African genocide ppt

Warm-up

• Describe a time when you have been treated unfairly based on age, race, or sex. What happened? How did it make you feel?

• If this has never happened to you, describe a time you witnessed it. How did it make you feel?

African GenocideA Continent in Conflict

A person who flees in search of refuge

or safety in a time of war, political

oppression, or persecution.

REFUGEE:

The deliberate destruction of all or part of an ethnic, racial, religious, or

national group.

GENOCIDE:

GENO:Greek for “tribe” or “race”

CIDE:Latin for “killing”

- Killing members of the group

- Causing bodily or mental harm to group members

- Imposing measures intended to prevent births

- Forcibly transferring children from one group to another

INCLUDES ANY OF THE FOLLOWING:

Causes of Genocide in Africa

Causes

• Lust for power

• Political differences

• Poverty

• Poor government policies– Taxation

– giving jobs to a particular tribe

Causes

• Foreign interference

• Ethnic differences

Rwanda

RWANDA- Began in April of 1994

- Rival ethnic groups clash, Hutu (80%) and Tutsi (19%)

- Belgians originally took the side of the Tutsi calling them a “superior people”

- Thus, Hutus served the Tutsis

- Rwandan Hutu President Habyarimana’s plane is shot down from a still-mysterious missile.

-Hutu extremists quickly seize control of the government.

RWANDA

• Hutu gunmen systematically start tracking down and killing moderate Hutu politicians and Tutsi leaders.

RWANDA

• The U.S. decides to evacuate all Americans.

• Canadian General Romeo Dallaire, head of the U.N. peacekeeping force in Rwanda, is told by headquarters not to intervene and to avoid armed conflict.

RWANDA

• Front page stories newspaper stories cite reports of "tens of thousands" dead and "a pile of corpses six feet high" outside a main hospital.

RWANDA

-The machete was very commonly used during the killings

- very cheap & difficult to track

RWANDA

-Over 800,000 Rwandans killed in only 100 days

- Nearly 10% of the population

-Women who weren’t killed were often assaulted by HIV+ men, thus infecting them with the disease

RWANDA

• 100 days later Tutsi forces captured Kigali. The Hutu government flees to DR Congo (Zaire).

RWANDA

2 million Hutu refugees flee, many head west to DR Congo

RWANDA

-Today, Rwanda is one of the poorest nations in the world

- 60% live below the poverty line

RWANDA TODAY

-The population is extremely young, over 50% under 18 yrs. old

-Thousands of children orphaned after the genocide

RWANDA TODAY

-Life expectancy is 57 yrs compared to 78 in the US

RWANDA TODAY

Darfur

Background &

History of the Crisis

Sudan• The largest nation in Africa• Capital–Khartoum•Sudan was a British colony governed by the Britain and its Egyptian neighbors.

Sudan•Under its rule, Britain governed Sudan as two separate countries – in the North and in the South• Sudan achieved independence in 1956 and has been beset by civil conflict since that time.

Sudan•1955-1972 and 1983-2005 Civil War •Sudan’s oil exports are growing•Wealth is concentrated in Khartoum and in the hands of the ruling elite.•The dramatically inequitable distribution of resources has helped to fuel unrest and create grievances within populations.

Geography

Ethnic Groups

Infant Mortality

Water &Sanitation

Food Insecurity

Oil Fields

Darfur

The Darfur region is about the size of

Texas.

Darfur is in the Western region of Sudan and shares a border with Chad and the Central African Republic.

-Violence is isolated in the western region of Darfur

Darfur

SUDAN:

- Tensions first arose over land and grazing rights between African farmers & Arabic nomads

Darfur Rebels

2003: African tribes took up arms against the Arab-dominated government in Khartoum

President OmarAl-Bashir

The Sudanese Government and….

The

•The government is now allegedly using the “Janjaweed” to fight back

•“Armed men on horseback”•Destroying villages, killing inhabitants, raping women

Countless villages have been burned, their wells poisoned, and their livestock killed in a systematic “scorched earth” campaign.

A coordinated campaign to cleanse Darfur of its “African” tribes

III.

The result?

The attacks have forced people out of their villages. Parents are forced to

leave children behind.

- An estimated around 300,000 have been killed

- Another 2.5 million have fled their homes to neighboring Chad

- They are now living in refugee camps in the southern Sahara. This population is almost entirely reliant upon the humanitarian relief effort.

From the United Nations:

The conflict in the Darfur region is “the greatest humanitarian

catastrophe” in the world today.

The victims are from the Fur, Zaghawa, Massalit, and other

non-Arab African tribes.

Nijah, 4, and Nibraz, 13 months, fled from their village after their parents, uncle and older brother were either killed or went

missing.

These boys made a toy truck out of cardboard, plastic, and an old sandal

they found in their refugee camp.

