AFF Manual Complete

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Centre For Maritime Education & TrainingLucknow

Manual ForAdvanced Fire Fighting

Off: C.M.E.T. ,476 Km Mile tone ,!a"hi "a Tala# , $ita%ur &oad , 'uc"no(. ).*.Tel:+---7/+0 , -7/747 , +-0--106+1,Fa2:+--:-7/137 , Cell:1//67-/60

e#ite:(((.cmetindia.com , email:ca%t#eg5nim%e2intl.com


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INDEX

Chapter Subject Page no.1. Introduction, Safety and

Principles

2

2. Theory of fire 3-9

3. Fire Control Aboard

Ship

10-18

4 Ship Fire Fighting

Organization

19-24

. Training of Seafarer in

Fire fighting

2-28

!. Procedures for Fire

Fighting

29-3

". fire Appliances and

Equipent

3!-"

8. Fire Fighting !azards "!-"8

9. First Aid "9-88


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P#E$%CE

The fire hazards aboard ship are a a"or concern for ship o#ners and seafarers ali$e%

All aspect of safety and fire hazards both at #or$ and in off duty period abo&e ship at sea

or in port requires constant attention as no huan acti&ity is free fro soe easures of

ris$s% Accidents are in any cases caused by lac$ of $no#ledge or inadequate training,incoplete understanding of ships and ship's operation, non adherence to procedures,

lac$ of foresight and the ta$ing of unnecessary ris$s, often in quite siple operations%

Prudence and foresight are the natural characteristics of a good seafarer at #or$, #ho

should a$e it a habit to be on a loo$ out for hazards in any situations, including ordinarye&ery day situation% Also a$ing use of (!ot )or$ Perit* and (Entry in enclosed

spaces* chec$list can't be ephasized%

The ephasis on the need for correct use of aterials and equipent in a eergency

situation is of utost iportance specially fire fighting aboard ships of different typessuch as oil tan$ers, +Ps, O-O, .O/.O, Ferries and Containers ships% There is al#ays

an e&er increasing need to upgrade standards of training for ship board personnel%

As fires ha&e history and the habit of stri$ing at odd hours, its rather ore crucial to ta$echarge of the situation in a planned anner by the responsible persons so that there in no

chaos and fires are handled in an efficient anner%

The present course is intended to eet the rele&ant pro&isions of SO+AS Con&ention

I0O 0odel course and I0O .esolution A 123 4567 (Training of cre# in fire fighting*

#hich #as adopted on 68th9o&% 6:3:, recoends that each eber go&ernent shouldai at training all its seafarer in the fire pre&ention and fire fighting to an e;tent

appropriate to their functions on board the ship

After copleting the course participants shall be enabled to respond to ta$ing coandand control the fire fighting operations eploying techniques for fighting fire and

organise cre# effecti&ely% Also, they #ill enhance their $no#ledge in being able to

aintain and inspect fire fighting equipent and systes in an efficient anner%

It is hoped that the $no#ledge and e;periences gained in the course #ould contribute

significantly in the enhanceent of safety at sea%


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C&%P'E# (1

IN'#)D*C'I)N+ S%$E', %ND P#INCIPES

The ain ais of I%0%O% .esolution A 123 4567 are% Training the in the aintenance and inspection of fire e;tinguishing equipent%

2% Instructing the in the hazards applying to fires in dangerous goods and safeethods for cobating such fires%

The safety rules laid do#n by the Chief instructor ust be adhered to during the course%

'he prncp/e o ura/ th re/aton to re are

?no#ledge of theory of fire and fire precautions%

.egular training and drills

Preparedness for any fire eergency%

?no#ledge of escape routes

?no#ledge of dangers of so$e and to;ic fues%

.egular inspection and aintenance of%0echanical energy< Friction%

2%Electrical energy< Spar$s, heated conductors%

1% 9uclear energy< As a result of fusion or fission in a controlled systes or in the

shelling of bobs%

'#%NS:ISSI)N )$ &E%'

Transission of heat ay ta$e place through one of the follo#ing ethods c>g7 ay be ignited #ith an ordinary atch%

;INDIN7 4Sp% surface > to > c>g7 require burning tinder for ignition

c>g7 requires burning $indling for ignition%

It is established that loose aterials are ore readily ignitable than closely pac$ed bales%

+oose papers in the office are ore prone to fire/ ris$ than those in a steel filing cabinet%

Finely di&ided particles of burnable aterials suspended in the air burn &ery fiercely so

as to be e;plosi&e% )hen s#eeping hatches after coal, especially, one should dap do#nfirst% =ust e;plosions ha&e occurred in sulphur, Flour and =ust clouds fro any other

cargoes%

$%S& )=E#

An incipient fire #hile gro#ing radiates heat in all directions, heating the surface e;posed

to it until they all reach their flash point ore or less at the sae tie, there is then a

&iolent spread of flae $no#n as flash/ o&er% If the fire is gro#ing in an enclosed spacethan before flash/ o&er can ta$e place, it ay be short of o;ygen and ad&ance as a

souldering fire, flash/ o&er is then delayed until soeone opens the doors and ore air

coes inside the enclosed space%

#E- I7NI'I)N

-ul$ fuel ay contain enough heat #hich is not copletely gone out of the systes, #illbe slo#ly conducted to the surface to dry it off and cause re/ ignition% It ay also be

caused by continued souldering behind panels, inside attresses and concealed places%


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C%SS >


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)ater ay be used in the for of a spray pro&ided% The flash point of the oil is not too lo#%2% It #ould not cause the oil to flo# else#here

Foa ay be thought of as #ater #ith its decreased Specific ra&ity so that it floats onoil, it should be directed onto a &ertical surface so that it spread gently o&er the surface of

the oil to blan$et it% Special foas ust be used on liquids iscible #ith #ater% =ry

po#der and CO>are suitable for use on oil fires% Hnless it is of foa copatible type, drypo#der ay destroy foa% =ifferent types of foa e%g% protein detergent ay be

incopatible also%

C%SS >C? 7%SE)*S

as cargo ainly consists of special +%P%% Carriers% ases on the ships ay also e&ol&e

fro cargoes such as Coal, Oil, Ferenting sugar etc%

0any &apours, #hich are hea&ier than air and #ill collect in lo# spaces or stratify alongdec$, thus laying their o#n fuse% as fires are usually e;plosi&e in nature% Sources of

ignition ay be fro open flaes, echanical spar$s or electrical spar$ing% =ifferentareas of a gas cloud ay ha&e different concentrations and be #ithin the range of

flaability in one place but not another%

Spontaneou CoAbuton

Cheical reactions are either e;otheric or endotheric that is to say that they either

gi&e out heat during the reaction or need heat to $eep the going 4the ne# olecules

fored #ill either need ore energy to bind the together than the old or less energy%7

O;idation processes are e;otheric, they gi&e out heat and if o;idation too$ place #here

the heat could not escape then the heat le&el ay build up abo&e the ignition teperatureand a fire is caused #ithout spar$s or flae being necessary%


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An e;aple of this is a pile of oily #aste% The oil contains free carbon, #hich #ill readily

o;idize, but the #aste pre&ents the dissipation of the heat, -iological reaction such asrotting and gerination are also e;otheric and can be a potential cause of fire%

C&E:IS'#, )$ EX'IN7*IS&IN7 $I#E

#E:)=% )$ $*E

The philosophy of fire e;tinguishing depends on single factor% If by any eans #e are

able to brea$ the triangle of fire then fire is e;tinguished% If any of the fire triangle

coponents are issing fire ceases to e;ist% And the three faous coponents of fire

triangle are FHE+, !EAT A9= AI. 4O>7)e #ill systeatically discuss each of the in the reo&al of fire%

#E:)=% )$ &E%'

This fors one of the reason of reo&al of fire% There are any ethods of doing thatand one of the is application of #ater%

