leader: Sipo, a ship; Sipestro, a captain.-et-diminution of degree: monto, a mountain; monteto, a hill.-id young of, descendant: kato, a cat; katido, a kitten.-ig--to make or cause to be: blanka, white; blankigi, to whiten.-ig--to become, turn: ruga, red; rugigi, to blush.-il--instrument, tool: tranei, to cut; traneilo, a knife.-in--feminine gender: frato, brother; fratino, sister.-ind-worthiness: memori, to remember; memorinda, memorable.-ing-holder of one object: kandelo, a candle: kandelingo, a candlestick.-ism-theory, doctrine: Kristano, Christian; Kristanismo, Christianity.-ist-occupation, trade, profession: dento, a tooth; dentisto, a dentist.-obl-multiple: du, two; duobla, double.-on-fraction: du, two; duono, one-half.-op-collective: du, two; duope, by twos.-uj-that which contains or produces: mono, money; monujo, purse.
Pomo, apple; pomujo, apple-tree.-ul--person characterized by: timo, fear; timulo, a coward.-umrn-general, indefinite suffix: aero, air; aerumi, to air, to aerate.
Plena, full; plenumi, to fulfil.
4. References
The following is a list of reference books for the use of members of theU.S. Armed Forces and Allied Forces who may desire a more completeexplanation of the rules of Esperanto grammar or a more completevocabulary than that which follows:
Esperanto (The Universal Language), compiled by J. D. O'Connor.The English-Esperanto Dictionary, by Joseph Rhodes.The "Edinburgh" Esperanto Pocket Dictionary, Esperanto-English,
English-Esperanto, by Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd.Esperanto-English Dictionary, compiled by Edward A. Millidge.The Standard English-Esperanto Dictionary, by Fulcher & Long.Esperanto Grammar and Commentary, compiled by Major General
George Cox.
~~~~~~~~~~~6 ~~~AGO 6532B
SECTION III. VOCABULARY
5. Abbreviations
a. The following abbreviations have been employed in this section:avn -............................................ aviationgeog -.............................................. geographicalmed. medicalmil militarynavy. .-..- naval
b. An asterisk (*) preceding an Esperanto verb indicates that it is aninfinitive and not a conjugated verb form or a noun. To conjugateverbs, see paragraph 3f(6).
6. English-EsperantoEn:lish Esperanto
a; an (indefinite article, not expressed)abandon * forlasi; sengeno (not a mil word)ability kapabloable kapabla; (to be able) * poviaboard surgipeabout, around firkar; (concerning) priabove super (preposition); supre (adverb)absent without leave foresta senpermeseabutment limitusajoaccelerate * akceliaccident akcidentoaccording to laUaccurate precizaacknowledge * avizi pri ricevoacross transact * agiacting efektiva; (-commander) dumkomandantoaction ago; (battle) bataloactivate ' aktivigiactive aktivaactual realaaddress adresoadequate sufieaadjust '(al)gustigiadjutant adjutantoadministration adminstrado; (staff) administracioadministrative administraadmiral admiraloadvance antafieniroadvance guard antaiagvardioadvance party antafigrupoafloat flotantaafternoon posttagmezoagain denoveagainst kontra6agent agentoaggressive atakema
AGO 6532B 7
English Espternnto
aggressor agreso, agresa
aid * helpi, helpo
aim * celi, celo
air (atmosphere) aero
air army aviadarmeo
airborne aerportata
aircraft carrier aviadportgipo
airfield aerodromo
air fleet aviadsiparo
air forces aviadfortoj
airplane (aeroplane) aeroplano
alarm alarmo
alcohol alkoholo
alert alarmo; (vigilant) vigla
alien fremdulo, fremda
all Nio; tuta
alliance alianco; interligo
allocate (to) * asigni (al)
allot(ment) * asigni, asignita]o
ally *kunligi; lunligano
along lailonge de
alternate * alterni; * alternigi; alterna
altitude alt(ec)o
ambulance ambulancoambush *embuski, embusko
ammunition (paf)municio
ammunition office pafmunicia oficejo
among meze de
amount, sum, total sumo
amphibious amfibia
anchor * ankri, * ankrigi; ankro
and *kajanimal besto
annex * almeti, almetajo
answer 'respondi, respondo
antiaircraft * kontraiiaviada
antipersonnel kontraiipersonara
antitank kontrafitanka
apparatus aparato
