Africa and the Atlantic World Chapter 25 Notes. Sub-Saharan Africa 600-1450 Review.

Africa and the Atlantic World

Chapter 25 Notes

Sub-Saharan Africa600-1450 Review

Trans-Saharan trade and Islamic states in west Africa

• _____ crossed desert and established relations

• _____ became the most important commercial site in west Africa– _____ (most important), ivory, and slaves

for traders from north Africa– Exchanged for horses, cloth,

manufactured goods, _____– Ghana kings _____ by the tenth century,

didn't force on others

• Nomadic raids from the Sahara weakened the kingdom in the _____

Mali Empire Established in 1230• Controlled and taxed almost all

trade passing through _____• _____ made his pilgrimage to

Mecca in 1324-1325 with huge caravan– Upon return to Mali, _____– Sent students to study with

distinguished _____ in northern Africa– Established _____ in Mali

• Decline of Mali due to factions and military pressure from _____

• _____ empire replaced Mali by the late fifteenth century

The Indian Ocean trade and Islamic states in east Africa

• _____ is an Arabic term meaning "coasters"– Dominated east African coast from _____– Spoke Swahili, a _____, supplemented with some _____

• Trade with _____ became important by the tenth century– Ruling elite and wealthy merchants on east Africa converted

to _____– Conversion promoted close cooperation with Muslim _____– Conversion also opened door to _____with Muslim rulers

The Swahili city-states• Chiefs gained

power through _____

• Ports developed into _____ governed by kings, eleventh and twelfth centuries

Back to the 1450-1750

Time Period

African Politics and Societies in Early Modern Times

The States of West Africaand East Africa

• _____ empire was the dominant power of west Africa, replacing Mali – Expansion under Songhay

emperor _____ after 1464– Elaborate administrative

apparatus, powerful army, and _____

– Muslim emperors ruled prosperous land, engaged in _____

• Fall of Songhay to _____ in 1591 – _____ of subject

peoples brought the empire down

– A series of small, regional kingdoms and city-states _____

• _____ Swahili city-states in east Africa – _____ forced the ruler

of Kilwa to pay tribute, 1502

– Massive _____ subdued all the Swahili cities, 1505

– Trade disrupted; _____

The Kingdoms of Central

Africaand South

Africa• _____, powerful kingdom of central Africa after

fourteenth century – Established diplomatic and commercial relations

with _____– Kings of Kongo converted to Christianity sixteenth

century; ____

• _____in Kongo – Portuguese traded

textiles, weapons, and advisors for Kongolese _____

– Slave trade _____ of kings of Kongo

– Deteriorated relations led to war in 1665; Kongo king _____

• Kingdom of Ndongo (_____) attracted Portuguese slave traders – ______ led spirited

resistance to Portuguese, 1623-1663

– Nzinga able to block Portuguese advances but not ______

– By end of the seventeenth century, Ndondo was the ______ of Angola

• Southern Africa dominated by regional kingdoms, for example, _____

• _____ in south Africa after the fifteenth century – First Portuguese, then Dutch

mariners landed at _____– _____ mariners built a trading

post at Cape Town, 1652– Increasing Dutch colonists by

1700, drove away native _____– _____became a prosperous

European colony in later centuries

Islam and Christianity in Early modern Africa

• _____ popular in west Africa states and Swahili city-states of east Africa – Islamic university and 180 religious schools in _____– Blended Islam with indigenous beliefs and customs, a

_____– _____, west African tribe, observed strict form of Islam,

eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

• _____ reached sub-Saharan Africa through Portuguese merchants – Also blended with _____– _____ movement of

Kongo, a syncretic cult, addressed to St. Anthony

– Charismatic Antonian leader, _____, executed for heresy, 1706

Social Change in Early Modern Africa

• _____ and clans remained unchanged at the local level

• American food crops, for example, _____, introduced after the sixteenth century

• Population growth in sub-Sahara: 35 million in 1500 to _____

The Atlantic Slave Trade

Foundations of the Slave Trade

• _____ common in traditional Africa – Slaves typically _____, criminals, or outcasts

– Most slaves worked as _____, some as administrators or soldiers

– With all land held in common, slaves were a measure of _____

– Slaves often assimilated into their masters' kinship groups, even _____

• The _____ well established throughout Africa – ______slaves may have been shipped out of Africa

by Islamic slave trade between eighth and the eighteenth centuries

– _____ used these existing networks and expanded the slave trade

Human Cargoes

• The early slave trade on the Atlantic started by _____ in 1441 – By 1460 about five hundred slaves a year shipped to _____

– By fifteenth century African slaves shipped to sugar plantations on _____

– Portuguese planters imported slaves to _____

– _____ shipped African slaves to the Caribbean, Mexico, Peru, and Central America, 1510s and 1520s

– _____ brought slaves to North America early seventeenth century

• _____: all three legs of voyage profitable – European goods traded for _____

– Slaves traded in the Caribbean for _____

– American produce traded in _____

• At every stage the slave trade was _____ – Individuals captured

in _____

– Forced marched to the coast for _____

– The dreaded _____, where between 25 percent and 50 percent died

The Impact of theSlave Trade in Africa

• Volume of the Atlantic slave trade increased _____– At height--end of the _____--about one hundred

thousand shipped per year

– Altogether about _____ brought to Americas, another four million died en route

• Profound impact on _____– Impact uneven: some

societies spared, some societies _____

– Distorted African sex ratios, since two-thirds of exported slaves _____

– Encouraged _____ and forced women to take on men's duties

• Politically _____– _____; fostered

conflict and violence between peoples

– _____, on the "slave coast," grew powerful as a slave-raiding state

The African Diaspora

Plantation societies

• _____ introduced to fertile lands of Caribbean early fifteenth century – First _____, then Brazil and

Mexico

– Important cash crops: _____, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee

– Plantations dependent on _____

• Plantations racially divided: one hundred or more slaves with a few _____– High death rates in the Caribbean and Brazil;

continued _____

– Only about _____ of slaves to North America, where slave families more common

• _____ to slavery widespread, though dangerous – Slow work, sabotage,

and _____

– _____ were rare and were brutally suppressed by plantation owners

– 1793: slaves in French colony of Saint-Domingue revolted, abolished slavery, and established the _____

The Making of African-American Cultural Traditions

• African and _____– Slaves from many

tribes; lacked a _____

– Developed creole languages, blending several African languages with the language of _____

• African-American religions also combined elements from _____– African-American Christianity was a distinctive ______

– African _____: ritual drumming, animal sacrifice, magic, and sorcery

• Other African-American _____: hybrid cuisine, weaving, pottery

The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery

• New voices and ideas against _____– American and French

revolutions encouraged ideals of _____

– _____ was a freed slave whose autobiography became a best-seller

• Slavery became increasingly _____– _____ made slavery expensive and dangerous

– Decline of _____ and rising costs of slaves in the late eighteenth century

– _____ industries were more profitable; Africa became a market

• End of the _____– Most European states abolished the slave trade in the early _____

– British naval squadrons helped to _____

– The _____ of slavery followed slowly

• 1833 in _____

• 1848 in French colonies

• 1865 in the United States

• 1888 in _____