AFAMS The Cardiovascular System سيستم قلبى وعايى EO 003.01 Part 7.

AFAMS

The Cardiovascular Systemوعايى قلبى سيستم

EO 003.01 Part 7

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Lesson Overview(Insert Dari)

1. Organization

2. Function

3. The Heart

4. Vessels

5. Blood

6. Disorders

7. In-class assignment

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Heart(Insert Dari)

Vein (Insert Dari)

Artery (Insert Dari)

The cardiovascular system includes the heart and all the vessels that branch out from it.

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Functions of the Cardiovascular System(Insert Dari)

• Transport oxygen, nutrients and waste products through the body.

• Maintain body temperature

• Maintain fluid balance.

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The Heart(Insert Dari)

The heart acts as a pump, delivering blood containing oxygen and nutrients to tissues via blood vessels.

The heart is approximately the size of a human first and is located near the centre of the chest (slightly to the left).

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Heart(Insert Dari)

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Anatomy of the Heart(Insert Dari)

The human heart is a muscular organ consisting of 4 chambers:

(1) Left atrium

(2) Right atrium

(3) Left ventricle

(4) Right ventricle

Major vessels branching from the heart include: -Aorta-Pulmonary artery -Superior and inferior vena cava

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Anatomy of the Heart(Insert Dari) Insert Dari

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Blood Flow through the Heart(Insert Dari)

Blood enters the right side of the heart via the superior/inferior vena cava.

It then moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle and is then pumped through the pulmonary vein to the lung tissue for oxygenation.

The pulmonary artery carries the blood back to the left atrium.

The blood is then pumped into the left ventricle and out through the aorta for delivery to body tissues.

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Blood Flow through the Heart(Insert Dari)

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Pumping Action of the Heart(Insert Dari)

The muscular ventricles of the heart contract creating the pumping action which moves blood through the vessels of the body.

The muscle tissue of the heart contracts in response to nerve stimulation.

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Heart Rate and Rhythm(Insert Dari)

A heart beat is a contraction of the heart muscle.

A normal heart rate is 60-100 beats per minute.

Heart rhythm is the coordinated contraction and relaxation of the atrium and ventricles of the heart.

Cardiac cycle: atrium will contract first, followed by the ventricle. Both the atrium and ventricle relax at the same time.

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Vessels (Insert Dari)

Blood vessels circulate blood through the body.

There are three types of blood vessels:

(1) Arteries – carry blood away from the heart towards the tissues.

(2) Capillaries – which enable the exchange of fluids, nutrients and oxygen between the blood and tissues.

(3) Veins – which carry de-oxygenated blood back to the heart.

Arterial System(Insert Dari)

Venous System (Insert Dari)

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Capillaries (Insert Dari)

The smallest blood vessels of the body.

Consist of a network of small vessels between a vein and an artery.

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Veins (Insert Dari)

The veins contain valves to assist with moving the blood back to the heart from the tissues. The valves also prevent the backflow of blood.

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Intravenous Administration of Medications(Insert Dari)

Intravenous administration means a medication is delivered by injecting/infusing it directly into a vein.

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Blood Pressure(Insert Dari)

The pressure exerted on the wall of the blood vessel by the circulating blood.

During each heartbeat blood pressure varies between systolic and diastolic pressure.

Systolic pressure = pressure in the vessels when the heart muscle is contracting.

Diastolic pressure = pressure in the vessels when the heart is resting.