apparent evidentaappoint (name) * nomi
appointment ofieio
approach * (al)proksimigi, (al)proksimigo
approve * aprobi, (approval) aprobo
approximately proksimumearchipelago insularoarea areo
of) tiathe latheater teatrotheir ilia, iliajthem (accusative case) ilinthen (at that time) tiam; (in that case) tiuokazethere (in that place) tie (to or toward that place) tienthere is, there are jen estasthese ci tiujthey ilithick(en) densa; densigithin maldensa; malsolida; * maldensigithing ajo; objekto; (a matter) aferothink pensithirst soifo; (thirsty) soifathis (one) ai tiu; (thing) Ei tiothorough tuta; gisfundathoroughfare Mefstratothough, although kvankam; (even if) eE se; (nevertheless) tamen(as) though, as if kvazaiithought(ful) penso, pensado; pensemathread fadeno; (of screw) spiralothreaten * minacithroat gorgothrough tra; (by means of) perthrow * jetithumb dikfingrothunderstorm fulmotondroticket biletotide tajdo; (high tide) altmaro, (low tide) malaltmarotie *ligi, ligilo; (necktie) kravatatight (taut) streeita
* altempigi to time, regulate* alterigi to land (troops, supplies)
alterigo landingalterirstrio (avn) landing stripaltmaro high tidealtranga oficiro field-grade officeraludo a reference; (alude) in referencealumeto match (to make fire)
· alveni arriveamaso pile
* amasigi to pile upambasadorejo embassyambaf bothambulanco ambulanceamfibia amphibiousamiko friendamplekso radio rangeankai too, alsoankorai still, yet
* ankrigi to anchorankro anchoranstataOi instead ofanstataiia substitute
* anstatau(ig)i to substituteanstataitulo(j) personnel replacement(s)anstatauanto a substituteantafi before, pre-antaiia former, previous
* antafiataki to spearhead an attack (mil)antauatako spearhead (mil)antakien onwardantailenigi propelantaileniro advanceantaiigrupo advance partyantafgvardio advance guard
* antafiiri precedeantafiposteno outpostantafizorgo precautionaparato apparatusaparta separate, specialaparteni al belong to
* bombardi to bomb, to bombardbombardo bombardmentbombkanono mortarbombo bomb; (mil) shellbona goodbone well; O.K.bonego, bonega excellence, excellentbord shore; bank (as of a river)bosko groveboto bootbotelo bottlebran2o branchbrando de dejorado branch of servicebrava bravebrefo a breach (as in enemy lines)brigadestro a brigadier generalbrigado brigadebroguro pamphletbrulado burning, firebruliga incendiarv
* bruli burn
AGO 6532B 51
Espeinlo English
* bruligi cause to burnbrulvundo burnbruno, bruna brownbruo, brua noise, noisybudo shedbulteno bulletincelajo, celaja target; (mil) objective
* celi; celo aim at, strive for; purpose, goalcent hundredcento (money) a centcentimetro centimeterceremonio ceremony
* citi mentioncivilaj aferoj civil (civilian) affairscivitano citizencolo inchEapelo hat6ar becauseesro carearto charterae at (place)Eefa principal8efmarsalo field marshal8efo cheil8efsergento sergeant majoreefsideo headquarterseefstrato thoroughfareeeftero mainlandiefurbo capital city
6efvojo highway&eko (for a sum of money) checkeeno chaineeno de komando chain of commandEevalforto horsepowerEevalo horseeiam always, at all times, everfe tie heredi tio this (thing)Ei tiu this (one)
* dokumenti, dokumento documentdolaro dollardolora soredoloro paindomo house
* doni givedonitajoj data
* dormi, dormo sleepdrenilo culvertduaklasa second rate
54 AGO 65321t
Espernlto Enolibh
dum while, duringdumkomandanto acting commander
* dungi hire, employduobla, diuoble double
* duobligi duplicateduoninslllo peninsuladuono halfduontirilvagono (mil) half-trackduplikato duplicateebla; eble possible; possibly, perhapsebleco possibilityebena, * ebenigi levelebenajo a plaine8 se even if, though, althoughedzino wvifeedzo husbandefektive in fact, as a matter of fact
* efektivigi execute, implement, put into effectefikeco efficiency
* efikigi enforceekbrilo flash
* ekflugi (avn) to take offekflugo (avn) take-offekatako (mil) surprise attackekzerc(iA)i to train
* ekipi; ekipajo equip; equipment* ekirigi start, cause to start* ekokupi, ekokupo (a position, a rountry) occupy, ocrcupation* ekpafi, pafi fire* ekpreni seize, occupy
