Age of Jefferson

Age of JeffersonAge of Jefferson

Unit IIIAUnit IIIA

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) Plantation farmer from Virginia Plantation farmer from Virginia Statesman (Assemblyman, Statesman (Assemblyman,

Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Independence, Governor, Minister to France, Governor, Minister to France, Secretary of State, Vice-President, Secretary of State, Vice-President, President) President)

Democratic-RepublicanDemocratic-Republican Founded the party in opposition to Founded the party in opposition to

Alexander Hamilton’s FederalistsAlexander Hamilton’s Federalists Kentucky ResolutionKentucky Resolution ““Every difference of opinion is not a Every difference of opinion is not a

difference of principle... We are all difference of principle... We are all Republicans, we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”Federalists.”

““Renaissance Man” Renaissance Man” Inventor, philosopher, architect, Inventor, philosopher, architect,

scientistscientist Slave ownerSlave owner

What is Jeffersonianism?What is Jeffersonianism? Republicanism and Civic VirtueRepublicanism and Civic Virtue

Citizens’ civic duty to aid the stateCitizens’ civic duty to aid the state Voting and efficacyVoting and efficacy Right to educationRight to education

Resist corruption and Natural ElitesResist corruption and Natural Elites Federalism and States’ RightsFederalism and States’ Rights

Ultimate sovereignty in the states and nullificationUltimate sovereignty in the states and nullification Strict constitutionalistStrict constitutionalist Dominant legislature, weak judiciaryDominant legislature, weak judiciary Economic coercion over standing armiesEconomic coercion over standing armies

Yeoman Farmers as Ideal CitizensYeoman Farmers as Ideal Citizens Educated landowners exemplified independence and virtueEducated landowners exemplified independence and virtue

Agriculture Over Manufacture/IndustryAgriculture Over Manufacture/Industry Responsibility of subsistenceResponsibility of subsistence Dependence led to class conflictDependence led to class conflict

Empire of Liberty and Foreign PolicyEmpire of Liberty and Foreign Policy America’s responsibility to spread democracyAmerica’s responsibility to spread democracy Avoid entangling alliancesAvoid entangling alliances

SocietySociety Republican motherhood; absent from politicsRepublican motherhood; absent from politics Natives capable, just need to catch up (noble savages)Natives capable, just need to catch up (noble savages) Black inferiority and white superiorityBlack inferiority and white superiority Separation of Church and StateSeparation of Church and State

Was Jefferson Jeffersonian?Was Jefferson Jeffersonian?

Consider the following historical concepts Consider the following historical concepts and events and answer the above and events and answer the above question…question…

The Federal JudiciaryThe Federal Judiciary Louisiana PurchaseLouisiana Purchase Barbary/Tripoli PiratesBarbary/Tripoli Pirates Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807

First Party System (1792-1824)First Party System (1792-1824) American period of political parties between the Federalists and American period of political parties between the Federalists and

Democratic-RepublicansDemocratic-Republicans Federalists: Federalists:

Nationalism; republicanismNationalism; republicanism loose interpretation of Constitution; loose interpretation of Constitution; business, commercial, and upper class; business, commercial, and upper class; New England; New England; pro-British; pro-British; dominated early years of national government, but dominated most of dominated early years of national government, but dominated most of

JudiciaryJudiciary Democratic-Republicans: Democratic-Republicans:

States’ rights; individual libertiesStates’ rights; individual liberties strict interpretation of Constitution; strict interpretation of Constitution; working class; working class; South, West, frontier; South, West, frontier; large majorities in Congress and Executive in latter yearslarge majorities in Congress and Executive in latter years

Jefferson and the Federal JudiciaryJefferson and the Federal Judiciary Only Federalist justices on the Only Federalist justices on the

Supreme CourtSupreme Court John Marshall as Chief JusticeJohn Marshall as Chief Justice

Judiciary Act of 1801Judiciary Act of 1801 Federalist Congress passed before Federalist Congress passed before

Jefferson assumed officeJefferson assumed office Reduced number of SC justicesReduced number of SC justices Increased number of federal courts; Increased number of federal courts;

filled by Adamsfilled by Adams Midnight JudgesMidnight Judges

Repealed in 1802 by D-R CongressRepealed in 1802 by D-R Congress Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison (1803) (1803)

Writ of mandamusWrit of mandamus Judicial review - Supreme Court’s Judicial review - Supreme Court’s

determining constitutionality of determining constitutionality of issuesissues

““It is emphatically the province and It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say duty of the judicial department to say what the law is.”what the law is.”

