Afghanistan Rights Monitor Monitoring Cycle 2: May ... · Monitoring Cycle 2: May – August 2016 September 2016 Project Report 1 Acknowledgments This is the second monitoring report

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AfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization

AfghanistanRightsMonitorMonitoringCycle2:May–August2016

September2016ProjectReport

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AcknowledgmentsThisisthesecondmonitoringreportofAfghanistanRightsMonitor(ARM)followingthefirstmonitoringreportreleasedinApril2016andabaselineassessmentreleasedinDecember2015.ThisreportwasmadepossiblethroughfundingfromtheMinistryofForeignAffairs,TheNetherlands.APPROwishestoexpressitssincerethankstoallthosewhoagreedtobeengagedfordatacollectionforthisreport.AboutAfghanistanRightsMonitorAfghanistanRightsMonitor(ARM)isdesignedtomeetthefollowingobjectives:

1. RegularmonitoringofthecurrentconditionsoffundamentalrightsinAfghanistanusingasetofindicatorsbasedoninternationallyrecognizedstandardsformonitoringCivic,SocialandEconomicrights.

2. Informed,pragmatic,andconstructiveadvocacymessagingonfundamentalrightsneeds,basedonempiricaldata,anddeliveredbycivilsocietyactors.

3. IncreasedcapacityandresponsivenessofpublicinstitutionsinattendingtofundamentalrightsneedsofAfghancitizens.

FormoreinformationonARM,see:www.nac-pp.netAboutAPPROAfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization(APPRO)isanindependentsocialresearchorganizationwithamandatetopromotesocialandpolicylearningtobenefitdevelopmentandreconstructioneffortsinAfghanistanandotherlessdevelopedcountriesthroughconductingsocialscientificresearch,monitoringandevaluation,andtrainingandmentoring.APPROisregisteredwiththeMinistryofEconomyinAfghanistanasanon-profitnon-governmentorganizationandheadquarteredinKabul,AfghanistanwithofficesinMazar-eSharif(north),Herat(west),Kandahar(south),Jalalabad(east),andBamyan(center).APPROisthefoundingmemberofAPPRO-Europe,registeredinBelgium.Formoreinformation,see:www.appro.org.afandwww.appro-europe.netContact:mail@appro.org.afAbouttheResearchersTheresearcherswhoworkedonthisreportwere(inalphabeticalorder):FarebaAuob,EnayatBashardost,SamadEbrahimi,TairahFirdous,EhsanullahKhalili,FatimaKhavari,LucileMartin,Marzia,Nazanin,MahmoodOmar,SaeedParto,BaryalaiQayoumi,MarziaRahmani,MohammadAnwarRahimi,EhsanSaadat,MohammadSabir,ZarghonaSaify,LemaSakhizai,IsmailZahidandAhmadullahZiar.TairahFirdous,SaeedParto,andEhsanSaadatauthoredthisreport.APPROtakesfullresponsibilityforallomissionsanderrors.©2016.AfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganization.Somerightsreserved.Thispublicationmaybestoredinaretrievalsystemortransmittedonlyfornon-commercialpurposesandwithwrittencredittoAPPROandlinkstoAPPRO’swebsiteatwww.appro.org.af.Anyotheruseofthispublicationrequirespriorwrittenpermission,whichmaybeobtainedbywritingto:[email protected]

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ListofAbbreviationsAIHRC AfghanistanIndependentHumanRightsCommissionAGO AttorneyGeneral’sOfficeALP AfghanLocalPoliceANP AfghanNationalPoliceAOG ArmedOppositionGroupAPPRO AfghanistanPublicPolicyResearchOrganizationARM AfghanistanRightsMonitorAWDP AfghanistanWorkforceDevelopmentProgramBHC BasicHealthCenterDOWA DirectorateofWomen’sAffairsEUI EuropeanUniversityInstituteEVAW EliminationofViolenceAgainstWomenFGD FocusgroupdiscussionFRU FamilyResponseUnitIDP InternallyDisplacedPersonOHCHR UnitedNationsHumanRightsOfficeoftheHighCommissionerSTD SexuallyTransmittableDiseaseUN UnitedNationsUNAMA UnitedNationsAssistanceMissioninAfghanistanUNHCR TheUnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugeesUNICEF UnitedNationsChildren’sEmergencyFundUNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganizationVAW Violenceagainstwomen

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TableofContentsIntroduction ........................................................................................................................... 4

ObjectiveandMethodology............................................................................................................. 5Scope,SampleSelection,Methods .................................................................................................. 5

FindingsfromQualitativeData ............................................................................................... 8Balkh ............................................................................................................................................... 8Bamyan ......................................................................................................................................... 10Daikundi ........................................................................................................................................ 12Herat ............................................................................................................................................. 15Kabul ............................................................................................................................................. 17Kandahar ....................................................................................................................................... 19Khost ............................................................................................................................................. 22Kunduz .......................................................................................................................................... 24Nangarhar ..................................................................................................................................... 26Nimruz........................................................................................................................................... 29

SurveyResults ...................................................................................................................... 31CivicRights .................................................................................................................................... 31SocialRights .................................................................................................................................. 34EconomicRights............................................................................................................................. 35

Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 36CivicRights .................................................................................................................................... 36SocialRights .................................................................................................................................. 37EconomicRights............................................................................................................................. 38GenderRelations,Corruption ........................................................................................................ 38

Appendix1:MonitoringIndicators ....................................................................................... 39

Appendix2:ListandDefinitionofCodes............................................................................... 41

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Introduction

ThesecuritysituationinAfghanistanremainedcriticalinthefirsthalfof2016,withArmedOppositonGroups(AOGs)carryingoutaseriesofattacksinKabulandotherpartsofthecountry,causinghighlevelsofcasualtiesamongciviliansandsecurityforces.Inrecentmonths,AOGshaveengagedinheavyfightingwithAfghansecurityforcesinvariouspartsofthecountry,notablyinHelmandandKunduzprovinces.FightersaffiliatedwithDaeshalsowereactive,especiallyinNangarharprovince.1AccordingtosomesourcestheinsurgencyhasspreadthroughmoreofAfghanistanthanatanypointsince2001.AOGshavebecomemoreaudaciousintheirattacksaimedatseizingcontrolofprovincialcapitalsastheydidduringthebriefcaptureofKunduzinlate2015.2Theupsurgeinviolencehasdevastatingconsequencesforcivilians,withsuicidebombings,improvisedexplosivedevices(IEDs),andtargetedattacks.Thenumberofcivilianskilledduringmilitaryoperationsbygovernmentforceshasalsoincreased.Inthefirstsixmonthsof2016,UNAMAdocumented5,166 civilian casualties including 1,601 deaths and 3,565 injured. BetweenJanuaryandJune2016,UNAMAreported507womencasualtieswith130deathsand377injured.Also,nearlyoneinthreecasualtieswasachild.Atotalof1,509childcasualtiesweredocumentedincluding388deathsand1,121injured,anincreaseof18percentcomparedtothesameperiodin2015.3Conflictdisplacementcontinuedtoincreaseatanalarmingrateinto2016.Inthefirstfourmonths,anestimated118,000peoplefledtheirhomesofwhichapproximately80percentrequiredemergencyhumanitarianassistance.Displacedwomenandgirlswereatdisproportionatelyhigherriskofharm,livingwithfewerfreedomsandmuchreducedaccesstoeducation,healthandemploymentopportunities.Theovercrowdedlivingconditionsintemporarycampsalsoincreasetheriskofviolenceagainstwomen.UnderUNHCR’sassistedreturnsprogram3,766Afghanrefugees,mostlyfromPakistanandIran,returnedtoAfghanistanduringthefirstfourmonthsof2016,alowernumberthanin2015.Thelowerreturnratein2016isattributedtohighlevelsofunemploymentandlackoflivelihoodopportunities,limitedaccesstoland,shelterandbasicservices,andincreasedinsecurity.4ThisreportisthesecondofthesixmonitoringcyclestobeconductedbetweenJanuary2016andDecember2017aspartoftheAfghanistanRightsMonitor(ARM)project.Themonitoringreportsareintendedtounderlineconflict-inducedchangestofundamentalrightsinAfghanistan,andpathwaystoprotecttheserightsdespiteheightenedconflict.ThefundamentalrightsbeingmonitoredaregroupedunderthethreepillarsorCivic,Social,andEconomicrights.DataforthismonitoringreportwerecollectedbetweenMayandAugust2016in29urbanandruraldistrictsacrosstenprovinces.Thereportisdesignedtorecordchangesfromthefirstmonitoringphase,1See,forexample,SecurityCouncilReport,“March2016MonthlyForecast”athttp://www.securitycouncilreport.org/monthly-forecast/2016-06/afghanistan_17.php2See,forexample,http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/12/world/asia/afghanistan-taliban-united-nations.html?_r=03UNAMA,AfghanistanMidYearReport2016,ProtectionofCiviliansinConflict4See,forexample,https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/operations/afghanistan

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anddoesnotprovidein-depthanalysisoftheunderlyingcausesofthesechanges.In-depthanalysisoftheunderlyingcausesofchangeinthesituationoffundamentalrightsiscarriedoutinsixresearchpapersbetweenJanuary2016andDecember2017.5

ObjectiveandMethodology

TheobjectivefortheARMmonitoringroundsistoassesschangesinfundamentalrightsconditionsacrosstentargetprovincesfromJanuary2016toDecember2017.“FundamentalRights”areconceptualizedbroadlytoincludeCivic,Social,andEconomicrights.6AbaselineassessmentwasconcludedinDecember2015toestablishthebasisagainstwhichtomonitorchangesinfundamentalrightsconditions,followedbythefirstmonitoringcyclebetweenJanuaryandApril2016.ThereportingperiodforthissecondmonitoringcyclecoversMaytoAugust2016.Datawerecollectedin29ruralandurbandistrictsintheCentral,Northern,Southern,EasternandWesterngeographicalzonesofAfghanistan.Thecompositeindicatorsbasedoninternationalrightsmonitoringstandardsweretestedduringthebaselineassessmentandrefinedforsubsequentmonitoringrounds.Table1providesabreakdownofthecompositeindicatorsusedinthismonitoring.Table1:IndicatorsbyPillar7Pillar Indicator

RightstoLife,Liberty,SecurityandDignityofPersonRighttoEfficientandFairJusticeChildren’sRightsRighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs

CivicRights

RighttoFreedomofOpinionandExpressionRighttoHealthRighttoAdequateHousingandFacilitiesFoodSecurityRighttoEducation

SocialRights

FamilyRightsRighttoWorkandFairnessinEmploymentEconomicRightsRighttoDecentWorkingConditions

Scope,SampleSelection,Methods

Twenty-ninedistrictsin10provinceswereselectedforfundamentalrightsmonitoring(Table2).TheprovincesareBalkh,Bamyan,Daikundi,Herat,Kabul,Kandahar,Khost,Kunduz,Nangarhar,Kandahar,andNimruz.Theselectionoftargetprovincesisbasedonfactorsincludinggeographicalrepresentation

5Thefirstofthesepapersisavailablethrough:http://appro.org.af/rights-in-afghanistan-human-or-fundamental/6RightspillarswereconceptualizedbasedontheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights(UDHR),theinternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICCPR),theInternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRights(ICESCR),andprotocolsoftheGenevaConventionastheyrelatetoprotectionofrightsinsituationsofarmedconflict.TheworkingdefinitionsforeachrightspillarhavebeenadaptedfortheAfghancontextandwereafterthebaselineassessmenttoreflectgroundrealities.

