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A N N A L E S HISTORICO-NATURALES MUSEI N A T I O N A L I S
Tomus 68. Budapest
H U N G A R I C 1 1976.
Agaricus Studies, Y I .
b y G. B O H U S , Budapest
Abstract — Data are given to 8 Agaricus species. W i t h 2
figures.
Data on the form circle of Agaricus arvensis Sehff. ex F r .
According to the statement of P I L Â T : " Ag. arvensis... is very
variable, or rather
a series of weak species belongs here, whose systematic value is
in many respects not yet elucidated". True enough, quite often
materials come forward which do not correspond to the typical A.
arvensis. Mycologists have to set aside these collections wi thout
precisely determining them.
P I L Â T (1951a) separated A. osecanus, A. arvensis var.
macrolepis and var. cretaceus from A. arvensis, and B O H U S did
the same for A. maerosporoides and A. arvensis var. umbrelloideus.
Without separating i t , one can state on the basis of the
Hungarian material that there exists a form w i t h small spores
and another w i t h bigger spores. A large material has been
collected in the Hortobágy (Com. Hajdú—Bihar) from the form having
small spores (6.3-7 X 4.5-5 pun) : Nagyiván, 23 May 1974, leg. E .
B E G I T T E R . Óhat, meadow, 27 May 1974, leg. M . BABOS, grassy
locust-tree wood, 24 June 1974, leg. M . BABOS, Kónya, pasture, 22
Sept 1967, leg. M R S . T Ó T H .
Spore dimensions of form w i t h bigger spores: 7.4-8.2 X
5.2-5.8 [xm: Mts. Pilis, Leányfalu, grassy place, 15 October 1958,
leg. G . BOHÜS and M . BABOS. — 7.2-9 X4.9-5.9 pun: Hortobágy,
prope Debrecen, pasture, 5 May 1960, leg. M R S . SZABÓ. — 7.5-8.8
x 5 - 6 pom: Hortobágy, prope Debrecen, pasture, 9 November 1960,
leg. F . D E N C S I .
K e y to the group Arvenses s. str.
1 Under trees 1 — I n grassy places without trees 5 2 Under
locust trees. Stem-shape intermedier between A. abruptibulbus and
arvensis.
Fruit-body slender, umberelloid A . arvensis var. umbrelloideus
B O H U S — Under other trees 3 3 Stem hardly or not bulbous 4 —
Stem sharply bulbous. Pileus cracked already in youth into
imbricate to subeoneentric
and adpressed scales A . arvensis var. macrolepis P I L Â T
& Pouz.
4 Fruit-body medium-sized. Pileus up to 10 cm. Stem relatively
short, 5-6 cm. Spores globose-ellipsoid, much more globose than
generally in A. arvensis
A . osecauus P I L Â T — Fruit-body large. Pileus 9-27 cm.
Spores ellipsoid
A . arvensis var. cretaceus ( P I L Â T ) (1951b) 5 Lamellae
rosy. Pileus broad: 17-25 cm, may break up into scales, centre may
be are-
olate. Stem thick and relatively short. Spores 8-9.5 X5-6 pun A
. maerosporoides B O H U S
— W i t h other characters 6 6 Spores smaller: 6 .3-7x4.4-5
pun
A . arvensis SCHFF. ex F R . small-spored form — Spores larger:
7.2-9 X4.9-6 [ im.
A . arvensis SCHFF. ex F R
Further data on Agaricus deylii Pilât (Fig. 1)
This species has been scarcely reported up to now. Earlier i t
has been mentioned when the degree of reddening has been discussed.
Now on the basis of four occurrences in 1974 i t is necessary to
refer to the different sizes of the f ru i t -bodies. The specimen
collected in 1960 and 1968 approached though did not reach the size
of P ILÂT 'S material from Karlátejn, where the thickness of the
stem was about 20 m m . The rather r ich collections of 1974 and
1975 show a transition to the small specimens of the
Ann. Hist.-nat. Mus. Nat. Hung., 1976, 68.
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Fig. 1 . Agaricus deylii P I L Â T . — F i g . 2 . Agaricus
luteo-maculatus ( M O E L L . ) M O E L L . (y.2/3).
similarly rieh material collected in Telki , where the thickness
of the stem was only about 10 mm. (The length of the stem is
generally equal to the diameter of the pileus, as opposed to the
slim stem of A. benesii, the length of which may be twice as long
as the breadth of the pileus.)