elektita elite; (the elite) la eminentularoelekto election, choiceelektro, elektra electricity, electricelementa primaryelemento (mil) component, element
* elirataki, eliratako sallyelirejo outlet
* ellabori to engineer* elmontri, elmontro display* elsalti, elsalto (mil) dropelsaltzono drop zoneelripigo debarkation
* elstari project, jut out, stand out* eltrovi detect, discover* elturmenti harass
elvagonigi detrainemblemo emblem
* embuski, embusko ambusheminents prominent, eminenteminentularo the eliteen inen direkto al toward(s)en okazo de in case ofen rilato al; (rilate al) in (with) reference to
* endokigi to dock (a ship)* endoktrinigi indoctrinate* eniri enterenir(ej)o entrance
* enfermi enclose; (mil) inclose (in a letter)* enfili enfilade; rake with fireenfluejo river mouth
farmbieno farm, cultivated landfarmtenejo barnfarto; * farti state of health; to fare, to be (as regards health, etc.)fafjko jaws of an animal; mouth of tunnel, gorge, etc.fazlinio phase linefedera federalfederacio federation
* fend(if)i splitfendo a splitferdeko (of a ship) deck
* fumirmigi to lay smokefumtfubego smoke-stackfundo bottomfunelo funnelfunkei(ad)o operation, workingfunkeio function
* funkei(ig)i to operate, to functionfuriro (mil) quartermasterfuto (measure of length) footfuziliero rifleman, fusilier
* gajli gain, wingajn(aj)o gaingarantiulo a hostage
* gardi guard, watch, safeguard, preservegardilo safeguardgardisto (a person) guardgardo guardgardsoldato sentrygarnizono garrisongaso gas (not gasoline)generalo (mil) a general officer, a generalgeografio; geografia geography; geographic, geographicalgerilo, gerila guerrilla (guerilla)giroskopo gyroscope* glaciigi to ice, to become icyglacio iceglata smoothglavo swordglobo globegorgo throat; (geog) gorgegolfo (geog) gulf, bay(laf)grada gradualgrado degreegranda big, largegrandeco size, bulk, largenessgrava important, seriousgrenadletegilo grenade-launcher
*grimpi climbgriza graygrundo ground, soilgrupo group
*gusti, gusto tastegvardio (mil) guardgemelo, Aemela twingenerala (adjective) generalgenerale (adverbial usage) generally, as a rulegeno, Rena irritantgi, gia it, itsAis till, until, up to, as far ashaltejo a stopping place
* helpi help; (mil) relievehelpo help; (mil) reliefhelptrupoj (mil) reinforcementsheroa heroicheroo herohieraii yesterdayhigieno; higiena hygiene, sanitation; hygienic, sanitaryhistorio; historia history; historic, historicalhodia6i todayhodiaO nokte tonighthoma humanhomo a human beinghomportilo stretcher, litterhonoro honorhoraro time-tablehoro hour, time of dayhoro de Grenvico Greenwich timehordo hordehorlogeto watch, timepiecehospitalo hospitaliam at some time, once upon a timeidenta same, identicalidentlibro identity bookidentiga radisignal call-letters, call-signideo ideaie somewhere, anywhereiel in some way, somehowiii theyilia theirilin them (accusative case)
informo informationinfeniero engineeringo socket; a holder into which an object is putinko inkinsignoj insigniainspektado inspection
*inspekti inspectinstalajo installation
*instrui instructinstruisto instructorinstrukcio instructioninstrukcio(j) direction(s), order(s)instrumento instrumentinsularo archipelago, group of islandsinsulo islandinteligenteeo intelligenceintenco intentioninter between, among
* interkonsenti to come to an agreementinterkruciAi; interkruciAo intersect; intersectioninterns inner, interior, internalinternigejo internment camp
* internigi to interninterno the interior
* interpacigi mediate* interpreti interpret
interpretisto interpreterinterrelo railroad gauge (distance between rails)intergangi exchange
* interspaci to spaceinterspaco interval
*invadeti, invadeto raid*invadi invade
invado invasion* iri go
istmo isthmusiu somebody, someone
* izoli isolatejako jacketjara annual, yearlyjaro yearje ("je" is the general preposition) Je la dua horo, at
two o'clockjell estas there is, there arejugadvokato judge advocatejuna youngjunulo young person, youthjuro jurisprudence, science of lawjusteco justicejetajo missilejeti throw
