AGF-216 lecture 2016: Norwegian participation in space and satellite activities

Norwegian participation in space and satellite activities AFG-216

Pål BrekkeNorwegian Space Centre

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Geostationary (GEO)

Low earth orbiting (LEO)

Medium Erath orbiting (MEO)

MEO (15.000-25.000km)

GEO (36.000km)

LEO (300-1.000km)

Satellite orbits

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Norway - small space nation on top of the world

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1  979  179  km²OCEANto  monitor(corresponds  to  half  EU)

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1  979  179  km²OCEAN

to  survey/manage(corresponds  to  half  EU)

Corresponds  to  half  EU

Why  is  the  ArcFc  important  to  Norway?  Norway  has  apart  from  Russia,  Europe’s  largest  area  to  manage,  mostly  in  the  ArcFc  or  the  High  ArcFc

Norway  and  Russia  manages  one  of  the  worlds  largest  well  managed  fish  stocks  in  the  Barents  Sea

ExploitaFon  of  oil-­‐  and  gas  resources

More  traffic  through  the  Northern  Sea  Route  increases  traffic  in  Norwegian  waters

Opening  of  new  sailing  routes  across  the  ArcFc  basin  creates  issues  concerning  safety  and  rescue

06/28/13

In  brief

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The  Norwegian  Space  Centre  is  a  government  agency  under  the  Ministry  of  Trade  and  IndustryEstablished  in  1987  when  Norway  joined  the  European  Space  AgencyCoordinates  Norwegian  space  acFviFes  internaFonally,  with  focus  on  ESA  and  the  EUCoordinates  naFonal  space  acFviFes38  employees  at  Skøyen,  OsloBudget  2014:  NOK  850  millionAdministers  government  ownership  in

Andøya  Rocket  Range  AS  (90%)Space  Norway  (100%)  which  owns

Kongsberg  Satellite  Services  AS  (50%)

The Norwegian Space Centre

02/16/14

What  kind  of  country  is  Norway?

Polar  naFon:  5,7%  of  scienFfic  arFcles  in  the  ArcFc,  number  three  in  total.

Oil  and  gas  naFon:  2,3%  of  world  producFon.

Fish  farming  naFon:  1,6%  of  world  producFon.  

Space  naFon?  According  to  PWC  Norway  has  1,9%  of  the  world  space  economy.

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NaFonal  prioriFes

TelecommunicaFonNavigaFonEarth  observaFonIndustrial  development  based  on  ESA  and  EU      programmesGround  infrastructureSpace  research  and  space  related  basic  research

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Long traditions within space research due to our location far north :

• Scientific observations of the aurora before 1900

•Birkelands innovative experiment in 1896

•National solar observatory in 1957

•First rocket launch in 1962

Historic traditions

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Solar Physics in Norway

Institute of theoretical astrophysivs was established by Professor Rosseland in 1934 and built with help from the Rockefeller Foundation.

The National Solar Observatory was opened in 1957. Provided satellite tracking for US Airforce in the 50s and 60s.

The very start of space research. Andøya Rocket Range

Ferdinand from Oksebåsen, Andøya 18 august 1962

Clean  rooms  -­‐  now  and  then!

Andøya  Rocket  Range  today

ALOMAR

ALOMAR

Svalbard - Norway´s “Space-port”

01/30/14

Aurora Observatory at SvalbardKjell Henriksen Observatory

Rent a rom with a “view”

01/30/14

The EISCAT radars at Svalbard

42 meter dish

32 meter dish

EISCAT Tromsø

EISCAT (European Incoherent Scatter) – studies the interaction between the Sun and the Earth (ionosphere, plasma clouds etc.)Also useful for tracking space debris

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SuperDARN is an international radar network which consists of over 30 low-power HF radars that look into Earth's upper atmosphere beginning at mid-latitudes and extending into the polar regions.The research group at UNIS are currently in the process of building Norway's first SuperDARN radar which will be co-located with both the Kjell Henriksen Observatory and the EISCAT Svalbard radar. Finnished late 2015.

SuperDARN  Svalbard

06/28/13

Space Geodetic Research Facility Space Geodetic Research Facility of the Norwegian Mapping Authority is part of an

international network of stations measuring small displacements in the Earths crest.

Basis  for  Earth  ObservaFonsThe  Science  of  the  Earths’s  shape,  moFon,  gravitaFonal  field  and  changes  of  theseFunamental  for  monitoring  climate  change,  sea  level  an  all  mapping.

06/28/13

Space Geodetic Research Facility Space Geodetic Research Facility of the Norwegian Mapping Authority is part of an

international network of stations measuring small displacements in the Earths crest. This antenna produced large amount of data that has to be shipped twice a week with Helicopter. The collaboration with NASA requires real time data.

The new fiber optical cable between Ny-Ålesund and Longyarbyen will increase the scientific

output from many research fields (eg. environment, climate and geodesy).

Svalbard - a test bed for future Mars missions AMASE – Arctic Mars Analoge Svalbard Expedition is a Norwegian run cooperating

project (ESA, NASA/JPL and Carnegie Institution of Washington) where future Mars rovers and instruments are being tested at Svalbard every summer.

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• Norway - first country in the world to use sat-com to localize emergency beacons

• Telenor - one of the biggest telecom-companies in the world

Norway - first to utilize satellite communication

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• Satellite phones important for rescue workers, human aids personnel, journalists etc. in war zones or disaster areas.

• First broad-band satellite phone developed in Norway 2 years ago

Norway - leading in satellite phone systems

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• Most communication satellites launced today includes 100 kg of electronics from a small company in south Norway (NORSPACE). Even the Chinese buys “hand made” electronics from Norway.

