After your test, In your note book, draw a map from OHS to Kendall 10 Theater. Read Sec. 3.1 pg. 44 Top 10 list.

After your test,

In your note book, draw a map from OHS

to Kendall 10 Theater.

Read Sec. 3.1 pg. 44Top 10 list

Unit 2Chapter 3

Mapping the Earth

A Map is …

• A flat, 2-dimentional model of the Earth.

• A way to show all or part of the round Earth.

• a way to communicate information about the world.

• made by cartographers and mathematicians.

• Also called projections.

Maps can have true (accurate) ….Directions

Distances

Areas / Size

Shapes

•But a map cannot have ALL of the them correct at the same time!

•Because Earth is round, there is always some DISTORTION on any flat map.

•Some map projections are better at showing some features than others.

Historically maps were used for…

• Land ownership,

• political boundaries

• Travel: the “age of explorations”

• At least 100 different types

• Maps are used for – Political– Travel– Commerce– Satellites

Sec. 3.1Types of MapsEssential Question: What are some different types of maps and how do

they vary?

Mercator map Gnomonic map

Polyconic map Globe

GlobeThe perfect map?

• Strengths: – Shows true everything: Direction, Distances, Areas, Shape- 3-D

• Weaknesses:– Too big to fit into your pocket!– Too large scale to see any detail

Mercator: Developed in 1500’s, Mariners (sailors) needed to plot a straight line courses and needed know the correct shape of land masses

Mercator• Strengths:

– True Directions

– Latitude and longitude are straight, parallel lines

– Nice, rectangular shaped map

– Accurate near the equator

• Weakness:• The polar regions grossly distorted

Greenland and Antarctica appear HUGE in size (about 500% larger than actual size!)

Usually the poles are not even shown on a Mercator map.

The longitude lines (meridians) are curved toward the poles.

• National Geographic Society replaced the Mercator projection with the Robinson map in 1988

Homolosine Projection(split open like an orange peel)

Gnomonic (Planer) Projection:Latitude lines are circles

Longitude lines radiate from the center

Gnomonic (planer) Projection• Strengths:

– Circular in shape– Shows the shortest distance between 2 points

• Used for airplane routes

– Good for mapping polar regions

• Weakness:– Only accurate in the center

– Distorts landmass shapes away from the center point of the circle.

Accurate in the center

Distorted at the edges

A gnome at the north pole

Polyconic Projection Made by putting a cone around a section of the earth.

Polyconic (cone) Projection

• Strengths:– Used in Atlas’– Shows large areas of land in the mid-latitudes.

• Weaknesses:

• Longitude and latitude lines curve and “fan out”

• An odd-shaped map

Synopsis of Map ProjectionsQuiz Time!

1. A country in the tropics should use a…

2. A country in the temperate zone (like U.S.A.) should use a…

3. A polar region should use a …

a. cylindrical (Mercator)

b. planer (gnomonic)

c. conical (polyconical)

Synopsis of Map Projections

1. Cylindrical maps such as Mercator are true at the

equator and distortion increases toward the poles. tropics a.

2. Conics are true along some parallel somewhere between the equator and a pole and distortion increases away from this standard. U.S.A. c.

3. Gnomonic are true only at their center point, but generally distortion is worst at the edge of the map. polar b.

Where are these school children? What is this line on the ground??

The Prime Meridian • Located at the Royal Observatory in

Greenwich, England

• 0 degrees longitude• Runs through countries such as … (this is

where you look them up on the globe or map)

the Prime Meridian

0°

Mostly landMostly water

TheHemispheres

Mostly land Mostly water

the equator 0°

What hemispheres do we live in?

In your note book, make a T-chartpage 46

Latitude Longitude

Where is

0° latitude,

0° longitude???

What countries does the Prime Meridian go through?

International Date Line

• An imaginary line along the 180° longitude meridian in the Pacific Ocean that represents a date (day) change.

180°

Latitude and Longitude

• To find an exact place on a map or on Earth, you need crossing lines that create an intersection.

• grid system– known as the latitude and longitude grid.

Latitude and Longitude •north, south, east, west, •Measured in degrees, minutes and seconds

360° 60' 60"

N

S

EW

• Places can be exactly located using coordinates and plotting them on a “grid”.

Horizontal like rungs on a ladder Long, tall vertical lines

Latitude• Also called “parallels”• They are always equal distances apart.

1° degree of latitude = 69 miles or 111 km

• Go from 0° to 90° north (North Pole)

0° to 90° south (South Pole)

They are not really lines at all, buthorizontal “rings” that circle around the globe

90° N is not a parallel ring, but a point on the earth.

Longitude• Also called meridians.• Meridians meet at the poles.• They are measured from zero at the prime meridian.• Lines are measured going

east from 0° to 180° west from 0° to 180°

• Distances between longitude lines are NOT equal.– At equator one degree equals 111 km (69 miles)– At 45°, one degree equals 79 km ( 49 miles) – At the North pole, one degree equals __________ km! ZERO

Meridiansor

longitude linemeet at the poles,

Distance between them vary with

location.

69

49

What are the latitude and longitude coordinates for B? and for D?

LATITUDE LONGITUDE

Also called “parallels” Also called “meridians”

Separates northern & southern hemispheres Separates east & west hemispheres

determine your location north/south determine your location east/west of theof the Equator. Prime Meridian

Horizontal lines vertical lines

Equator is 0° Prime Meridian 0° (Greenwich, England)

Numbered 0 to 90° N or S numbered 0 to 180° E or W

lines are equal distance apart lines vary in distance apart (farther distance at equator)

69 miles or 111 km

Shape: concentric circles curved lines that meet at the poles

Bell-work

1. What is the farthest that you can be away from the equator? ________ degrees

2. What is the farthest that you can be away from the prime meridian?

_______ degrees

Crack the code

UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator

• Developed by the military after WWII• Uses square grids • East-West units are the same as North-South units • Coordinates translate directly to distances on the ground. • Decimal-based system (no minutes or seconds)

• Oswego is 41.6825°N 88.3408°W

Another method of determining latitude and longitude is…

“Crack the Code” Activity “Crack the Code” Activity http://itouchmap.com/latlong.html

Map Scale

• Maps are not drawn to the same scale as the world (duh)

• There has to be an amount of reduction in size• Ratio of the distance between two points on the

map compared to the actual ground distance

Map Scale = Map Distance

Earth Distance

map distance : ground distance

3 types of map scales

(One centimeter on the map equals 1 kilometer on Earth)

U.S. topographic map scale

• 1: 24000 map scale

• 1 inch measured on the map = 24,000 inches on the ground!

• 24,000 inches = 2000 feet

Metric scale

• 1:100,000 scale

• 1 cm = 100,000 cm

• Or 1centimeter measured on the map =

1 kilometer on the earth’s surface.

A map of the world has a scale of1: 46,000,000 !!!!

(Which type of map is this??)

U.S.A. Map would have a scale of1: 5,000,000

• A map of Illinois

would have a scale of

1: 500,000

A map of Kendall County would have a scale of1: 62,500

Oswego town map would have a scale of1: 1000

Large –scale map

• Shows a small area with a lot of detail.

• Good for urban areas, towns, streets or hiking.

• Example: 1:10,000

• Large enough to see details

Small-scale map

• Shows a LARGE area with very little detail.

• Good for world maps or large regions such as North America.

• Example: 1:1,000,000

• Too small to see details

Use a maps scale to measure distances.

What is the distance between the two airports?

45° N120° E