AGO 6532B 61
Espteroalo E,glish
junglo junglejurinta atestanto a sworn witnessjuro oathkabano cabin, hutkablo cablekadeto (mil or nav) cadetkanono cannonkadrularo cadrekadruloj members of the cadrekaj andkakpo flakkalibro caliberkalkulo score, count, bill for goods or serviceskampa hospitalo field hospitalkampanjo campaignkamparo country (rural areas)kampekipo field equipmentkampfortikajoj field fortificationskamplogejo campkampo fieldkampoperacio(j) (mil) field operation(s)kampporcio field ration
kavego chasm, gulf (on land); (on sea, golfo)kazerno barracks, caserneke (conjunction) thatkelka(j) some, severalkemia militado chemical warfarekerno; kerna nucleus; nuclearkesto (container) a casekia what kind of, what sort ofkial why, for what reasonkiam when, at what timekiam ajn wheneverkiamaniere how, in what mannerkie wherekie ajn whereverkieesto whereaboutskiel in what way, how, as, likekiel eble plej baldati as soon as possiblekies whose, of whichkilogramo kilogramkilometro kilometerkio what (thing)kiom how many, how muchkion (thing) which (accusative ease)kirasajo armor platekiraso armorkiraspenetra armor-piercingkiu who, which, that (relative pronoun)kiun (accusative case of "kiu")klapo valveklara clear
* klarigi clarify, explainklarigo clarification, explanationklimato climateklisajo negative of photograph
* klopodi make an effortklopodo effortkloro, klora chlorinekodo codekolektaloko collecting point
* kolekti collect, gatherkolektigejo rallying point
? kunigi to join, to linkkunigilo link, connectionkunigo junctionkunligano allykunligo liaison
* kunlabori collaboratekunmetita composite
* kunveni assemblekuraca medicalkuraca posteno medical aid station
* kuraci to doctor, to treat medicallykuracisto physiciankuragigi encouragekurbo curvekuriero courierkurzo rate of exchangekurteno curtainkurteno de fero iron curtainkvadrato a squarekvankam though, althoughkvanto quantity
* lasi leavelasta lastlatitudo latitudela6i according tolaaidinda meritorious, praiseworthylaido commendation, praiselaiigrada graduallafilega legalla6ilonge de alonglaoiplanordo, * laiplanordigi schedulelaota loudlautparolilo loudspeakerledo leather
* legi readlegio legionlegitimiloj credentialslernejo school
* lerni learnlerteco skillletero letter (written to someone)leiltenanto lieutenantlevi raise, elevatelevponto drawbridgeIi helin him (accusative case)libera freelibereco liberty
· liberigi liberate, release, free* ligi to tie
ligilo a bond, a tie; (kravato) necktieligtrabo girder
* limigi to be limited, restrictedlimitu§ajo abutmentlimo limitlingvisto linguistlingvo languagelinio linelisto list (of names or items)litero a letter of the alphabet
* liveri deliver* logigi to billet
lojala loyalloka local
* loki, loko placelokomotivo, lokomotiva locomotivelonga longlongeco lengthlongitudo longitudelubrikajo lubricant
* maldensigi to thin, to thin out* maldungi dismiss
malebena uneven, bumpy, hilly, rough* malebligi prevent, make impossible
malfacila difficultmalfacilajo difficulty
* malferm(iA)i to openmalfirma loosemalforta weakmalfrua late
* malfrui to be late, be slow* malfunkcii to fail, to be inoperativemalgranda small, littlemalgrandarmiloj small armsmalgrao in spite ofmalRojo unhappinessmalAusta incorrect, erroneous
* malhelpi hindermakunigi disconnectmallarga narrowmalkaSi revealmallar'iiAi to become narrowmallevigi sink, go downmulllojala disloyalmallonga shortmalluma darkmallumo darkness
* malsati to hunger, to be hungrymalsato hungermalseka wetmalsekeco wetness, humiditymalsolida filimsymalsparema wasteful, uneconomical
* malpari, malsparo wastemalsupre (adverb of place) downmalsupren in a downward direction
* malsupreniri descend, go downward(s)malvarmo, malvarma coldmalvera false, untruemandata mandatorymandate mandate, order (written authority)mankeblajoj food-supplies, provisions, victuals
* mangi eatmango a meal; (kunmango) (mil) messmangrenado hand grenademaniero manner, method, waymaniko sleevemankanta missing, lacking
