African Economic African Economic Outlook 2007 Outlook 2007 Drinking Water and Sanitation: Drinking Water and Sanitation: can Africa fill the gap? can Africa fill the gap? Lucia Wegner OECD Development Centre 28 June 2007 Second OECD Forum on Statistics Knowledge and Policy Istanbul
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African Economic Outlook 2007 Drinking Water and Sanitation: can Africa fill the gap? Lucia Wegner OECD Development Centre 28 June 2007 Second OECD Forum.
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African Economic African Economic Outlook 2007Outlook 2007
Drinking Water and Drinking Water and Sanitation:Sanitation:
can Africa fill the gap?can Africa fill the gap?Lucia Wegner
OECD Development Centre
28 June 2007 Second OECD Forum on Statistics Knowledge and Policy
• Industrial pollution, poor sanitation and sewage practices. In Congo, only 68% of water samples comply with quality standard.
• Wastage: unaccounted for water reaches 50% in most cities: Botswana 46%, Mauritius 47%, Egypt 50% (good practice: 15-20%).
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Introducing water demand management
the municipality of Windhoek Programme components:• Increasing public awareness • Implementation of block tariff system • Quality Monitoring programs to ensure appropriate
standards• Improved maintenance and technical measures to
reduce leaks • Re-use of water: one of the first cities to introduce
recycling of effluent for drinking purposes
In 2006: unaccounted-for water fell to 10.3% (good practice: 15-20%)
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The challenges
• Implement integrated water resource
management (IWRM) -Monitoring
mechanisms are crucial
• Strengthen local management
• Move sanitation and wastewater treatment to
the top of the development agenda
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Status of National IWRMLevel 1 Level 2 Level 3
North Africa EgyptMoroccoTunisiaMauritaniaSudan
AlgeriaLibya
Central Africa Cameroon BurundiCentral African Rep.ChadCongoDRCRwanda
Eastern Africa Uganda EritreaEthiopiaKenyaMauritiusTanzania
Western Africa
Burkina BeninGhanaMaliNigeriaSenegal
Southern Africa
NamibiaSouth AfricaZimbabwe
BotswanaMalawiMozambiqueSwazilandZambia
Source: Global Water Partnership, 2006
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Key management issues• Strong national water policies and
legislation.• Sound and autonomous regulation: monitor
progress, set guidelines, design incentives to extend service provision and protect consumers (NWASCO in Zambia).
• Capacity on the ground (partnership between TCTA and Umgeni Water in South Africa).
• Harmonisation of different stakeholders’ interventions (SWAP in Uganda).
• Participation of all stakeholders: improve efficiency, maintenance, avoid conflict (Ghana community approach).
• Regional cooperation
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Reducing the sanitation gap• Access can only be increased if water and sanitation
are tackled simultaneously.
• Investments are small compared to the health and environmental costs of inaction and returns to action
• Overcome the segmentation of the sector: between administrations, among providers (e.g. Durban).
• Develop technologies adapted to communities’ needs.
• Invest in prevention campaigns (e.g. community health clubs in Zimbabwe).
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Financing – a key issue for all stakeholders
• Investment needs: $20b/yr until 2025, 1/3 for sanitation, ¼ for drinking water supply (Africa Water Vision 2025).
• Public money (national budgets and ODA) remains insufficient
• National water providers have failed to achieve financial viability.
• Least attractive sector to private investors – but active in some countries.
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Strengthening utilities
• Financial independence– cost-recovery: affordability and cross-subsidisation– sustainable & predictable public funding
• Capacity building through benchmarking and partnerships (ex: UNSGAB Water Operators Partnership).
• Small-scale local providers– Flexible, better knowledge of remote areas– But they need better regulation and more
conducive institutional framework (Uganda Association of Private Water Operators)