%'E#

)ater has a high specific heat and a latent heat% )hen #ater is con&erted into stea its

absorbs fi&e ties as uch heat as required for freezing #ater to be con&erted intoboiling #ater teperature% This gi&es in inherent ad&antages to #ater to be applied as fire

e;tinguishers it absorbs a;iu heat fro the syste and helps in its effecti&e

e;tinguishing as it is con&erted into stea and spray i%e% as a spray%

The disad&antages of #ater as fire e;tinguishers are% Conducts electricity 4especially salt #ater7

2% .eacts #ith soe aterials%

S:)'&E#IN7

It is based on the fact that air that fors one of the coponents of the triangle of fire if

stopped fro entering into fire results in e;tinguishing the fire%

)hen any inert gas or CO>is introduced, it lo#ers the o;ygen content of the gas i;ture

around the fire and e;tinguishing of fire ta$es place, #hich is called as sothering% Thisis ost effecti&e in an enclosed space fro #hich all personnel ha&e been e&acuated and

there is no danger to huan life% It can be applied successfully to sall spill fires% Since

in the #hole process no cooling effect is in&ol&ed and no change of state ta$es place soon a class A fire glo#ing ebers ay re/ ignite


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D#, P)DE#

The dry po#der used for the fire e;tinguishing, are Sodiu -icarbonates or Potassiu

-icarbonate

=ry po#der acts by interfering #ith the coplicated chain reaction #hich is the

coponent of fire square in #hich the energy for olecular brea$ do#n and spreads

through the &apours by reacting #ith the eleents in&ol&ed in the fire% =ry po#der is&ery effecti&e on petrol and spirit fires% Cooling action is not in&ol&ed% Certain other

types of dry po#ders a&ailable are those action in&ol&es coagulation on the surface of the

burning aterial thus pre&enting the release of &apours% This is suitable for class A and

class - fires and is tered as (Hni&ersal* despite their ain dra#bac$ in beinge;pensi&e%

)hen o;idizing agents are in&ol&ed, e;tinguishing by sothering gases should not be

attepted% They contain o;ygen, #hich is liberated #hen they are e;posed to heat and

increase the ferocity of the fire, #hich renders the sothering ineffecti&e%


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C&%P'E# (3

$I#E C)N'#) %% -ul$heads and openings in bul$heads

2% Stair#ays and other features

1% The fire fighting equipent8% Alars

@% Sprin$lers

3% Fire E;tinguishing de&ices

Fire protection gains enorous iportance in case of passenger ships, and therequireents are concerned priarily #ith the% The accoodation space of cargo

&essel is also not less iportant #hen planning for protection on ships%

The ain considerations of fire safety at ship are the pre&ention of outbrea$s of fire, and

the confineent of fire to the sallest space possible% The pre&ention of outbrea$ of firesobli&iously needs ore strict precautions #ith regard to e&ery potential sources of

ignition% The control of fire can be accoplished by the di&ision of ship's area into sub

di&ision #ith fire resistant di&ision by chec$ing the use of cobustible aterials in thecontent and furnishings, in the construction and superficial finishes and by installation of

fire e;tinguishing systes and a$ing an effecti&e fire fighting plan al#ays ready%

Although these structural and echanical of protection are iportance but the

responsibility of the safety of the ship ultiately lies in the hands of the persons present

o&er her% This includes officers as #ell as cre#%

The sub di&ision of a ship into #ater tight and fire resistant copartents pro&ides

control of fire spread by confining the fire, for a period of tie, to the copartent in

#hich the fire started% The period for #hich the fire ay be confined is depended on thefire resistance of the di&isions, the dec$s and bul$heads%

The aterials being used in the constructions of the different parts of the ship and their

fire resistant quality plays a &ery iportance role in the confineent of fire% Steel is&ery good conductor of heat, so a steel bul$heads is not necessarily fire resistant% It

eans that a bul$head ust be capable of liiting the teperature rise on the face not

e;posed to the fire, long enough for the fire to be e;tinguished or to burn out% A fire onside of an unprotected steel bul$head #ill spread to cobustible aterials on the other

side by conduction of the heat in a &ery short tie%

T#o classes of di&isions are recoended by International Con&ention


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C/a >%?- 1 &our re retance.

C/a >


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:etho6 -3 'he $rench :etho6

This requires the sae class JA' bul$heads as ethod /6 and ethod /> #ith the

installation of an autoatic fire detection and fire alar systes in a accoodation and

ser&ices spaces% These spaces ust be di&ided into zones of specified area by class JA'and class J-' bul$heads, and the use of cobustible aterials is restricted%

The #ide spread installation of efficient odern fire/ resisting linings and furnishings inall ser&ices and accoodation spaces of ships of e&ery class, coupled #ith the pro&ision

of an adequate sprin$ler syste% The use of fire resistant aterials #here&er possible is

the best ethod of fire pre&ention on board the ship%

It is recoended that the position of the fire zones ust be $ept on a plant at the fire

control center, and in fire fighting an attept ust be ade to contain a a"or fire inside

such a zone% The fire resistances of the bul$heads #ill be greatly increased by $eeping it

#et fro outsides%

On a class KII ship this zoning is reduced to ainly class (-* boundaries toaccoodation spaces and the use of flae retardant paints%

The officers on board the ship ust ensure that the fire integrity of the ship is notipaired as a result of any inor alterations and that the fire doors are free to close or

$ept close as per the requireents%

$I#E P#E=EN'I)N

Fire pre&ention is the process of recognizing a fire, reo&ing it or at least reducing its

potential%

One of the ideas that should be encouraged is the foration of a Jforu' or Jsafety

coittee' and the tas$s they should be assigned are to considers the fire ris$s that e;ist

on board%

Follo#ing points are to be seriously noted%

6% $/aAe or Aou/6erng ource/ careless disposal or lighted atches and

cigarettesL and danger caused by the can be pre&ented by the pro&ision ofashtrays of an appro&ed design% So$ing in bed should be a&oided, care should

be ta$en of galley fire and boiler fronts%

>% &ea6 urace tered as (-lac$ heat*% It is not generally realised that the heat

fro an ordinary electric light bulb can soon put the teperature abo&e the S%I%T%

of soe aterials if that heat is not allo#ed to dissipate by noral con&ectioncurrents,% =ishcloths or ne#spapers left on electric hotplate or hot surface, a cloth

put on a hot bulb and paint or oil on hot surface ay cause fire% This can be

pre&ented by considering #here the oil #ould spray fro any burst pipe and

fitting deflector plates o&er stea pipes, diesel e;haust pipes, boiler casings%


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Clothes should not be $ept on bulbs and careless $eeping of electric iron on

clothes should not be resorted to% eneral care ust be ta$en in the aintenance

of achinery, pup/ glands etc% #hich #ould o&erheat if faulty%

2% Spar an6 ncente partc/e funnel spar$s, friction and echanical spar$s

fro grinding cutting, chipping or #elding electrical spar$s fro s#itches, faultybrush gear or short circuiting are potential source of fire% Particular care should be

ta$en in gaseous conditions #here e&en a torch ay be unsafe% as tight s#itches

should ha&e good gas$ets, and flae arrestors $ept in good repair%

1% E/ectrca/ any #iring that is o&erloaded #ill becoe o&erheatedL correct fusing

is iportant% )iring in places difficult to access ust be inspected and be on the

loo$out for unauthorized #iring%

8% Spontaneou coAbuton apart fro the ris$ in cargo, rope stores, oils$ins,

dirty linen, or life "ac$et loc$ers are li$ely ris$ areas% ?eep proper &entilation to

pre&ent heat build up% Containation #ith natural oils or rotting due to dapnessare the ain culprits% ood house $eeping is essential in pre&ention of fire%