* manki, manko lackmano hand
* manovri, manovro maneuvermanradiko wrist
* mansignali to motion, make a hand-signalmarbordo, marborda shore, seacoast, beachmarbordoteno beachheadmareo swamp, marshmarenfluejo estuarymarfortoj naval forcesmargeno border, marginmaristo sailor; (marsoldato), a naval infantryman, a marine.markarto (nav) map, chartmarko markmarkolo a strait, a sound (geog)
'maski, masko mask, disguise; (kontrangasmasko) gas maskmateno, matena morningmato matmedalo medalmedicino medicinemekanikita mechanizedmem; Ili mem self; he himself
* memori remembermemoro memorymendi, mendo order (supplies, etcetera)mejlo milemenso; mensa mind; mentalmeriti, merito meritmetalfadeno wiremeteorologio, -a meteorology, meteorologicalmeti put, laymeza medium, midmeze de among, amidst
* ezuri, mezuro measure, surveymi I (pronoun, first person, singular)mmin me (accusative case)mikrofono microphonemilita militarymilita tribunalo court-martial
* militi, milito war* militjugi to try by court-martialmilitkaptito prisoner of war; POWmilitpastro army chaplainmilitpolicestro provost marshalmilitspirito morale; esprit de corpsmilitAipo warshipmilitterajo (mil) terrain
nek ... nek neither... nornekapabla incapablenekaga overtnemultaj fewneniam nevernenlo none, nothingnemu nobodyneokupata unoccupiednepost not later thannepre without fail, surelynervo nevernetransirebla impassablenefitrala neutralneiitralulo a neutral person
*neitraligi neutralizeneiitraleco neutralityni wemnia ournin us (accusative case)nigra blacknikelo nickelnivelo, nivela levelnorma efika procedo (Noepo) standard operating procedure (SOP)normo, norma standardnokto, nokta nightnokte at nightnomaro roster, list of names
* nombri to count, numbernombro (da) number (of); quantity (of)nomenklaturo nomenclature
* nomi name, qappointnomo namenordo, norda northnorden northward(s)nova newnovajo news; noveltynuba cloudy
* nubigi to cloud, to cloud overnubo cloud
* nuligi cancel, annulnulo zero
* numeri, numero numbernun nownur onlynutrajo food, nutriment
* padeli, padelo paddlepafado shooting, firingpafbaterio firing batterypafdirektada centro fire direction centerpafejo firing positionpafhelpo, pafhelpa fire support
72 AGO 6532B
Espesranlto DEnglish
*pafi shoot, firepafo shotpafilo gun, riflepafjetaJo projectilepafkampo field of firepafkunordigo fire coordinationpafmunicio ammunitionpafplano fire planpafpovo fire powerpafregadareto fire control netpafsupereco fire superioritypaftasko fire mission
* pagi paypago payment, paypako packpaniko panicpantalono trousers, pantspalisaro stockadepapero paper
* pesi to weigh (transitive verb)* peti, peto request
petrolo gasolinepeza heavy
*pezi to weigh (intransitive verb)* piediri to walkpiedo (an organ of the body) footpikildrato barbed wirepilotfako (avn) cockpit, (pilot's section)piloti, piloto (avn or nay) pilotpinfilo pincerspinglo, * pinglofiksi pinpinto peak, summitpioniri, pioniro, pionira pioneerpiroteknika pyrotechnicpirotekniko pyrotechnicspistolo pistolpigto pistonpivota pivotal
*pivoti, pivoto pivotplaco public square, plazaplani, piano planplata fiatplatvagono railroad flatcarplej mostplej bona bestplej lista ultimate, final, utmost
* plenumi perform, fulfillplh morepli bona betterplibonigi improve
* plifortikigi reinforcepligranda of major importance or sizepligrandigi enlargepliigitajo (mil) incrementpli malproksime farther (advert of location)plimulto majority (not mil rank)plotono platoonpil further, more (time and space)plumbo (metal) leadplumo lienplhvado rainfall
I)oli(e:linaro co nstablularv, the iolil.epolicejo poli(e stationpolieo, poli ca poli-cep)oliso insurance poli'cpolitiko policy; politicspotit iosto a pier supportinug a bridgepolto blridgepontono ponltoon, 1onton01
polltonlponto p)ol toonl Idtilge* pontumi to lridIge
popoXllllnaso tI rong, mob
p1ol]O a1 peoplel, i)opulalltionpor in order to; forporcigi to apportion; (mil) to rationporcio a portionpor 'iu for each; per (:as "per man," "per unit")
