Agenda 4/7

Agenda 4/7

• 1. Review• 2. Notes• 3. Art activity: Democracy vs. Communism

6th period: 65

The Cold War

• U.S. vs. USSR• 45 years long• Roots:– Different ideologies: democracy (U.S.) vs.

communism (USSR)– Stalin creating a dictatorship– Yalta meeting (before WWII ended)– postwar

plans (UN created, free elections in Europe)

The Cold War Begins

• Potsdam Conference– Truman & Stalin– 6 mths after Yalta–

Stalin hasn’t kept word• Soviets still occupying

Eastern Europe (satellite nations)

• Europe was divided by an iron curtain

Containment

• containment= keep Communism from spreading– US policy during Cold War

• Truman Doctrine- US promised to support any country fighting communism– Ex: Greece & Turkey

• Marshall Plan- economic aid to rebuild Europe

Berlin Airlift

• 1948– French, British, Americans merge their German zones– Soviet response: blockade Berlin

• Allies used massive airlift to feed/supply Berlin for a year (until Stalin lifted the blockade)

New Alliances

• NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) formed by the U.S., Canada, and 10 Western European countries in 1949– Collective security (mutual defense agreement)

• Soviet response: formed Warsaw Pact with satellite nations

Chinese Civil War

• Nationalists (Chiang Kai-shek) vs. Communists (Mao Zedong)– U.S. supports Nationalists

• China becomes communist in 1949 after Chinese Civil War– Containment failed! ***

The Korean War (1950-1953)

• After WWII:– North Korea– communist gov.– South Korea– non-communist gov.

• 1950- NK invaded SK to unite as one country

• Truman convinces UN to send troops to support South Korea– Led by Douglas MacArthur• MacArthur was fired after Truman

wouldn’t support his desire to attack/liberate China

The Korean War (1950-1953)

• 1952– Dwight Eisenhower elected President• 1953: armistice (ceasefire) reached to end war– Est. a “demilitarized zone” between North and

South Korea

The Arms Race and the Space Race• Arms Race– Competition between US & USSR to develop

biggest, baddest bomb– Nuclear weapons= deterrents (if the Soviets

mess with us, we will annihilate them…literally)• Space Race– Soviets launched Sputnik in 1957– US launches new programs in science &

education to compete w/Soviets

The Cold War at Home• Loyalty Review Boards– Est. by Truman to investigate “un-

American” activities• House Un-American Activities

Committee (HUAC)– Created by Congress– Blacklisted Communist sympathizers

The Cold War at Home

• The Rosenberg Trials– Julius & Ethel Rosenberg convicted/executed for spying and

leaking A-bomb secrets to USSR– Despite public doubt, their guilt was confirmed by the

Venona Papers (1997)• The McCarthy Hearings– Joseph McCarthy- Senator who accused many people of

being Communist– Caused mass hysteria… but he couldn’t produce a single

Commie– “McCarthyism”= making harsh accusations w/o evidence

The Eisenhower Presidency, 1953-1960

• Foreign Policy under Ike– Eisenhower Doctrine= containment in the Middle East

• Ike’s Sec. of State was John Foster Dulles

• Domestic Policy under Ike– Baby boom after WWII more housing needed– G.I. Bill (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) helped

soldiers buy homes & go to school– Economic prosperity– Highway construction

Art ActivityCategory Soviet Communism American Democracy

Political System One political Party, the Communist Party.

A multi-party democracy.

Organizations All labor groups and other associations are run by the Communist Party.

Unions and other organizations openly negotiate with employers.

Economic System Industries and farms are owned by the state; central planners determine the nation’s economic needs; limited private property; education and health care provided by the state.

Free enterprise system; private ownership of property; supply and demand determine prices; people meet their own needs w/some limited gov. involvement.

Religion Religion is discouraged. Free exercise of religion.

Individual Rights Secret police arrest opponents; censorship; no free exercise of beliefs.

Freedom of the press and expression.

Agenda 4/8

• 1. review • 2. notes (!!!!! !!!!! YAYYYYYY ): Civil

Rights movement• 3. activity: MLK Jr. vs. Malcolm X speech

comparison hi

1950’s

• Postwar boom– economic prosperity• Interstate highway construction• Americans move to suburbs

Advances in Medicine

• Jonas Salk developed polio vaccine in 1953

The Civil Rights Movement

• The Truman Years (1945-1953)– Jackie Robinson– 1st African American in MLB– 1948: Truman desegregated military & ended

discriminatory hiring practices in fed. gov.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)• Background:

– Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)– “separate but equal” is constitutional

– Sweatt v. Painter (1950)– NAACP wins case for African American to attend UT Law School

• The case:– Thurgood Marshall argued for the

NAACP (& Brown)– Chief Justice Earl Warren– Unanimously overturned Plessy

decision… desegregation must happen “with all deliberate speed”

The Road to Equality

• After Brown, “Jim Crow” laws were still in place in the South

• Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956)– Spark: Rosa Parks– Boycott led by Dr. MLK Jr.

• Civil Rights Act of 1957– est. Civil Rights Commission

The Road to Equality

• Little Rock, AR (1957)– Gov. Faubus delayed segregation,

ordered Arkansas National Guard to prevent 9 black students (“Little Rock Nine”) from integrating Little Rock HS

– Pres. Eisenhower ordered federal troops to escort the 9 students to school

The Road to Equality• Lester Maddox– restaurant owner-turned-Georgia

governor– Sold his restaurant rather than admitting blacks when ordered by

the courts• George Wallace (Alabama gov.) stood at the door to the

Univ. of Alabama to prevent two black students from enrolling

The Road to Equality

• Southern Democrats in Congress worked together to prevent federal civil rights legislation

• Sit-ins & Freedom Rides– Lunch counter sit-ins– Freedom Rides– interracial groups rode buses in

the South

The Road to Equality• Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.– Non-violence and civil disobedience

• MLK’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail• African Americans can’t wait patiently for their rights any

longer

• March on Washington, 1963– … for jobs & freedom– “I Have A Dream” speech

The Road to Equality• Lyndon B. Johnson becomes Pres. after JFK

assassination– Civil Rights Act of 1964= all businesses involved in

interstate commerce could no longer discriminate• Est. Equal Employment Opp. Commission

– Voting Rights Act of 1965= made obstacles to prevent black voting in the South illegal

The Road to Equality

• Affirmative action= requiring companies/institutions to actively recruit minorities– Upheld by Regents v. Bakke

• Billy Graham– Christian preacher, spiritual advisor to

presidents– Prominent civil rights supporter

MLK Jr. vs. Malcolm X Speech Activity

• For each speech:– What is the overall message?– Which line is most powerful to you?

Agenda 4/9

• 1. speech activity (yesterday)– report out• 2. review• 3. Test !!!!! yayyyyyyy