Africa Chapters 8 and 20. Demographic transition Caliph Matrilineal Sharia Jihad Maghrib Islamization Timbuktu Terms.

AfricaChapters 8 and 20

Demographic transition

Caliph

Matrilineal

Sharia

Jihad

Maghrib

Islamization

Timbuktu

Terms

Usuman Dan Fodio (Uthman or Usman) Led a jihad to establish a Muslim state, Fulani Empire Now in N Nigeria

Shaka Ruler in SE Africa. Developed military tactics that creates

Zulu state Zulu Wars (1879)

Between British and Zulu tribes British victory

Asante Akan State centered at Kumasi on the Gold Coast (Ghana)

Difference between polygamy and polygyny?

Chap 20

Triangular Trade Complex commercial system linking Africa, the Americas and

Europe Middle Passage

Slave voyage from Africa to Americas Royal African Co (1660’s)

British co controlled slave trade in New world colonies Indies piece

Unit in the exchange system of the west African trade Value of an adult male slave

William Wilberforce British reformer/abolitionist Helped end British slave trade in 1807

Chap 20

Stateless vs secret societies Stateless

Organized around kinship but lacking concentration of political power

No full time gov rule was by families or the community

Secret societies (in the forests) Controlled customs and beliefs Could limit the power of the ruler Members more loyal to group than their lineage Disputes often settled by allowing person to leave and build

another city Problems

Hard to organize trade, have building projects, prepare for war

Chap 8 Questions

Language Bantu

Migration provides a common linguistic base Religion

Animistic Natural forces personified as gods (creator deity) Deceased relatives are a link to spirit world Well developed concepts of good and evil

Islam expands to India and SE Asia opening trade Areas unaffected by C or I develop w/out writing

Economy N Africa had ties to world trade (Mediterranean and Arab) Sub-Saharan

Settled agriculture and ironworking Regional trade (mostly handled by professional merchants) Muslim migration changes this Overall raw goods are traded for manufactured goods

African Societies

Ghana

Mali

Songhay (Songhai)

Major Western Sudan Kingdoms

All are around/near the Niger River WHY?

Gold and salt Tax the imports and exports Gold in the south (Gold coast) Salt in the Sahara

Why is salt important?

Kingdoms

Wagadugu (Actual name) 800-1240 Know about them from Muslim traders

Extremely rich Gold, Ivory, salt Eventually involved in Trans-Saharan trade

Berbers (Almoravids) Invade and in 1076 massive decline

1240 absorbed into Mali Empire

Ghana

1230-1600 Founded by Sundiata Extremely wealthy

Mansa Musa Timbuktu (important trade and learning) and Jenne

(Djenne) Important port cities

Know a lot because of Ibn Battuta Muslims build mosques and universities

Spread language, laws and customs in West Africa

Mali

1375-1591

Gao (Capital) Was captured by Mali (dominated early on) Timbuktu and Djenne (Jenne) important cities

One of largest Muslim and African empires ever

Same as Mali based around same ethnic groups but conquer subordinate communities

Downfall Moroccan Muslim army equipped with guns

Songhay (Songhai)

Berbers Pre-Arab people of N Africa

Muslims push west from Egypt Cross into Spain

Almoravids (reforming Muslim Berbers) Eventually the Almohadis succeeded them

Islam was popular 1. Equality among believers 2. Unity of political and religious worlds (rulers like)

Social disparities continue

Spread of Islam

Prior to Islam Christian states were located in North Africa

Egyptian Christians (Copts) Copts spread into Nubia (Kush) Eventually conquered

Ethiopia continued cut off from other Christian communites

Christian kingdoms

Begins with Portuguese in 1400’s Estab factories (forts) Most important, El Mina, received gold Africans agreed to the trade

Between 1450 and 1850 12 million slaves shipped (80% after 1760) 1700’s are the heights of the trade 40% went to Brazil 1/3rd died on the way to the slave ships 18% died during the Middle Passage

African Slave trade origins

Slavery existed before Europeans or Muslims (they increased it) Used to increase a person’s status and wealth

Trans-Saharan trade Red Sea trade East African trade

3 million involved Controlled by Muslims (spread the idea of slavery)

Mostly women for domestic employment and sex Slavery was seen as a transition from pagan to Islam

African societies used slavery for plantations (East Africa)

Overall the slave trade had major effects on West Africa½ of the population it would have hadOnly Southern Africa is barely affected by slavery

Slavery in Africa

Major slave trading states Received guns (power) Coastal areas became very powerful

Asante (Ashanti) 1701-1820’s (start to decline) Modern day Ghana (W Africa)

Dahomey (emerged in 1600’s) Slave trade made them very powerful (20% of slave trade) Modern day Benin

Slave trade hurt creative processes that other African societies had

Asante and Dahomey

Portuguese controlled until about 1630 1441 brought 1st slaves to Portugal Sugar plantations cause a marked increase in the trade

Dutch take over after they seize El Mina English soon follow (need for plantation colonies) French get involved in the 1700’s

High mortality rates caused an increase in the trade Profitable business but not much more than other trade

English in late 1700’s profits were about 5-10% Slaves quickly become part of the Colombian Exchange Slavery was difficult anywhere it existed

Uncooperative, rebellions, running away all took a toll

Slave trade