Besides, these collections showed also among others the
following constant features: white pileus w i t h fine fibrils
distinctly visible or under the magnifying glass and the relat
ively larger spores in t h e S i l v a t i c u s - g r o u p . A n
interesting feature is the l ight yellow colour appearing after
drying in the centre of the pileus or in the lower part of the
stem.
H e r b a r i a l d a t a : Mts. Mátra, Tarnalellesz, at edge of
frondose wood, 2 0 June 1 9 7 4 , leg. L . V A J D A , (spores: 7 .
2 - 8 . 5 x 4 . 4 - 5 . 2 [ím). — Mts. Budai, Telki , frondose
wood, 9 September 1 9 7 4 , leg. E. V É S S E Y (spores: 7 . 5 - 8
. 8 x 4 . 6 - 5 . 0 }im) — Budapest, Kamaraerdő, frondose wood
(Fraxinus, Quercus, Acer), 1 6 , 23 October 1 9 7 4 , leg. G. B O H
U S — E. VÉSSEY, (spores: 7 . 5 - 9 . 5 x 4 . 7 - 5 . 5 urn); 2 2
Ju ly 1 9 7 5 , leg. M . BABOS, G. BOHUS, I . R I M Ó C Z I &
E. VÉSSEY, (spores: 7 . 9 - 9 x 4 . 7 - 5 . 5 am).
Agrieus excellens (Moell.) Moell.
H e r b a r i a l d a t a : Budapest, Kamaerdő, frondose wood,
25 June 1 9 2 4 , leg. F. K O V Á C S . — Budapest, Hűvösvölgy,
frondose wood, September 1 9 6 3 , leg. A. F R A N K Ó . —
Budapest, Kamaerdő, shrubbery, 3 0 May 1 9 6 8 , leg. M R S . T Ó T
H . — Törökbálint (Com. Pest), oakwood, 4 October 1 9 6 8 , leg. A.
F R A N K Ó . — Mts. Budai, Mt . Guggerhegy, mixed wood, 2 2 June 1
9 6 9 , leg. B A R T O S ; pr. Mt . Csillebérc, 25 August 1 9 7 0 ,
leg. ? ; pr. Szentendre, 2 2 June 1 9 7 5 , leg.? I t has been
found in our country first of all in deciduous forests.
I t ought to be mentioned here that the size of this species
(diameter of pileus, thickness of flesh) may reach that of A.
macrosporus i f i t grows on such rich sites (pine-needle piles)
like the material of R I C K E N ( 1 9 1 0 ) (sub nomine Psalliota
augusta). This may have led to the probably improper statement that
A. macrosporus sometimes occurs also in pine-woods ( H E N N I G 1
9 6 7 ) .
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A G A R I C U S STUDIES, V I . 4 7
The problem of Agaricus Iiiteolorufesceus Orton
This species of the Silvaticus-group was described in 19(50 and
its chief characteristics are tha t besides the reddening of the
flesh also the lower part of the stem becomes yellow. O R T O N
distinguishes i t from A. lanipes, silvaticus and
haemorrhoidarius.
We succeeded in collecting a similar fungus (Budapest, garden,
on ground on a hazel gtump, 25 June 1 9 6 9 , leg. G. B O H U S ) ,
of which flesh in pileus and in upper part of the stem ^eddened and
the bulb of the stem turned chrome yellow when touched.
D e s c r i p t i o n : Pileus 4-5 cm ; convex then expanded ;
at f i r s t smooth and l ighter chocolate b rown , then + concentr
ical ly w i t h broad f ibr i l losc scales i n chocolate b rown
colour on l ighter g round , centre almost smooth. Stem 3-4 cm
long, 5 m m wide, bu lb 10 m m ; bulbous ; above r ing wh i t i sh
, below r i n g b r o w n f ibr i l loso-floccose; base t u r n i n
g chrome ye l low when handled. R ing pendulous, whi te , edge
below brownish vi l lous . Flesh w h i t i s h , reddening in
pileus and above i n stem. Spores 4 .9-5 .4 X 3.4-4,0 f i m .
I n comparing the two descriptions, there is a difference in the
colour and size of the pileus. The colour of the pileus of A.
luteolorufescens shows a reddish shade (though during drying a pink
shade could be observed also on the fungus from Budapest). The
smaller size is due to the poor soil.
On the basis of literature and m y own observations, the
following data can be found regarding the possible turning of
yellow of the Silvaticus-group :
Agaricus lanipes — H E N N I G ( 1 9 5 8 , p. 1 4 6 ) : "Stiel m
i t rundlicher, fast abgesetzter, oft Chromgelb anlaufender Knol le
. " The aquarelle shows besides a chrome yellow colour on the cut
surface in the basis of the stem. — M O E L L E R ( 1 9 5 0 , p. 2
6 ) : "the base . . . ends in a white, later yellowish mycelial
strand in older specimens the flesh at the base of the stem is
yellow."