* porti to c arry; to wear on one's personpor ke in order thatporte)la l)ortableportilo carrierport petrol.Ripo (shi)p) tankerplosedi pos 5sess
post afterposta (mil) rearpostareo (mil) rear areaposte afterward(s); next (adverib)posteni, * postenigi assign to a post; post (as "post the guard"))po5teno post., station
po.steno dh komando command postpostgv'ardio (mil) rear guardpostiiinto straggler, p rson Ileft b ehindl
*postkuri run after, II:chase, pursueposto (mil) the rearposttagmezo aft ernoonpoao poc-ketpo;to posI, mailposto restanta generall delivery
*povi to b1h able topovas am able, is able, are able; (ainpozicio positionprava correct, right, truepreiza arccurate, preciseprefere rather, preferably
*preferi preferpreAejo 1a chulrch (building)
*premni to presspremio prize* prepari prepareprecparitc-o (mil) state of training, realinessprcta ready, prepared
Iretiga prelimlnary, prepar:ltory* pretigi minkamlpon (mil) hla a minefield
protpozi, io (mil) pr epared positionprczenti to intro(ll(ce, to presentprezidan(1 to presidentprezo pri'epri (on( erning, abollt, on the sllubject ofprintemlpo (season of the vear) spring
pro because of, on account ofprobulhla (mathematics) probableiroblemlo problem
*procedi proceed (act by plan)procedo process, procedureproeento, proceJnta percentage
* produkt.i prodluce
proflmlda deepprofunda defendo defen r in depthprofundeco depthprogresi, progreso progress
*proklami proclaimproklamo proclamation
* prokrasti delay, postponeprokrasto delayproksimnm near, next toproksima pafdistanco close range (for firing of weapons)proksimero proximityproksimnume spproximnately
provizo(j) provisionl(s)provizora temporary, provisionalprovo a test, a trial
* pruvi prove, give evidencepruvo proof, evidencepsikologiikologi; p ysihologo psrhological; psychologypublika, publiko public
* pugooblti; pugnobato to punch (with fist); a punchpulvo gunpowder
* pumpi, pumpilo pumppuneo (a mixed drink) punch
* puni; puno punish, punishmentpunkto point
* pugi push, drive
76 AGO 6532B
Eareranro Enalimh
rabajo lootrabi to loot, to plunderradelamo, radelama radarradico rootradimallhelpo radio interference, staticradio ray, beam; spoke; radius; (wireless) radio.rado wheelradringo tire (on a wheel)rafinejo refinery
ribelelna insubordliate, rebellious* ribeli to rebel* ricevi receive, get
rica rich* rifugi take refuge
rifuiro refuge* rifuzi refuse, deny
rigidat stiff, rigid* rilat(ig)i refer
* rigarli look* rimanrki notice
rinedoj miealls, resolrtriesringo ring
* riplri repair* ripeti repeat* ripozi rest
rilparo(j) repair(s)riskega desperate, very riskyrivereto brookrivero riverriverbordo river bank, shore
* rompl)(ig)i, rompo breakronda round
* rondiri to circlerondo a circle; a roundrondvojago : tour; a roulnd triprotestro (mil) company cm nmlandlerroto (mil) companyrubandeto taperugo, ruga redruinajo ruin
* ruli to roll* rusti, rusto rust
rutillo, rutina routinesal)l l monteto sallnd dounesablo sanld
* sondi probe; (nav) to sound the depth of water* soni make a noise, make a sound
sono a noise, a soundsovaga savage, wildspaco space, amount of roomspeciala specialspecialisto specialistspeco a kind, a sortspionado espionage, spying
* gati appreciate, value, esteem, likeI;i shes.ipa navalAipanaro the crew of a shipgiparo a fleet of ships.ipbazita (avn) carrier-based.Sipdigo pier (in a harbor): dock for shipsgipisto navigatorgipkonstruejo shipyard
AGO 6532B 8
Esperaro English
gipo ship* sipperei, sippereo shipwreck* §iri, * slrigi to shear, to tearfirmejo a shelter
* televidebligi to televisetelevidilo television screentelevido, televida televisiontemo subject, themetemperaturo temperaturetemplimo a period of time, a term
* terenflugigi (avn) to dive an aircraftterfortoj ground forcesteritorio territorytermezursigno (maps & surveying) benchmarkterminaro terminology, nomenclaturetero land, ground, earthtergirmitloko (mil) defiladed positiontia that kind of; such (a)tia kia such astiam then, at that timetie there, in that placetiel thus, so, in such a mannertiel ke in such a manner thattiel... kiel such... astien thither, toward that placetio that (thing)tipo; tipa type; typicaltiraljoro sharpshooter
