Africa. Geography Climate Zones- Diverse geography and climates all over the continent Which have impacted its development.

Africa

Geography

• Climate Zones-

• Diverse geography and climates all over the continent

• Which have impacted its development

Geography

• Savanna- grassy plains make up largest part – Usually good soil – but weather may cause droughts

• Tsetse flies infect many people and cattle – sleeping sickness

• Steppe- dry zones. – 2 major deserts- Sahara in north – Kalahari and Namib in south

• Mediterranean coast and Southern tip- best farming along with Nile river valley

• Forests/Jungles make up only 15% of land

• Deserts and mountain regions have kept people from moving around

• Few good harbors to promote shipping

• Plateau in the interior

• Rivers-Zambezi, Congo, and Niger used inland

• Red Sea and Indian Ocean linked East Africa to Middle East and Asia

• Mediterranean linked North Africa to Europe

•Many people did migrate though •Great Rift Valley of East Africa helped travel

Escarpment

• Resources

• Salt

• Iron,

• Gold

• Copper

• Diamonds

• Oil- recently

• Uranium

•It is thought that earliest humans are from Africa

Early Civilizations

• 5500 BC people start to farm and domesticate around the Nile Valley- eventually became Egypt

• 2500 BC Sahara dries out and climate changes

• Bantu

• West Africans migrated between 500-1500AD and spread skills.

• Common language known as Bantu

• Bantu speaking people migrated all over

•Kush- Ancient kingdom developed on a stretch of fertile land along upper Nile•Also known as Nubia located in Present Sudan

350 AD Kush defeated by the Axum form Red SeaAxum stretched from Ethiopia to Red SeaDescended from people who migrated from ArabiaHebrew tradition brought with themTrade- from 200BC to 400AD Axum had a triangular trade network- Africa, India, Med.Traded- ivory, hides, rhino horn, gold

• North Africa-

• Carthage- Founded by Phoenician traders, dominated western Med. from 800 BC to 146BC

• Stretched from Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco to southern Spain and Sicily as well as England, France, W. Africa

• As Rome grew the 2 clashed- Punic Wars

Ghana

• By 800AD kingdom of Ghana formed by Soninke people united

• Gold-Salt trade controlled by Ghanaian kings

• Trade capital of W. Africa

• Ghana became known as the land of gold

Mali

• Mandingo people of upper Niger river area developed in the empire of Mali

• Mali expanded over gold mining areas in south and salt areas

• Caravan routes crossed at towns like Timbuktu• Mansa Musa- greatest emperor of Mali.

– Gained power around 1312

– Expanded borders to Atlantic Ocean

– Conquered many Berber cities in the north

Pilgrimage• In 1324 When Mansa Musa made his pilgrimage

to Mecca • He traveled like a king. 500 slaves, lots of gold. • When he stopped in Egypt along the way, Musa

supposedly handed out gold in the street• Forged trading and political ties with areas he

visits• Brought scholars and artists back with him• Word of Mali’s wealth spread• Europeans wanted the gold in Mali

Songhai

• Between 1464 and 1492- Sunni Ali- led the Songhai to become the largest state ever in W. Africa

• After Sunni Ali dies, emperor Askia Muhammad set up a Muslim kingdom

• 1591 the Songhai were defeated by Moroccan armies as a result of being weakened by Civil War

• East Africa City States-

• Many cities in East Africa grew in power

• Different people from different areas began to mingle and mix

• New culture began to develop with a new language- Swahili was a mix of Arabic and Bantu

• Zimbabwe- great inland empire between 900 and 1500 AD that existed but little is known about it

• around 1500 Portuguese sailors came in and destroyed many areas

• Family Life -

• Basic unit of society- family

• Nuclear Family typical- parents, children live and work as a unit

• Matrilineal- inheritance and descent traced to mother’s side of family. Husband joins wife’s family

• Strong ties between brothers and sisters. Brothers to protect sister while sister made sons available for brothers

• Families belonged to a lineage and several lineages belong to clans

• Religion-

• Varied and complex. Polytheistic.

• Called on certain spirits for help

• Many believed that one Supreme being stood above all others.

• Spirits of ancestors were present on earth

• Christianity and Islam influenced Africa eventually.

• Believed Christian/Muslim god was the supreme being of tradition

Age of Imperialism1800-1914

Imperialism

• Definition- Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.

