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Agenda Setting, and Scope and
Pace of Policy Change
(t he problem, the solution and the political
climate )
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%&()*+S S),-/S
%)-0S 0 o a l i t i o
n
( " i l d i n
g
% o l i c y ) e a r n i n g
Agenda
Setting
Window of opport"nity
Window of
pport"nity
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Window of pport"nity
✔ Window of opport"nity is open for a brief time when the
circ"mstances are ripe for the policy decision
✔ Ability to assess sit"ational conte1t
✔ +aing the circ"mstances more fa#o"rable
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Window of pport"nity: -hree Streams
✔ %roblem stream
✔ Sol"tion stream
✔ %olitical stream
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0lassification of %roblems
✔ Anticipated and "nanticipated problems
✔ 2isibility: 0rises and normal problems
✔ 0risis 3 high #isibility
✔ 4o#ernments s"r#i#al5rep"tation depends on how well it
manages the crisis
✔ Holding a top position is lie li#ing in a press"re cooer
✔ 0risis derails the well6concei#ed policy agenda
✔ +a1 Weber: ccasionalist )eader
✔ *1pected crises5 "ne1pected crises
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Hardy %erennial %roblems
✔ *conomic reforms
✔ %o#erty alle#iation
✔ /a1alite problem
✔ ns"rgency in the /orth *ast5 Kashmir
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0hange of 4o#t. and %olicymaing
✔ -he incoming go#ernment does not ha#e a blan slate to write7
there is a pre#io"s scribbling which cannot be erased. -he past is
not past7 pre#io"s actions lea#e conse8"ences that tae a long
time to be rectified.
✔ 0rises and the legacy of pressing problems crowd the
incoming go#ernment's and di#ert time$ reso"rces and attention
and do not allow it to f"lfil its election manifesto
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(icycle -heory
✔ (icycle -heory 3 Jagdish (hagwati and 9red (ergsten
✔ nternational trade relations
✔ Steady mo#ement5 st"mbling blocs
✔ +o#ement is slow$ ard"o"s and strategically incremental
✔ )eap forward opport"nities
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-he Sol"tion Stream
✔ ,tterly "nanticipated problems
✔ Anticipated problems 3 a notion of sol"tion present
✔ %olicy pacage 3 problem sol"tion
✔ %olicymaing is a pacaging of ;combination and
recombination< of pre6e1isting elements.
✔ (ringing new ideas to the policy comm"nity
✔ %eer scr"tiny of no#el ideas
✔ /o#el ideas tae some time in gaining acceptability
✔ /ew ideas 3 radical depart"re
✔ %aradigm shift ;licence ra= 3 maret6friendly economic policies<
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-he %olitical Stream
✔ 0omprises:
» %"blic +ood
» *lection &es"lts
» -he &elationship between ma=or political parties
in %arliament and o"tside
» 0hanges in the go#ernment
» ,%A 3 9reedom of nformation Act >@ to &ight
to nformation Act > ;/A0 6 Jean Dre!e and
Ar"na &oy<
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0risis as pport"nity
✔ -he "nthinable becomes ine#itable
✔ 0risis 3 political weather changes dramatically
✔ ,s"al politics gets s"spended7 interest gro"p acti#ity goes into
hibernation7 e1pectation for leadership and resol"tion of the crisis
✔ 0risis 3 go#ernments rep"tation at stae
✔ -he creation of a perception of a crisis can sometimes be
"sef"l to force changes in policies.
✔ 0risis is o#er 3 "s"al politics is bac✔ %r"dence demands that safeg"ards are b"ilt into policies so
that it is diffic"lt to re#erse them once the crisis is percei#ed to be
past.
