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ANALISIS INVESTASI TAMBANG26 NOVEMBER 2014
Hendra Harisman, S.T., M.Eng.Sc
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INTRODUCTION TO MINE SCHEDULING
26 NOVEMBER 2014
Hendra Harisman, S.T., M.Eng.Sc
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MINE SCHEDULING
DEFINITION: 'A LIST OF TASKS TO BE PERFORMED, ESPECIALLY WITHIN A SET
PERIOD'; OR AS A 'PLAN OF PROCEDURE FOR A PROJECT'
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MINE SCHEDULING
A MINING SCHEDULE, WHICH TELL US WHEN THINGS OCCUR, CANBE CONSTRUCTED BY APPLYING PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS TO THEMINING SEQUENCE
BASIS FOR PREPARING AND CONTROLLING THE MINESDEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION
A SCHEDULE DETERMINES THE CASH FLOW ($$$) ASSOCIATED WITHMINING.
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MINE SCHEDULING
IMPORTANT BECAUSE A $ RECEIVED TODAY IS MORE VALUABLETHAN A $ THAT WE MIGHT RECEIVE IN A YEARS TIME
LABOUR AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS ARE ESTIMATED, PERFORMANCE RATES AND STANDARD COSTS ARE APPLIED ANDTHEN THE MINES PROGRESS AND VIABILITY CAN BE PLANNED ANDMONITORED
USUALLY AN ITERATIVE PROCESS
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MINE SCHEDULING
TYPES OF MINING SCHEDULE PRODUCTION SCHEDULES
LONG TERM OR LIFE OF MINE (10+ YEARS) MEDIUM TERM (5 YEARS APPROX.) SHORT TERM (3 MONTHS 2 YEARS) EXTREMELY SHORT TERM (DOWN TO A SHIFT, OR FOR SPECIFIC JOBS)
EXPLORATION DRILLING SCHEDULES DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULES PRODUCTION DRILLING SCHEDULES
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MINE SCHEDULING
TYPES OF MINING SCHEDULE EQUIPMENT SCHEDULES LABOR SCHEDULES FILLING SCHEDULES CONSUMABLE SCHEDULES SPECIAL PROJECT SCHEDULES
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MINE SCHEDULING
LONG TERM SCHEDULE USED TO FEED INFORMATION TO THE CALCULATION OF THE MINES NPV
AND CUT-OFF GRADE CALCULATIONS PROVIDE TARGET DATES FOR ORE RESERVE EXPLORATION DRILLING
SCHEDULES, INCLUDING DEVELOPMENT REQUIRED TO ACCESS THESEEXPLORATION DRILLING SITES
GENERAL IN NATURE AND ARE USUALLY SCHEDULES ON A YEARLY BASISBECAUSE OF THE LACK OF LONG TERM INFORMATION AND DETAILEDDESIGN
BASED ON THE KNOWN PROVED AND PROBABLE ORE RESERVES OF THEMINE
USUALLY UPDATED ANNUALLY OR AFTER A MAJOR DRILLING PROGRAM
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MINE SCHEDULING
MEDIUM TERM SCHEDULE MAIN PLANNING SCHEDULES INDICATING WHEN PLANNING AND DESIGNS
OF ACCESSES TO NEW AREAS OF THE MINE NEED TO BE COMPLETED
INDICATE WHEN NEW STOPING AREAS NEED TO BE DESIGNED ANDBROUGHT INTO PRODUCTION, HENCE WHEN THE EXPLORATION DRILLING TOPROVE UP THESE NEW AREAS NEEDS TO BE DONE
MORE DETAILED THAN THE LONG TERM ONES WITH INDIVIDUAL STOPE OREBLOCKS NOMINATED, EACH WITH THEIR OWN TONNES AND GRADES ANDDILUTION AND RECOVERY FACTORS
USUALLY UPDATED QUARTERLY IN CASE OF UNDERGROUND MINE, THE ORE TONNES PRODUCED FROM THE
DEVELOPMENT HEADINGS ARE SHOWN.