7ForafulllistoftheproxiesforeachoftheseindicatorsseeAppendix1.

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andheterogeneityofsocio-economicconditions,civilsocietyengagement,securitysituation,anddevelopmentfocus.Table2:BreakdownofProvincesandDistrictsProvince Districts

Balkh Mazar-e-Sharif,Khulm,Balkh

Bamyan BamyanCenter,Shibar,Yakawlang

Daikundi Nili,Shahristan

Herat HeratCenter,Kohsan,Guzara

Kabul KabulCenter,KhakJabbar,Istalif

Kandahar KandaharCenter,Arghandab,Daman

Khost Matun,MandoZayi,TereZayi

Kunduz KunduzCenter,ImamSahib,Aliabad

Nangarhar Jalalabad,Kama,Surkhrod

Nimruz Zaranj,Chakhansur,ChaharBurjak

10Provinces 29DistrictsAtotalof711individualswereengagedforthesecondmonitoringcycle,consistingof80femalesand186maleswhowereinterviewedaskeyinformants,and211femalesand234maleswhoparticipatedinfocusgroupdiscussions.Ofthese,355individualswereover36yearsofageand349wereunderageof36years.AbreakdownofsourcesofinformationisprovidedinTable3.Table3:SourcesofInformationProvincialCenters OutlyingDistricts• Workingwomen,inparticularteachersandEPDprovincialwomennetworkmembers

• Workingmen,includingshopkeepers,farmersandteachers

• Representativesofoneyouth-focusedCSO• RepresentativesofonewomanfocusedCSO• Representativesofmediaorganizations/journalists• RepresentativesofAIHRC• ProvincialCouncilMember(Male)• ProvincialCouncilMember(Female)• AttorneyDirectorforFightingViolenceAgainstWomen

• Legalorganization• DepartmentofWomenAffairs• DepartmentofJustice• DepartmentofEducation• DepartmentofHealth• DepartmentofLaborandSocialAffairs• DepartmentofMigration• DepartmentofHumanRightsinPolice• UniversityStudent(Male)• UniversityStudent(Female)

• Workingwomeninparticularteachersandhousewives

• Workingmen,includingshopkeepers,farmersandteachers

• Onecommunityleader(male)• Oneinfluentialwoman• Huqooq• DepartmentofEducation• DepartmentofHealth• DepartmentofPolice

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Semi-structuredindividualinterviews,focusgroupdiscussions,andaquantitativesurveyquestionnairewerethemaintoolsforthecollectionofmonitoringdata.Theresearchteamsusedguidingquestionsforsemi-formalkeyinformantinterviewsandfocusgroupdiscussionswhileaquantitativesurveyquestionnairewasusedtocollectadditionalquantitativedatafromthefocusgroupparticipantsandkeyinformants.ThemonitoringfindingsreportedbelowarereferencedinfootnotesusingthecodingkeysdescribedinAppendix2.

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FindingsfromQualitativeData

Balkh

Undercivicrights,therearereportsofimprovedsecurityconditionsandpolicebehaviortowardcivilians,betteraccesstoformaljustice,andmorewillingnessamongcitizenstoparticipateinpoliticalactivitiesincludingmembershipinpoliticalparties.Citizens’interestinparticipatinginelectionshascontinuedtodecrease,however.Therearealsoreportsofdecreasesinearlymarriage,sexualabuse,andschooldropoutbutanincreaseinchildlabordue,reportedly,toincreasedpovertyanddisplacement.Undersocialrights,healthcare,foodsecurity,educationandhousingforIDPsshowedimprovementssinceApril2016whilefamilyrightsremainedunchanged.Undereconomicrights,aslightimprovementappearsinaccesstopaidemploymentbecauseofthecultivationseason.Unemploymentcontinuestobeamajorconcernformany.Nochangeswerereportedinworkingconditions.Corruptionandgenderdiscriminationinaccessingbasicservicesremainunchanged.Table3:SummaryProfile–Balkh

StatusPillar/Indicators Unchanged Improved DeterioratedCivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity ✔1 RighttoEfficientandFairJustice ✔2 Children’sRights ✔3 ✔4RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs ✔5 ✔6FreedomofOpinionandExpression ✔

SocialRights: RighttoHealth ✔7

RighttoAdequateHousingandFacilities ✔8 ✔9

FoodSecurity ✔10 RighttoEducation ✔11

FamilyRights ✔

EconomicRights:

RighttoWorkandFairnessinEmployment ✔12

RighttoDecentWorkingConditions ✔

CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations ✔ ✔13 Corruption ✔14 ✔15

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Notes:81. Thenumberofsecuritycheckpostshasincreasedandtherehasbeenregularsecuritymeetings

betweentheGovernorandthepolice,resultinginimprovedsecurityconditions.Significantimprovementwasnotedinpolicebehaviorregardingcaseregistrationandtowardwomenandchildren.

2. Awarenessprogrammingaroundlegalrightshasincreasedtheuseoftheformaljusticesystembybothmenandwomen.Khulmdistrictisanexception,however,wherewomencontinuetohavelimitedaccesstoformaljustice.Improvementwasnotedintheperformanceofformaljusticeorganizationsespeciallywithregardtotimelyresolutionofcases.

3. Effortstoincreaseawarenessonviolenceagainstchildrenthroughcommunityawarenessprogramshavereportedlyresultedinadecreaseinearlymarriages,sexualabuseandschooldropouts.Children’saccesstojustice,reformcentersandorphanageshasremainedunchanged,however.

4. Increasedpovertyandforceddisplacementhaveresultedinanincreaseininstancesofchildlabor.5. Thereisagrowinginteresttojoinpoliticalparties.6. Respondents’interestinparticipationinelectionshascontinuedtodecreasesincethelastroundof

monitoringinApril2016.Therehasnotbeenanysignificantchangeinthehiringprocessforgovernmentvacancies.

7. Increasednumberofgovernmentandprivatehealthfacilities,availabilityofnightstaffinhospitalsandintroductionofcarclinicsinvillagesarereportedlyresponsibleforimprovedaccesstohealthservices,includingmaternityhealth.

8. Nosignificantimprovementwasreportedinaccesstohousingfacilities,withanexceptionofincreasedaccesstodrinkingwaterinsomeareasofBalkhwhereWaterDepartmenthasdugadditionalwells.

9. IDPs’accesstoshelterandbasicserviceshasreportedlyincreasedsinceApril2014,mainlybecauseofthehumanitarianaidprovidedbyaidagenciessuchasUNHCRandSavetheChildren.

10. Governmentinstitutions,food-aidagencies,tradersandlocalcharitiesprovidedassistancetofoodinsecurepeopleduringthemonthofRamadan,alleviatingfoodinsecuritytemporarily.

11. Awarenessprogramsbymediaandanincreaseinthenumberofprivateschoolshaveincreasedaccesstoeducation.

12. Thecultivationseasonbroughtaslightincreaseinemploymentopportunities.However,unemploymentremainsamajorconcernformany.

13. Genderdiscriminationreportedlydecreasedinaccesstojusticebecauseoftheincreaseingeneralawarenessaroundwomen’srights.Inothersectors,nochangewasnotedoverthereportingperiod.

14. Corruptionlevelsinrelationtopolice,traditionaljusticesystem,andhiringineducationdepartmentremainedunchanged.

15. Intervieweesmentionedadecreaseincorruptioninformaljudiciaryandhealthservices.Thesechangesappeartobetheresultofincreasedtransparencyintherecruitmentprocess,transferofcorruptstaffandincreasedsalariesfortheemployees.

8Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-F-Bal-NG-1,KI-M-Bal-NG-2,KI-M-Bal-NG-3,KI-M-Bal-NG-4,KI-F-Bal-Go-1,KI-M-Bal-Go-2,FGD-F-Bal-Go-3,FGD-F-Bal-Go-4,FGD-F-Bal-Go-5,KI-M-Bal-Go-6,KI-M-Bal-Go-7,KI-F-Bal-Go-8,KI-F-Bal-Go-9,KI-M-Bal-Go-10,KI-M-Bal-Go-11,KI-M-Bal-Go-12,KI-M-Bal-Go-13,KI-F-Bal-Go-14,KI-F-Bal-Go-15,KI-M-Bal-Go-16,KI-M-Bal-Go-17,KI-F-Bal-Go-18,KI-F-Bal-Go-19,KI-F-Bal-Go-20،KI-M-Bal-Go-21,FGD-M-Bal-CS-1,FGD-M-Bal-CS-2,FGD-M-Bal-CS-3,KI-M-Bal-CS-4,KI-M-Bal-CS-5,KI-F-Bal-CS-6,KI-F-Bal-CS-7,KI-F-Bal-CS-8,KI-M-Bal-CS-9,andKI-F-Bal-PI-1

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Bamyan

TherearereportsofimprovementsinthebehaviorofpolicetowardthepublicandaccesstojusticesinceApril2016.Atthesametime,securityhasdeterioratedandtherehavebeenincreasesinviolenceagainstchildren,childlabor,andthreatsagainstjournalists.Therehasbeennochangeinpublicinterestinparticipatinginfutureelections.Accesstoeducationisreportedtohaveincreased,andmechanismsforresolutionoffamilydisputeshaveimproved.Waterandlandrelateddisputeshavedecreasedandtherehavebeennochangesinaccesstohealthservices,foodsecurity,andbasichousingfacilities.Decreasingemploymentopportunitiesremainamajorconcernespeciallyamongtheeducatedyoung.Therereportsofadecreaseingenderdiscriminationinaccessingemploymentandimprovementsinthetreatmentofwomenatworkplaces.Genderdiscriminationalsoshowedadecreaseinformaljudicialorganizations.Accesstobasicservicesandrightsisaffectedbycorruptionthoughtherehasbeenadecreaseincorruptioninimportantsectorssuchaseducationandtheformaljusticesystem.Table4:SummaryProfile–Bamyan

StatusPillar/Indicators Unchanged Improved DeterioratedCivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity ✔1 ✔2RighttoEfficientandFairJustice ✔3 Children’sRights ✔ ✔4RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs ✔ FreedomofOpinionandExpression ✔5



FoodSecurity ✔ RighttoEducation ✔9

FamilyRights ✔10

EconomicRights:


RighttoDecentWorkingConditions ✔12

CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations ✔12 Corruption ✔13 ✔14

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Notes:91. GeneralsentimentaboutpolicebehaviorispositiveandhasbeenimprovinginBamyan.The

improvementsareattributedtothetrainingsgiventothepoliceintheprovince.2. ThesecuritysituationinBamyanhasdeterioratedsincethefirstmonitoringcycle,duefights

betweenthesecurityforcesandAOGfighters.DistrictGovernorofKahmardwaskilledduringthisreportingperiod.