* tiri pull, drawtitolo titletiu that (one)tiuokaze in that case; that being the casetombejo cemeterytombo tomb, gravetopografia; topografio topographical; topographytorco torchtorso trunk of body
truo a holetrupvagonaro troop traintualeto toilettubo tube, pipe; (fumtubego) smokestacktuj immediately, at once, promptlytuja immediate, prompt
* tumulti, tumulto riottuno a ton
* turmenti harassturo towertuso, * tusi coughtugo, * tugi touchtuta entire, whole, completetuto the wholeunco ounceultimato ultimatumuniformo (mil) a uniformunito unituniversala universalunua firstunuaeco priorityunuforma of one kind, uniformunuo unit (as "unit of fire," etc.)uragano hurricaneuranjo uraniumurbestro mayorurbo city, townurbodomo town hallurga urgent, emergencyurga dangero (mil) distress, urgent dangerurga]o an emergency
* urgi to be urgentutila usefuluzebla serviceable
* uzi to useuzo usevadejo a fordvagonaro railway trainvagono railroad car; wagon, coach, carriagevakanta vacantvakejo vacuumvalida validvana futile, vain, in vainvaporo steamvarma warmvarmeco warmth, heat
* velveturi to sail on a sailboat
84 AGO 6532B
Esperanto Eglish
velo a sail* vendi sell
veneno poison* venai to avenge
vengo vengeance, revenge* veni come* venki defeat, conquer, vanquish, overcome
venkinto conqueror, victorvenko conquest, victory
* ventegi, ventego (weather) stormvento windvera trueverajo a fact, a truthverdo, verda greenvereco the truthvergo rodvespermango evening mealvespero eveningvestaro one's aggregate of clothing, wardrobe
* vesti to clothe, to dressvesto clothing, dressveterano, veterana veteranveterinara medicino veterinary scienceveterinara kuracisto a veterinaryvetero weather
* veturi to ride in a vehicle* veturigi to drive a vehicle
veturigita (mil) motorizedveturilo vehiclevi you (accusative case)via your, yours
: vibri vibrate* vidi to see
vido sightvidpovo strength or condition of one's eyesightvidpunkto viewpointviglo, vigla alertviktimo casualty, victimvin you (accusative case)vintro, vintra wintervirino womanviro; viroj man; menvirseksulo, virseksula malevitro glass; (glaso) a drinking glass; (okulvitroj) eyeglasses.
* vivi to livevivo life; (vivdairo) life spanvizajo face (of a person)vizio visionvojaAfino destination (of journey, of mil march)vojblokado road blockvojeto path, trailvojkrucigo(j) crossroad(s)vojo road, route, way, lanevolto (electrical) volt
*zorgi, zorgo care*(pri)zorgi to take care of* zumi to hum, to buzz
zumilo buzzer
8. Geographical Names
Nation, City or Region Inhabitant Dscriptive Adjeoctive
Esperanto English Espernlo English Esperanto English
Afriko Africa afrikano African afrika AfricanAlasko Alaska j alaskano Alaskan alaska AlaskanAmeriko America amerikano American amerika AmericanAnglujo England anglo Englishman angla English
Bristolo BristolGrenviEo Greenwich --------- - grenviia GreenwichLiverpulo LiverpoolLondono London
Antarkto Antarctic -antarkta AntarcticArabio Arabia arabiano Arab arabia Arabian,
ArabicArgentino Argentina argentinano Argentinean argentina Argentine
Buenos- BuenosAireso Aires
Arkto Arctic -arkta ArcticAtlantiko Atlantic -atlantika AtlanticAiistralazio Australasia -.-......- aistralazia AustralasianAtIstralio Australia a6istraliano Australian aistralia Australian
Melburno MelbourneSidnejo Sydney
Afistrujo Austria atistro Austrian auistra AustrianVieno Vienna
Azio Asia aziano Asian, azia Asian,Asiatic Asiatic
Balkanoj Balkans balkana BalkanBelgujo Belgium belgo Belgian belga Belgian
Turkujo Turkey turko Turk turka TurkishAnkaro AnkaraKonstan- Istanbul
tinpoloUnuigita United
Regno KingdomUrugvajo Uruguay urugvajano Uruguayan urugvaja Uruguayan
Montevideo MontevideoUsono United States
of AmericaCikago ChicagoNovjorko NewYorkNovorlinzo New
OrleansSan- SanFrancisko Francisco
Valonujo the Walloon valono Walloon valona Wallooncountry inSE Belgiumand partsadjacent.
Vaskujo the Basque vasko Basque vaska Basquecountry inthe Pyre-nees.
