AFS1 Distillate & Biodiesel Contamination, Storage and Handling Procedures Advanced Fuel Solutions, Inc. Paul J. Nazzaro, President P.O. Box 291 Lynnfield,

AFSAFS 11

Distillate & Distillate & BiodieselBiodiesel Contamination, Storage and Contamination, Storage and

Handling ProceduresHandling ProceduresAdvanced Fuel Solutions, Inc.Advanced Fuel Solutions, Inc.

Paul J. Nazzaro, PresidentPaul J. Nazzaro, PresidentP.O. Box 291P.O. Box 291

Lynnfield, MA. 01940Lynnfield, MA. 01940978-664-5923 office – 978-664-4020 fax978-664-5923 office – 978-664-4020 fax

[email protected]@attbi.com – www.fuelsolution.com – www.fuelsolution.com

AFSAFS 22

Presentation Presentation OverviewOverview

Changes have occurred in Changes have occurred in middle distillate fuel quality middle distillate fuel quality over the past two decades.over the past two decades.

Requires diligent supervision Requires diligent supervision of both your received fuel of both your received fuel and stored fuel.and stored fuel.

Today’s focus is to provide Today’s focus is to provide awareness of fuel storage awareness of fuel storage problems, some of the problems, some of the chemical solution chemical solution alternatives, and practical alternatives, and practical experience solutions that are experience solutions that are available.available.

Industry (D396) standards do Industry (D396) standards do not have specifications that not have specifications that cover all potential problems.cover all potential problems.

Let’s look at Let’s look at Fuel SystemFuel System Contamination I, II and IIIContamination I, II and III

AFSAFS 33

FuelFuel System ISystem I ContaminantsContaminants Enters through venting pipes. May be Enters through venting pipes. May be

contaminated by dust and microbiological contaminated by dust and microbiological spores. It also may contain large amounts of spores. It also may contain large amounts of moisture.moisture.

Air displaces fuel volume.Air displaces fuel volume. The oxygen present will increase the The oxygen present will increase the

oxidation of the fuel. This is the beginning of oxidation of the fuel. This is the beginning of sludge formation resulting in unstable fuel sludge formation resulting in unstable fuel which will trigger filter and nozzle plugging. which will trigger filter and nozzle plugging. (Better known as unscheduled downtime).(Better known as unscheduled downtime).

Do not store fuels (#2 diesel or Biodiesel) for Do not store fuels (#2 diesel or Biodiesel) for long periods of time in partially empty tanks long periods of time in partially empty tanks without fuel stabilizers.without fuel stabilizers.

AFSAFS 44

Fuel Fuel System II System II ContaminationContamination Easiest to identify and most Easiest to identify and most

destructive.destructive. Free water leads to corrosion and fuel Free water leads to corrosion and fuel

degradation.degradation. Provides fertile growing place for bugs.Provides fertile growing place for bugs. Vents and seals that are poorly Vents and seals that are poorly

designed, improperly installed, or faulty designed, improperly installed, or faulty can allow water to enter.can allow water to enter.

If possible stick with paste for the best If possible stick with paste for the best defense. Don’t depend only on defense. Don’t depend only on electronic monitoring systems.electronic monitoring systems.

AFSAFS 55

Fuel Fuel System IIISystem III ContaminationContamination Fuel in storage will degrade to form Fuel in storage will degrade to form

insoluble materials. (Particulates & Sludge)insoluble materials. (Particulates & Sludge) Results include plugged filters, fouled Results include plugged filters, fouled

injectors/nozzles, formation of combustion injectors/nozzles, formation of combustion system deposits, and accelerated system deposits, and accelerated corrosion.corrosion.

As the fuel cools, water will condense and As the fuel cools, water will condense and generate free water.generate free water.

Fuel stability is dependent on several Fuel stability is dependent on several factors including crude sources, refinery factors including crude sources, refinery processes, base fuel components, base fuel processes, base fuel components, base fuel blends and storage conditions.blends and storage conditions.

AFSAFS 66

Storage TankStorage Tank Problems Problems

Most have been poorly designed, Most have been poorly designed, system wide.system wide.

Improper placement of water draw offs Improper placement of water draw offs or a complete lack of any at all.or a complete lack of any at all.