@% Statc e/ectrct n gaeou con6ton/ iportance of electricity bonding all

tools and appliances, stea CO>or high pressure cleaning "ets in flaable

atosphere, ay pre&ent outbrea$s of fire%

Once a fire has started is spread #ill depend on the a&ailability of loose cobustibleaterials apart fro other factors% The iportance of good house$eeping cannot be

o&erstressedL etal #aste/ paper bas$et represents a easure of fire protection, but #hen

o&er full it becoe a fire hazards% In the sae #ay oil should not be allo#ed toaccuulate on boiler fronts, bearing housings, plates or bilges% There should be steel bins

for oily #aste, #hich should be frequently eptied%

They security of possible source of ignition or of flaable aterials during hea&y

#eather should also be considered%

Fire patrols #ith proper instructions should ha&e a chec$list% The idea of fire patrolrounds perhaps half an hour after a #atch could chec$ for souldering, so$ing

aterials or any electrical equipent left s#itched on%


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S'%ND%#D $I#E 'EX'

In standard fire test speciens of the rele&ant bul$heads or dec$s are e;posed in a testfurnace to teperature corresponding appro;iately to the standard tie teperature

cur&e% The specien shall ha&e an e;posed surface of not less than 1%@8 >and height 4or

length of dec$7 of >%11, resebling as closely as possible the intended construction andincluding #here appropriate at least one "oint% The standard tie teperature cur&e is

defined by a sooth cur&e dra#n through the follo#ing teperature point easured

abo&e the initial furnace teperature%At the end of the first 8 inutes 88@C

At the end of the first 6 inutes @8:C

At the end of the first 68 inutes 36MC

At the end of the first 2 inutes M>8C

At the end of the first @ inutes :>8

C

C%#7) '%N; P*#7IN7

Arrangeents for purging andor gas freeing shall be such as to iniize the hazards due

to the dispersal of flaable &apours in the atosphere and to flaable i;tures in a

cargo tan$% AccordinglyG by &olue% Thereafter, gas freeing ay ta$e

place at the cargo tan$ dec$ le&el%

>% )hen the ship is not pro&ided #ith an inert gas systes, the operation shall be

such that the flaable &apours is discharged initially%

2% Through outlet at least > abo&e cargo tan$ dec$ le&el #ith a &ertical efflu;

&elocity of at least 2s aintained during gas freeing operation%

1% Through outlets at least > abo&e cargo tan$ dec$ le&el #ith a &ertical efflu;

&elocity of at least >s and #hich are protected by suitable de&ices to pre&ent

passage of flae%

)hen the flaable &apours concentration at the outlet has been reduced to the 2G

of the lo#er flaable liit, gas freeing be continued at cargo tan$ dec$ le&el%


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INE#' 7%S S,S'E:

Inert gas systes should be designed and operated in such a #ay to render and aintain

the atosphere of the cargo tan$s non/ flaable at all ties, e;cept #hen such tan$sare required to be gas free%

The systes shall be capable of follo#ing% 0aintaining the atosphere in any part of any cargo tan$ #ith an o;ygen content

not e;ceeding MG by &olue at any tie, and a positi&e pressure at all ties in

port and at sea e;cept #hen it is necessary for such a tan$ to be gas free%

2% Eliinating the need for air to enter a tan$ during noral operation e;cept #hen

necessary%

1% Purging epty cargo tan$s of a hydro carbon gas so that subsequent gas freeing

operations #ill at no tie create a flaable atosphere #ithin the tan$%

8% Systes shall be capable of deli&ering inert gas to the cargo tan$s at a rate at least

6>8G of the a;iu rate of discharge capacity of the ship e;pressed as a

&olue%

@% The systes shall be capable of deli&ering inert gas #ith an o;ygen content of not

than 8G by &olue in the inert gas supply ain to the cargo tan$s at any requiredrate of flo#%

3% The inert gas supply ay be treated flue gas fro ain or au;iliary boilers%

M% Flue gas isolating &al&e shall be fitted in the inert gas supply ains bet#een the

boiler upta$es and the flue scrubber% These &al&es are pro&ided #ith indicators to

sho# #hether they are open or closed% Arrangeents shall be ade to ensure thatboiler soot blo#ers cannot be operated #hen flue gas &al&e is open

:% A flue gas scrubber shall be fitted #hich #ill effecti&ely cool the &olue of gas,reo&e solid suspended particles and sulphate cobustion products%

6% Filters or equi&alent de&ices shall be fitted to iniize the aount of #atercarried o&er to the inert gas blo#ers%

66% (A* class di&ision for scrubber


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6>% At least t#o blo#ers to be pro&ided, in case of inert gas generator only one

blo#ers is peritted%

62% T#o fuel oil pups shall be fitted to the inert gas generator%

61% Inert gas systes shall not de&elop ore pressure than the designed pressure ofany cargo tan$%

68% To perit safe aintenance an additional #ater seal or other effecti&e eans ofpre&enting flue gas lea$age shall be fitted bet#een the flue gas isolating &al&es

and scrubber or incorporated in the gas entry to the scrubber%

6@% At least t#o non return de&ices, one of #hich shall be #ater seal, in order topre&ent the return of hydrocarbon &apours to the achinery spaces upta$es or to

any gas safe spaces%

63% Pro&isions should be ade to ensure that #ater seal in protected against freezing,in such a #ay that integrity of seal is not ipaired by o&er heating%

6M% 0eans shall be pro&ided to protect cargo tan$s against the effects of o&er pressure

or &acuu caused by theral &ariations #hen the cargo tan$s are isolated fro

the inert gas ains%

6:% Suitable arrangeents shall be pro&ided to enable the inert gas ain to be

connected to an e;ternal supply of inert gas%

>% Audible and &isual alars shall be pro&ided to indicate follo#ing .T and up#ards should be fitted #ith fi;ed gas fire

e;tinguishing syste coplying #ith the pro&isions of SO+AS .egulation 8 or by a firee;tinguishing syste #hich gi&es equi&alent protection should ha&e% The fi;ed fire detection syste shall be capable or rapidly detecting the on set offire% The syste to be tested under noral &entilation and shall be gi&en o&er all

response plan%

2% .O/ .O Cargo spaces capable of being sealed shall be fitted #ith a fi;ed gas firee;tinguishing systes, #hich shall coply SO+AS Chapter II, .egulation 8,

1% If the CO> systes is fitted, the quantity of gas a&ailable shall e at least sufficientto gi&e a iniu &olue of free gas equal to 18G of the gross &olue of the

largest such cargo spaces #hich is capable of being sealed, and arrangeents

shall be such as to ensure that at least t#o thirds of the gas required for therele&ant spaces shall be introduced during 6 inutes%

8% Any other fi;ed fire e;tinguish systes ay be fitted pro&ided adinistration is

satisfied that an equi&alent protection systes is ensured%

@% Each special category spaces shall be fitted #ith an appro&ed fi;ed pressure #ater

spraying systes for anual operation #hich shall protect all parts of any dec$and &ehicle platfor in such space% !o#e&er, the drainage and puping

arrangeents shall be such as to pre&ent the build up of free surface%

3% There shall be pro&ided for use in any .O/.O cargo space such nuber of

portable fire e;tinguishers as the adinistration ay dee sufficient at least one

portable e;tinguishers shall be located at each access to a cargo space%


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M% Each .O/.O cargo space intended for the carriage of otor &ehicles #ith fuel in

their tan$s for their o#n propulsion shall be pro&ided #ith at least three foa

applicators, one portable foa applicator unit coplying #ith the pro&isions of anair fro nozzle of an inductor type, capable of being connected to the fire ain by

a fire hose together #ith a portable tan$ containing at least > liter of foa

a$ing liquid and one spare tan$% The nozzle shall be capable of producingeffecti&e foa suitable for e;tinguishing an oil fire at the rate of at least 68%