Vagingtono WashingtonVenezuelo Venezuela
Karakaso Caracas
9. Proper Names
English Esperanto English Esperanlo
Achilles Akilo Arthur ArturoAdonis Adoniso August(us) AtigustoAeneas Eneo Aurelius AirelioAeschylus Eskilo Autolycus AfitolikoAjax Ajakso Bayard BajardoAlaric Alariko Benedict BenediktoAlbert Alberto Bernard BernardoAlexander Aleksandro Blaise BlasioAlfred Alfredo Caesar KajsaroAndrew Andreo Castor KastoroAnthony Antonio Charles Karolo
AGO 6532B 91
Eanglsh Espern to Eihil Esperanto
Claude Klaudio Louis LudovikoConrad Konrado Luke LukoDaedalus Dedalo Mark MarkoDamocles Damokleso Matthew MateoDaniel Danielo Michael MikaeloDavid Davido Norman NormandoEdward Eduardo Octavius OktavioEric Eriko Patrick PatrikoEustace Euistako Paul PaiiloFabius Fabio Pericles PeriklesoFrederic(k) Frederiko Peter PetroGeoffrey Gefro Philip FilipoGeorge Georgo Pollux PoluksoGerald Giraldo Remus RemoGregory Gregorio Richard RikardoHadrian Hadriano Robert RobertoHamilcar Hamilkaro Roger RogeroHannibal Hanibalo Romulus RomuloHector Hektoro Rupert RupertoHenry Henriko Scipio ScipionoHerbert Herberto Stephen StefanoHercules Herkuleso Thomas TomasoIcarus Ikaro Timothy TimoteoJames Jakobo Ulysses UlisoJerome .Jeromo Victor ViktoroJohn Johano Vincent VincentoJulian Juliano Walter ValteroJustin Justino Wilfred VilfridoLawrence Lauirenco William Vilhelmo
10. Days and MonthsDaos of lhe 1I'eek Mohs of the Year
Sunday dimanco January JanuaroMonday lundo February FebruaroTuesday mardo March MartoWednesday merkredo April ApriloThursday jatdo May MajoFriday vendredo June JunioSaturday sabato July Julio
August AtigustoSeptember SeptembroOctober OktobroNovember NovembroDecember Decembro
11. NumeralsCardina Orinal
0 nuloI tunu first unua2 du second dua3 tri third tria4 kvar fourth kvara5 kvin fifth kvina
°C. grado(j) degree(s) 5/9 x (°F. - 32)centigrada(j) Centigrade
°F. grado(j) degree(s) (9/5 x °C.) + 32fahrenhejta(j) Fahrenheit
mng miligramo milligram 0.000035 ounceg gramo gram 0.035 ouncekg kilogramo kilogram 2.2 poundsmt' metra tuno metric ton 2204 poundsi. litro liter 1.06 quartmm milimetro millimeter 0.039 inchcm centimetro centimeter 0.39 inchm metro meter 39.37 incheskm kilometro kilometer 0.62 milehkt hektaro hectare 2.47 acres
13. Table of Approximate Conversions
Inches to centimeters: Multiply by 10 and divide by 4.Yards to meters: Multiply by 9 and divide by 10.Miles to kilometers: Multiply by 8 and divide by 5.Gallons to liters: Multiply by 4 and subtract 1/5 of the number of gallons.Pounds to kilograms: Mlultiply by 5 and divide by II.To change °C. to °F.: Multiply by 9/5; then add 320.To change °F. to °C.: Subtract 32°; then multiply by 5/9.
94 AGO 65321
[AG 353.01 (2 Jun 59)1
By Order of Wilber M. Brucker, Secretary of the Army:
L. L. LEMNITZER,General, United States Army,
Official: Chief of Staff.R. V. LEE,
Major General, Uniled States Army,The Adjutallt Geheral.
Distribution:Acdive Army:
DCSPER (5) USCONARC (20)ACSI (5) OS Maj Comd (20)DCSOPS (5) US. ARADCOM (2)DCSLOG (5) US ARADCOM lgn (2)ACSRC (5) MDW (I)Chief of Civil Affairs, USA (5) Armies (10)CoA (5) Corps (10)CUSARROTC (5) Div (5)CofF (5) Brig (1)CINFO (5) Regt/Cp/Bg (3)CNGB (5) Bn (1)CLL (5) Co/Btry (I)DRD (5) USA INTC (395)CRD (5) USA Cmbt Div Exper Cen (10)CMH (5) Svc Colleges (10)TIG (5) Br Svc Sch (10) exceptTJAC (5) USARADSCH (150)TPMG (5) USAARMS (25)TAG (XO) (5) USA CMLCSCH (125)CofCh (5) USAES (350)Tech Stf, DA (5) USAIS (35)Tech Stf Bd (2) PMGS (75)TAG Bd, USA (2) USACAMGSCH (25)MP Bd, USA (2) US\SWS (50)USA CH Bd (2) PMST (1)
NG: State AG (3).USAR: None.
For explanation of abbreviations used, see AR 320-50.