3. AccesstoformaljusticeforbothmenandwomenhasimprovedsinceApril2016duemainlytothereplacementofcorruptjudicialstaffandestablishmentofanewdepartmentforincreasingwomen’stoformaljudicialinstitutions.

4. Childlaborhasincreased,especiallyintheagriculturesectorduetotheonsetofcultivationseason.Therewerenoreportedchangesinsexualabuseofchildren,forcedandearlymarriages,accesstoeducation,andaccesstojusticeandorphanages.

5. AnincreaseinthenumberofthreatsagainstjournalistswasreportedsinceApril2016.6. Newdoctorshavebeenappointed.However,therehasbeennosignificantchangeinaccessto

andqualityofhealthservices.7. Therehavebeennochangesinservicesrelatedtohousing,water,landandelectricity.Basic

servicesfordisplacedpeopleremainunchanged.8. Therehavebeenfewerdisputesrelatingtowaterandlandissues.Thehigherthannormal

availabilityofwaterforirrigationisreportedtobethemaincauseforthedecreaseinthesedisputes.

9. Educationservicesimprovedintermsofaccessandquality.Thechangeisattributedtotheincreaseinthenumberofprofessionalteachersandenhancedmonitoringprogramsbytheeducationdepartment.

10. Therehasbeenanincreaseinnumberoffamilydisputesresolvedthroughformaljudicialorganizations.Police’sattitudetowardsdomesticviolencecasesissaidtohaveimproved.Thehandlingofotherfamilyrelatedissuessuchasdivorceandaccesstosafehousesremainunchanged.

11. Unemploymentcontinuestorisewithanincreasingnumberofyoungjoblessgraduates.Agricultureremainsthemainsourceofemployment.Nepotisminthehiringprocesspersists.

12. Discriminationbasedongenderatworkplaceshasreportedlydecreased.SomeattributethisdecreasetoeffortsbytheCommissiononPreventionofViolenceAgainstWomen.Nochangewasreportedinsecurityatworkplaces.

13. Genderdiscriminationinthejobmarketissaidtohavedecreased.Womencontinuetogetpreferenceovermenincaseofscoringequalpointsinhiringprocess.Thetreatmentofwomenbytheformaljudiciaryhasimproved,duelargelytothecreationofanewdepartmenttoaddresscasesrelatedtowomen.

14. Adecreaseisreportedincorruptionintheformaljudiciaryandeducation,attributedtothereplacementortransferofcorruptofficials.Corruptionremainsunchangedinthepoliceandaccesstoemployment,healthservices,andelectricityservices.

9Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-Bam-Go-12,KI-M-Bam-Go-10,KI-M-Bam-Go-2,KI-F-Bam-Go-1,KI-M-Bam-Go-14،KI-M-Bam-Go-17,KI-M-Bam-Go-16،KI-M-Bam-Go-21,FGD-M-Bam-CS-1,FGD-M-Bam-CS-3,FGD-M-Bam-CS-2,KI-M-Bam-CS-5,KI-M-Bam-CS-4,KI-M-Bam-NG-3,KI-F-Bam-NG-1,KI-F-Bam-Go-8,KI-M-Bam-GO-9,KI-F-Bam-Go-13,KI-M-Bam-Go-11,KI-M-Bam-NG-2,FGD-F-Bam-Go-5,KI-F-Bam-Go-15,KI-M-Bam-Go-20,KI-F-Bam-CS-6,FGD-F-Bam-Go-3,KI-M-Bam-Go-6,KI-F-Bam-CS-7,KI-M-Bam-GO-19,KI-M-Bam-NG-4,KI-M-Bam-CS-9,KI-M-Bam-Go-7,FGD-F-Bam-Go-4,KI-F-Bam-CS-8andKI-M-Bam-PI-1.

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Daikundi

FromMaytoAugust2016,respondentsreportedimprovementsinthebehaviorofpolicetowardcitizens,accesstoformaljustice(particularlyinurbancenters),andchildrenrelatedissuessuchasearlyandforcedmarriagesandsexualabuse.Thereisgrowinginterestinjoiningpoliticalpartieswhilecitizens’interestinparticipatinginelectionsappearstohavedecreased.Accesstotraditionalandformaljusticeremainsthesame.Therehavebeenincreasesinchildlaborandthreatsagainstjournalistsandcivilsocietymembers.Accesstohealthhasincreasedwhiletherehavebeennochangesinaccesstoandqualityofeducation.Interestbyparentstosendchildrentoschoolhasreportedlyincreased.Foodinsecurityhasincreasedbuttherearenoreportedchangesinhousingandbasicamenities,includingwomen’saccesstoshelter.Mechanismsforresolutionoffamilycasesincludingdivorcebycourtshaveimprovedwhileviolenceagainstwomenhasincreased.Decreasingemploymentopportunitiesremainakeyconcern.Genderdiscriminationcontinuestobereportedinaccesstohealthandeducationwithsomereportsthatgenderdiscriminationhasdecreased.Corruptionhasdecreasedintheformaljusticesystembutincreasedinaccesstogovernmentpositionsandpaidemployment.Table5:SummaryProfile–Daikundi

StatusPillar/Indicators Unchanged Improved DeterioratedCivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity ✔1 ✔2RighttoEfficientandFairJustice ✔ ✔3 Children’sRights ✔4 ✔5RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs ✔6 ✔7FreedomofOpinionandExpression ✔8


RighttoAdequateHousingandFacilities ✔

FoodSecurity ✔10RighttoEducation ✔11

FamilyRights ✔12 ✔13

EconomicRights:



CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations ✔ ✔15 Corruption ✔16 ✔17 ✔18

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Notes:101. Currentawarenesstrainingforthepoliceisreportedtohavebroughtsignificantimprovements

inpoliceperformanceandbehavior.Therecontinuestobecomplaints,however,thatthepolicesometimestakesidesindisputesbasedonpoliticalaffiliationandloyalty.

2. Thesecuritysituationhasdeterioratedbecauseofthegrowinginfluenceofarmedgroupsintheprovince.Twelvepeoplewerereportedlykilledinfightsbetweenpoliceandarmedgroupsduringtheassessmentperiod.

3. Inthecenteraccesstoformaljusticehasimprovedsignificantly,resultinginahigherlevelofsatisfactionaboutcourtdecisions.Nochangewasnotedinaccesstoformaljusticeinthedistricts,however.

4. SomeoftheissuesrelatedtochildrenhaveshownimprovementsinceApril2016.Theseincludeadecreaseinthenumberofearlyandforcedmarriagesandsexualabusecases.Children’saccesstojustice,reformcenters,kindergartensandorphanagesremainedunchanged,however.

5. Incidencesofchildlaborhaveincreasedinconstruction,mechanics,andshoemaking.6. Thereisgrowinginterestinjoiningpoliticalpartiesbutmostlyasameansofgainingprotection

ratherthandirectinterestinpolitics.7. Interestinparticipationinelectionscontinuestodecrease.Accesstogovernmentpositionshas

reportedlybecomemoredifficult,mainlybecauseoftheappointmentsbasedonpoliticalaffiliationsandinterferencefromseniorofficialsinthehiringprocess.

8. Therehasbeenanincreaseinthreatsagainstjournalistsandcivilsocietyactivists,includingfrominfluentialgovernmentemployees.

9. Duetobetterweatherconditionsofthesummermonths,accesstohealthservicesimprovedoverthereportingperiod.Inthecenter,accesstoreproductivehealthincreasedwhiletherewerenochangesinthedistricts.

10. Foodinsecurityhasincreasedduetofloodsandunemployment.FoodassistancetopoorfamiliesbythegovernmentandaidagencieshasdecreasedsinceApril2014.

11. Publicinterestinsendingchildrentoschoolhasincreasedbuttherehasbeennochangeinthepoorqualityofeducationalservicesincludingpoorornonexistentinfrastructureandalackofteachingstaff.

12. Thereisgeneralsatisfactionaboutcourtdecisionsregardingfamilyrelatedcases,includingdivorcecases.Nochangewasnotedinwomen’saccesstoshelter,however.

13. Theawarenessprogramsonwomen’srightsonlyengagewomen.Thisapproachissaidtohaveledtoanincreaseinfamilydisputes,sometimesresultingindomesticviolence.

14. Ageneraldeclineinemploymentopportunitiescontinuesbuttherewasaslightimprovementinavailabilityofseasonalagriculture-relatedandconstructionjobs.

15. Womenhavebeenreceivingpreferentialtreatmentinsomehealthservicessuchasreproductiveheath.Women’saccesstoeducationincreasedwithmorefamilieswillingtosendgirlstoschool.Genderdiscriminationinformalandtraditionaljusticeorganizationcontinuedasbefore,however.

10Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-Dai-CS-9,KI-F-Dai-CS-8,KI-F-Dai-CS-6,KI-M-Dai-Go-2,KI-F-Dai-Go-12,KI-M-Dai-NG-3,KI-M-Dai-CS-4,KI-F-Dai-Go-1,KI-M-Dai-NG-4,KI-M-Dai-NG-2,KI-M-Dai-Go-6,FGD-M-Dai-CS-1,FGD-M-Dai-CS-2,KI-M-Dai-GO-11,KI-M-Dai-GO-13,KI-M-Dai-GO-10,KI-M-Dai-GO-14,KI-M-Dai-GO-15,KI-M-Dai-GO-9,KI-F-Dai-GO-8,KI-F-Dai-NG-1,FGD-F-Dai-GO-5,KI-M-Dai-PI-1,KI-M-Dai-GO-16,KI-M-Dai-GO-18,KI-M-Dai-GO-20andFGD-F-Dai-GO-3

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16. Corruptionandnepotismcontinuetopersistinthepolice,traditionaljusticesystem,andhealthservices.