•Thousands are killed every month. At least 12,000 families were displaced during July 2007.

•Clashes between rebels and government troops in the western region have displaced 40,000 people in January 2011

Attacks Continue

•The Humanitarian Effort is straining under the pressures of the massive

dependent population and the lack of security in 2/3 of the region.

•The two rebel movements in Darfur have multiplied and splintered into over a dozen

different groups with different agendas and no coherent common demands slowing

international peace negotiations.

A Glimmer of Hope, A Window of Opportunity

• On July 31st, 2007, the United Nations passed resolution 1769 authorizing 26,000 troops for a hybrid U.N.-A.U. operation in Darfur.

• The Government of Sudan agreed to accept U.N. peacekeepers for Darfur.

• An International Criminal Court prosecutor sought to indict Sudan's President Omar Hassan al-Bashir in 2011 on charges of genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Darfur.

Results of Conflict in Africa

Underdevelopedinfrastructure

• From one country to another.

–Refugee and associated problems.

Migration

Famine

Poverty

“How can a citizen of a free country not pay attention? How can anyone, anywhere not feel outraged? How can a person, whether religious or secular, not be moved by compassion? And above all, how can anyone who remembers remain silent?"

- Elie Wiesel

June 2005

Sudan 10 0 5 47 41 103

“RunawayBride” 45 38 85 36 98 302

MichaelJackson 468 614 526 878 1,753 4,239

TOTAL

TomCruise 190 321 352 199 213 1,275

TARGET YOUR MEDIA

source: www.beawitness.org

Major genocides of the 20th century

• The Herero Genocide, Namibia, 1904-05Death toll: 60,000 (3/4 of the population)

– I, the great general of the German troops, send this letter to the Herero people... All Hereros must leave this land... Any Herero found within the German borders with or without a gun, with or without cattle, will be shot. I shall no longer receive any women or children; I will drive them back to their people or have them fired upon. This is my decision for the Herero people.

– When the order was lifted at the end of 1904, prisoners were herded into concentration camps and given as slave laborers to German businesses. Many prisoners died of overwork and malnutrition.

Major genocides of the 20th century

• The Armenian Genocide, Ottoman Empire, 1915-23 Death toll: Up to 1.5 million

– the deliberate and systematic destruction of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire during and just after World War I.

• Massacres• deportations involving forced

marches under conditions designed to lead to the death of the deportees

Major genocides of the 20th century

• The Ukrainian Famine, 1932-1933Death toll: 7 million– a famine in the Ukrainian SSR during which millions of

people starved to death as a result of the economic and trade policies instituted by the government of Joseph Stalin.

– There were no natural causes for starvation and in fact, Ukraine—unlike other Soviet Republics—enjoyed a bumper wheat crop in 1932.

Major genocides of the 20th century

• The Nanking Massacre, 1937-1938Death toll: 300,000 (50% of the pop)– a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the

city of Nanjing (Nanking), the former capital of the Republic of China.

– During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000–80,000 women were raped

by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army.

Major genocides of the 20th century

• The World War II Holocaust, Europe, 1942-45 Death toll: 6 million Jews, and millions of others

Major genocides of the 20th century

• The Cambodian Genocide, 1975-79 Death toll: 2 million

–Millions of Cambodians accustomed to city life were now forced into slave labor in Pol Pot's "killing fields" where they soon began dying from overwork, malnutrition and disease, on a diet of one tin of rice (180 grams) per person every two days.

Major genocides of the 20th century

• The East Timor Genocide , 1975- 1999 Death toll: 120,000 (20% of the population)

• The Mayan Genocide, Guatemala, 1981-83 Death toll: Tens of thousands

• Iraq, 1988Death toll: 50-100,000

• The Bosnian Genocide, 1991-1995 Death toll: 8,000

• The Rwandan Genocide , 1994 Death toll: 800,000

• The Darfur Genocide, Sudan , 2003-present Death toll: debated. 100,000? 300,000? 500,000?

JANUARY 23, 2008

“5 million dead as Congo peace deal signed”

JANUARY 31, 2008

“African Union head warns summit of genocide in

Kenya”

FEBRUARY 2, 2008

“Thousands flee fighting in Chad”

Genocidal Acts of the Twentieth & Twenty-First Centuries

8 Stages of GenocideNot necessarily chronological—many could happen at

the same time!1. CLASSIFICATION (“Us” vs. “Them”)2. SYMBOLIZATION (names or symbols) 3. DEHUMANIZATION (denying targeted group’s

humanity) 4. ORGANIZATION (formal or informal plans)5. POLARIZATION (remove middle: “with us or

against us”) 6. PREPARATION (identify or separate victims)7. EXTERMINATION (murder of victims8. DENIAL (cover up murders or blame the victims)