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MINE SCHEDULING
SHORT TERM SCHEDULE PROVIDE THE MAIN MONTHLY AND QUARTERLY OPERATING TARGETS DETAILED IN TONNES, GRADES, DILUTIONS AND RECOVERIES FOR EACH
STOPE
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MINE SCHEDULING
EXPLORATION DRILLING SCHEDULE FAIRLY SIMPLE SCHEDULES INDICATING WHEN DRILLING NEEDS TO BE
DONE TO SATISFY THE KEY DATES INDICATED ON THE LONG TERM ANDMEDIUM TERM PRODUCTION SCHEDULES.
SHOWS WHEN DRILLING SITES ARE REQUIRED AND HENCE THEDEVELOPMENT NEEDED TO ACCESS THE SITES
SHOWS VARIOUS TYPES OF EXPLORATION DRILL RIGS REQUIRED, THELABOUR NEEDED TO OPERATE THESE RIGS AND THE DRILLING RATESPER SHIFT FOR EACH OF THESE RIGS.
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MINE SCHEDULING
DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE DRAWN UP TO SATISFY THE TARGETS FOR PRODUCTION FROM VARIOUS
AREAS AND STOPES, AS SHOWN ON THE PRODUCTION SCHEDULE TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT PERFORMANCES FOR UNDERGROUND
DECLINE (SINGLE HEADING): 30 50 M/WEEK DECLINE (TWO HEADINGS): 50 60 M/WEEK ACCESS DEVELOPMENT (MULTIPLE HEADINGS: 60 80 M/WEEK)
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MINE SCHEDULING
EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE PREPARED MAINLY FROM PRODUCTION, DEVELOPMENT AND DRILLING
SCHEDULES
SOME EQUIPMENT CAN BE SHARED BETWEEN ACTIVITIES ESTIMATES TO BE MADE FOR GENERAL SERVICING EQUIPMENT PROVIDE VITAL INFORMATION FOR ESTIMATING REQUIREMENTS FOR
MAINTENANCE
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MINE SCHEDULING
LABOUR SCHEDULE PREPARED FROM EARLIER SCHEDULES SHOW THE NUMBER OF PRODUCTION MAKERS, EXPLORATORY DRILLERS,
DEVELOPMENT CREW MEMBERS, PRODUCTION DRILLERS ANDMAINTENANCE LABOUR REQUIRED AND WORKING ROSTERS FOR EACH
ESTIMATES HAVE TO BE MADE OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR PRODUCTIONBLASTERS, TIMBERMAN, PIPEFITTERS, NIPPERS, SAFETY AND HYGIENE, MANPOWER AND SUPERVISORS
STANDARD EARNING RATES FOR EACH OF THE ABOVE LABOURCATEGORIES CAN THEN BE APPLIED TO THE NUMBERS REQUIRED FOR EACH, AND OVERALL LABOUR COSTS ESTIMATED AT VARIOUS TIMES
USE OF CONTRACTORS TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT
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MINE SCHEDULING
FILLING SCHEDULE PREPARED FOR MINES THAT FILL THEIR EXTRACTED STOPES OR OPERATE
SYSTEMS REQUIRING FILL AS PART OF THE PRODUCTION CYCLE
THE VOLUME OF FILL REQUIRED AT VARIOUS TIMES IS CALCULATED BYREFERENCE TO THE SHORT AND MEDIUM TERM PRODUCTIONSCHEDULES
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MINE SCHEDULING
CONSUMABLES SCHEDULE CRITICAL CONSUMABLE REQUIREMENTS ARE USUALLY PREPARED TO
INDICATE TO SUPPLIERS WHEN AND HOW MUCH OF THESE AREREQUIRED
SUCH AS EXPLOSIVES, FUEL, POWER, ETC...
