AFFIXATION

MORPHO - SYNTAX

AFFIXATION

PRESENT BY

RAHMI FEBRIANILINA RAHMA WATI

AFFIXATION

In grammar, a bound inflectional or derivational element; such as, a prefix, infix, or suffix, added to a base or stem to form a fresh stem or a different word;

1. Prefixes

A letter or group of letters attached to the beginning of a word that partly indicates its meaning.

Prefix Usage Example

a-/an- without amoral, anarchyad- to, toward, near adhere, advert

ante- before in time or order antechamber, antecedent

anti- against, opposed to antiaircraft, antibioticbene- good beneficial, benefactorbi- two bicycle, bipolarby- aside or apart from bystander, byproduct

circum- around circumpolar, circumnavigate

co-/col-/com/con-/cor-

together, with, jointlyco-author, collaborate, combine, conspire, correspond

contra- against, opposite contraception, contrabandde- down from, away, off descent, declassifydia- across, through diagonal, diagramdis- away from, apart disconnect, disown

epi-upon, above, outside, in addition to

epidermis, epilogue

ex- out of, thoroughly exhale, exasperate

hyper-beyond, excessive, extreme

hyperbole, hyperactive

inter-between, with each other

interchange, intercede

intra-/intro- within, inside of intramural, introvert

mal- bad, evil, wrong malformed, malignant

micro- smallmicroscope, microorganism

mis- Wrongmistake, misinformation

mono- one, alone monotone, monopoly

multi- many, much multilingual, multiply

non- Notnonentity, nonconformist

ob- against, in opposition objection, oblivious

over-above, on top of, superior

overactive, overdraft

peri- around, near perimeter, perihelion

Hypo-under, beneath, down, less than

hypodermic, hypothesis

poly- many polygamy, polygon

post- after in time or order postdated, postmortem

pre- before in time or order predict, precaution

pro-forward, toward the front, occurring earlier

project, prognosis

re- back again redo, renew

retro- back again, backward retrospective, retroactive

semi- half, partlysemiconductor, semiconscious

sub-/suc-/suf-/sup-/sus-

under, beneathsubmarine, succumb, suffocate, support, suspect

super above, greater, better Superfluous

syl-/sym-/syn-with, together, associated with

syllable, sympathy, synapse

tri- three Tricycle

trans- across, through transform, transfuse

ultra- beyond, excessive, extreme ultramarine, ultraviolet

un- not, opposed to; back unavoidable; undo

uni- one, alone unicorn, uniform

2. Suffixes

There is only one common suffix for adverbs, and that is -ly. It is often added to adjectival suffixes as in creative and creatively

Ending Usage Example

-althe act of doing, or the state of

betrayal, refusal

-ance/-ancy/-ence/-ency relating to quality, state or condition

performance, infancy, prominence, urgency

-ationaction or process of; result of

creation, reformation

-ice condition, quality or act cowardice, notice

-er/-orperson or thing that performs the action

teacher, worker, competitor, legislator

-graph a writing or record telegraph, polygraph

a. Noun Ending

-ian person or thing politician, amphibian

-ing having the quality of (gerund ending) teaching, working

-ism action or practice, theory or doctrine nationalism, Hinduism

-istone who, or that which does or has to do with

nationalist, typist

-ity state, condition or quality inferiority, confidentiality

-izationnouns formed from verbs; condition, act, process

harmonization, urbanization

-ment the product or result of; the means of achievement, government

-ness relating to quality, state or condition happiness, sadness

-ogy the study of biology, geology

-oid like, resembling humanoid, android

-ory a place for the action of the verb stem dormitory, repository

-shipthe state, condition or quality of; art or skill of

friendship, marksmanship

-sion/-tionaction or process of; condition or state of being; result of

rejection, completion, connection

b. Verb Endings

Ending Usage Example

-ate verbs from some Latin forms fascinate, participate

-edforms the simple past and past participle of regular verbs

walked, has walked

-en verbs formed from adjectives soften, weaken

-erverbs with a habitual or repeated action

stutter, canter

-fy cause to be or become beautify, liquefy

-ingpresent participle and part of progressive tenses

walking, is walking

-ise/-izeto cause to become, resemble; make into; to act in the manner of

authorize, sympathize

-s/-esending of third person singular, present tense

walks, runs

c. Adjective EndingsEnding Usage Example-able/-ible/-ble

capable of, fit for, tending to, likely to trainable, flexible

-al relating to, having the nature of musical, personal

-ant in the act or process of doing vigilant, militant

-ed adjectives formed from nouns interested, bored

-ent having the quality of dependent, resilient-er comparative ending bigger, faster-est superlative ending biggest, fastest-ful full of, characterized by beautiful, bountiful