Blood pressure = systolic pressure

diastolic pressure

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The Bloodخون

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Fluids of the Bodyبدن مايعات

• Cells of the body are serviced by 2 fluids

• blood

• composed of plasma and a variety of cells

• transports nutrients and wastes

• interstitial fluid

• bathes the cells of the body

• Nutrients and oxygen diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid & then into the cells

• Wastes move in the reverse direction

مايعات • نوع دو توسط بدن حجراتميشوند کمکخون•

• ) و ) مايع پالزما از متشکلمختلف حجرات

را • فضله و مغذى موادميدهد انتقال

الحجروى • بين مايعاتشستشو • را بدن حجرات

ميکندبه • خون از اکسيجن و مغذى مواد

و يافته انتشار الحجروى بين مايعاتميشوند داخل حجرات به 5 بعدا

• ) جهت ) در ضايعات فضله موادميکند حرکت مخالف

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Functions of Bloodوظايفخون

• Transportation

• O2, CO2, metabolic wastes, nutrients, heat & hormones

• Regulation

• helps regulate body temperature

• vasodilatation of surface vessels dump heat

• helps regulate water content of cells by interactions with dissolved ions and proteins

انتقال•اکسايد، • داى کاربن آکسيجن،

از ) حاصل ميتابوليک فضالتو( حرارت مغذى، مواد ، استقالب

ها هورمون

تنظيم•کمک • بدن حرارت درجۀ@ تنظيم در

ميکندسطحى، • اوعيۀ@ اتساع

ميريزد بيرون را حرارتايون • بين انفعاالت و فعل ازطريق

پروتين، و شده منحل هاىحجرات آب محتواى درتنظيم

ميکند کمک

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Physical Characteristics of Bloodفزيکىخون خصوصيات

• Composed of blood cells suspended is plasma.

• Thicker (more viscous) than water and flows more slowly than water

• Temperature of 100.4 degrees F

• 8 % of total body weight

• Blood volume

• 5 to 6 liters in average male

• 4 to 5 liters in average female

•(Insert Dari )• ) جريان ) و آب از تر غليظ تر ضخيم

آب از تر آهستهحرارت • ١٠٠.درجۀ@ فارنهايت ٤بدن ٨• وزن تمام ٪خون • حجم

متوسط ٦تا ٥• مرد يک در ليترمتوسط ٥تا ٤• خانم يک در ليتر

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Formed Elements of Blood• Red blood cells ( erythrocytes )

• White blood cells ( leukocytes ) – these will be covered in more detail during the immune system.

• granular leukocytes

• neutrophils

• eosinophils

• basophils

• agranular leukocytes

• lymphocytes = T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

• monocytes

• Platelets (special cell fragments)

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خون متشکلۀ عناصر•( ) ( ها ( اريتروسيت خون سرخ کرويات حجرات

•( ها ( ليوکوسيت خون سفيد حجرات

دار • دانه هاى ليوکوسيت

ها • نيوتروفيل

ها • ايوزينوفيل

ها • بزوفيل

دار • غيردانه هاى ليوکوسيت

تى = (• حجرات ها بى) (Tليمفوسيت حجرات ،B (حجرات وطبيعى کشندۀ@

ها • مونوسيت

•( خاص ( حجرات هاى پارچه دمويه صفحات

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Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes

• Contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin that gives blood its red color.

• RBCs live only 120 days:

• wear out from bending to fit through capillaries

• Worn out cells removed by fixed macrophages in spleen & liver

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Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes

:١٢٠کروياتسرخخونتنها • روززندهميمانند قابليتخمشدنوگذشتن • وقتىکهنهوفرسودهشوند،

) راازدستميدهند ) موىرگها ازعروقشعريهحجراتکهنهشدهتوسطمکروفاژهاىثابتطحال •

) وکبدبرداشتهميشوند) تلى

اکسيجن، • پروتينانتقالدهندۀ@ داراىهيموگلوبين،کهبهخونرنگسرخراميدهد ميباشند،

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Blood Groups and Blood Types(Insert Dari)

RBC surfaces are genetically marked to determine blood groups and blood types

خون سرخ کرويات سطوحپروتين گاليکو با ارثى بصورتمشخص ها ليپيد ګاليکو و ها

اند شده

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ABO Blood Groupsاو بى اى خون هاى گروپ