Democratic-Republicans lead Democratic-Republicans lead impeachments against Federalist impeachments against Federalist judgesjudges Alcoholism and partisanship Alcoholism and partisanship

grounds for impeachment?grounds for impeachment? John PickeringJohn Pickering SC Justice Samuel ChaseSC Justice Samuel Chase

Jefferson and the Louisiana PurchaseJefferson and the Louisiana Purchase(1803-1804)(1803-1804)

Napoleon’s Caribbean Napoleon’s Caribbean Empire Plan and Britain’s Empire Plan and Britain’s Control of the AtlanticControl of the Atlantic America sandwiched America sandwiched

between European between European powerspowers

Brokered a deal for $15 Brokered a deal for $15 millionmillion Gain control of New Gain control of New

OrleansOrleans Lewis and Clark Lewis and Clark

ExpeditionExpedition Find waterway from east Find waterway from east

to Pacificto Pacific Federalist oppositionFederalist opposition

Jefferson and the Barbary/Tripoli PiratesJefferson and the Barbary/Tripoli Pirates

Barbary/Tripoli pirates Barbary/Tripoli pirates earned revenue for North earned revenue for North African statesAfrican states

Extorting and harassing Extorting and harassing American shipsAmerican ships

U.S. Navy and Marines U.S. Navy and Marines dispatched to end the dispatched to end the Barbary/Tripoli threatBarbary/Tripoli threat

Treaty signed in 1805 in Treaty signed in 1805 in favor of Americansfavor of Americans

War cost less than War cost less than preserving peacepreserving peace

Jefferson and the Embargo ActJefferson and the Embargo Act

Orders of Council and Continental System outlawed Orders of Council and Continental System outlawed American tradeAmerican trade

British impressment of Americans and seizures of British impressment of Americans and seizures of American shipsAmerican ships HMS Leopard and USS ChesapeakeHMS Leopard and USS Chesapeake

Embargo Act of 1807Embargo Act of 1807 Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign

portsports Economic impact on AmericansEconomic impact on Americans

Merchants and traders sufferedMerchants and traders suffered Farms foreclosedFarms foreclosed

Increased production and diversified manufacturingIncreased production and diversified manufacturing

Election of 1808Election of 1808

Jefferson’s Legacy Becomes Madison’sJefferson’s Legacy Becomes Madison’s James Madison (D-R) elected James Madison (D-R) elected

President, but Federalists gain some President, but Federalists gain some seatsseats

Anglo-French rivalry bullies USAAnglo-French rivalry bullies USA Seizing American shipsSeizing American ships

Nonintercourse Act of 1809Nonintercourse Act of 1809 Forbade trade with Britain and France Forbade trade with Britain and France

unless promised to cease harassing U.S. unless promised to cease harassing U.S. shipsships

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) If Britain or France repealed restrictions If Britain or France repealed restrictions

on neutral ships then U.S. would cease on neutral ships then U.S. would cease trade with the othertrade with the other

British influence in the WestBritish influence in the West Rumors of British stirring up anti-Rumors of British stirring up anti-

American sentiment among NativesAmerican sentiment among Natives Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

Leading Up to the War of 1812Leading Up to the War of 1812 United States vs. Great BritainUnited States vs. Great Britain

British impressmentBritish impressment ““Our old enemy.”Our old enemy.” British influence in the frontierBritish influence in the frontier

War hawksWar hawks John C. Calhoun and Henry ClayJohn C. Calhoun and Henry Clay

OppositionOpposition FederalistsFederalists Old guard Dem-RepsOld guard Dem-Reps New England and merchantsNew England and merchants

War of 1812War of 1812 Failed American invasion of CanadaFailed American invasion of Canada British Invasion of D.C. and BaltimoreBritish Invasion of D.C. and Baltimore

Washington, D.C. burned (August 1814)Washington, D.C. burned (August 1814) Ft. McHenry (September 1814)Ft. McHenry (September 1814)

Naval Victories and U.S.S. ConstitutionNaval Victories and U.S.S. Constitution Americans and the NativesAmericans and the Natives

Tecumseh and William Henry HarrisonTecumseh and William Henry Harrison Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 1814)Battle of Horseshoe Bend (March 1814)

Treaty of Ghent (December 1814)Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) Stalemate; nothing earnedStalemate; nothing earned Patriotic victoryPatriotic victory

Battle of New Orleans (January 1815)Battle of New Orleans (January 1815) Andrew JacksonAndrew Jackson

Nature FTWNature FTW

““Old Ironsides”Old Ironsides”

42 Wins0 Losses

- Constructed in 1797- Still in commission

The End of the FederalistsThe End of the Federalists

““Victory” over Great Britain and Victory” over Great Britain and pro-British/anti-war support labeled them as pro-British/anti-war support labeled them as unpatrioticunpatriotic

Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814)Hartford Convention (Dec. 1814) Ratify Constitution in attempt to weaken Dem-Rep Ratify Constitution in attempt to weaken Dem-Rep

in West and Southin West and South Talk of secession by radicals*Talk of secession by radicals*

After the War of 1812 Federalists soon would After the War of 1812 Federalists soon would dissolve even in New England strongholddissolve even in New England stronghold

War of 1812’s ImpactWar of 1812’s Impact

International respectInternational respect Development of U.S.-Canada relationsDevelopment of U.S.-Canada relations Natives on their own and weakNatives on their own and weak Industrial developmentIndustrial development Growth of nationalismGrowth of nationalism Eyes toward the WestEyes toward the West