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MINE SCHEDULING
SPECIAL PROJECT SCHEDULES USED FOR PREPARATION, DEVELOPMENT, INSTALLATION AND
COMMISSIONING OF MAJOR INFRASTRUCTURE COMPONENTS ATMINES
CRITICAL PATH FOR THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS DETERMINED ANDRESOURCES REQUIRED FOR EACH TIME SEGMENT CALCULATED
UPDATED REGULARLY AND USED AS ONE OF THE PROJECTMANAGEMENT TOOLS TO CONTROL THE PROJECT TO MEET ITSTARGETS IN TERMS OF TIME AND COST
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OPEN PIT SCHEDULINGPRODUCTION SCHEDULING
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MINE SCHEDULING
OBJECTIVES PROVIDING A STEADY AND BALANCED ORE FEED TO THE MILL MAXIMISING THE NPV OF THE PROJECT PROVIDING A STEADY, BALANCED WORK LOAD FOR THE ORE AND
WASTE MINING EQUIPMENT FLEETS
MAINTAINING HAULROAD ACCESS TO WORKING BENCHES ANDMAINTAINING AN EFFECTIVE SUMP
PROVIDING TIME IN THE MINING CYCLE FOR GRADE CONTROL ANDFOR OPENING UP A BOX CUT ON A NEW BENCH
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MINE SCHEDULING
SCHEDULING SCHEDULING IS INTEGRAL TO THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF AN
OPEN PIT MINE. THE PROCESS OF DECIDING WHICH BENCH TO EXTRACT, WHEN TO
EXTRACT IT AND HOW THIS FITS INTO THE OVERALL PIT DESIGN ISINCREASINGLY BECOMING MORE COMPLEX DUE TO THE ADVENT OFECONOMIC THEORY AND ADVANCED COMPUTER OPTIMISATIONSOFTWARE.
SCHEDULING OF OPEN PITS OFTEN UTILISES THE CONCEPT OF APUSHBACK, AS DESCRIBED FOLLOWING.
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MINE SCHEDULING
PUSHBACK A PUSHBACK IS A DESIGN OF WHAT THE PIT WILL LOOK LIKE AT A
SPECIFIC TIME. PUSHBACKS ARE USED WHERE THE EXACT DESIGN OF THE PIT AT THAT
TIME WILL SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT OVERALL MINE PROFITABILITY, PITSCHEDULING, OR SOME OTHER CHOSEN DESIGN FACTOR (USUALLYECONOMIC).
OVER THE MINE LIFE, SUCCESSIVE PUSHBACKS WILL INCREASE IN SIZEFROM SMALL PITS, TO LARGE PITS, TO THE FINAL PIT.
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MINE SCHEDULING
PUSHBACK
The pit passes through the phases from 1 to 6 (the final pit) over the mine life
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MINE SCHEDULING
PUSHBACK THE PROCESS OF CHOOSING WHEN A PUSHBACK IS NEEDED, IS USUALLY
DONE THROUGH SOME TYPE OF OPTIMISATION PROCESS, WHEREPUSHBACKS ARE CREATED DUE TO THE POSITIVE EFFECT OF THEIR EXISTENCEON THE CHOSEN DESIGN FACTOR.
PUSHBACKS ARE COMMONLY CHOSEN DUE TO THE EFFECT OF THEIREXISTENCE ON THE NPV OF THE MINE.
THE PUSHBACKS DEFINE WHICH ORE AND WHICH WASTE WILL BE REMOVEDAT WHAT TIME. WITH EFFECTIVE SELECTION OF WHEN A PUSHBACK ISNECESSARY, THE COST OF REMOVING WASTE WILL BE MOST EFFECTIVELYOFFSET BY THE REVENUE OF SELLING EXTRACTED ORE WHEN ECONOMICCONDITIONS AND THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY ARE CONSIDERED.
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MINE SCHEDULING
PUSHBACK
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MINE SCHEDULING
SIMPLE EXAMPLE
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MINE SCHEDULING
ASSUME THE PRODUCTION RATE IS 5 BLOCKS PER YEAR; THE NET VALUE (PROFIT) FOR AN ORE BLOCK = $60.00 COST OF REMOVING THE WASTE = $30.00 PER BLOCK CALCULATE THE NPV OF THIS STRATEGY USING 10%
INTEREST RATE. ASSUME CASH-FLOWS ARE REALISED AT THEEND OF EACH YEAR.
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MINE SCHEDULING
PRESENT VALUE = FUTURE VALUE/(1+10/100)N
SEQUENCING: YR 1= 5 WASTE BLOCKS (BENCH 1) YR 2 = 5 WASTE BLOCKS (BENCH 1) YR3 = 5 ORE BLOCKS (BENCH 2) YR 4 = 5 ORE BLOCKS (BENCH 2)
Jawaban: NPV = $169.96
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