• Based on 2 isoantigens called A and B found on the surface of RBCs

1. display only antigen A -- blood type A

2. display only antigen B -- blood type B

3. display both antigens A & B -- blood type AB

4. display neither antigen -- blood type O

• Plasma contains isoantibodies or agglutinins to the A or B antigens not found in your blood

1. anti-A antibody reacts with antigen A

2. anti-B antibody reacts with antigen B

اساس • هائيکه ٢به ايزوانتيجن گاليکوليپيدخون سرخ حجرات سطح در بى و اى بنام

ميشوند يافت

ميدهد – 1. نشان را اى انتيجن تنهااى نوع خون

ميدهد – 2. نشان را بى انتيجن تنهابى نوع خون

ميدهد 3. نشان را بى و اى انتيجن هردوبى– اى نوع خون

خون – 4. نميدهد نشان را انتيجنى هيچاو نوع

اگلوتينين • يا ها بادى ايزوانتى داراى پالزماميباشند بى يا اى هاى انتيجن براى هاى

نميشود يافت شما خون در که

عکس 1. اى انتيجن با اى ضد بادى انتىميدهد نشان العمل

بى 2. انتيجن با بى ضد بادى انتىميدهد نشان العمل عکس

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Blood clotting(Insert Dari)

Is achieved via platelet adhesion, and activation of clotting factors (assist in clot formation).

When this occurs due to damage of a blood vessel it results in a thrombus (blood clot).

Inappropriate clotting (in the absence of damage to a vessel) is called thrombosis.

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Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

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Atrial Fibrillation (Insert Dari)

Atrial fibrillation = an abnormal heart rhythm.

Occurs when nerve impulses, which control relaxation/contraction of cardiac muscle, become uncoordinated.

Increases a patient’s risk for having a stroke.

A stroke = disruption in blood supply to the brain, resulting in a mild to severe loss of brain function.

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Hypertension (Insert Dari)

Hypertension is a high blood pressure in the arteries.

This requires the heart to work harder to move blood through the body.

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Coronary Artery DiseaseInsert Dari

Hyperlipidemia - elevated levels of lipids is the blood.

Lipid = fat molecule

Lipids can deposit in the arterial vessel wall causing a plaque to form = narrowing of the artery.

When this occurs in the arteries that supply the heart muscle tissue it is called coronary artery disease.

This results in decreased blood flow to the heart and can result in a heart attack.

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Coronary Artery DiseaseInsert Dari

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Heart Failure(Insert Dari)

Occurs when the heart cannot provide sufficient blood flow to meet the needs of the body.

This usually occurs after the heart has been damaged or weakened due to another disease such as: -Hypertension-Coronary artery disease

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Heart Failure(Insert Dari)

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Blood Disorders(Insert Dari)

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Anemiaکمخونى

• Symptoms• oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is

reduced• fatigue, cold intolerance & paleness

• lack of O2 for ATP & heat production

• Types of anemia• iron-deficiency =lack of absorption or

loss of iron• pernicious = lack of intrinsic factor

for B12 absorption• hemorrhagic = loss of RBCs due to

bleeding (ulcer)• hemolytic = defects in cell

membranes cause rupture

عاليم•خون • اکسيجن انتقال ظرفيت

يابد کاهشمىرنگ • و سردى تحمل عدم خستگى،

پريدگى تى • اى براى اکسيجن فقدان

حرارت( ATPپى ) توليد وکمخونى • انواعدست = • از يا جذب فقدان آهن کمبود

اهن دادنفکتور = • فقدان خبيث کمخونى

بى ويتامين جذب براى ١٢اساسى(B12)کرويات = • دادن دست از خونريزى

خونريزى علت به خون سرخ) زخم) يا قرحه

تخريب ) • به مربوط هيموليتيکحجروى( = غشاى در نقص خون

ميشود آن شدن پاره سبب

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Sickle-cell Anemia (SCA))Sickle-cell ) سيکل داسمانند خونىحجرات کم