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0risis as 0ondition
✔ 0risis 3 %roblem 3 Sol"tion
✔ 0risis 3 "nresol#ed 3 0ondition
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0risis and %aradigm Shift
✔ +acroeconomic crisis of BCCB 3 *conomic liberalisation
✔ 9ood 0risis 3 BC 3 E 3 4reen &e#ol"tion
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deas$ %aradigm and %aradigm Shift
✔ deas go#ern the world
✔ Keynes:
F-he ideas of economists and political philosophers$ both
when they are right and when they are wrong$ are more
powerf"l than is commonly "nderstood. ndeed$ the world
is r"led by little else. %ractical men$ who belie#e
themsel#es to be 8"ite e1empt from any intellect"al
infl"ence$ are "s"ally the sla#es of some def"nct
economist.G
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deas$ %aradigm and %aradigm Shift
✔ -homas S. K"hn: The Structure of Scientific Revolution
✔ %aradigm shift and scientific re#ol"tions
✔ b=ecti#ity$ scientific research and the reigning paradigm
✔ Acc"m"lation of anomalies and scientific re#ol"tion
✔ /ewtonian physics and *insteinian physics
✔ A policy paradigm prescribes the normati#e framewor within
which policies are de#eloped.
✔ A paradigm is the hegemony of ideas✔ -he capitalist state is able to maintain its dominance not only
beca"se of its coerci#e power b"t also beca"se of the hegemony
of its ideas.
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%aradigm Shift
ld %aradigm ;0on#entional Wisdom<
ld %aradigm ;Anomalies7 do"bts<
✔-ransition
/ew %aradigm ;-he old challenges the new<
✔Softening5 (reaing barriers
/ew %aradigm ;wins o#er the ld<
✔/ew becomes old
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%aradigm Shift and *conomic %olicy
✔ With a paradigm shift normati#e framewor changes
✔ t necessitates m"tation of the e1isting policies
✔ ,nitil BCs 3 State6centric paradigm
✔ Keynsian economics 3 res"lt of the the World War7 the great
depression
✔ (elief in the bene#olence of the State and its ability to rationally
order economy and society.
✔ 4o#ernment was micromanaging the economy✔ -he 9all of the So#iet ,nion
✔Displacement of State6centric paradigm by the maret6friendly
neo6liberal economic paradigm.
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%aradigm Shift and &esistance
✔ All new ideas go thro"gh a phase of resistance
✔ Swadeshi +o#ement in ndia
✔ 9D in retail
✔ 0hina 3 maret socialism
✔ %olicy change is a slow and incremental process
✔ Schopenha"er: three stages in the acceptance of new ideas:
✔ Stage of ridic"le
✔ Stage of opposition✔ 0onsidered as self6e#ident
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ther obligations
✔ -reaty obligations
✔ 0onformity to financial marets$ and m"ltilateral and regional
financial instit"tions s"ch as the World (an$ +9$ ADS etc.
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%"blic %olicy and %aradigms
✔ -he world of policy paradigm is m"ltipolar
✔ -hree paradigms affecting policy paradigm
B. /eo6liberal economic policy paradigm
>. -he H"man &ights %aradigm
@. 4ood 4o#ernance %aradigm
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-he H"man &ights %aradigm
✔ -he ,ni#ersal Declaration of H"man &ights ;,DH& "ni#ersal instr"ments of H& and india is
party to >I of these
✔ )egally binding co#enants and morally binding declarations
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Some significant declarations and co#enants
✔ -he ,ni#ersal Declaration of H"man &ights ;,DH&
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H"man &ights
✔ -he negati#e rights to restrain the state from arbitrary and
"nci#ili!ed treatment of its citi!ens
✔ Affirmati#e social and political rights ;freedom and dignity ha#e
no meaning if an indi#id"al life does not offer it<
✔ 0ollecti#e rights5 indi#id"al rights
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H"man &ights %aradigm
✔ H& paradigm has promoted three re#ol"tions:
B. Ad#ocacy
>. *nforcement
@. J"ridical re#ol"tions
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H"man &ights %aradigm
✔ H& paradigm enforced by:
B. -he power of ideas
>. -reaty bligations
@. 0onformity to global ci#ic and societal practices
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H"man &ights and )imitations
✔ H& can not be f"lly implemented: scarcity of reso"rces
✔ 4reater e#il and lesser e#il ;#ictims of terror and state coercion<
✔ )ang"age of rights and ="stice tend to o#ershadow all other points
of #iew ;hinders consens"s and compromise<
✔ 9ew organi!ations ad#ocating h"man rights act"ally defend
partic"larist ca"ses and are not necessarily more represntati#e or
more acco"ntable than elected go#ernments.