Many systems lack access to implement Many systems lack access to implement proper housekeeping procedures.proper housekeeping procedures.

Lack of water control causes internal Lack of water control causes internal corrosion and a complex corrosive corrosion and a complex corrosive mechanism resulting in microbial mechanism resulting in microbial activity.activity.

AFSAFS 77

Microbes in Fuel – Microbes in Fuel – “Bugs”“Bugs” Microbes cause Microbes cause

problems because they problems because they promote corrosion, and promote corrosion, and their physical presence their physical presence leads to plugging of leads to plugging of filters and filters and injectors/nozzles.injectors/nozzles.

Controlling micro Controlling micro biologics is difficult biologics is difficult because it is almost because it is almost impossible to exclude impossible to exclude water entirely from water entirely from commercial commercial hydrocarbon fuels.hydrocarbon fuels.

AFSAFS 88

Controlling Controlling MicrobesMicrobes

Elimination of Elimination of waterwater is most is most effective step.effective step.

Keeping the system aerated.Keeping the system aerated. Utilize an EPA registered biocide.Utilize an EPA registered biocide. Remove contaminated materials Remove contaminated materials

if possible.if possible. Bring in clean fuel with a remedial Bring in clean fuel with a remedial

dose of biocide.dose of biocide.

AFSAFS 99

HousekeepingHousekeeping

The end-user The end-user assumes responsibilityassumes responsibility for ensuring an optimum storage for ensuring an optimum storage environment for all fuels.environment for all fuels.

Analyze fuel and tanks for problems.Analyze fuel and tanks for problems. Use corrective action to remediate Use corrective action to remediate

problems such as water and sludge.problems such as water and sludge. Chemically correct deficiencies in the Chemically correct deficiencies in the

fuel.fuel.

AFSAFS 1010

Maintaining Fuel Maintaining Fuel Quality Quality Action StepsAction Steps Begin by understanding Begin by understanding

D396 and D6751, both it’s D396 and D6751, both it’s strengths and weaknesses.strengths and weaknesses.

Be proactive and Be proactive and consistent with consistent with housekeeping, watch for housekeeping, watch for routine fuel contaminants routine fuel contaminants like air, water and the fuel like air, water and the fuel itself.itself.

Maintain optimum storage Maintain optimum storage tank conditions.tank conditions.

Plan and execute a Plan and execute a quarterly fuel analysis to quarterly fuel analysis to ensure a solid fuel quality ensure a solid fuel quality program.program.

Take corrective action Take corrective action based on fuel analysisbased on fuel analysis

AFSAFS 1111

BiodieselBiodieselHandling & Use Handling & Use GuidelinesGuidelines Biodiesel always refers to the Biodiesel always refers to the

pure fuel.pure fuel. Biodiesel blends or BXX refers to Biodiesel blends or BXX refers to

a fuel that is composed of a % of a fuel that is composed of a % of Biodiesel blended into Biodiesel blended into conventional fuel, B20 = 20% conventional fuel, B20 = 20% Biodiesel.Biodiesel.

AFSAFS 1212

BiodieselBiodiesel Fuel Fuel

No nitrogen or aromaticsNo nitrogen or aromatics Biodegradable and non-toxicBiodegradable and non-toxic Typically no sulfurTypically no sulfur Energy content of #1 fuel, Energy content of #1 fuel,

normally 10% less than #2normally 10% less than #2 Fuel efficiency is the same as Fuel efficiency is the same as

diesel or #2 oil.diesel or #2 oil.

AFSAFS 1313

Biodiesel Biodiesel PropertiesProperties

Blends readily with all types of Blends readily with all types of distillates, splash blends well on distillates, splash blends well on top of distillate.top of distillate.

Stays blended even in presence Stays blended even in presence of water.of water.

Properties very close to #2.Properties very close to #2. Safe to handleSafe to handle

AFSAFS 1414

Biodiesel Biodiesel Fuel QualityFuel Quality

ASTM D-6751 provides the standards ASTM D-6751 provides the standards to ensure good fuel quality.to ensure good fuel quality.