-ic pertaining to, connected with, resembling volcanic, angelic

-ing participial form as an adjective interesting, boring

-istic having the qualities of, formed from realistic, socialistic

-ite derived from some Latin verbs infinite, polite

-ive having a tendency to or the nature of attentive, massive

-orya place or instrument for doing the main element

laboratory, dormitory

-ose full of; like verbose, grandiose

-ous/-ious full of; having the qualities of poisonous, anxious

• c. Infixes

A word element (a type of affix) that

can be inserted within the base form of a

word (rather than at its beginning or end) to

create a new word or intensify meaning. The

process of inserting an infix is called

infixation.

Expletive Infixation" . . . [Infixing is] a complex process with an

elaborate set of restrictions. For instance, infixing doesn't happen just anywhere in the word. Not all intensifiers can be infixed either. And not all words can take an infix.“

(Kate Burridge, Blooming English: Observations on the Roots, Cultivation and Hybrids of the English Language. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2004)

Example :fan-***-tastic, edu-***-cation, Massa-***-

chusetts, Phila-***-delphia, Stilla-***-guamish,

emanci-***-pation, abso-***-lutely, hy-***-

drangea

The infix gets inserted before the syllable

that receives the most stress. And it cannot be

inserted anywhere else in the word.“

(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck,

Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction.

Wadsworth, 2010)

• The Integrated Adjective

"This linguistic phenomenon is also known as

the integrated adjective. In fact, a poem of that name

by John O'Grady (aka Nino Culotta) was published in

the eponymously titled A Book About Australia, in

which numerous examples of the integrated adjective

appear: me-bloody-self, kanga-bloody-roos, forty-

bloody-seven, good e-bloody-nough."

(Ruth Wajnryb, Expletive Deleted: A Good Look at Bad

Language. Free Press, 2005)

d. Confixes

In the field of linguistics, the term

“confix” refers to a specific type of affix.

Confixes are composed of at least one prefix

and one suffix, which are placed on either side

of a root word. When a confix is added to a

root, a new meaning separate from the

meaning of the root word by itself is created.

Older forms of the English language also used to

employ confixes in forming present participles, but this

use is no longer the norm. An archaic English confix

was “a-____-ing.” Examples include sentences such as:

“They went a-hunting” or the song lyric “The times they

are a-changin'," a phrase that was made famous by

singer-songwriter Bob Dylan during the 1960s.

Indonesian often employs confixes to form

verbs from nouns. For example, one meaning of the

word hantu is "ghost." When the confix meng-____-i is

added, the new word menghantui can be a verb that

means “to frighten or haunt.” In a similar way, confixes

can be used to form adjectives from verbs, as with lihat

and kelihatan, which can mean “see” and “visible,”

respectively.

e. superfixes

(Linguistics) linguistics a suprasegmental

feature distinguishing the meaning or grammatical

function of one word or phrase from that of

another, as stress does for example between the

noun conduct and the verb conduct

[from super- + -fix, on the model of prefix, suffix]

Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged

© HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000,

2003

f. circumfixes

circumfix is an affix which has two parts, one placed at the start of a word, and the other at the end.

Austronesian languages Malay has eight circumfixes:• per⟨ ⟩kan• per⟨ ⟩i• ber⟨ ⟩an• ke⟨ ⟩an• pen⟨ ⟩an• per⟨ ⟩an• se⟨ ⟩nya• ke⟨ ⟩i

For example, a circumfix can be added to the root adil "fair" to form keadilan "fairness“.

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