Imperialism

• 1492- Age of Discovery begins• Europeans conquer Americas• Establish colonies in Southeast Asia and some

holds on Africa and China. • Between 1500-1800 Europe has little influence

over people in China, India, and Africa• By 1800- this changes- Politics and economics

Reasons for Imperialism

• Economics

• Politics and Military

• Humanitarian and religion

• Social Darwinism

• One upsmanship

• Economics- Industrial Revolution causes need for raw materials such as: – Rubber– Petroleum– manganese for steel– palm oil for machines. – Copper, gold from Africa– Cotton and Jute from India, – Tin from Southeast Asia

• Spur growth of Financial markets– Fruits, teas, coffee, cocoa

• New Markets for goods to be sold

Economics

• Expanding population needed places to live and gain fortunes

• Cecil Rhodes- adventurer who made a fortune from gold and diamonds-

• Founded a colony known as Rhodesia- (modern day Zimbabwe)

• Politics and Military-

• Bases need for Merchant ships

• Bases could serve military purposes– stronger larger navy could protect merchant ships

• Could use conquered people in armies- manpower

• Raw materials to increase military

Politics and Military

• Nationalism– Superiority of one nation compared to all

others

• One upsmanship– If Britain had a colony- others had to have one

• Humanitarian and religion-

• Many felt they needed to help “civilize” the people of “backward” regions.

• Europeans were thought to be superior and tried to impose their culture on conquered people

• Christian missionaries- tried to save the souls of non Christians by converting them

Social Darwinism

• Darwin’s ideas of natural selection and survival of the fittest applied to societies.

• Nature dictates that Europeans were superior and conquest and destruction of weaker races

• Nature’s way of improving human race.

Forms of Imperialism• Colony- Territory ruled directly with officials

ruling the local people

• Direct rule- (French) officials directly from country to rule

• Indirect rule-(British) use locals rulers as officials for governing – Encourage children of rulers to get education in Britain– Children will be accustomed to British culture

Forms of Imperialism

• Protectorate- Local ruler left in place but takes advice from European advisers

• Sphere of Influence- region where Imperialist power has exclusive rights to trade or investment

Imperialism in Africa• Dark Continent- unknown land

• Africa is 4 times larger than Europe

• Many different cultures with hundreds of languages and governments

Imperialism in Africa

• North Africa– fertile land near Mediterranean – Sahara– largely Muslim– Much ruled by Ottomans

Imperialism in Africa

• West Africa– Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French set up

trade posts in the 1500’s. – By 1600’s- center of transatlantic slave trade.– Traded salt, gold, and iron. – Cotton and cacao beans, palm oil, ivory, and

rubber. – Asanti ruled much land

• East Africa– Islamic– Trading along Red Sea and Persian Gulf– slave trade– Ivory – Copper – Ethiopia

South Africa

• Before Suez canal- quickest way to Asia was around Cape of Good Hope.

• Gold and Diamonds discovered in later part of 1800’s

• Zulu

Explorers

• Mungo Park

• Richard Burton

• Traveled along Rivers

• Nile

• Niger

• Congo

David Livingstone-

• missionary explorer traveled across continent for 30 years.

• Disappeared for several years.

• Henry Stanley found him- “ Dr. Livingstone I presume?

Congo• Stanley later is hired by King

Leopold II of Belgium

• Explores Congo River Basin to arrange trade

• Civilizing Mission

• Leopold Claims Congo for himself

• Eventually, people heard of atrocities in Congo

• Leopold forced to turn over his private claim to Belgian Government. Belgian Congo-1908

• Partition of Africa

• Berlin Conference

• New borders drawn up without thinking about people who lived there

• Land divided with knowing what was there

• All of Africa except for Ethiopia and Liberia under Euro control by 1900

Berlin Conference

• France controlled most of Northern Africa to control Mediterranean- conflict with Muslims- 30 years

• 1869- Suez Canal built

French Imperialism

British Imperialism• Britain smaller but more

scattered lands, but heavily populated and more natural resources

• Britain held West and East Africa along with Egypt then into Southern Africa

British Imperialism- South Africa

• 1806 British gains Cape Colony from Dutch

• Dutch Farmers (Boers) disliked British and moved north to create own colony- Great Trek

• Late 1800’s gold & Diamonds found in Boer republics

• 1899-1902- Boer War• British win and in 1910 Cape

Colony and former Boer republics join into Union of South Africa

• Other Euro nations join in the scramble

• Portuguese- Angola, Mozambique

• Germany- Eastern and Southwestern Africa

• Italy - Tripoli- renamed Libya then over to Horn of Africa toward Red Sea and try to take Ethiopia