Pro&ided that at least t#o such units are a&ailable in the ship for use in such .O/

.O cargo spaces


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C&%P'E# (4

S&IP $I#E $I7&'IN7 )#7%NIS%'I)N

7ENE#% E:E#7ENC, %%#:6% The general eergency alar syste shall be capable of sounding the general

eergency alar% Signal consists of se&en or ore short blasts follo#ed by one long

blast on the ship's #histle or siren and additionally an electrically operated bell or $la;onor other equi&alent #arning syste, #hich shall be po#ered fro the ship's ain supply

and eergency source of electrical po#er required by .egulations 66/61> O. 66/612%

The syste shall be capable of operation fro the na&igating bridge and e;cept for theship's #histle also fro other strategic points% The systes should be audible throughout

the accoodation and noral cre# #or$ing spaces%

>% Fire alar is the continues ringing of the bell% The operation of this alar is

autoatic #hich can be operated anually by either pressing or depressing noral callpoints% -oth abo&e alars can be acti&ated fro bridge for alerting the cre# about the

eergency and also to suon the to uster station 4fire station7%

2% A special alar, operated fro the na&igating bridge or fire control station, shall be

fitted to suon the cre#% This alar ay be part of the ship's general alar syste andshould be capable of being sounded independently of the alar to the passenger spaces%

Hpon hearing fire alar, indi&idual cre# ust #ear proper clothing i%e% full slee&e cotton

boiler suit, life "ac$et, safety shoe helet and should proceed to uster station andperfor initial tas$s, li$e pressurizing fire ain and rigging up fire hoses% The fire ain

pressures should be chec$ed by operating the fire nozzle% So that the proper type of "et

spray is a&ailable for fighting the fire%

1% Cre# eber ust also be failiar #ith other types of alars gi&en belo# for

ta$ing appropriate steps #hen they are sounded%

CO> alar to engine roo%

CO> alar to pup roo%

0an o&erboard alar

Abandoning ship alar%

0achinery alar in E.

H0S fire detection alar

!alon alar

E&ery alar requires a different tas$ to be perfored% !ence it is essential for e&ery cre#

eber to distinguish one alar to another alar &ery clearly%


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$I#E C)N'#) P%NS %ND :*S'E# IS'

The fire control plans should clearly indicate the follo#ing% Fire zones enclosed by JA' class di&ision and J-' class di&ision%

2% =etails of fire e;tinguishing appliances pro&ided on board%

1% =etails of &entilating systes and dapers fan control position%8% Particulars of fire detection and alar syste%

@% =etails of fire pup, fire ain and position of fire hydrants and hoses%

The fire control plans are located at ain dec$ near port side and starboard side gang#ay%It is essential for the fire control plan to ensure that fire control plan is properly legible all

the tie and should be a&ailable #hene&er required%%

:*S'E# IS'It is displayed on notice board in cre#'sofficers so$e roo and other designated

places% These uster lists describes the duties of indi&idual cre# eber's to beperfored in case of an eergency% It also specifies #hich officerscre#s are assigned to

aintain fire appliances and to ensure that they should be $ept in good #or$ing

conditions%

The list should also indicate substitutes for $ey persons #ho ay becoe disabled%

Ta$ing into account that different eergencies ay call for different actions% 0uster list

ust be prepared before the &essel proceeds to sea and updates in the case of change ofcre#%

:*S'E# S'%'I)N

The uster station of &arious teas should be ade as per the layout of the ship% The

tea leader or his deputy ust ta$e charge of the uster and report to coand control%The coand tea ay norally operate fro na&igating bridge or fro its priary

station% Secondary station to be decided before hand% The eergency tea ay be

allotted a uster station #here there is no difficulty to counicate #ith the coand

center%

9orally this usters at boat dec$ port and starboard side of the ship% The technical tea

should uster in the engine control roo or at a con&enient location in the engine roo%The support tea should uster on the open dec$ close to hospital% The choice of all

uster station ust be ade after closely considering the position of eergency

equipent and the accessibility to sur&i&al crafts%


30/132

C)::*NIC%'I)N

Effecti&e counication bet#een coand center and the tea plays &ital role during

fire eergency% 9o# odern counication gadgets are a&ailable to counicate froe;ternal en&ironent, in case the latter's help is required to be sought%

follo#ing eans of counication are generally used% 2rdOfficer/ Assistant For safe 9a&igation 4 In case Ship is at sea72% .adio Officer/ Counication and aintaining records of e&ents%

1% !elsan/ Steering%

8% Cadet.ating 0essenger%

E:E#7ENC, 'E%: -1

6% Chief Officer +eader>% 1thEngineer =eputy +eader

2% Petty Officer As =irected

1% .atings/ =ec$, Engine, Saloon%


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E:E#7ENC, 'E%:-11

This ust first uster and report to coand tea, should prepare equipent as orderedand report about their readiness and #ould go to fight fire #hen orders%

6% Second Engineer/ +eader>% Second Officer =eputy +eader

2% Petty Officer As =irected

1% .atings =ec$ Engine, Saloon, Catering%

'EC&NIC% 'E%:

)ould proceed to engine roo #hen the fire alar is sounded% The tea leader #ould

indicate coand center, the status of eergency equipent and #hether they ha&e beenaffected by the fire or not%

6% Chief Engineer +eader

>% 2rdEngineer =eputy +eader

2% Electrical Officer As =irected1% .atings =ec$, Engine%

S*PP)#' 'E%:

6% Catering Officer +eader

>% -oso / =eputy +eader

2% Seaan1% Cateringsaloon

Each tea$ should ha&e iniu of @ ebers but should not e;ceed ore than Mebers% The tea leader should ensure the cohesi&eness of the group% The tea ust

not enter the fire zone unless ordered by the tea leader% The ebers should be ready

to a$e entry in fire zone% The tea ebers #ho are a$ing entry to fire zone should

be failiar #ith the copartent% They should $no# escape route fro the copartent%The tea should a$e entry #ith all the equipent% 0eans of access%2% =etails of cargo together #ith sto#age plan%

1% Kentilation arrangeents%

8% Stability data%

@% Any persons issing%3% Fire fighting steps ta$en%

M% Condition of ship's ser&ices%

:% =etails of fi;ed installations, fire zones and general arrangeents%

The fire bridge ay need se&eral ebers of the cre# to act as guide in case of large

&essels% 0ost fire brigades prefer to fight a fire along #ith the ship's cre#% Ship'sofficer should pro&ide coplete inforation to the fire brigade personnel regarding

fire%


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%bout % After loading and daily during the &oyage, surface teperature should be

recorded%

2% =uring loading and on the &oyage teperature should not e;ceed :C%, shouldthis be the caseL loading should be stopped and resued only #hen teperature

falls belo# M8C, or, &essel should not sail on international &oyages unless

teperature is belo# @8C%

1% At sea, should teperature rise abo&e MC, a potential fire situation isde&eloping% Kessel should a$e for nearest suitable port for boundary cooling

during the run%

8% -ilge spaces, particularly in cargo spaces ust be dry and clean@% S#arf should be copacted by a bulldozer or soe other eans to eliinate

uch of the surrounding air%

3% )ater should not be used% Application of inert gas as sothering agent should beunderta$en%


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D.#.I. Drect #e6uce6 Iron4Spontaneous Cobustion and !ydro/ .eaction7

I.:.).uide ad&ices%

The t#o hazards associated #ith this type of cargo are% )hen #ith #ater, particularly #ith sea #ater, #ill produce !ydrogen gas, #hich

is flaable gas and fors an e;plosi&e i;tures #ith air% If teperature rise

abo&e 6oC direct action #ith O;ygen in the air continues and ay lead toe;plosion and or ignition%

