Age of Exploration

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AGE OF EXPLORATIONCh. 2 Sec. 1Ch. 3 Sec. 4/5

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THE SEARCH FOR SPICESCh. 2 Sec. 1

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REASONS FOR EXPLORATIONWith a growing population- higher

demand for traded goodsMost valued items were spices to

preserve food, add flavor to meat, and for medicines and perfume

Moluccas: island chain known as Spice Islands

Set out in search of direct access to Asia

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PORTUGAL SAILS EASTPrince Henry sponsored exploration

for Portugal First discovered/claimed Madeira

and Azores islandsExpanded into Muslim North Africa

Opportunity to convert Africans to Christianity

Hoped to find easier way to reach Asia- would have to go around Africa

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PORTUGAL SAILS EAST CON’THenry gathered scientists, cartographers- map makers, and other experts to prepare for a long voyage Redesigned ships, drew maps,

trained captainsWorked their way South to explore western coast of Africa

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PORTUGAL SAILS EAST CON’THenry died in 1460 but the quest continued1488: Bartholomeu Dias

rounded Cape of Good Hope1497: Vasco da Gama- reached

spice port of Calicut in IndiaVery rough journey, but proved highly profitable- created a trade network

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COLUMBUS SAILS WESTNews of Portugal’s success

inspired Italian navigator Christopher Columbus Wanted to reach East Indies by

sailing West across AtlanticUnderestimated Earth’s size

Portugal would not sponsor him, but Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain didRulers hoped Columbus’s voyage

would bring wealth and prestige

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COLUMBUS SAILS WESTAug. 3, 1492: Columbus sailed West

Nina, Pinta, Santa MariaOct. 12: land was spotted

Spent several months cruising around islands of CaribbeanThought he reached Indies- called

locals Indians1493: returned home to discover

later he found a new continent

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DIVIDING THE GLOBEFerdinand and Isabella appealed

to Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI Wanted support of their claim to the

new worldPope set Line of Demarcation- line

set by Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the non-European world into two zones, one controlled by Spain (west) and the other Portugal (East)

Led to building empires quickly to claim land

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NAMING WESTERN HEMISPHEREAmerigo Vespucci, Italian sea

Captain, wrote journal describing his voyage to Brazil

Martin Waldseemuller used Vespucci’s description to publish map- which he labeled “America”

Term turned to “Americas” which came to be used for both continentsIslands Columbus explored became

West Indies

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SEARCH CONTINUES English, Dutch, and French explored coast of

North America for “northwest passage” Unsuccessful

Vasco Nunez de Balboa made passage westward through forests of Panama

Sept. 20, 1519: Ferdinand Magellan (Spain) set out to find a route to Pacific Ocean Sailed coast of South America exploring each bay Nov. 1520: found a passage – later known as Strait

of Magellan Renamed South Sea to Pacific (Latin for peaceful)

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SEARCH CONTINUESMost of the crew wanted to return

the way they cameMagellan wanted to continue West

He underestimated size of Pacific- took longer than expected

March 1522 (3 years after setting out) reached Philippines- Magellan was killed

Survivors were first to circumnavigate- sail around the world

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THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADECh. 3 Sec. 4

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TRIANGULAR TRADE ACROSS ATLANTICSpanish were first major

European partners in slave tradeAfter other European nations

established colonies in Americas they joined slave trade network

Atlantic Slave trade formed one part of three-legged international trade network- Triangular Trade- triangle shaped series of Atlantic trade routes linking Europe, Africa, and Americas

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SHIPPING PEOPLE AND GOODS First leg: merchant ships brought

European goods (guns, cloth, and cash) to AfricaMerchants traded these goods for slaves

Second leg: Middle Passage: slaves were transported to AmericasSlaves traded for sugar, molasses, cotton,

furs, rum, and other manufactured products

Third leg: merchants carried American goods to Europe where they were sold at a profit

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INTERACTIVE MAP: TRIANGULAR TRADE ROUTES

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INDUSTRIES AND CITIES THRIVETriangular trade immediately

profitable for many peopleMerchants: even though risk of

losing shipsIndustries that supported trade:

shipbuildingOther colonial industries: fishing,

tobacco, sugarLed to successful port cities

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HORRORS OF MIDDLE PASSAGETo merchants was just another voyage/

for enslaved Africans it was a horrorMost slaves were taken from inland

villagesForced to march to coastal ports (up to

1,000 miles)Bound by ropes and chains to one anotherMight be forced to carry heavy loads Those who lived the march were held in

port holding pens and warehouses

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HORRORS OF MIDDLE PASSAGE CON’T Once purchased- packed below decks of

slave ships Hundreds packed into single vessel for

voyages from 3 weeks to 3 months Ships faced storms, raids by pirates,

mutinies- revolts by captives Disease was biggest threat

Most died of dysentery, others smallpox, other unknown diseases

Ships became known as “floating coffins” Suicide was common

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IMPACT OF SLAVE TRADEBrought enormous wealth to

merchants and tradersProvided labor to help colonial

economies growAfrican states/societies were torn

apart1500s: estimated 2,000 Africans

sent to Americas each yr.1780s: approached 80,000 a yearMid 1800s: slave trade was

“stopped”

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EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CONTACTCh. 3 Sec. 5

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COLUMBIAN EXCHANGEColumbus’s return to Spain

brought plants and animals found in the Americas

Later that year, Columbus returned to Americas with European plants and animals along with colonists

He began a vast global exchange that would affect the world

Since it started with Columbus we call it Columbian Exchange

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COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

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DIAGRAM OF COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

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NEW FOODS AND ANIMALSFrom Americas to Europe:

Tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers, corn and potatoesPotatoes, easy and cheap to grow, helped feed Europe’s growing population

Corn became world’s most important cereal crops

From Europe to Americas:Wheat, grapes, cattle, pigs, goats,

chickens, horses and donkeysBananas and sugar cane from Africa

and Asia

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COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION1500s prices began to rise, also,

there was much more money in circulation

Inflation: a rise in prices that is linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money availableCaused by large amount of silver/gold

flowing into Euro from AmericasPrice Revolution: The period in

Euro history when inflation rose rapidly

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CAPITALISM EMERGES Expanded trade, increased money

supply, and push for overseas empires spurred growth of European capitalism: economic system in which businesses are owned privatelyEntrepreneurs: people who take on

financial risk to make profits Key to success of capitalism

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EXPLORING NEW BUSINESS METHODS Banks increased in importance

allowing wealthy merchants to lend money at interest

Joint stock companies allowed people to pool investment to fund overseas adventures

“Putting-Out” system bypassed guildsSeparated capital and labor for the first

timeLeads to capitalist-owned factories of

Industrial Rev.

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PUTTING OUT/ COLONIAL SYSTEM

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MERCANTILISM ARISESMonarchs enjoyed benefits of

commercial revolution- led to mercantilism: policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver

Overseas colonies existed for benefit of parent country

Imposed tariffs: taxes on imported goods Led to rise of national government Had a lot of control over economies

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