17. Administrativereformsintheformaljusticesystemhavebroughtasignificantreductionincorruption.

18. Corruptioninrecruitmentforpublicpositionsandteachingjobshasincreased.

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Herat

ChangesincivicrightssinceApril2016includereportsofdeterioratingsecuritysituation,increaseinviolenceagainstchildrenincludingchildlaborandchildrecruitmentintoarmedconflicts,andanincreaseinthreatsagainstjournalistsandcivilsocietymembers.Agrowinginterestamongrespondentstojoinpoliticalpartieswasnotedforeasyaccesstoemployment.Therehavebeennochangesinperceptionsoftheperformanceandbehaviorofthesecurityforces,women’saccesstojustice,willingnesstoparticipateinelections,andaccesstogovernmentpositions.Accesstohealth,education,andbasicutilities,andIDPs’accesstolandhavereportedlyimprovedsinceApril2016.Girls’participationineducationhasimproveddramatically.Therehasbeenareductioninlandandwaterrelateddisputes.Foodsecurityremainsunchangedwhileincreasesarereportedinviolenceagainstwomenanddivorcecases.Decreaseinemploymentopportunitiescontinuesandremainsamajorconcernformany.TherehavebeennosignificantchangesinworkingconditionssinceApril2016.Therehavebeenimprovementsinaccesstoeducationbywomenandthehandlingofdivorcecasesbytheformaljusticesystem.Corruptionacrossthesectorsremainsunchanged.Table6:SummaryProfile–Herat

StatusPillar/Indicators Unchanged Improved DeterioratedCivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity ✔ ✔1RighttoEfficientandFairJustice ✔2 Children’sRights ✔3RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs ✔ ✔4 FreedomofOpinionandExpression ✔5


RighttoAdequateHousingandFacilities ✔7


FamilyRights ✔10

EconomicRights:

RighttoWorkandFairnessinEmployment ✔


CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations ✔11 Corruption ✔12

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Notes:111. ArmedconflictshavebeengoingoninPashtonZarghonandShindandforanumberofmonths.2. Traditionalconservatismremainsthemainobstacleforwomeninaccesstojusticeinboth

formalandtraditionaljusticesystems.3. Childrenrelatedissuessuchasearlyandforcedmarriages,sexualabuse,homelessnessandchild

laborhavereportedlyincreasedsinceApril2016.Childrenarealsotargetsforrecruitmentintoarmedconflicts.Thereremainsalackofavailabilityoforphanages,reformcentersandkindergartens.

4. Thereisagrowinginteresttojoinpoliticalpartiesasameanstoincreaseemploymentpossibilities.

5. Therehasbeenanincreaseinthreatsagainstjournalistsandcivilsocietyactivists.6. Improvementsinhealthservicesincludeopeningnewhealthfacilities,upgradingemergency

servicesinpublichospitals,andbetteraccesstomedicineandvaccination.7. TheinaugurationoftheSalmaHydroPowerProjectislikelytobringmajorimprovementsinthe

supplyofelectricityandlandirrigationinandaroundHeratCity.Increasedaccesstowaterhasreportedlyresultedinadecreaseinwaterandlanddisputes.Also,landhasbeendistributedamongdisplacedpeopleatMaselekhandShaidaiIDPcamps.

8. NosignificantchangewasreportedintheconditionoffoodinsecurepeoplesinceApril2016.9. DuetoadministrativereformsbytheChairmanofEducationDepartment,accesstoandquality

ofeducationserviceshavereportedlyimproved.Girls’accesstoeducationhasincreasedandtherehasbeenadecreaseinthenumberof“ghost”teachers.

10. Casesofviolenceagainstwomenhavereportedlyincreased,attributedbymanytounemploymentamongmenandpoverty.TherehasalsobeenanincreaseinnumberofdivorcecasessinceApril2016.

11. Womenaccess’stoeducationhasimprovedsignificantlywitharound54percentofstudentsbeinggirls.Women’sawarenessof“rightsindivorce”hasincreasedandmorecasesarebeingreferredtoformalcourtsascomparedtothepast.Genderdiscriminationcontinuedinaccesstogovernmentjobsandatworkplaces,however.

12. Therehasbeennochangeincorruptionlevelswithinthepolice,formaljusticeorganizations,andpublicofficials.Therewerementionsofimprovementsinelectricityserviceswithinstallationofmeterstocalculateuseofelectricityandpreventcorruption.

11Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-Her-Go-12,KI-F-Her-NG-1,KI-M-Her-NG-2,KI-M-Her-NG-3,KI-M-Her-NG-4,KI-F-Her-Go-1,KI-M-Her-Go-2,FGD-F-Her-Go-3,FGD-F-Her-Go-4,FGD-F-Her-Go-5,KI-M-Her-Go-6,KI-F-Her-Go-8,KI-M-Her-Go-9,KI-M-Her-Go-10,KI-M-Her-Go-11,KI-M-Her-Go-12,KI-F-Her-Go-13,KI-M-Her-Go-14,KI-F-Her-Go-15,KI-F-Her-Go-16,KI-M-Her-Go-17,KI-F-Her-Go-18,KI-M-Her-Go-19,KI-M-Her-Go-20،KI-M-Her-Go-21,FGD-M-Her-CS-1,FGD-M-Her-CS-2,FGD-M-Her-CS-3,KI-M-Her-CS-4,KI-M-Her-CS-5,KI-F-Her-CS-6,KI-F-Her-CS-7,KI-F-Her-CS-8,KI-M-Her-CS-9andKI-M-Her-PI-1.

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Kabul

SinceApril2016therehavebeenimprovementsinpolicebehaviortowardthecitizens,accesstoformaljustice,andperformanceofformaljusticeorganizations.Duringthesameperiodtherehasbeendeteriorationinthesecuritysituation,children’srights,andaccesstogovernmentpositions.Threatsagainstjournalistsalsoincreased.Therehavebeennochangesinthepublicperceptionofelections.TherehasbeennomajorchangeinthequalityofhealthservicesandaccesstobasicservicesincludingIDP’saccesstoshelter.Educationservicesimprovedintermsofaccessandquality,attributedtochangesinthecurriculum,betteravailabilityoftextbooks,andclosermonitoringofschools.Disputesoverinheritance,domesticviolence,anddivorcecaseshaveincreasedwhiletherehasbeenanimprovementinwomen’sawarenessoftheirrightsininheritanceanddivorcecases.Accesstofoodhasdeteriorated,reportedlyduetolackofemployment,generalpoverty,andsubstanceaddiction.PooreconomyandlackofjobsopportunitiescontinuedtobemajorcausesofincreasingunemploymentinKabulprovince.SafetyatworkplaceshasreportedlyincreasedsinceApril2016.Therearereportsofadecreaseingenderdiscriminationintheformaljusticesystemandpaidemployment.Animprovementinthetreatmentofwomenatworkplacewasalsoreported.Corruptionhasincreasedinmostkeysectorssuchasthepolice,basicservices,andpaidemployment.Table7:SummaryProfile–Kabul

StatusPillar/Indicators Unchanged Improved DeterioratedCivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity ✔1 ✔2RighttoEfficientandFairJustice ✔3 Children’sRights ✔4RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs ✔5FreedomofOpinionandExpression ✔6

SocialRights: RighttoHealth ✔7 ✔8


FoodSecurity ✔10RighttoEducation ✔11

FamilyRights ✔12 ✔13

EconomicRights:



CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations ✔16 Corruption ✔17

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Notes:121. GeneralperceptionaboutpolicebehaviorandperformanceremainspositiveinKabul.Therehas

beenanimprovementinpolicebehaviortowardswomenandenhancedcooperationbetweenthepublicandthepolice.

2. ThesecuritysituationdeterioratedinthemonthsfollowingApril2016,withincreasednumberofsuicideattacks,explosionsandkidnappings.

3. Accesstoformaljusticehasimproved,reportedlyduetothereplacementofanumberofhigh-rankingofficialsandincreasedpublicawareness.

4. Sexualharassmentofgirlsinpublicspaceshasincreased.TherehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberofschooldropoutssinceApril2016.Childlaborincreaseddue,reportedly,toincreasingunemploymentofparents.Therearealsoreportsofchildrenbeingrecruitedintoarmedconflictbythearmedoppositiongroups.

5. Accesstogovernmentpositionshasbecomemoredifficultforthosewithoutconnections.Individualswhowereactiveduringthe2014electionshaveallegedlybeenrewardedwithleadershippositionsinthegovernment.Nochange,however,wasnotedinpeople’sperceptionofelectionswithgeneralskepticismprevailing.

6. InKabulCitythreatsagainstjournalistshaveincreased.7. QualityofhealthservicesinKabulprovinceremainedunchanged,withdistributionoflow

qualitymedicinecontinuingtoprevail.8. Accesstohealthservices,especiallyinKabulCity,hasincreasedduetotheincreasesinthe

numberofprivatehospitalsandclinics.Midwifeservicesinhospitalshavealsoincreased.9. TherehasbeennochangeinbasicservicessuchaswaterandelectricityexceptforIstalif,where

servicesinbothcaseshavereportedlyimproved.Basicservicesfordisplacedpeopleremainunchanged.

10. TherehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberoffoodinsecurepeoplesinceApril2016.Increasedunemploymentandsubstanceadditionarepointedtoasmaindriversoffoodinsecurity.

11. Therehavebeenimprovementsineducationservicesinaccessandquality.Theincreaseinqualityisattributedtochangesinthecurriculum,wideravailabilityoftextbooks,andclosermonitoringoftheschools.

12. Therehasbeenanincreaseintheawarenessofwomenoftheirrightsininheritanceanddivorce.Therehasalsobeenadecreaseinfamilyrelatedviolence,attributedmainlytocontinuedadvocacybyhumanrightsandwomen’srightsorganizations.

13. InKabulCitydisputesoverinheritance,domesticviolenceincludingphysicalviolenceagainstwomen,earlymarriage,exchangemarriage,baad,anddivorcehaveincreased.

14. Accesstopaidemploymenthasdeclinedwhilewidespreadcorruptionandnepotisminthejobmarketpersist.

15. SafetyattheworkplacehasreportedlyincreasedsinceApril2016.16. Thebehaviorofformaljudicialorganizationstowardswomenhasreportedlyimproved.There

arereportsofsomeemployersgivingpreferencetoemployingwomen.17. Corruptionissaidtohaveincreasedinthepolice,basicservices,andinaccessingemployment.

12Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-Kab-Go-6,KI-F-Kab-Go-16,KI-F-Kab-Go-18,KI-F-Kab-Go-20,FGD-M-Kab-CS-2,KI-M-Kab-CS-4,KI-F-Kab-CS-6,KI-F-Kab-CS-7,KI-M-Kab-CS-5,FGD-M-Kab-CS-3,KI-F-Kab-Go-21,KI-F-Kab-Go-19,KI-F-Kab-Go-17,KI-M-Kab-Go-7,FGD-F-Kab-Go-4,KI-F-Kab-NG-1,KI-M-Kab-NG-2,KI-M-Kab-NG-3,KI-M-Kab-NG-4,KI-F-Kab-Go-1,KI-M-Kab-Go-2,FGD-F-Kab-Go-5,KI-F-Kab-Go-8,KI-F-Kab-Go-9,KI-F-Kab-Go-10,KI-F-Kab-Go-11,KI-F-Kab-Go-12,KI-F-Kab-Go-13,KI-F-Kab-Go-14,KI-F-Kab-Go-15,FGD-M-Kab-CS-1,KI-F-Kab-CS-8,KI-M-Kab-CS-9,KI-F-Kab-PI-1andFGD-F-KAB-CS-10

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Kandahar

ChangesincivicrightssinceApril2016includereportsofimprovementinthesecuritysituationandtheperformanceofthepolice,increaseinaccesstoformaljusticeforbothmenandwomen,andincreasedinterestamongrespondentstojoinpoliticalparties.Therearereportsofadecreaseinschooldropoutsanddecreasesinsexualabuseofchildrenandchildren’sengagementinarmedconflicts.Childlabor,however,continuestoincrease.Thereisgeneraldiscontentaboutthelackofaccesstogovernmentjobs.Threatsagainstjournalistsandcivilsocietyactivistsremainamajorconcern.Intermsofsocialrights,improvementswerereportedinhealthservices,education,housingandbasicfacilitiesinthecenter.FamilyrelatedissuesincludingdomesticviolencehasreportedlydecreasedsinceApril2016.Intheoutlyingdistricts,accesstoandqualityofeducationservicesandaccesstosafewaterhavedeteriorated.FoodinsecurityisreportedtohaverisensinceApril2016.Accesstopaidemploymentcontinuestodeclineandtherehavebeennosignificantchangesinworkingconditions.Exceptforadecreaseingirls’accesstoeducation,genderdiscriminationshowedimprovementsinaccesstoformaljustice,accesstogovernmentpositions,accesstohealthservices,andtreatmentatworkplaces.Corruptionisreportedtohaveincreasedinapplyingforgovernmentpositionsandpaidemployment.Table8:SummaryProfile–Kandahar

StatusPillar/Indicators Unchanged Improved DeterioratedCivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity ✔1 RighttoEfficientandFairJustice ✔2 Children’sRights ✔3 ✔4RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs ✔5 ✔6FreedomofOpinionandExpression ✔7



FoodSecurity ✔11RighttoEducation ✔12 ✔13

FamilyRights ✔14

EconomicRights:



CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations ✔16 ✔17Corruption ✔18 ✔19

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Notes:131. Generalperceptionaboutpolicebehaviorandperformanceispositive.Publictrustinthepolice

hasimproved,attributedtotheincreaseinthenumberofsecuritycheckposts,transparentpoliceleadershipandbettercoordinationamongANPdepartments.

2. Accesstoformaljusticeforbothmenandwomenhasincreased,withanumberofcasesbeinghandledbydefenselawyers.Theperformanceandbehavioroftheformaljudicialstaffviewedaspositive.ThechangesareattributedtotheappointmentofthenewChiefofAppealsatthehighcourt.Accesstotraditionaljusticesystemremainedunchanged.

3. Publicawarenessprogramshavereportedlyresultedindecreasesinschooldropouts,children’sengagementinarmedconflictsandsexualabusecases.Children’scasesarealsobeinginvestigatedincourts.Therehavebeenincreasesinthenumberofkindergartens,orphanagesandrehabilitationcenters,mostlyinKandaharCity.

4. Childlaborcontinuestoincreaseduetorisingunemploymentandeconomichardship.5. Publicawarenessprogramsoncivicengagementhavereportedlyencouragedpeople’sactive

participationinpoliticalparties.6. Accesstogovernmentjobshasdecreasedandcontinuestobeaffectedbynepotism.7. Threatsagainstoutspokenindividualsbystateandnon-stateactorshaveincreased.8. Asignificantchangewasnotedinaccesstoandqualityofhealthservicesincludingreproductive

health.Theimprovementsareattributedtothemonitoringofhospitalsandclinicsbythehealthdepartment,implementationofHealthcareQualityImprovementPartnership(HQIP)program,increasednumberofpharmacies,recruitmentofspecializeddoctors,andsubsidizedfoodforpatients.

9. InKandaharcenteraccesstohousingandbasicfacilitieshasreportedlyincreased.Therehasbeenadecreaseinwaterandlanddisputes.TherehasbeennomajorchangeinhousingandbasicfacilitiesforIDPssinceApril2016.

10. Intheoutlyingdistrictsaccesstosafedrinkingwaterhasdecreasedbecausemanyofthewaterpumpsconstructedearlieraredamagedandnolongerfunction.

11. Despitesomefoodassistancefromgovernment,aidagenciesandtraders,accesstofoodhasdecreased.Someofthefoodinsecurepeoplecanonlyaffordonemealaday,mostlybread.

12. InKandaharcenterimprovementswerenotedinaccesstoandqualityofeducationservices,attributedtotherecruitmentofspecializedteachersandconstructionofnewinfrastructureincludinglavatoriesintheschools.

13. Intheoutlyingdistrictsaccesstoandqualityofeducationhasreportedlydeteriorated.Schoolscontinuetolackspecializedteachersandfemaleteachers.

14. FamilyrelatedconflictsincludingviolenceagainstwomenhavedecreasedsinceApril2016.Thisisattributedtoincreasedpublicawarenessprogrammingonfamilyrights.

15. Unemploymentcontinuestoincrease.16. Genderdiscriminationhasreportedlydecreasedinaccesstoformaljustice,competingfor

governmentpositions,accesstohealth,andinworkplaces.

13Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-Kan-Go-1,KI-M-Kan-NG-4,KI-F-Kan-NG-1,KI-F-Kan-PI-1,FGD-F-Kan-Go-4,KI-F-Kan-CS-8,FGD-F-Kan-Go-3,KI-F-Kan-CS-7,KI-F-Kan-NG-3,KI-F-Kan-Go-8,FGD-F-Kan-Go-5,KI-M-Kan-Go-10,KI-M-Kan-CS-5,KI-M-Kan-Go-12,KI-M-Kan-Go-7,KI-M-Kan-Go-21,KI-M-Kan-Go-13,KI-M-Kan-Go-14,KI-M-Kan-Go-9,KI-M-Kan-Go-19,KI-M-Kan-Go-6,KI-F-Kan-CS-6,KI-F-Kan-Go-1,KI-M-Kan-Go-2,KI-F-Kan-Go-15,KI-F-Kan-Go-20,FGD-M-Kan-CS-2,FGD-M-Kan-CS-1,KI-F-Kan-Go-16,KI-Kan-Go-17,KI-F-Kan-Go-18,FGD-M-Kan-CS-3,KI-M-Kan-CS-4,KI-M-Kan-CS-9,andKI-M-Kan-NG-2

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17. Girls’accesstoeducationdecreasedduetoalackoffemaleteachers,absenceoftransportfacilitiesandculturalpracticesthatdiscouragewomen’seducation,particularlyathighergrades.

18. Therehasbeenadecreaseincorruptioninthepolicedepartment,formaljusticesystem,andhealthservices.

19. Corruptionincreasedinaccesstogovernmentpositionsandpaidemployment.

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Khost

Therehavebeenimprovementsinthesecuritysituation,accesstoformaljustice,children’saccesstojustice,accesstogovernmentpositionsandinterestinjoiningpoliticalparties.Thebehaviorofthepolicetowardcitizenshasalsoimproved.Incidencesofchildlaborandrecruitmentofchildrenintoarmedconflictshaveincreased.Therehavebeennochangesaffectingfreedomofexpression.Therehasbeenadecreaseinwaterandlandrelateddisputesandincreasesinaccesstofoodandeducation.Accesstoandqualityofhealthserviceshavedeteriorated.ViolenceagainstwomenisreportedtohaveincreasedsinceApril2016.Therehavebeennomajorchangesintheavailabilityofandaccesstobasicfacilitiessuchashousingandelectricity.Employmentopportunitiescontinuetodecrease.Discriminationbasedonkinship,ethnicityandpowerrelationsinaccessingpaidemploymenthasalsodecreased.Therehavebeensomeimprovementsinsafetyatworkplaces.Adecreaseingenderdiscriminationwasreportedinaccesstogovernmentpositionsandeducation.Corruptionhasreportedlydecreasedinthepolice,formaljusticesystem,andeducationservices.Anincreaseincorruptionwasreportedinaccesstogovernmentpositionsandaccesstohealthservices.Table9:SummaryProfile–Khost

StatusPillar/Indicators Unchanged Improved DeterioratedCivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity ✔1 RighttoEfficientandFairJustice ✔2 Children’sRights ✔3 ✔4RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs ✔5 FreedomofOpinionandExpression ✔


RighttoAdequateHousingandFacilities ✔ ✔7


FamilyRights ✔10

EconomicRights:




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Notes:141. ThegeneralperceptionaboutpolicebehaviorandperformanceispositiveinKhost.Publictrust

inpolicehasreportedlyimprovedsinceApril2016.Theseimprovementsareattributedtoeducationaltrainingsgiventopoliceforcesintheprovince.Overall,securitysituationisconsideredpositive.

2. Accesstoformaljusticehasincreasedforbothmenandwomenduetotheincreasedmonitoringoftheformaljusticesystembythegovernment.

3. Therehasbeenanincreaseinchildren’saccesstojustice.Sexualabusecaseshavereportedlydecreasedduetoincreasedpublicawareness.

4. Childlaborandrecruitmentofchildreninarmedconflicthasincreasedduemainlytoincreasedpovertyandunemployment.Children’saccesstoorphanages,rehabilitationcenters,Juvenilehomesandkindergartenshasalsodecreased.

5. Reportedly,thenumberofgovernmentpositionsandsalariesofgovernmentemployeeshaveincreased.Thereisagrowinginterestamongrespondentstojoinpoliticalpartiesasameansforsecuringgovernmentjobs.

6. AccesstohealthserviceshasdeclinedsinceApril2016,duetolackofdoctorsandnurses.Thequalityofhealthservicesremainsunchanged,however.

7. Adecreaseindisputesrelatedtowaterandlandwasreportedduetoincreasedpublicawarenessandreconciliationefforts.Becauseofthereliefeffortsfrominternationalagencies,IDPs’accesstohousingandbasicfacilitieshasreportedlyimproved.

8. Accesstofoodhasincreasedbecauseoftheincreasedfoodassistancefromaidorganizations.9. Accesstoeducationforbothboysandgirlshasincreased.Thequalityofeducationremains

poor,however.10. ViolenceagainstwomenisreportedtohaveincreasedsinceApril2016,withhigheroccurrences

ofdomesticviolence.Women’srightscontinuetobeoverlookedindivorcecases.11. Accesstoemploymentisdecreasing.Discriminationbasedonkinship,ethnicityandpowerin

accessingpaidemploymenthasdeclined,however.12. Safetyatworkplaceshasimproved.13. Genderdiscriminationdecreasedingovernmentpositionsandaccesstoeducationand

remainedunchangedinaccesstoformaljustice.14. Corruptioninthepolice,formaljustice,andeducationhasdecreased,attributedtoachangein

leadershipandtransferandreplacementofcorruptemployeesandbettermonitoringofthepolicedepartment.