2% Fire in the bul$ sto#age of this aterial is e;ternally difficult to e;tinguish and

the follo#ing should be adopted%

9on acceptance of #et cargo%

Installation of equipent to onitor teperatures, o;ygen and hydrogen

concentrations during &oyages%

0aintenance of inert gas atosphere in the cargo equipent Ensuring #ater tightness of all hatch/ openings%

0onitoring o;ygen concentrations in holds throughout the &oyage and aintain

percentage belo# 8G if there is an increase of concentration of hydrogen or a rise

in teperature, a fire situation ay be de&eloping%

If a fire situation de&elops, &essels should a$e for nearest port #ater stea orCO>is not to be used as a reaction #ith the cargo ay result% !o#e&er, if nitrogen

gas is a&ailable, it #ill be help to $eep O;ygen concentration do#n and help in

containing the fire%

The danger is particularly pre&alent #here this cargo is carried as pellets, lups or

cold oulded briquettes% !ot oulded briquettes being less dangerous, this cargo isbeing shipped in this for no# a day%

Coa/< hazards associated are spontaneous Cobustion and eission of ethane gas%

A ethaneair i;ture containing bet#een 868 of ethane constitutes an e;plosi&ei;ture in the atosphere, #hich can be ignited by a spar$ or na$ed flae%

Su/phur< hazardous are inflaable solid, #ill ignite easily, corrosi&e and liable todust e;plosions%

.ecoendations for safe handling of sulphur are6C% The e;tinguisher is tested #hen ne# to >1 bar%

The acid charge is contained in a sealed glass bulb, #hich is bro$en #hen the

operating spindle stri$es it, thus peritting the acid to i; #ith the al$ali solution inthe outer and causing the e;tinguisher to operate% The e;tinguisher is charged #ith

around 181 gras of al$ali, sodiu bicarbonate, i;ed in #ar #ater to a$e :

liters of solution #hich is poured into an outer container up to an internal le&elindicator% A glass bulb containing around 83 gras of sulphuric acids is placed in a

perforated container in the air space abo&e the liquid% The cap is scre#ed on to the

"oint%


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)hen the plunger $nob on the top of the e;tinguisher is gi&en a sharp blo#, the acid bulb

brea$s and the cheical reaction starts the pressure of the carbon dio;ide fored by the

reaction, increases the internal pressure in the e;tinguisher and the liquid contents ise"ected out of the e;tinguisher%

The equation for the cheical reaction is as follo#s

inutes%

&) ') )PE#%'E

)hen the need begas is

held under high pressure in a sealed cartridge% )hen the e;tinguisher is operated thecartridge is bro$en resulting in the escape of CO>gas to the ain shell #hich pushes

out the po#der in the for of fog%

)PE#%'IN7 :E'&)D

Carry the e;tinguisher to the place of fire and $eep it upright% .eo&e the safety clip

and stri$e the $nob located in the cap to actuate the piercing echanis, #hich in

turn brea$s the sealing disc of the cartridge% =irect the strea of escaping po#der atthe base of the flae% For effecti&e result stand 6%8 to >%8 eters a#ay and direct the

strea near the seat of the fire% Progress for#ard o&ing the nozzle rapidly #ith aside to side in a s#eeping otion #hen using on outdoors fires al#ays operates the

e;tinguisher to effecti&e range of the spray%

C%#E %ND :%IN'EN%NCE

There are soe aintenance schedules ad&isable for their effecti&e perforance of

e;tinguisher #hich are as follo#ing%

ee/

Clean the e;terior of the e;tinguishers% Polish the painted portion #ith a little

colourless #a; polish and the brass and chroiu plated parts% Chec$ the nozzle

outlet and &ent holes in the threaded portion of the cap for clogging Chec$ if theplunger is clean and is in fully e;tended position%

@uarter/

)ithdra# the gas cartridge and chec$ if the sealing disc is intact% )eight the

cartridge and copare its #eight #ith that staped on its body% If a loss of 6G or

ore of the contents is obser&ed, replace it #ith a fully charged cartridge%

Chec$ the piercing echanis for its proper functioning% .eo&e the inner shell and

clean port holes if necessary% Also chec$ the port holes in the cartridge holder andclean the if necessary%

Chec$ the po#der for granulation and ca$ing% If ca$inggranulation is obser&ed

reo&e and replace #ith fresh charge%


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%nnua//

One third of the total nuber of e;tinguishers of this type should be put into

operation for e&aluating their satisfactory perforance% In the e&ent of poor

perforance of any of the the balance #ill also ha&e to be tested%

'renna//

E&ery e;tinguisher should be discharged% It should be hydraulically pressure tested at

63%8 $g fc>% If there is any indication of echanical daage or corrosion to the

e;tinguisher shell, it should be pressure tested iediately% -efore recharging, the

e;tinguisher should be dry% The e;tinguisher body contains a receptacle holding thepo#der attached to the head securing assebly% A CO>cartridge under high pressure

is held #ith the piercing echanis to operate the e;tinguisher, the cartridge is

pierced #hich allo#s the CO>gas to escape% This in turn pushes the po#der out in a

cloud%

2% C%# is effecti&e as an e;tinguishing agent priarily because it

reduces the o;ygen content of air to a point #here cobustion cannot continue% CO>non cobustible and does not react #ith ost substances% -eing a gas it penetrates

and spreads to all area affected by air%

Carbon dio;ide fire e;tinguishers are used for putting out fires in oils, petroleuproducts, aseous substances under pressure and on sophisticated electrical and

electronic apparatus%

Carbon dio;ide e;tinguishers are not to be used in% Fires in&ol&ing reacti&e etals such as Sodiu, Potassiu and 0agnesiu%

C)NS'#*C'I)N

Carbon dio;ide is retained in the cylinder as liquid under pressure% The cylinder is

filled #ith the charge to about t#o/ thirds by #eight of its total #ater capacity%

:E'&)D )$ )PE#%'I)N

Carry the e;tinguisher to the place of fire% .eo&e the safety pin and operate the

discharge de&ice or unscre# the &al&e depending on the design% Carbon dio;ide is

deli&ered by eans of discharge through a high pressure fle;ible hose%


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=irect the "et at the base of the fire, starting at one edge and s#eeping across the

surface of the burning aterial% )hen used in open air, the operator should stand on

the up/#ind side of the fire and should apply the gas in a do#n#ind direction as closeas possible to the fire% On firs in electrical equipent first s#itch off the current and

then direct the "et or horn straight at the fire%

The gas at the tie discharge a$es considerable noise% The user should therefore be

#ell con&ersant #ith its operation to pre&ent the "et fro being isdirected during the

first fe# &ital seconds% The handling of apparatus is also &ery iportant%

C%#E %ND :%IN'EN%NCE

At least once a #ee$% Polish the painted portion #ith a little colourless #a; polish

the brasschroiu parts to be polished #ith brasssil&er polish% Chec$ that the

nozzle outlet is free fro clogging%

Once a onth #eigh the e;tinguisher and if a #eight difference of 6G or ore isobser&ed it should be sent out for recharging% E&ery tie the e;tinguisher is sent

for recharging, the cylinder should be pressure tested at >6$g fc> before

recharging%

Other points #hich ay be entioned in connection #ith the use of CO>e;tinguishers are%

>% The use of !alon in such ne# installations on other ships shall be prohibited by 6st

uly 6::>%

2% Full scale test of !alon fire e;tinguishing syste of board ship shall be prohibited

by 6stuly 6::>%

P)#'%


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It is not useful to tac$le large petroleu fires but could be used to handle fire in paint

roos, lap roo fuel or diesel operated achinery%

Its only ad&antage lies in the fact that it is portable and pro&ides ore co&erage than

any portable e;tinguisher% It also does not need an elaborate foa concentrate i;ing

and foa generating apparatus as it is all incorporated in the applicator nozzle itself%