Agaricus haemorrhoidarius—MOELLER ( 1 9 5 0 , p. 3 4 ) : "Flesh
. . . sometimes finally ochraceous at the base of the stem." —
ESSETTE ( 1 9 6 4 . Tab. 1 4 ) : "Chair blanche, parfois ochracée à
la f i n . " On the coloured plate reddening of the stem and the
turn ing yellow of the stem bulb can be seen on the cut
surface.
Agaricus langei — I n case of fungi collected on 3 1 .May 1 9 7
0 the flesh in pileus and in upper part of the stem turned red,
lower part became yellow. (Spores 8 . 2 - 8 . 8 x 5 . 0 -5.3
fim.)
On the basis of these examples A . luteolorufescens cannot be
regarded as a distinct species and this has been referred to also
by O R T O N (p. 1 8 3 ) : " I t remains to be seen i f this is
really distinct from A. lanipes. . . "
Recent occurrences of Agaricus luteo-maeulatus (Moell.) Moell .
(Fig. 2 )
Regarding the species collected in 1 9 3 7 on one occasion and
described in 1 9 5 1 by M O E L L E R , there is only one further
datum to be found in literature concerning this species ( H E I N E
M A N N , 1 9 6 5 ) . I n the autumn of 1 9 7 4 — the weather being
very rainy — a rather r ich material could be collected at several
sites of Budapest : Kamaraerdő and so the species could be studied
more intensively. By using the description of M O E L L E R , the
further statements made on the basis of the above material where
put into brakets. The most interesting characteristic feature of
the fungus was its rapid colouring into apricot yellow. On several
tha l l i no purplish colour was to be seen on the fruit-bodies.
There were thicker and thinner specimen (see drawing, Fig . 2 )
.
Pileus 3 - 4 cm ( 3 - 7 cm); semiglobate, then flattened; s i
lky; straw yellow w i t h purplish brown centre, in La t in : medio
purpureo-tincto (whitish or cream, w i t h purplish centre or here
and there w i t h light lilac, purplish lilae spots or often only
cream without any purplish tinge); turning apricot yellow (rusty
yellow) on the slightest touch; under the lens minutely flocculose
(under the lens short-fibrillose or possibly minutely scaly). A t
the margin small teeth from the veil (not always). Gills free;
crowded, rather broad ; pale (long cream, then possibly rosy),
later grey, finally dark. Edge sterile. Stem 3 - 4 cm X 5 - 7 m m (
4 - 7 cm X 6 - 1 8 m m ) ; cylindrical w i t h a somewhat
marginate, suddenly swelling, bulbous base, up to 13 m m broad (or
clavate or bulbous, up to 2 0 m m broad); pithy-hollow; white
(whitish), but becoming apricot yellow (rusty
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yellow) on the least touch; silky ; under the lens minutely
floccose (or short-fibrillose or naked) in the portion under the r
ing. Ring sheathed above; whi te ; t h i n ; 4 - 5 m m broad;
obliquely pendulous (or not) , simple. Flesh somewhat t h i n ;
white, soon becoming apricot yellow (rusty yellow, rusty yellow w i
t h reddish tinge, orange yellowish) both in the cap and stem.
Smell almond-like. Schäffer reaction positive, (wi th potassium
hydroxide yellow). Spores ovate, 5 . 5 - 6 x 3 . 7 5 - 4 urn ( 5 -
6 . 5 x 3 . 8 - 4 . 5 urn). Basidia 4-spored, clavate, 2 2 x 7 am (
1 8 - 2 2 x 5 - 7 am). Marginal cvstidia numerous; ballon-shaped
(to shortly clavate), 1 6 - 2 4 ( 3 0 ) X 1 0 - 1 5 am).
H e r b a r i a l d a t a : Budapest, Kamaraerdő, wood
consisting chiefly of Fraxinus, 16 September 1 9 7 4 , leg. G . B O
H U S & E. VÉSSEY, 3 0 September 1 9 7 4 , leg. G . B O H U S
& M . BABOS.
Different sites of Agaricus maskae
The occurrence i n great quantities of this species can be
observed on pastures w i t h slightly acidic soils. Sporadically i
t has been found also in other grassy areas (without grazing).