سيل• Genetic defect in hemoglobin molecule

• RBC is deformed by changes in hemoglobin molecule within the RBC

• sickle-shaped cells rupture easily = causing anemia & clots

هيموگلوبين • ماليکول در ارثى نقص(Hb-S ) ميدهد تغير را اسيد امينو دو که

تغيرات • توسط خون سرخ کروياتداخل در هيموگلوبين ماليکول

شکل تغير خون، سرخ کروياتميکنندآسانى • به مانند داس حجرات

و = کمخونى سبب ميترقندميشود خون شدن لخته

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Hemophiliaهيموفيليا

• Inherited deficiency of clotting factors

• bleeding spontaneously or after minor trauma

• subcutaneous & intramuscular hemorrhaging

• nosebleeds, blood in urine, articular bleeding & pain

ساختن • لخته هاى فکتور ارثى فقدانخوناز • بعد يا بخودى خود خونريزى

کوچک ضرباتبين • يا جلد تحت خونريزى

عضالتدر • خون بينى، از خون آمدن

درد و مفصلى خونريزى ادرار،

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Venous Thromboembolism(Insert Dari)

• Thrombosis• clot (thrombus) forming in an

unbroken blood vessel• may dissolve spontaneously or

dislodge & travel• Embolus

• clot, air bubble or fat from broken bone in the blood• pulmonary embolus is found

in lungs.

ترومبوز•• ) داخل ) در ترومبوز علقه تشکيل

خون سالم هاى رگيا • و شده حل بخود خود ممکن

) کند ) سفر و شده رها کندهجريان ) • کنندۀ@ مسدود جسم امبولى

خون(از • چربى يا و هوا حباب علقه،

خون داخل در شکسته استخوانها • شش در ريوى امبولى

ميشوند يافت

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In-class Assignment(Insert Dari)

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1. The Cardiovascular System consists of the heart and blood vessels, true or false?

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1. The Cardiovascular System consists of the heart and blood vessels, true or false?

Answer: True

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2.Which of the following most correctly describes the functions of the Cardiovascular System?

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A) Transport oxygen and nutrients, control body movements, excrete waste products from the body

B) Absorb oxygen and nutrients, maintain body temperature, maintain fluid balance

C) Transport oxygen and nutrients, maintain body temperature, maintain fluid balance

D) Absorb oxygen and nutrients, control body movements, excrete waste products from the body

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2.Which of the following most correctly describes the functions of the Cardiovascular System?

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A) Transport oxygen and nutrients, control body movements, excrete waste products from the body

B) Absorb oxygen and nutrients, maintain body temperature, maintain fluid balance

C) Transport oxygen and nutrients, maintain body temperature, maintain fluid balance

D) Absorb oxygen and nutrients, control body movements, excrete waste products from the body

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3. The smallest blood vessel which allows for exchange of fluids, oxygen and nutrients from blood to tissues

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A) Arteries

B) Veins

C) Capillaries

D) Venules

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3. The smallest blood vessel which allows for exchange of fluids, oxygen and nutrients from blood to tissues

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A) Arteries

B) Veins

C) Capillaries

D) Venules

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4. Which of the following is not a component of blood?(Insert Dari)

A) Interstitial fluid

B) Plasma

C) Erythrocytes

D) platelets

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5. Match the following disorders with their description:(Insert Dari)

A) Anemia

B) Hypertension

C) Heart Failure

D) Venous Thromboembolism

1) Inappropriate blood clotting

2) Inability of the heart to supply blood to body tissues

3) High blood pressure

4) Oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

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5. Match the following disorders with their description:(Insert Dari)

A) Anemia (4) Oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

B) Hypertension (3) High blood pressure

C) Heart Failure (2) Inability of the heart to supply blood to body tissues

D) Venous Thromboembolism (1) Inappropriate blood clotting

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