15. Corruptionincreasedinaccesstogovernmentpositions,accesstopaidemployment,andaccesstohealth.

14Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-M-Kho-Go-2,KI-M-Kho-Go-11,KI-M-Kho-Go-14,KI-M-Kho-Go-10,KI-M-Kho-Go-13,KI-M-Kho-Go-15,KI-M-Kho-Go-6,KI-M-Kho-Go-16,KI-M-Kho-Go-20,FGD-F-Kho-Go-3,FGD-F-Kho-Go-4,KI-M-Kho-Go-9,KI-M-Kho-CS-4,KI-M-Kho-Go-19,KI-M-Kho-Go-7,KI-M-Kho-Go-17,KI-M-Kho-Go-18,KI-M-Kho-Go-21,KI-M-Kho-PI-1,KI-F-Kho-NGO-1+KI-M-Kho-NGO-2,KI-M-Kho-NGO-3,KI-M-Kho-Go-12,KI-M-Kho-NGO-4,KI-M-Kho-CS-9,KI-F-Kho-CS-8,KI-F-Kho-Go-1,KI-M-Kho-CS-5,KI-F-Kho-CS-7,KI-F-Kho-CS-6,FGD-F-Kho-GO-5,FGD-M-Kho-CS-1,FGD-F-Kho-GO-3andFGD-M-Kho-CS-2

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Kunduz

DespitethetemporaryfallofKunduzCity,therehavebeennochangesintheperformanceandbehaviorofthepolice,accesstoformaljustice,citizens’interestinparticipatinginelectionsandfreedomofspeechwitnessed.Therearereportsofahighernumberofchildrenworkingespeciallyinagricultureascomparedtobefore.Therehavebeennosignificantchangesinhealthservices,housingandbasicfacilities,andfamilyrights.ImprovementwasreportedinaccesstofoodsinceApril2016.Therehasbeenadeclineinemploymentopportunitiesasaconsequenceofincreasedinsecurity,decreaseindevelopmentprojectsandlackofprivateinvestmentintheprovince.WorkingconditionshavedeterioratedsinceApril2016.Increasedinsecurityhasresultedinasignificantdecreaseingirls’accesstoeducation.Genderdiscriminationinaccesstopublicpositionshasdecreased,however.Corruptionincreasedinthepolice,educationservicesandinaccesstopaidemployment.Adecreaseincorruptionwasnotedinformaljusticeorganizations.Table10:SummaryProfile–Kunduz

StatusPillar/Indicators Unchanged Improved DeterioratedCivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity ✔1 RighttoEfficientandFairJustice ✔2 Children’sRights ✔3RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs ✔ FreedomofOpinionandExpression ✔

SocialRights: RighttoHealth ✔



FamilyRights ✔7

EconomicRights:



CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations ✔10 ✔10Corruption ✔11 ✔12

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Notes:151. TherewerenomajorchangesinthesecuritysituationsinceApril2016.Therewereno

significantchangesintheperformanceandbehaviorofthepolice.2. Traditionaljusticecontinuestobepreferredoverformaljustice,duemainlytothetimely

resolutionofcasesbytraditionaljusticesystem.Accesstoformaljusticeremainsunchanged.3. Childlaborcontinuestoincrease,mainlyinagriculture.Recruitmentofchildrenintoarmed

conflictalsocontinues.4. Therehasbeennosignificantchangeinaccesstohousingandbasicfacilities.5. Foodassistancebygovernmentandnon-governmentorganizationshasincreasedsinceApril

2016.6. Accesstoeducationremainsunchanged,despitetherecentconflicts.7. Divorcecontinuestobeconsideredasataboo.8. Thedeclineinemploymentopportunitiescontinues.9. Securityattheworkplacehasdeteriorated.10. Thenumberofwomeninhighergovernmentpositionshasincreasedwhilethenumberofgirls

ineducationdecreasedduetoincreasedinsecurity.11. Increasedsalariesofformaljudicialstaffhaveresultedinadecreaseincorruptioninformal

justice.Corruptioncontinuesasbeforeinhealthservices,accesstohousingandbasicservices.12. Corruptionhasincreasedinthepolice,accesstopaidemployment,hiringteachers,andgrading

students.

15Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-F-Kun-NG-1,KI-M-Kun-NG-2,KI-M-Kun-NG-3,KI-M-Kun-NG-4,KI-F-Kun-Go-1,KI-M-Kun-Go-2,FGD-F-Kun-Go-3,FGD-F-Kun-Go-4,FGD-F-Kun-Go-5,KI-M-Kun-Go-6,KI-M-Kun-Go-7,KI-F-Kun-Go-8,KI-F-Kun-Go-9,KI-M-Kun-Go-10,KI-M-Kun-Go-11,KI-M-Kun-Go-12,KI-M-Kun-Go-13,KI-F-Kun-Go-14,KI-F-Kun-Go-15,KI-M-Kun-Go-16,KI-M-Kun-Go-17,KI-F-Kun-Go-18,KI-F-Kun-Go-19,KI-F-Kun-Go-20,KI-M-Kun-Go-21,FGD-M-Kun-CS-1,FGD-M-Kun-CS-2,FGD-M-Kun-CS-3,KI-M-Kun-CS-4,KI-M-Kun-CS-5,KI-F-Kun-CS-6،KI-F-Kun-CS-7,KI-F-Kun-CS-8,KI-M-Kun-CS-9andKI-F-Kun-PI-1

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Nangarhar

Generalsecurityhasdeteriorated.However,therehavebeenimprovementsinthebehaviorofthepolicetowardcitizens,accesstoformaljustice,children’srights,andinterestinjoiningpoliticalparties.Therehavebeennochangesaffectingfreedomofexpression.Therehavebeenimprovementsinaccesstoandqualityofhealthservices,accesstoeducation,accesstowaterandIDPs’accesstoshelter.Therehasbeenadecreaseinviolenceagainstwomen,increaseinwomen’saccesstoshelters,andincreaseinpublicawarenessofwomen’sinheritancerights.AccesstoelectricityhasdeclinedsinceApril2016whiletherehasbeenanincreaseinlandandpropertydisputes.Therehasbeennosignificantchangeinaccesstofoodandqualityofeducation.Accesstoworkandworkingconditionshavedeteriorated.Genderdiscriminationhasreportedlydecreasedinaccessinggovernmentjobs,healthservices,education,andatworkplaces.Corruptionhasincreasedinformaljusticesystem,educationservices,housingandbasicservices,andpaidemployment.Table11:SummaryProfile–Nangarhar

StatusPillar/Indicators Unchanged Improved DeterioratedCivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity ✔1 ✔2RighttoEfficientandFairJustice ✔3 Children’sRights ✔4 ✔5RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs ✔6 FreedomofOpinionandExpression ✔




FamilyRights ✔12

EconomicRights:



CrosscuttingThemes: GenderRelations ✔15 ✔16 Corruption ✔17

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Notes:161. Newtrainingandworkshopsforpolicehavereportedlyimprovedtheirperformanceand

behaviortowardthepublic.2. ConflictinTorkhamandthesecurityforces’offensiveagainstTalibanandDaeshhasincreased

insecurityintheprovince.3. Reformssuchasthereplacementofcorruptofficialsandrecruitmentofyoungpeopleinthe

formaljusticesystemhaveresultedinimprovedaccesstoformaljustice.Theperformanceandbehaviorofformaljusticeofficialsareviewedaspositive.

4. Publicawarenessprogramsbygovernmentandnon-governmentagenciessuchasUNICEF,UNESCO,IRCandSavetheChildrenhaveledtoimprovementsinsomeoftheissuesrelatedtochildrenincludingearlyandforcedmarriages,sexualabuse,andchildren’saccesstoreformcentersandorphanages.

5. Childlaborcontinuestoincreasewitharound14,000childrenreportedlyengagedinchildlaborthroughouttheprovince.Childrenmostlyworkinice-creamshops,bakeries,homesasdomestichelp,construction,mechanical/repairshops,shoemakersandbeggars.TherehasbeenanincreaseintherecruitmentofchildrenforarmedconflictwithsomebeingrecruitedbyDaesh.

6. Thereisagrowinginteresttojoinpoliticalpartiesasameanstoadvanceemploymentpossibilities.

7. Recruitmentofnewdoctorsandnursesandconstructionofinfrastructurehaveimprovedaccesstoandqualityofhealthservices.

8. AccesstosafedrinkingwaterinJalalabadhasincreasedasaresultofnewdeepwellshavingbeendug.TherehasbeenaslightimprovementinIDPs’accesstoshelterwithassistancefromUNHCR.

9. Demandforelectricitycontinuestooutstripsupply,particularlyinhotsummermonthswhentheuseofairconditionersisatitshighest.TherehasbeenanincreaseinlandandpropertydisputessinceApril2016.

10. Governmentandfoodaidagenciescontinuetoprovideassistancetofoodinsecurepeoplebuttherehasbeennosignificantchangeinaccesstofood.

11. Publicawarenessaroundthevalueofeducation,increaseinnumberofprivateschoolsandcoordinationbetweenparentsandschoolshavereportedlyincreasedaccesstoeducationforboysandgirls.Nosignificantchangewasrecordedinqualityofeducation,however.

12. Thereweresomeimprovementsinfamilyrelatedissuesincludingadecreaseinviolenceagainstwomen,increaseinwomen’saccesstoshelters,andincreasedpublicawarenessofwomen’sinheritancerights.Thesechangesareattributedtotheeffortsofmedia,civilsociety,religiousleadersandmosques.

13. Accesstoemploymentcontinuestodecreaseduetolackofjobopportunitiesandinsecurity.Discriminationbasedonpower,ethnicityandkinshipcontinuestolimitfairaccesstopaidemployment.

14. SecurityattheworkplacehasdeterioratedsinceApril2016duetoincreasedthreatstogovernmentofficialsfromthearmedoppositiongroups.