L o c a l i t i e s : Máriabesnyő (Com. Pest), grassy places at
the edge of forest, 19 May 1 9 6 1 , leg. M . BABOS, 2 6 September
1 9 6 9 , leg. J. S Z A T M Á R I . — Felsőtárkány (Com. Heves),
meadow, 2 2 September 1 9 6 7 , leg. G . B O H U S & M . BABOS.
— Stara voda, near Szentendre (Com. Pest), mountain slope meadow, 6
June 1 9 6 5 , leg. M . B A B O S .
Data on the occurrence of Agaricus phaeolepidotus (Moell.) Moell
.
We succeeded in collecting this scarcely mentioned species, too.
I t ought to be noted that regarding the colour of the pileus there
is some difference between the expression "reddish brown"
("rufescens, rufus") of the description of the species and the
following statement to be found in the note: (p. 1 7 2 ) : "P.
phaeolepidota despite several years' observations of numerous f ru
i t bodies always is a constant pure brown". The colour of the
numerous specimens collected by us were pure brown and hazel brown.
Characteristic is the discolouring of the flesh: when cut turning
moderate yellow expecially in the base of the stem, then slowly
flesh coloured of fleshy brownish. Smell slightly as ink, possibly
hardly noticeable.
H e r b a r i a l d a t a : Budapest, Kamaraerdő, wood
consisting of Fraxinus, Quercus, Eobinia, 1 6 , 23 October, leg. G
. B O H U S & E. VÉSSEY, 3 0 October 1 9 7 4 , leg. M BABOS
& G . BOHUS.—Szentendrei sziget: Horány (Com. Pest), mixed wood
(Quercus robur, Pinns silvestris, Robinia), 1 4 June, leg. M .
BABOS, 17 June 1 9 7 5 , leg. M . BABOS & G . BOHUS.
Agaricus porphyrizon Orton
Correction: The correct date on p. 1 5 6 (Bohus, 1 9 6 9 ) is 13
Sept. instead of 3 0 Sept.
Edibility of Agaricus xantbodermus Genev. s. str.
According to many years of observation P I L Â T ( 1 9 5 1 )
found this species always edible in the environment of Karlátejn.
He and his family as well as other persons have collected and
consumed i t i n great quantities. My own observations up to now
were the same. Therefore we can f ind in the elaboration of the
Xanthodertnus-gvoup by A. xanthodermus the following remark:
"savoury as food" ( B O H U S 1 9 7 4 , p. 7 8 ) .
There exists, however, a material of typical A. xanthodermus
(Budapest, Kamaraerdő, 16 October 1 9 7 4 , mixed wood), that after
cooking gave off a strong carbolic smell. Thus not only A.
pilatianus is inedible, but seldom also the specimens of A.
xanthodermus are unsuitable for consumption.
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A G A R I C U S STUDIES, V I . 4!>
References
B O H U S , G. (1974): Agaricus Studies, I V . — Ann. Hist.-nat.
Mus. Nat. Hung., 66: 77-85. ESSETTE, H . (1964): Les Psalliotes. —
Paris, p. 1-50, tab. 1-57. H E I N E M A N N , P. (1965): Notes sur
les Psalliotes (Agaricus) du Maroc. — Bull. Soc. Myc.
France, 8 1 : 372-401. H E N N I G , B . (1958): Handbuch für
Pilzfreunde, I . — Jena, p. 1-260, tab. 1-120. H E N N I G , B .
(1967): Handbuch für Pilzfreunde, I V . — Jena, p. 1-326, tab.
1-120. M O E L L E R , F . H . (1950, 1951): Danish Psalliota
species, I . I I . — Friesia, 4 : 1-60., 4 :
135-220. O R T O N , P . D . (1960) : New check list of Br i t i
sh Agarics and Boleti, H I . — Trans. Brit. Myc.
Soc. 43(2): 159-439. P I L Â T , A . (1951a): The Bohemian
species of the genus Agaricus. — Sbor. Ndr. Mus.
Praze, 7 ( B , l ) : 1-142, tab. 1-16. P I L Â T , A . (1951b):
Hvmenomvcetes novi vel minus cogniti C'echoslovakiae.—Studia
Bot.
Őechosl., (12)1: p. 1-72. RlOKEK, A . (1910-1915): Die
Blätterpilze. — Leipzig, p . 1-480, tab. 1-128.
A u t h o r ' s address: D R . G Á B O R B O H U S
Botanische A b t e i l u n g Ungarisches Naturwissenschaf t l
iches Museum H-1146 Budapes t , Vajdahunyadvár U n g a r n
4 Természettudományi Múzeum Évkönyve 1976.
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