$IXED INS'%%'I)N S,S'E:S

$I#E DE'EC'I)N S,S'E:

These are fitted as per the Fire Fighting .ules on the &essels% The ain ob"ecti&e is

to ta$e their help in detection and possible e;tinction of a fire before it ta$esenorous shape and result into a catastrophe%

It #or$s on the principles that #hene&er fire occurs the atosphere around the fire

place gets changed and these changes are sensed by the fire detector #hich in thatcase raises the alar% Autoatic fire detection is ore reliable than relying entirely

on the detection of the fire by the huan beings% Any sign of fire e&en if of theslightest nature is iediately detected by the syste% It #or$s round the cloc$ and

so $eeps a &igil continuously% It gi&es aple tie for the fire fighting personnel to act

accordingly because any delay in the detection and the action ta$en as a consequenceay pro&e to be ore fatal and ore de&astating% !eat, so$e and flae are the ost

coon eleents used to detect fire%

The ain points #hich ay be considered #hile opting for a particular type of firedetector are that it should gi&e the best co&er in a particular situation, should not gi&e

false alar, its #arning signals should be clearly audible and &isible and they shouldbe fi;ed at a central place in a ship preferably on bridge%

',PES )$ $I#E DE'EC')#S

All the fire detectors sense heat, so$e, flae or other indications of fire

They are of different types and soe of the are as follo#s%

6% !eat detectors operate #hen the rate of the teperature in the surrounding

increases beyond a set liit%>% So$e detectors, #hich operate #hen so$e obscures a bea of light falling on a

photo electric cell%

2% So$e detectors, #hich operate #hen a bea of light is scattered by so$e andcaused to fall on photo electric cell%

1% So$e detectors, #hich operate #hen an electric current flo#ing through an

ionized atosphere is changed by cobustion products%8% Flae detectors, #hich react to radiation eanating fro flae%


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A sprin$ler syste also incorporates an autoatic fire detection alar and

e;tinguishing systes%

&E%' %C'*%'ED $I#E DE'EC')#S )PE#%'E


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I@*ID EXP%NSI)NSG per eter% A so$e

detector #ill detect ost fires uch faster than a heat detector% It also co&ers ore

area for detection of fire than the heat detectors% There are t#o types of so$edetectors% Photo electric so$e detectors%


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I)NIK%'I)N S:);E DE'EC')#S

So$e detectors using ionization principle pro&ide soe#hat faster response to high

energy 4open flaing7 fire, since these produce large nuber so$e particles% An

ionization so$e detector has sall aount of radio acti&e aterial #hich ionizes theair in the sensing chaber, thus rendering it conducti&e and peritting a current flo#

through the air bet#een t#o charged electrodes% This gi&es the sensing chaber an

effecti&e electrical conductance% )hen so$e particles enter the ionization area, theydecrease the conductance of the air by attaching thesel&es to the ions, causing

reduction in obility% )hen the conductance is less than a pre deterined le&el, the

detector responds and raises the alar%

P&)') EEC'#IC S:);E DE'EC')#

This type of detectors response faster to the so$e generated by lo# energy fi;es as

in case souldering fires because these fires generally produce ore of the largerso$e particles%

The presence of suspended so$e particles generated during the cobination process

affect the light bea passing through the air% This change caused due to the fire can

be utilized to detect its presence% These are t#o types%A% +ight obscuration%

-% +ight scatter type%

I7&' )


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!ence in&isible infra red rays and ultra &iolet rays radiation only used to detect fire%

These infra red radiation and ultra &iolet radiation ha&e particular frequency of >8hz%Infra red flae detector lensefitter unit allo# only infra red rays to pass through and

focus on photo electric cell% The signal goes to aplifier unit and tie delay unit

before passing into alar circuit% This tie delay unit iniizes the incidence offalse alars due to heating eleents and other na$ed flaes li$e fro atch stic$s

flae or lighting to torches for firing boilers, or flaes fro blo# lap%

%6antage

6% The cobustion products need not reach detector li$e heat and flae detector in

order to acti&ate the alar%>% Hseful in open space%

2% Kery quic$ in detection%

Da6antage

The presence of so$e can reduce the effecti&eness of the detector as so$e as$sthe flae%

%*'):%'IC SP#IN;E# S,S'E:

They are autoatic fire detection, alaring and e;tinguishing syste% The syste

consists of pressurised pipes filled #ith nuber of sprin$ler heads, #hich are so

arranged that e&ery part of each space requiring protection is adequately co&ered%Each head has glass or quartzoid bulb, #hich retains a diaphrag seal at the outlet of

the #ater pipe% This bulb is partially filled #ith a special fluid so arranged that rise in

teperature in the concerned copartent #ill cause that liquid to e;pand% )hen theliquid has e;panded entirely and filled the space the bulb being unable to #ith stand

further pressure bursts% The #ater pressure forces diaphrags out and #ater flo#s

fro the sprin$ler% The usual teperature at #hich bulb bursts is, @MC or :2C andeach sprin$ler co&ers area of 6> square eter% As the pressure drops, a sea #ater

pup starts autoatically%

%C'I)NS %C'I=%'ED % It #ill indicate zone #here fire occurred in fire indicator panel at control station

and in bridge%

2% It #ill autoatically close all fire doors in accoodation to contain fire%1% It #ill autoatically shut/ of accoodation &entilation syste%

8% It #ill obilize entire tea for fire in&estigation syste%


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C&)ICE )$ $I#E DE'EC')#S $)# =%#I)*S K)NES

It depends on% Area to be protected%

2% Kolue and height of the copartent%

Follo#ing detectors are used for &arious places on board ship

Types of detectors used in &arious places on board shipquantity is easily calculated based on &olue of space%

Integrity of the space itself is &ery iportant%

C)2Storage %n6 Supp/ SteA

C/n6er

6% Stored in !P+P Cylinders%>% On ships !P Cylinders are used%

2% Cylinders store liquid CO>at atospheric pressure%

1% Cylinder can #ithstand a a; perissible tep of 81%1C 462F7%8% Fitted #ith an internal dip tube to enable CO>discharge fro the botto #hen the

Cylinder is $ept upright #ith &al&e open%


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Ppng SteA

CO>enters piping as a liquid

Friction causes loss in pressure and as pressure drops, the liquid boils, resulting in ai;ture of liquid and &apour in the piping% =ue to continuous pressure drop, the

&apour &olue increases for discharge at each nozzle%

The size of piping is designed to gi&e the desired flo# rate%

SoAe #egu/ator #eBureAent $or $5e6 7a $re E5tnguhng SteA

Fi;ed piping syste for achinery spaces should be capable of discharging M8G of

total quantity of gas required to flood the copartent #ithin > inutes%

The quantity CO>for cargo holds protection to be sufficient to pro&ide 2G of gross&olue of largest hold protected%

uantity of CO>to be carried for protection of achinery space should be larger of

t#oshall be calculated at %8@ 2$g%

'pca/ Ca/cu/aton $or Shp &o/6O:achner Space Protecton


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C)2 raise theacidic le&el of the blood% This pre&ents the heoglobin fro absorbing O;ygen in the

lungs, #hich can lead to a respiratory arrest% Thus it is e;treely dangerous to enter

#ithout proper breathing apparatus% Any copartent in #hich CO> has beendischarged% This applies e&en to short periods of tie%

$))IN7 %C'I)NS %#E ')


99/132

surface and e;tinguishes the fire% Foa fors radiant heat barrier, #hich is iportant

in the e;tinguishing of oil fires

$)%: S:)'&E#IN7 INS'%%'I)N

In order to coply #ith statutory rules, #here a foa sothering installation is fittedto protect a space it ust be capable of discharging a quantity of foa, in not ore

that 8 inutes, sufficient to co&er a depth of @ inches on the largest single area o&er