16Basedontheinterviewswith:FGD-M-Nan-CS-1,FGD-M-Nan-CS-2,FGD-M-Nan-CS-3,KI-M-Nan-CS-9,KI-M-Nan-Go-10,KI-M-Nan-Go-9,KI-M-Nan-NG-4,KI-M-Nan-Go-13,KI-M-Nan-Go-14,KI-M-Nan-Go-19,KI-M-Nan-CS-5,KI-M-Nan-GO-20,KI-F-Nan-NG-1,KI-M-Nan-Go-2,KI-F-Nan-Go-8,KI-M-Nan-Go-18,KI-F-Nan-CS-6,KI-F-Nan-CS-7,KI-F-Nan-CS-8,KI-M-Nan-Go-6,KI-M-Nan-NG-2,KI-F-Nan-Go-1,FGD-F-Nan-Go-3,FGD-F-Nan-Go-4,FGD-F-Nan-Go-5,KI-M-Nan-Go-7,KI-M-Nan-CS-4,KI-M-Nan-Go-16,KI-M-Nan-NG-3,KI-M-Nan-GO-21,KI-M-NanGO-12,andKI-M-Nan-GO-15

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15. Genderdiscriminationcontinuesinaccesstoformaljusticewithnomajorchange.16. Discriminationagainstwomeninaccesstogovernmentjobshasdecreased,attributedto

womenbeinggivenpreferenceinthehiringprocess.Womenarealsoprioritizedinaccesstohealthservicesandaccesstoeducation.

17. Corruptionincreasedinformaljusticeespeciallyintherecruitmentprocess,andinaccesstotraditionaljusticewheredecisionsareallegedlymadeinexchangeformoney,accesstohousingandbasicservices,hiringofteachers,andpaidemployment.Therearecontradictingviewsregardingcorruptioninthepolice.

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Nimruz

Therehavebeensomeimprovementsinaccesstoformalandinformaljustice.Thesecuritysituationhasdeterioratedandtherehasbeenanincreaseinchildlabor.Interestinparticipatinginelectionsandpoliticalpartiesremainsunchanged.Insocialrights,foodsecurity,housing,andaccesstobasicservicesremainunchangedsinceApril2016.Healthandeducationservicesappeartohaveimproved.Therehasbeenanincreaseinfamilyrelatedviolence,includingviolenceagainstwomen.LackofjobopportunitiescontinuedtoincreasewithmanyyoungpeoplereportedlymigratingtoIranforwork.Nochangewasreportedinworkingconditionswithintheprovince.Genderdiscriminationhasreportedlydecreasedineducation,paidemploymentandinaccesstoformaljustice.Corruptionhasincreasedineducationservicesandremainedunchangedacrossothersectors.Table12:SummaryProfile–Nimruz

StatusPillar/Indicators Unchanged Improved DeterioratedCivicRights: RighttoLife,Liberty,Security,andDignity ✔1RighttoEfficientandFairJustice ✔2 Children’sRights ✔3RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs ✔ FreedomofOpinionandExpression ✔


RighttoAdequateHousingandFacilities ✔


FamilyRights ✔7

EconomicRights:




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Notes:171. Thesecuritysituationhasdeterioratedsincethefirstmonitoringcycle.Therehavebeen

increasesinpolicecausalities.Also,therehasbeenaspateofpoisoningofstudents.2. Therehasbeenanimprovementinaccesstoformaljustice,creditedtotheappointmentofnew

headattheprovincialcourt.Theperformanceoftheformaljudicialstaffhasalsoimproved.3. Childlaborcontinuestoincrease.4. Therehavebeenimprovementsinhealthservicesandthebehaviorofdoctorsandother

medicalstafftowardserviceusers.5. Foodinsecurityremainsunchangedandinsomecasescritical.6. Therehavebeensomeimprovementsineducationserviceswiththeappointmentofqualified

teachers.Thereareconcernsabouttheincidentsofpoisoningofstudents,however.7. Therehasbeenanincreaseinviolenceagainstwomen,attributedtotheincreasein

unemploymentandaddictionofmen.8. Unemploymentcontinuestoincrease,forcingmanyoftheyoungtomigratetoIraninsearchof

employment.9. Genderdiscriminationreportedlydecreasedinaccesstoformaljusticewithmorewomen

accessingcourtsforvariousissues.Genderdiscriminationalsodecreasedinaccesstoeducationandaccesstopaidemployment.

10. Corruptioncontinuesinthepoliceespeciallyinthehiringprocess,formaljustice,accesstogovernmentpositionsandaccesstopaidemployment.

11. Corruptionalsoincreasedineducationservicesespeciallyintheexaminationprocesswheremanystudentspaybribesinreturnforpassinggrades.Inhealthservices,midwivesreportedlytakemoneyfrompeopleasShirini.

17Basedontheinterviewswith:KI-F-Nim-NG-1,KI-M-Nim-NG-2,KI-M-Nim-NG-3,KI-M-Nim-NG-4,KI-F-Nim-Go-1,KI-M-Nim-Go-2,FGD-F-Nim-Go-3,FGD-F-Nim-Go-5,KI-M-Nim-Go-6,KI-M-Nim-Go-7,KI-F-Nim-Go-8,KI-M-Nim-Go-9,KI-M-Nim-Go-10,KI-F-Nim-Go-11,KI-M-Nim-Go-12,KI-F-Nim-Go-13,KI-M-Nim-Go-14,KI-M-Nim-Go-15,KI-M-Nim-Go-16,KI-M-Nim-Go-17,KI-M-Nim-Go-18,KI-M-Nim-Go-19,KI-M-Nim-Go-20,KI-M-Nim-Go-21,FGD-M-Nim-CS-1,FGD-M-Nim-CS-2,FGD-M-Nim-CS-3,KI-M-Nim-CS-4,KI-M-Nim-CS-5,KI-F-Nim-CS-6,KI-F-Nim-CS-7,KI-F-Nim-CS-8,KI-M-Nim-CS-9andKI-F-Nim-PI-1

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SurveyResults

Thissectionreportsselectedfindingsfromtheanalysisofthequantitativedatacollectedthroughasurveyinstrumentusedtosurvey711menandwomen.Thesegraphsarenotstatisticallyrepresentativeandserveonlyassuggestiveillustrations.

CivicRights

Thefirstmonitoringreportrevealedmixedsentimentsconcerningformaljusticeauthorities,whichcontinuesinthesecondphase.InthesecondcycleofmonitoringmenreportedimprovementsinthetreatmentofcitizensintheformaljusticesysteminBalkh,KhostandNimruzwhilewomenreportedimprovementsonlyinBalkhandNangarhar(Figures1and2).Figure1.TreatmentofCitizensByFormalJusticeAuthorities–Women’sViews

Figure2.TreatmentofCitizensByFormalJusticeAuthorities–Men’sViews

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GeneralimprovementinthebehaviorofthepoliceandthearmywasreportedbymenandwomenforBalkh,Kandahar,Khost,andNangahar.InKunduzonlywomenreportedimprovementsandinNimruzonlymalerespondentsnotedimprovement.Nosignificantchangeswerereportedfortheremainingprovinces(Figures3and4).Figure3.TreatmentOfCitizensByANP/ANA–Women’sViews

Figure4.TreatmentOfCitizensByANP/ANA–Men’sViews

Perceptionsofmaleandfemalerespondentsvariedquitesignificantlywithregardtoviolenceagainstchildrenoverthereportingperiod.Whilemenreportedadecreaseinviolenceinhalfoftheprovinces,womensuggestedanincreaseinthreeprovincesandadecreaseintwoprovinces.MenreportedincreaseinviolenceonlyinBalkh(Figures6and7).

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Figure6.Women’sViewsonViolenceAgainstChildren–ByProvince

Figure7.Men’sViewsonViolenceAgainstChildren–ByProvince

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SocialRights

InBamyan,DaikundiandHeratmaleandfemalerespondentssuggestednosignificantchangeinaccesstohealthservices.InKunduzbothmaleandfemalerespondentsreportedadeteriorationinaccesstohealthservices.Inotherprovinces,thereweredifferencesofopinionbetweenmenandwomenregardingaccesstohealthservices(Figures8and9).Figure8.AccesstoHealthServices–Women’sViews

Figure9.AccesstoHealthServices–Men’sViews

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EconomicRights

Themainchallengesinaccesstoemploymentremainlackofemploymentopportunities,closelyfollowedbynepotismandcorruptionforbothmenandwomen(Figure11and12).Figure11.MainChallengesinAccesstoLicitandStableEmployment–Women’sViews

Figure12.MainChallengesinAccesstoLicitandStableEmployment–Men’sViews

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Conclusion

ObservationsfromthesecondmonitoringcycleshowedsignificantchangesacrossmostoftheindicatorsunderCivic,SocialandEconomicRightssinceApril2016whenthefirstroundofmonitoringtookplace.Thefindingssuggestsignificantimprovementsinthebehaviorandperformanceofthepolice,formaljusticesystem,education,andhealthservices.Deterioratingsecuritysituationremainsamajorconcernacrossalltheprovinces.Acrossvariousindicatorsundercivic,socialandeconomicrightspositivechangeswerenotedespeciallyintermsofwomen’saccesstojustice,employmentandeducation.Childlaborisincreasingwithagrowingnumberofchildrenrecruitedbyarmedoppositiongroups.Freedomofexpressionhascomeunderincreasedthreatfromlocalpowerholders,armedoppositiongroups,andsomegovernmentofficials.Thereislittleornoawarenessofthe2015AccesstoInformationLaw.InternallyDisplacedPersons’accesstobasicservicessuchashousing,electricity,waterandsanitationservicesshowsomeimprovementsbutremainminimal.Growingunemploymentremainsacriticalissueinallprovinces.Corruptionandnepotismremainsignificantobstaclesinaccesstonumerousrightsacrossallsectors.

CivicRights

Deterioratingsecurityisamajorconcernamongrespondents,directlyaffectingthefulfillmentofbasicrights.ExceptforBalkh,KandaharandKhost,whereincreasedsecuritycheckpostsandcoordinationbetweentheciviladministrationandpolicehasimprovedsecurity,therestoftheprovinceswerefacedwithgrowinginsecurityduringthesecondmonitoringphase.InBamyan,Daikundi,Herat,andNangarhar,armedconflictbetweenthesecurityforcesandinsurgencyhasescalatedwhileKabulhasexperiencedanincreaseinthenumberofsuicideattacks,explosionsandkidnappingssinceApril2016.Administrativereformssuchaschangeinleadership,replacementofcorruptofficialsandeducationaltrainingsforthesecurityforceshaveresultedinimprovementsinpoliceperformanceandbehaviorineightoutoftenprovinces,withKunduzandNimruzbeingtheexceptions.Significantimprovementsinformaljusticeacrossmostoftheprovincesarealsocreditedtoadministrativereformsbroughtintotheformaljusticeorganizations.ImprovementsinaccesstoandperformanceofformaljusticesystemarereportedinBalkh,Bamyan,Daikundi,Kabul,Kandahar,Khost,NangarharandNimruz.Accesstotraditionaljusticeorganizationsremainedunchangedinmostoftheprovinces,however.Thereissteadygrowthininstancesandtypesofchildlabor,attributedtoagenerallyweakeconomicsituationforcingmanyparentstofindnewsourcesofincomeincludingsendingchildrentowork.Insodoing,thechildrenaredeprivedofeducationandexposedtophysicaldangerandsexualabuse.TherecruitmentofchildrenforarmedconflictsisonriseinHerat,Kabul,KhostandNangarhar.Childrencontinuetobevictimsofforcedandearlymarriagesandsexualabuse.Therehasbeenareductioninschooldropouts,however,reportedlyduetoincreasedpublicawarenessinterventionsinBalkh,Daikundi,Kandahar,Khost,andNangarhar.

