Agenda 10/20/11 Bell ringer: Reading quiz Life in Pre-Industrial America Transportation Revolution The Market Revolution – A Case Study in Lowell. HW:

Agenda 10/20/11Agenda 10/20/11Bell ringer: Reading quiz

•Life in Pre-Industrial America•Transportation Revolution•The Market Revolution – A Case Study in Lowell.

•HW: 360-370

Enduring Understanding:

Sectionalism both reflected and contributed to changes Sectionalism both reflected and contributed to changes in the American political system.in the American political system.

The Jacksonian Era redefined and expanded American The Jacksonian Era redefined and expanded American democracy and changed political parties and practices.democracy and changed political parties and practices.

Congress and the early administrations made decisions guided by their desire to establish a strong government that would help the nation become unified as well as grow in size and power.

Student Objectives:

1. Students will describe territorial and economic 1. Students will describe territorial and economic expansion of the United States from 1816 to 1824.expansion of the United States from 1816 to 1824.

2. Students will be able to identify the impact of 2. Students will be able to identify the impact of the economic revolution on individuals, groups the economic revolution on individuals, groups and geographic regions.and geographic regions.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

GOALs: 1.Connect major cities.GOALs: 1.Connect major cities.

2. Connect East and West 2. Connect East and West

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s

Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System

Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s

Motivation: Water transportation was cheaper and easier.

Results: Flurry of canals followed. Strengthened ties between farming West and manufacturing East.

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont

Inland Freight RatesInland Freight RatesGoal: Improve trade of the inland river networks and increase Commercial farming of Ohio River Valley. “More pigs and corn for everybody.”

Efficient but dangerous:1. boiler explosions.2. fires3. Sinkings

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR

By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

p Built largely with Built largely with federal funds.federal funds.

p Increased Increased commercial commercial farming.farming.

p Western farms to Western farms to Eastern markets.Eastern markets.

p Life becomes more Life becomes more organized and organized and managed.managed.

Transportation Revolution sets the stage for …

1.Switch from subsistence farming to commercial farming.

2. The Market Revolution.

3. Expansion across the Continent.

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

p Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try

anything.anything.

p They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, theninnovators.innovators.

1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.

1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine

z They all regarded material They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and of the country’s virtue and promise.promise.

The “American Dream”The “American Dream”

A German visitor in the 1840s, A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:Friedrich List, observed:

Anything new is quickly introduced Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an old ways. The moment an American hears the word American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.“invention,” he pricks up his ears.

Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American During the American

Revolution,Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of10% ofthe population.the population.

v 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned top 4% owned overover 65% of the wealth. 65% of the wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% top 1% ownedowned over 50% of the wealth. over 50% of the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor The gap between rich and poor waswas widening! widening!

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory

System”)

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

The Lowell/Waltham System:

First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850

Lowell MillLowell Mill

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

New England Dominance in Textiles

Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

What was their typical What was their typical “profile?”“profile?”

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

What was boardinghouse life What was boardinghouse life like?like?

Lowell Mills Time Table

Lowell Mills Time Table

Early “Union” Newslett

er

Early “Union” Newslett

er

The Factory Girl’s GarlandThe Factory Girl’s Garland

February 20, 1845 issue.February 20, 1845 issue.

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes

I’m a Factory Girl Filled with WishesI'm a factory girlI'm a factory girl

Everyday filled with fearEveryday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!Wishing for windows!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of wok each dayTired from the 13 hours of wok each dayAnd we have such low payAnd we have such low payWishing for shorten work times!Wishing for shorten work times!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!Wishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlI'm a factory girlSick of all this harsh conditionsSick of all this harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!Making me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlgirlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest!

Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

The Early Union MovementThe Early Union Movement

Workingman’s Party Workingman’s Party (1829)(1829) ** Founded by Robert Dale Owen Founded by Robert Dale Owen and and others in New York City. others in New York City.Early unions were usually local, Early unions were usually local, social, and weak.social, and weak.

Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt (1842).(1842).

Worker political parties were Worker political parties were ineffective until the post-Civil ineffective until the post-Civil War period.War period.

Regional SpecializationRegional Specialization

EAST EAST IndustrialIndustrial

SOUTH SOUTH Cotton & SlaveryCotton & Slavery

WEST WEST The Nation’s The Nation’s “Breadbasket”“Breadbasket”

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

Why now?Why now?

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Know-Nothing Party:

“The Supreme

Order of the Star-

Spangled Banner”

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

ECONOMIC?ECONOMIC?

SOCIAL?SOCIAL?

POLITICAL?POLITICAL?

FUTUREPROBLEMS?

FUTUREPROBLEMS?