#hich fuel oil is liable to spared% On tan$ers the requireent becoes co&ering thedec$ #ith > inches of foa in 68 inutes%

The usual practice is to supply storage tan$s of a capacity to eet the requireents%

The ethod of generating the foa according to the installation4 i%e% pup operated, self contained pressurised, or prei;ed7 effecti&e distribution of the foa

is achie&ed through a peranent syste of piping to discharge outlets abo&e double

botto tan$ tops, and to fi;ed sprayers on other ain oil fire hazards in the protected

space% The installation also pro&ides special nozzles to #hich unaerated copound ispuped% These can produce foa #ith an e;pansion ratio of @ /6 against noral

rates of M or 6 / 6

&I7& EXP%NSI)N $)%: &I-EX

The !I/E5 generation syste consists of the follo#ing parts% !I E5 Spray nozzles

2% !I/E5 9ylon net1% Shutter operator

8% Air chaber

!I E5 foa can be generated either by fi;ed installation 4anually or

autoatically7, or by a o&eable unit, and can be used on carbonaceous or oil type

fires%

-asically !I/E5 foa is coposed of a ass of bubbles of unifor size ha&ing an

e;pansion ratio of appro;iately 6, &olue of foa for each &olue of liquid

thus on e of the a"or ad&antage of a !I/E5 foa syste is in a application #hereliited use of #ater is desirable, e%g% passenger ship accoodation to a&oid a

stability proble%

Indi&idual !I/E5 foa bubbles are each about 6 in diaeter, and are created by

uniforly #etting a special net #ith a i;ture of #ater 4fresh or salt7 and foa, then

blo#ing air through the net by eans of a fan% The output of the bubbles depends onthe size of the generator used, and can &ary bet#een 6,> cubic ft% and 81, cubic

ft% per inute%


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)hen foa #ith an e;pansion ratio of 6, to 6 is dri&en on a fire, the one &olue

of liquid is flashed to stea, and the resulting e;pansion of #ater to stea creates a

i;ture of soe 6,3 &olues of stea and less than 3/6> or #ell belo# #hat is


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.equired for acti&e burning% Con&ersion of #ater to stea absorbs a great deal of

heat, thus cooling the burning aterials% A an caught in the foa ay burst the

bubbles and breatheL an unconscious an can not do this and needs an early rescue%Portable generators are no# a&ailable in the ar$et% The systes ha&e also been

de&eloped #here the bubbles are filled #ith inert gas%

!i/E5 foa ay be forced into an enclosed space% There ust be an escape for the

gas already in the coportent for the foa to spread freely it ust be reebered

that these gases #ill be superheated and cooling sprays #ill be needed in the region of

this &enting space%

',PES )$ $)%:S

The types of foas can be described as follo#sgas%

2..:echanca/ $oaA

These are produced by i;ing a foa concentrate #ith #ater to produce foa

solution% The bubbles are fored by the turbulent i;ing of air and the foa solution%

!ere the bubbles are filled #ith air% 0echanical foas are produced fro proteins,detergent and surfactants% The surfactants are a large group of copounds that

include detergent% )etting agents and liquids soaps% Surfactants are used to produce

aqueous fil foring foa, coonly referred to as AFFF%

3..Proten $oaA

The usual protein foas are produced fro protein rich anial and &egetable #astethat is hydrolyzed 4sub"ected to a cheical reaction #ith #ater that produces a #ee$

acid7 ineral salts are added to increase their resistance to #ithering, a$ing the

foas resistant to burn bac$% The foa concentrate can produce foa in all types of#ater 4fresh and sea #ater7 e;cept in #ater that is containated #ith oil% )hen

antifreeze is added, foa can be produced in subfreezing teperatures do#n to inus

>2%2C the concentrate is a&ailable in 2G and @G concentrations%


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4. %/coho/ $oaA

Alcohol resistant protein foa is siilar to standard protein foa% !o#e&er it is

blended #ith an insoluble soap, to perit its use on #ater soluble organic flaable

liquids, such as Alcohol, ?etones, Eithers and Aldehydes%

. Snthetc $oaA

Synthetic detergent based foa is ade up of al$yl sulfonates% This foa has less

burn bac$ resistance than protein forulae, but ay be used #ith all dry cheicals% It

foas ore readily than the protein and requires less #ater hence it is &ery useful

#here #ater supply is liited%

!. %Bueou $/A $orAng ght ater G%$$$

This foa is ade fro surfactants, through a fairly cople; cheical process% Thisresults in an e;tinguishing agent that is highly effecti&e #hen used according to the

anufacture's instructions% This foa is less &iscous than the usual #ithout loosingits inherent strength, and so it flo#s, rapidly o&er the surface producing sealing effect%

". &gh E5panon $oaA

!igh e;pansion foas are those that e;pand in ratios of o&er 6


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C))IN7 E$$EC' S,S'E:S

There are t#o systes% !igh pressure #ater spray syste%

%*'):%'IC SP#IN;E# S,S'E:

The sprin$ler syste is an autoatic fire detecting alaring and e;tinguishing syste

that is constantly on guard to deal quic$ly and effecti&ely #ith any out brea$ of fire

that ay occur in accoodation or other spaces% -riefly the syste is coposed of

pressurized #ater tan$, #ith #ater pipes leading to &arious copartents% In thesecopartents the #ater pipes ha&e sprin$ler heads fitted #hich coe into operation

#hen there is an outbrea$ of fire%

Initially syste is filled #ith fresh #ater and is pressurized such that the pressure atthe highest sprin$ler head in the syste is not les than 1%M bar%

Each sprin$ler head is ade up of steel cage and a #ater deflector% The quartzoid

bulb inside cage retains soft etal seal at the pipe% The quartzoid bulbs are

anufactured so that if the bulb is sub"ected to heat, the liquid inside that e;pandsand gas space diinishes, this #ill generate pressure inside the bulb is shattered at a

pre deterined teperature% uartzoid bulbs are anufactured in different colours,

#hich indicate the operating teperature of the bulbs%

'E:PE#%'*#E #%'IN7 C))*# )$ '&E


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The syste is di&ided into sections, each #ith its o#n anually operated &al&e

situated outside the fire zone% This a$es it possible for only the section directlyco&ering the fire to be operated, thus a&oiding unnecessary #ater daage%

0ediu pressure drencher systes are often chosen to protect car dec$s on roll on off ferries% )ater Spray systes ha&e to be used early or spray ay be flashed

to stea abo&e the surface of the blazing liquid, also there is the danger of shado#

areas% It should also be realised ho# quic$ly lo#er ban$s of nozzles ay be co&ered#ith #ater, #hich ha&e blazing oil on the surface%

D#, C&E:IC% P)DE#

Ships carrying liquids gases in bul$ are no# being fitted #ith dry cheical po#der

e;tinguishing syste, the syste is used to protect the cargo dec$ area and all loading

station anifolds%

)PE#%'I)N )$ D#, C&E:IC% P)DE#

)hen the fire is detected, the nitrogen cylinder &al&e in the concerned control stations

opens to release nitrogen propellant% The nitrogen flo#s into the dry cheical storage

tan$ through a perforated aerating tube, the holes in the tube are co&ered #ith rubber,so that nitrogen can flo# into the tan$ but not the dry cheical po#der% The nitrogen

cylinder &al&e is calibrated to release dry cheicals to the nozzles at the proper rate%

Acti&ating and operating details #ith different units and anufactures ay be

different% In each case the anufacture's instructions should be follo#ed carefully foroperating the syste%

INE#' G 7%S P#)D*CE# INS'%%'I)N

The principal disad&antages of CO>stored in etal cylinders as a fire fighting agent

on board ship is that there is assured continuity of supply% Once the total aount ofgas carried aboard has been used, there can be no ore replaceent units ship

reaches port, but this is not so #ith an inert gas producing syste, because all that is

necessary to $eep a continuous supply of gas a&ailable is a fe# gallons of diesel oil%