Standard ensures that Biodiesel has Standard ensures that Biodiesel has the fuel properties for safe operation in the fuel properties for safe operation in a compression ignition engine and a compression ignition engine and ensures that poor processing has not ensures that poor processing has not contaminated the fuel with other contaminated the fuel with other products that would create engine products that would create engine damage.damage.

AFSAFS 1515

ASTM ASTM Fuel Fuel SpecificationsSpecifications

ASTM Test ASTM D 396 ASTM D6751 Typical BiodieselTest Description Method No. 2 - 4 light Biodiesel Ranges measured

Flash Point oC, min D 93 38 100 122 - 185Water & Sed., % vol, max D 1796 0.05 0.05 0 - 0.025

Kinematic Viscosity@40oC, mm2/s D 445 Min 1.8 1.9 3.97 Max 3.4-5.5 6 5.00Ramsbottom carbon residue, % mass, max D 524 0.35 0.1 0.01 - 0.08Ash, % mass, max D 482 0.05 0.02 0.01-0.03Sulfur, % mass, max D 129 0.5 0.0015 0.0006

Copper strip corrosion, max, 3hr @50oC D 130 No. 3 No. 3 1A - 1B

Density @ 15oC, kg/m3 D 1298 0.85 n/a 0.87 - 0.89

Pour point, oC, max D 97 -6.0 report -4.0 to 0Cetane number, min D 613 45 47 - 70Acid Number, mg KOH/gm, max D 664 0.8 0.08 - 0.39Free Glycerin, % mass, max D 6584 0.02 0.0 - 0.007

AFSAFS 1616

The The “Right”“Right” Blend – Blend – 20%20% 20% blend gives good emission benefits by 20% blend gives good emission benefits by

reducing soot, particulates, hydrocarbons, reducing soot, particulates, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

20% does not create major problems with 20% does not create major problems with filter plugging and deposit formation.filter plugging and deposit formation.

20% controls the increase in cloud and 20% controls the increase in cloud and pour point by a manageable level that cold pour point by a manageable level that cold flow additives and kerosene blending flow additives and kerosene blending allows.allows.

AFSAFS 1717

SplashSplash Blending Blending

Biodiesel should be splash Biodiesel should be splash blended on top of petroleum blended on top of petroleum diesel/#2.diesel/#2.

Blends will not separate in the Blends will not separate in the presence of water.presence of water.

Can be stored in standard Can be stored in standard storage tanks.storage tanks.

AFSAFS 1818

Materials Materials CompatibilityCompatibility Copper, brass, zinc, lead and tin parts Copper, brass, zinc, lead and tin parts

should be replaced with aluminum or should be replaced with aluminum or steel since these metals oxidize both steel since these metals oxidize both diesel and Biodiesel fuels.diesel and Biodiesel fuels.

Teflon and Viton are must use sealing Teflon and Viton are must use sealing devices, not Buna, Nitrile, devices, not Buna, Nitrile, Polyurethane, Polypropylene and Polyurethane, Polypropylene and Polyvinyl are not acceptable sealing Polyvinyl are not acceptable sealing devices.devices.

AFSAFS 1919

StabilityStability

Some Biodiesel is more stable than Some Biodiesel is more stable than others.others.

Poor stability can lead to the formation of Poor stability can lead to the formation of gums and sediments that will plug filters.gums and sediments that will plug filters.

Storage for neat and blended Biodiesel Storage for neat and blended Biodiesel fuels longer than 6 months should have fuels longer than 6 months should have antioxidants blended at point of sale.antioxidants blended at point of sale.

TBHQ / Tenox 21, (t-butyl hydroquinone) TBHQ / Tenox 21, (t-butyl hydroquinone) is the chosen one for making fuels long is the chosen one for making fuels long lasting.lasting.

AFSAFS 2020

SolvencySolvency

Biodiesel is a mild Biodiesel is a mild solvent.solvent.

Prolonged contact with Prolonged contact with painted surfaces may painted surfaces may remove coating.remove coating.

Always wipe up spills Always wipe up spills and dispose of rags in a and dispose of rags in a safe manner.safe manner.

Biodiesel could cause Biodiesel could cause early stages of early stages of premature filter premature filter plugging, but this has plugging, but this has been a rare occurrence.been a rare occurrence.