Norway - satellite communication

02/16/14

Why  Space  in  the  ArcFc

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KSAT - The World Leader in Ground Station Networks

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• Owned 50% by the Space Norway og 50% by Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace AS

• Satellite stations in Tromsø, Grimstad, Svalbard (SvalSat) and in Antarctica (Troll station), Bangalore, Mauritzius, Alaska ++

Kongsberg Satellite Services AS

Total about 75 antennas Supports 85 satellites - 18.000 passes per month

NASA/CSOC missions supported at SvalSatLANDSAT-7QuickScatAM-1 (Terra)SAC-CERS-2Acrimsat ChampGraceEO-1KompsatCobeAqua Quicktoms

World largest satellite station for polar orbiting satellites

20 Gbit Fiberoptisk kabel, 1,400 km lang, pris: NOK 300 millioner. Betalt med eksterne midler fra NASA og NOAA/IPO

Svalbard - A data-hub for USA´s satellites

Surface Displacement using inSAR observations

NGU

Surface Displacement using inSAR observations

NGU

Monitoring Rockslide with SAR imagery

Fjellet fra "Bølgen": InSAR-kart av Åkneset basert på data fra Radarsat-2. De røde stiplede linjene viser sprekker som forskerne har tegnet inn, mens de oransje og røde flekkene viser hvor utglidningen er størst.

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First operational oil spill detection from satellitesRadar satellites can “see” oil spills day and night and through clouds

Oil spill from a Norwegian platform in 2004

KSAT detects oil-spills in the British Channel

DetecFon  of  oil  spills

WORLD CLASS – through people, technology and dedication/ / 17-Jan-14

EMSA CSN Detection ExampleOil spill detected by KSAT, alert through EMSA

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ESA2009/processed by KSATOil spill detected by KSAT, alert through EMSA, Verified by Coastguard airplane. 14.02.2009

17-Jan-14

Service – but always not real pollution

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Surveillance of ship traffic

Detecting ships with RADARSAT

Identification of ships using AIS signals

RADARSAT-2 can see ships - but not identify them

Combining RADARSAT-2 and AIS signals

Coast guards AIS monitoring system

Coast guards monitoring system not enough!

The Rudolf-satellite (NCUBE)

Can  AIS  signals  be  received  from  space?Can  we  track  a  reindeer?

• Launch: NORAIS was launched in September, antenna late 2009

• EVA later this year for antenna deployment on Columbus

• Start of experiment: Early 2010

• Main goal: AIS signal tests in crowded areas

Test version of AISsat (NORAIS) was installed at ISS

Technology  tesFng  on  iSS

• Total cost ca. 30 million NOK.

• Launched summer 2010 from India

• Norwegian Space Centre and includes funding from NHD.

• Developed by Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt (FFI), with contribution from Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace og Kongsberg Seatex

Norwegian AIS satellite - AISSat-1

AisSat-1 supports Japan

Vessels  and  ice

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Northern  sea  route  (46  vessels  in  2012)

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Two vessels at Bear Island – No AIS received

Compilation FFI

Norsk Romsenter – www.romsenter.no02/11/13

Monitoring  of  fisheries

© KONGSBERG 26 August 2003KONGSBERG October 25, 2014 64

Oil Spill and Ship Detection: Extended service information

Combining RADARSAT-2 and AisSat

Ships around Svalbard

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Today,  the  Norwegian  Coastal  AdministraBon  and  other  governmental  insBtuBons  are  using  the  data  from  AISat-­‐1  for  a  variety  of  purposes,  including  monitoring  fisheries,  oil  spills,  and  mariBme  traffic,  to  support  anB-­‐piracy  operaBons  along  the  coast  of  Africa,  and  other  areas  of  interest  to  Norway.

AisSat-2 & 3

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NORAIS-IIAn increase in number of ships tracked daily from roughly 26 000 to 33 000.

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• AIS-receiver - Ship detection - to test new algorithms• CLARA - Solar Total Irradiance monitor (Sun-Climate)• Mini-Langmuir probes (Space Weather)

NORSAT-1NORSAT-­‐1  will  be  a  small  Norwegian  satellite  designed  to  carry  three  scienBfic  payloads

Canadian - Norwegian space collaboration

The Canada-Norway Student Sounding Rocket (CaNoRock) exchange program is a partnership between the Universities of Alberta, Calgary and Saskatchewan, the University of Oslo, University of Tromsø, Andøya Rocket Range and NAROM (Norwegian Center for Space Related Education) in Norway.

AISsat - series of ship detection satellites.

RADARSAT - for oilspill-detection

NORSAT-1: Solar radiation, Space weather and ship detection

The  Norwegian  government  is  establishing  an  integrated  mariBme  monitoring  system

Challenges in the Arctic

Theoretical (80o)

Practical (76o)

Problems occur (72o)

Theoretical (80o)

Practical

Problems Occur

Limited Broadband in the North

Satellite communication in the Arctic

”Existing satellite communication systemes have little or no coverage north of 75 degree. The Norwegian Space Centre is exploring possible concepts for satellite communiction north of 75 degree.”

Kilde: Regjeringens statusrapport nordområdene (2014)

Broadband - Telecom in polar regions

Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO)

Wy Space Activities in the ArcticSpace technology is perfect for use in the Arctic since satellites can cover vast areas with relatively small amount of infrastructure and without harming the environment.

- Earth observations

- Navigation

- Communictaion

- Research

Earth observing satellites

Weather satellites

Communication satellites

Navigation satellites

Research satellites

Surveillance satellites

Arctic – an new Space Arena

But few - or none - of our challenges in the Arctic can be solved without secure access to satellite systems

Space is not the solution to all our challenges