A typical syste ight consist of a generator in the for of a horizontal oil fired

furnace #ith a fire bric$ lining, surrounded by a cooling #ater "ac$et% At one end is

fitted an oil burner #ith fuel and air regulatorsL the other end opens into a coolingchaber%

A separate unit ounted to the cobustion chaber consists of a po#er unit, #hichdri&es an air blo#er, a diesel fuel pup and a cooling #ater pup%

)hen the unit is started up, the engine autoatically circulates cooling #ater round

the #ater "ac$et of the cobustion chaber and the engine, also to the sprayer at the


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top of the cooling to#er% At the sae tie diesel oil and air are forced under pressure

to the burner &al&es, #here the &apours are ignited by eans of an electrode and so

the o;ygen content of the air is burnt off% The e;haust gases then pass fro thecobustion chaber to the cooling to#er% The cooled gas then enters the ain

distribution pipe #or$ and by eans of &al&es is di&erted into the hold on fire%

The function of the inert gas once released is of course, to reduce the o;ygen content

of the air in the affected hold to belo# the :G o;ygen necessary to aintain

cobustion%

The gas itself is coposed of7 is ready for iediate use%

The sealing of the hold should not be thorough so that the air in the hold ay

copletely replaced by the inert gas%

enerally the controls ust be in a position to be accessible in case of fire in the

space they protect% This control should be conspicuously ar$ed #ith instructions fortheir use as any responsible persons as possible should be con&ersant #ith the

particular protection syste on board ship% Although decisions as to the flooding byCO>etc% should lie #ith 0asterSenior officer%


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6% Atospheric%

>% Self containedThe first ones depend on atospheric air supply%

The letter ones are independent of e;ternal air supply and are self contained%

1..%':)SP&E#IC ',PES

Atospheric types of breathing apparatuses can be typed as follo#s% .equires ore nuber of persons%

2% Since tubing is hea&y, it is difficult in laying hose lines%

1% Air supply line ay be daaged during the operation or can be get trapped%8% .educed pressure occurs due to partial &acuu in Antipoys%

@% The distance co&ered in the operation is liited%

Precauton $or Proper Care %n6 :antenance

Follo#ing hints are for proper care and aintenance of different parts% Storage in&ol&es $eeping the in clean, dry and &entilated spaces%2% Should be $ept after proper natural drying%

1% Coupling threads should be protected%

SE$ C)N'%INED ',PES

This self/contained apparatus pro&ides total fle;ibility to the user% They don't restrict

the #earer's o&eent% These are of &arious designs but the basic principle is sae

for all the types% The apparatus should consist of a face as$ attached by a fle;iblehose to one or t#o cylinders containing air and supported on a flae and harness% The

capacity of the apparatus is to be not less than 6> liters and noinal functioning

tie of 2 inutes%

For arine #or$s, The =epartent of Trade and Industry deands that all

copressed air seats ust ha&e a lo# cylinder audible #arning de&ice fitted% The

anufacture's hand boo$ should be thoroughly consulted before use%

The arrangeent of a typical apparatus should be as follo#s1 /2 lb% only7 sufficient to cause e;piration fro the casualty% Count one t#o

4allo#ing > seconds tie for this steps in all7

Step -2The operator no# roc$s bac$#ards counting up to three 4allo#ing one second

for this otion7 #hile roc$ing bac$#ards operator slides his hands bac$#ards along

casualty's shoulders until they grip the casualty's upper ars near elbo#s%

Step -3< The operator raises and pulls on the ars until tension is felt for a period of t#o

seconds counting (four*, (fi&e* this o&eent causes inspiration 4inhalation 7 for the

casualty%

Care should be ta$en that during the entire procedures the operators ars should reain

straight and the casualty's chest should not be raised fro the ground%

Step -4< Counting (si;*, for one second the operator should lo#er the ars of the

casualty and ta$e his hands bac$ to coence to Step/6% This #hole cycle occupies si;

seconds and should be rhythic in character and continued till breathing is resuednorally by the casualty% )hen the casualty begins to sho# signs of breathing the

operator should continue #ith Step/ >, Only raising and lo#ering ars counting (one* ,

(t#o* for e;piration 4#ith casualty's ar do#n 7 and counting (three*, (four* 4#ithcasualty's ars raised 7 for inhalation%


129/132

SC&%$E#S :E'&)D

This is ore suited to cases of dro#ning and requires s$ill in tiing and positioning%

:etho6o/og

Place the &icti in the prone position face do#n#ards #ith ars abo&e shoulders and

face resting on both hands, turned to#ards the side, the nose and outh ust reain

unobstructed% The operator $neels on the side of the casualty, #ith $nees placed together"ust belo# the position of the casualtyJs hip "oint% The operator should sit bac$ on his

heels to allo# free s#ay% Place hands on the loins of the casualty's one on each side of

the bac$bone, #rists alost touching, thubs as far as for#ard #ithout striating, the

fingers should be close together at the side lions and bent o&er the flan$s in the naturalhollo#s "ust abo&e the bri of the pel&is, but clear of it finger tips pointing to the ground%

The elbo#s should be $ept straight%

:etho6 o AoeAent8 $g 4@ lb7, this o&eent should occupy > seconds

duration only%

Step to the operator should slo#ly s#ing bac$#ards to#ards initial position this

o&eent #ill cause the abdoinal organs to fall bac$ in place and diaphrag to drop

thus including inspiration% This step should last about three seconds%

The total procedure should ta$e about fi&e second and thus can be repeated t#el&e ties

a inute #hen the casualty responds to the artificial respiration and coences naturalrespiration , the tiing of the operator should atch natural respiration of casualty it ay

be needed till the casualty is copletely re&i&ed artificial respiration, ust continue

perse&eringly until natural breathing is restored or unless it has been ascertained beyond

all doubts that any further efforts #ill be of no a&ail%

'he partcpant hou/6 becoAe aA/ar th the Aetho6 o o//ong

Putting a person in the correct reco&ery position%

The application of artificial respiration 4outh to outhnose7

The application of Cardio pulonary resuscitation %


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hat to 6o hen a peronF c/othe catch re

Put on the flaes by #ater%

=o not allo# the person to run about% This only fans the fire and a$es the flae

spread%

Hse personal fire protection or at least a fire blan$et or equi&alent #hile approachinga an #hose clothing ha&e caught fire%

+ay hi do#n quic$ly on the ground%

If the clothes in front of the body ha&e caught fire, lay hi on bac$ and &ice a &ersa,

till #ater or other non/ flaable aterial is brought to put off the flae%

#ESC*IN7 % PE#S)N $#): $I#E

The foreost requireent in rescue operations is that do not be panic%Since clean air is at ground le&el, so cra#l along the floor to pull out a person #ho is

laying unconscious or is disabled%

Ensure that the rescuer breathing apparatus to a&oid being the ne;t casualty%)hen there is a fire in an enclosed space, do not open the #indo#s and doors to let in air%The rush of air #ill increase the fire and it #ill burn ore intensely%

:%N%7E:EN' )$ SE#I)*S


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:%N%7E:EN' )$ :IN)#


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2% Place the heel of your hand on this part of the bone, $eeping the pal and fingers off

the chest%

1% Co&er this hand #ith the other hand%8% )ith straight ars, roc$ for#ard and press do#n on the lo#er half of the sternu%

@% .epeat once per second%

3% 0aintain until noral pulse beat is obtained or uscles becoe stiff 4rigor ortis7occurs% The pressure in all cases should be unifor and controlled% Erratic or &iolent

action is dangerous% In children use lighter pressure if t#o first aiders are a&ailable

one should underta$e the inflation of the lungs, #hile the other carries out e;ternalcardiac copression%

AFF Manual Complete

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