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Thereisagrowinginterestamongcitizenstojoinpoliticalpartiesacrossall,mainlyasameanstosecureaccesstoemploymentbutalsotobecomepoliticallyactive.Thegeneraldisappointmentaboutelectoralprocessesnotedinthebaselineandthefirstmonitoringcycleappearstohaveincreasedacrossalltheprovinces.Accesstopublicpositionsremainsafunctionofhavingconnectionsandnepotism.Freedomofexpressioncontinuestobethreatenedbymultiplesourcesincludingsomegovernmentquarters,localpowerholders,andarmedopposition.Mediacensorship,intimidationandthreatsagainstjournalists,civilsocietyactivistsandoutspokenindividualsareonriseinBamyan,Daikundi,Herat,Kabul,KandaharandKhost.ThereislittleornoawarenessabouttheRighttoInformationLawacrossalltenprovinces.

SocialRights

TherehavebeenimprovementsinaccesstoandqualityofservicessinceApril2016acrossalltenprovinces.HealthservicesincludingreproductivehealthimprovedinBalkh,Bamyan,Daikundi,Herat,Kandahar,NangarharandoutlyingdistrictsofNimruz.Theimprovementsincludeincreaseinnumberofgovernmentandprivatehealthfacilities,availabilityofnightstaffinhospitals,introductionofcarclinicsinvillages,appointmentofspecializeddoctors,nursesandmidwives,andbetteraccesstomedicine.SignificantchangeswerenotedinaccesstowaterandelectricityinBalkh,Herat,Kabul,Kandahar,andNangarhar.InHeratandKandahar,inaugurationofhydropowerprojectshasledtoincreasedaccesstoelectricityandirrigationwater.LandandwaterrelateddisputeshavedecreasedinBamyan,Herat,KandaharandKhost.InNangarhartherehasbeenanincreaseinlandrelateddisputesascomparedtothefirstmonitoringcycle.SlightchangeswerenotedinIDPs’accesstobasicservicesinBalkh,Herat,Kandahar,Khost,andNangarhar,mostlybecauseofthehumanitarianassistancefromUNHCRandotheraidagencies.IntermsoffoodsecuritytherehavebeenimprovementsinBalkh,KhostandKunduz.Government,aidagencies,localcharities,businesses,andmosquesreportedlyprovidefoodassistancetopoor.InDaikundifoodinsecurityincreasedbecauseoffloodsandunemployment.InKabulandKandahartherehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberoffoodinsecurepeopledespitesomeassistancefromvariousgovernmentandnon-governmentorganizations.Lackofemployment,generalpoverty,floods,andsubstanceaddictionaredescribedasthemaincausesoffoodinsecurity.Administrativereforms,publicawarenesscampaignsthroughthemedia,appointmentofprofessionalteachers,establishmentofnewpublicandprivateschools,constructionofnewinfrastructureandenhancedmonitoringofschoolshaveledtoincreasedaccesstoeducationinBalkh,Bamyan,Herat,KandaharCenter,Khost,Nangarhar,andKabul.InHeratgirls’accesstoeducationhasincreasedsignificantly.InKunduzandNimruzthereareconflictingreportsabouteducationserviceswithsomeclaimingimprovementswhileothersreportdeteriorationsinceApril2016becauseofgrowinginsecurity.FamilyrelatedviolenceincludingviolenceagainstwomenincreasedinHerat,Kabulcity,Khost,andNimruz.InHerattherearereportsofwomenbeingforcedintoprostitutionbytheirhusbands.InKandahar,outlyingdistrictsofKabulandNangarharfamilyrelatedissuessuchasinheritancerights,exchangemarriage(badal),women’srightsindivorceandviolenceagainstwomendecreaseddue,reportedly,toanincreaseinpublicawarenessprogramscarriedoutbythemedia,civilsociety,and

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religiousleadersandmosques.Women’saccesstosheltersremainedmostlyunchangedacrosstheprovinces.

EconomicRights

UnemploymentcontinuestoriseacrossalltenprovincesexceptforatemporaryslightincreaseinjobopportunitiesinagriculturesectorinBalkhandDaikundiduetothestartofcultivationseason.AgricultureappearstobethemajoremployerinBalkh,Daikundi,Bamyan,andKhost.Insecurity,lackofaccesstofinancialcapital,absenceofjobopportunities,andwidespreadcorruptionandnepotisminthejobmarketcontinuetolimitfairaccesstopaidemployment.Theworkingconditionsremainunchangedandinadequate,withslightchangesinprovisionofsecurityinKhostandKabul.DuetogrowingfearofarmedinsurgencysecurityatworkplacesdeterioratedinKunduzandNangarhar.InNangarhar,employeesworkingforthegovernmenthavereportedlyreceivedthreatsfromDaesh.

GenderRelations,Corruption

Therehasbeenadecreaseingenderdiscriminationacrossalltenprovinces.Insomeoftheprovincesimprovementswerenotedinaccesstopaidemployment,healthservicesandeducation.WomenreceivepreferentialtreatmentinaccesstoemploymentinprovincessuchasBamyan,Kabul,andNangarhar.Duetothedeteriorationinsecuritygirls’accesstoeducationhasdecreasedinKandaharandKunduzsinceApril2016.Corruptioninthepolice,educationservices,andaccesstoemploymentcontinuestoriseinthemajorityoftheprovinces.Therehavebeensignificantimprovementsintheformaljusticesystemacrossallprovinces.

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Appendix1:MonitoringIndicators

RightsPillar Indicator ProxiesRightstoLife,Liberty,SecurityandDignityofPerson

• TrustinANP• PolicePerformanceandBehavior• Security• Corruption(CrosscuttingTheme)

RighttoEfficientandFairJustice

• AccesstoFormalandTraditionalJusticeSystems• PerformanceofJusticeOfficials• Women’sAccessto,andTreatmentby,JusticeSystems

(GenderasCrosscuttingTheme)• Corruption(CrosscuttingTheme)

Children’sRights • ViolenceAgainstChildren(DegreeandTypesofViolence)

• AccesstoJustice• AccesstoRehabilitationcenters,JuvenileHomesand

Orphanages• ChildLabor• SexualAbuse• Children’sengagementinarmedconflicts

RighttoParticipateinPublicAffairs

• ParticipationinElections• AccesstoPublicPositions(Genderascrosscutting:

WomeninSeniorPositions)• ParticipationinPoliticalParties(GenderasCrosscutting:

FemalePartyMembers)• Corruption(CrosscuttingTheme)• Discrimination(GenderasCrosscutting)

Civic

RighttoFreedomofOpinionandExpression

• FreedomofSpeech(threats)• FreedomofGathering• RighttoInformationLaw

RighttoWorkandFairnessinEmployment

• AccesstoPaidEmployment• Corruption(JobsforSale,Nepotism)• Discrimination(GenderasCrosscutting)

Economic

RighttoDecentWorkingConditions

• SafetyandSecurityatWorkplace• JobSecurity• Harassment(basedonGenderorEthnicity)

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RightsPillar Indicator Proxies

RighttoHealth • AccesstoHealthServices• AccesstoReproductiveHealth• QualityofHealthServices• Corruption(CrosscuttingTheme)• Discrimination(GenderasCrosscutting)

RighttoAdequateHousingandFacilities

• AccesstoHousing,WaterandElectricity• IDPs(Housing)• DisputesRelatedtoLandandWater• Corruption(CrosscuttingTheme)• Discrimination(GenderasCrosscutting)

FoodSecurity • SufficientFood(NumberofMealsperDay)• AdequateFood(TypeofFoodEaten)• FoodAssistance(Sources,e.g.,Government,INGOs,

other)RighttoEducation • AccesstoEducation

• QualityofEducation• GenderDiscrimination• Corruption(inHiringTeachersandinGivingGrades)

Social

FamilyRights • InheritanceRightsandRelatedConflicts• DomesticViolence• ViolenceAgainstwomen• DivorceCasesandWomen’sRightstoDivorce• AccesstoFRUsandShelters

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Appendix2:ListandDefinitionofCodes

Non-Government=NGKI-F-Kab-NG-1(KI=Keyinformant,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,NG=Non-government,1=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-NG-2(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,NG=Non-government,2=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-NG-3(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,NG=Non-government,3=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-NG-4(KI=Keyinformant,M=MaleKab=Kabul,NG=Non-government,4=Sequence)Government=GoKI-F-Kab-Go-1(KI=Keyinformant,F=FemaleKab=Kabul,Go=Government,1=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-2 (KI=Keyinformant,M=MaleKab=Kabul,Go=Government,2=Sequence)FGD-F-Kab-Go-3(FGD=FocusGroupDiscussion,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,3=Sequence)FGD-F-Kab-Go-4(FGD=FocusGroupDiscussion,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,4=Sequence)FGD-F-Kab-Go-5(FGD=FocusGroupDiscussion,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,5=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-6(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,6=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-7(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,7=Sequence)KI-F-Kab-Go-8(KI=Keyinformant,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,8=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-9(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,9=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-10(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,10=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-11(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,11=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-12(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,12=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-13(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,13=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-14(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,14=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-15(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,15=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-16(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,16=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-17(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,17=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-18(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,18=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-19(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,19=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-20(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,20=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-Go-21(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,Go=Government,21=Sequence)CivilSociety=CSFGD-M-Kab-CS-1(FGD=FocusGroupDiscussion,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,1=Sequence)FGD-M-Kab-CS-2(FGD=FocusGroupDiscussion,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,2=Sequence)FGD-M-Kab-CS-3(FGD=FocusGroupDiscussion,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,3=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-CS-4(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,4=Sequence) KI-M-Kab-CS-5(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,5=Sequence) KI-F-Kab-CS-6(KI=Keyinformant,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,6=Sequence)KI-F-Kab-CS-7(KI=Keyinformant,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,7=Sequence)KI-M-Kab-CS-8(KI=Keyinformant,M=Male,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,8=Sequence)KI-F-Kab-CS-9(KI=Keyinformant,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,CS=Civilsociety,9=Sequence)PublicInstitutions=PI KI-F-Kab-PI-1 (KI=Keyinformant,F=Female,Kab=Kabul,PI=PublicInstitution,1=Sequence)

Afghanistan Rights Monitor Monitoring Cycle 2: May ... · Monitoring Cycle 2: May – August 2016 September 2016 Project Report 1 Acknowledgments This is the second monitoring report

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