✔ 0ynical "se of h"man rights in international relations may be seen
as imperialism in a new garb
✔ H"man rights ha#e become an o#erarching paradigm coloni!ing
all other disciplines and considerations ;H& offer normati#e
framewor<
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-he 4ood 4o#ernance %aradigm
✔ *ssential elements of go#ernance:
✔ -he relati#e role between the state$ marets and society
✔ State: 0ompetence and moti#ation of the state and its
f"nctionaries ;ministers and top le#el ci#il ser#ants 3 policy
maers$ middle le#el ci#il ser#ants 3 implementers and
managers$ street6le#el f"nctionaries 3 deli#erers of programmes
and ser#ices<
✔
4ood 4o#ernance 3 impro#ing go#ernance to promote p"blicgood
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+oti#ation and Agency
✔ H"man moti#ation and the competence of the agency
✔ J"lian )e 4rand 3 %rofessor of Social %olicy at )ondon School
of *conomics 3 Motivation, Agency and Public Policy of Knights
and Knaves, Pawns and Queens$ >@
✔ State f"nctionaries 3 Knights or Kna#es ;+oti#ations<
✔ Agency 3 %awns or "eens
✔ Knights 3 p"blic6spirited and altr"istic
✔
Kna#es 3 moti#ated by self interest✔ "eens 3 all powerf"l
✔ %awns 3 s"bser#ient
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State60entric %aradigm of 4o#ernance
✔ -he State 3 Knights ;p"blic6spirited and altr"istic<
✔ 0iti!ens are %awns
✔ -he competence and bene#olence of State is beyond do"bt
✔ -he State has a direct role and control in5on e#erything and is
e1pected to create a welfare society
✔ 9oc"s is on reso"rce mobili!ation and "tili!ation7 no need of
monitoring o"tcomes and establishing acco"ntability
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/ew %"blic +anagement %aradigm
✔ BCC 6 9iscal crisis7 disenchantment with the b"rea"cracy and
deli#ery of p"blic ser#ices$ the rise of p"blic choice theory
✔ "estioning of the State's moti#ations
✔ 0"rtailing of powers of the Agency
✔ 0iti!ens shedding the garb of a pawn and ass"ming power
✔ J"lien 3 4o#ernment f"nctionaries 3 Kna#es
» 0iti!ens 3 "eens
✔
-he State sho"ld limit itself to the core indispensable acti#itiesand o"tso"rce others to for6profit and not6for6profit organi!ations
✔ +onitoring and acco"ntability thro"gh performance indicators
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World De#elopment &eport$ BCCB
F%"t simply$ go#ernments need to do less in those areas
where marets wor$ and can be made to wor reasonably
well. n many co"ntries$ it wo"ld help to pri#atise many of the
state6owned enterprises. 4o#ernments need to let domestic
and international competitions flo"rish. At the same time$
go#ernments need to do more in those areas where marets
alone cannot be relied "pon. ;*d"cation$ health$ n"trition$
family planning$ po#erty alle#iation7 b"ilding social$ physical$
administrati#e and legal infrastr"ct"re of better 8"ality7
pro#iding stable macroeconomic fo"ndation...G
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4ood 4o#ernance %aradigm
✔ 4o#ernment$ maret and society
✔ Decision maing as a partnership between the go#t. and
the society
✔ Key principles of good go#ernance:
Staeholders' participation$ r"le of law$ transparency7
answerability5acco"ntability ;responsibility and
responsi#eness$ e8"ity and incl"si#eness$ effecti#eness
and efficiency etc.
✔ %articipation of the nd"stry5("siness *nterprises5 05
9005 0*s 9or"m and /A0 in policy maing
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Staeholders
✔ -hree bases for classification
✔ )ocation: nternal and *1ternal
✔ mpact: %rimary and Secondary
✔ rientation: %roponents and pponents
✔ %assi#e and Dormant Staeholders
✔ Staeholders and the 0i#il Society
✔ Who can represent the 0i#il Society???
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%olicy *ntreprene"rship
✔ %olicy entreprene"rs p"sh their ideas when the opport"ne
moment arri#es
✔ 0ompetencies for policy entreprene"rship:
✔ nno#ati#e approach 3 characterisation of policy problem
✔ nno#ati#e approach 3 resol"tion of the policy problem
✔ Ability to translation that approach into a coherent policy
proposal
✔ A sense of timing 3 assessment of sit"ational conte1t
✔ 4ood negotiating sills
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