Ethiopia

• 1896- Ethiopians defeat Italy at Battle of Adowa• Ethiopia- Christian empire in highlands of E. Africa• late 1800’s Menelik II unifies and modernizes, hires

Europeans to plan roads, bridges, and schools• Imports latest weapons and Euro military experts

• Imperialism sparks Nationalism• As a result of Imperialism- western educated

African elite emerges

• Many middle class Africans liked western culture and rejected their own culture

• Others wanted to keep African traditions and get rid of western culture- talked of liberty and equality but only for whites

• By early 1900’s Africans wanted independence

Response to Colonialism

• Never completely one sided

• Unequal, though

• Imperialism created different world– Economically– Politically– Socially

• Africans tried to adapt

Pan Africanism

• Original definition– Drew a link between all people with African

ancestry

• By 1960s meaning changed– African countries should work together for

peace and stability

Pan Africanism

• Created by members of African Diaspora

• Mostly from Western Hemisphere

• Not African in origin

• Leadership taken by Africans after WWII

2 streams of Pan Africanism

• Africanist- emphasized uniqueness of African “race”

• Non-Racialist- Equality and elimination of skin color as factor in human relations

Back To Africa

• Africa for Africans

• Whites would not accept blacks in white world

• Blacks should go back to Africa

• Marcus Garvey

OAU

• Organization of African Unity

• Cooperation among Africans

• Assisting all Africa to become independent

• Kwame Nkrumah

OAU

• Included Muslims and Arabs in North Africa

• Worked together in UN– Big voting bloc

• Still a lot of conflict

Kwame Nkrumah

• First president of Ghana

• Ghana- Gold Coast before independence

• First “black” African state to gain post-colonial independence

Post Colonial Independence

• Africans divided in their own countries

• Civil Wars

• Few Democracies

• Many Dictators– Corrupt – Brutal

Idi Amin• Uganda• Took power 1971• Tortured and killed 300,000• AKA 'Big Daddy‘• AKA 'Butcher of Africa‘• AKA 'Conqueror of the

British Empire‘• AKA 'Lord of All the Beasts

of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea'

Mobutu Sese Seko

• Overthrew Patrice Lumumba

• President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Zaire

• 1965 to 1997

• Overthrown by group supported by Rwanda

• Stole between $4-$15 billion

• Died in Exile

Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu waza Banga

• The all-powerful warrior who, because of his endurance and inflexible will to win, will go from conquest to conquest leaving fire in his wake.

Jomo Kenyatta

• Accused of leading Mau Mau Uprising

• Imprisoned

• Kenya gained independence

• Father of Kenya

• Son elected president of Kenya- 2013– Also charged with war crimes

Apartheid

• System of racial segregation in S. Africa

• 1948-94

• Ruled by 5% of Population- White

Apartheid

• Whites

• Blacks

• Coloreds

Passbooks• Non whites had

to carry identification books

• Whites not required

ANC• African National Congress

• Marxist group fighting for independence

• Eventually Led by Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela

• Leader of ANC

• Initially non violent protest

• Then led bombing campaign- Defiance Campaign

• Imprisoned

• Became symbol of Anti-Apartheid struggle

• Released 1990 by FW DeKlerk

• Elected 1st black South African president -1994– DeKlerk- PM

Nelson Mandela

• 1993 Nobel Peace prize with DeKlerk

• After election

• New Constitution

• Truth and Reconciliation Commission– Investigative previous human rights violations

• http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/impact.your.world/

http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/stateofsudan/

• http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/southernafrica904/video_index.html

• http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/rough/2005/10/south_africa_th.html

• http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/southernafrica904/video_index.html

• http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/08/25/nigeria.child.witches/index.html

• http://www.viewchange.org/videos/democratic-republic-of-congo-find-a-word-for-it

http://cellar.org/iotd.php?threadid=24386

http://www.viewchange.org/videos

http://www.ted.com/talks/andrew_mwenda_takes_a_new_look_at_africa.html

http://www.viewchange.org/videos/ticad-towards-a-vibrant-africa

http://www.viewchange.org/videos/a-game-for-life

http://www.viewchange.org/videos/on-the-ground-with-nicholas-d-kristof-what-are-you-carrying

http://www.viewchange.org/videos/the-aid-traders

http://www.viewchange.org/videos/the-chance-to-save-millions-a-bold-new-endeavour

http://www.viewchange.org/videos/democratic-republic-of-congo-find-a-word-for-it

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704803604576078532037007562.html